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Watch Horrible Bosses 2 Full Movie Online Free Streaming HD Click here: Watch Now! <---To Watch Horrible Bosses 2 Full Movie Online Free Streaming HD Info about Horrible Bosses 2 Legal issues See also: legislation in the United States Civil ceremony being performed in San Francisco City Hall in June 2008. The legal issues surrounding same-sex marriage in the United States are determined by the nation's federal system of government, in which the status of a person, including marital status, is determined in large measure by the individual states. Prior to 1996, the federal government did not define marriage; any marriage recognized by a state was recognized by the federal government, even if that marriage was not recognized by one or more states, as was the case until 1967 with interracial marriage which some states banned by statute. Federal law The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) was enacted in 1996. DOMA's Section 2 says that no state need recognize the legal validity of a same-sex relationship even if recognized as marriage by another state. It purports to relieve a state of its reciprocal obligation to honor the laws of other states as required by the Constitution's full faith and credit clause.[54] Even before DOMA, however, states sometimes refused to recognize a marriage from another jurisdiction if it was counter to its "strongly held public policies".[55] Most lawsuits that seek to require a state to recognize a marriage established in another jurisdiction argue on the basis of equal protection and due process, not the full faith and credit clause.[o] DOMA's Section 3 defined marriage for the purposes of federal law as a union of one man and one woman.[58] It was challenged in the federal courts. On July 8, 2010, Judge Joseph Tauro of the District Court of Massachusetts held that the denial of federal rights and benefits to lawfully married Massachusetts same-sex couples is unconstitutional under the equal protection clause of the U.S. Constitution.[59][60] Beginning in 2010, eight federal courts found DOMA Section 3 unconstitutional on issues including bankruptcy, public employee benefits, estate taxes, and immigration.[61][62][63] On October 18, 2012, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals became the first court[64] to hold sexual orientation to be a quasi-suspect classification and applied intermediate scrutiny to strike down Section 3 of DOMA as unconstitutional in Windsor v. United States.[65] Asked to consider several cases that found DOMA Section 3 unconstitutional, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Windsor on June 26, 2013, that Section 3 violated the Fifth Amendment.[66][p]
As a result of the Windsor decision, married same-sex couplesÂ&#x2013;regardless of domicileÂ&#x2013;have tax benefits (including the ability to file joint federal income tax returns), military benefits, federal employment benefits for employees of the U.S Government and immigration benefits.[70][71][72][73] In February 2014, the Justice Department expanded recognition of samesex marriages in federal legal matters, including bankruptcies, prison visits, survivor benefits and the legal right to refuse to testify to incriminate a spouse.[74][75] Likewise in June 2014, family medical leave benefits under the Family Medical Leave Act 1975 were extended to married same-sex couples in all of the U.S.[76][77] With respect to social security and veterans benefits, same-sex married couples who live in states where same-sex marriage is recognized are eligible for full benefits from the Veterans Affairs (VA) and the Social Security Administration (SSA). The VA and SSA can provide only limited benefits to married same-sex couples living in states where same-sex marriage isn't legal, with Congress required to amend federal law to rectify that inequity.[77][78][79] The federal government has announced that it recognizes the marriages of same-sex couples who married in certain states in which same-sex marriage was legal for brief periods between the time a court order allowed such couples to marry and that court order was stayed, including Michigan and Utah. It has yet to take a position with respect to similar marriages in Arkansas, Indiana, and Wisconsin.[80] According to the federal government's Government Accountability Office (GAO) in 2004, more than 1,138 rights and protections are conferred to U.S. citizens upon marriage by the federal government; areas affected include Social Security benefits, veterans' benefits, health insurance, Medicaid, hospital visitation, estate taxes, retirement savings, pensions, family leave, and immigration law.[81] In 1972, the U.S. Supreme Court declined an appeal in Baker v. Nelson, a same-sex marriage case from Minnesota, "for want of a substantial federal question."[82] The Baker precedent for many years closed the federal courts to legal advocacy on behalf of same-sex marriage rights. Since the Supreme Court decision in Windsor, however, most federal courts that have considered same-sex marriage cases have held that Baker is no longer binding precedent, because, as a district judge in Pennsylvania wrote in November 2013, "[t]he jurisprudence of equal protection and substantive due process has undergone what can only be characterized as a sea change since 1972".[83] Opponents of same-sex marriage have worked to prevent individual states from recognizing samesex unions by attempting to amend the United States Constitution to define marriage as a union between one man and one woman. In 2006, the Federal Marriage Amendment, which would prohibit states from recognizing same-sex marriages, was approved by the Senate Judiciary Committee on a party-line vote and was debated by the full Senate, but was ultimately defeated in both houses of Congress.[84] On April 2, 2014, the Alabama State House adopted a resolution calling for a constitutional convention to propose an amendment to ban same-sex marriage nationwide.[85] State law Further information: Same-sex marriage law in the United States by state State laws regarding same-sex marriage in the United States1 ________________________________________ Same-sex marriage legal2,3
Same-sex marriage legalization pending4 Same-sex marriage not prohibited or recognized Same-sex marriage ban overturned, decision stayed indefinitely Same-sex marriage banned ________________________________________ 1 Native American tribal jurisdictions have laws pertaining to same-sex marriage independent of state law. The federal government recognizes legally performed same-sex marriages, regardless of the current state of residence.[discuss] 2 Only select jurisdictions within Kansas issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples; same-sex marriage is not recognized by the state government.[discuss] 3 Same-sex marriages are performed in three jurisdictions in Missouri. All legal same-sex marriages are recognized by the state government. The state's same-sex marriage ban was overturned but the decision is stayed indefinitely.[discuss] 4 A ruling striking down Florida's same-sex marriage ban has been stayed until January 5, 2015. Â&#x2022;v Â&#x2022;t Â&#x2022;e Prior to 2004, same-sex marriage was not performed in any U.S. jurisdiction. It has since been legalized in different jurisdictions through legislation, court rulings,[86] tribal council rulings,[87] and popular vote in statewide referenda.[88][89] As of December 18, 2014, 34 states (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming) and the District of Columbia issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples and recognize same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions. As of November 20, 2014, 14 states (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Tennessee, and Texas), as well as 2 territories (Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands), neither license same-sex marriages nor recognize them from other jurisdictions. As of December 18, 2014, 2 states (Kansas and Missouri) have a more complicated legal situation. Missouri recognizes same-sex marriages established in other jurisdictions.[90] A state court ruling striking down Missouri's same-sex marriage ban required St. Louis, an independent city, to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples. St. Louis County and Jackson County also issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples. In Kansas, a federal court injunction bars the Secretary of the Kansas Department of Health and Environment and clerks in two counties from enforcing Kansas's same-sex
marriage ban. State judges have authorized the issuance of licenses to same-sex couples in at least 47 other counties,[91] but the state government otherwise refuses to recognize same-sex marriages. As of December 18, 2014, 3 territories (American Samoa, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands) do not have any law prohibiting or recognizing same-sex marriage.[q] Even with no prohibition, none of these territories license same-sex marriage or recognize same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions. As of December 18, 2014, 4 states (Arkansas, Mississippi, Missouri and Texas) have one or more state or federal judicial rulings striking down their same-sex marriage bans that have been stayed pending appeal. In Florida, a federal court ruling that found the state's same-sex marriage ban unconstitutional has been stayed through January 5, 2015, as well as several other cases in state court affecting certain individual counties that have been stayed pending appeal.[94] Louisiana has a case in state court affecting 3 parishes that has been stayed pending appeal. Tribal law Main article: Same-sex marriage under United States tribal jurisdictions In the United States, federally recognized Native American tribes have the legal right to form their own marriage laws.[95] There are 21 tribal jurisdictions that legally recognize same-sex marriage. Some tribes have passed legislation specifically addressing same-sex relationships and some tribes specify that state law and jurisdiction govern tribal marriages. The Blackfeet Tribe,[96][97] the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes,[98] the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation,[99] the Coquille Tribe,[100] the Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribes of the Fort McDermitt Indian Reservation,[101][102][103] the Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation,[104][105] the Grand Portage Band of Chippewa,[106][107] the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community,[108] the Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa[109][110] the Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe,[111] the Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians,[112] the Mashantucket Pequot Tribe,[113] the Pascua Yaqui Tribe,[114][115] the Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians,[116] the Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe,[117] the Puyallup tribe,[118] the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community,[119][120] the San Carlos Apache Tribe[121][122] the Santa Ysabel Tribe,[123] the Suquamish tribe,[124] and the Wind River Indian Reservation.[125] History See also: Timeline of same-sex marriage in the United States Early history The Minnesota Supreme Court ruled in 1971 that Minnesota's laws prohibiting marriages between same-sex partners did not violate the federal constitution. In 1972, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to consider the case, Baker v. Nelson, "for want of a substantial federal question." In April 1993, as part of the demonstrations surrounding the gay rights march in Washington, D.C., about 1,500 same-sex couples staged a mass wedding ceremony with "a dozen ministers, organ music, photographers and rice" at the National Museum of Natural History to call for marriage rights for gays and lesbians.[126] In 1998, in response to the Hawaii Supreme Court's ruling in Baehr v. Miike, Hawaii voters approved a state constitutional amendment allowing their legislature to ban same-sex
marriage.[127] This constitutional amendment was unique due to the fact it did not explicitly ban same-sex marriage, it simply allowed the legislature the option. Every other constitutional ban passed by states explicitly banned same-sex marriage. The next decade saw lasting change. In 2003, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down Texas' "Homosexual Conduct" law in Lawrence v. Texas.[128] The ruling rendered same-sex sodomy laws in Kansas, Oklahoma and Missouri and broader sodomy laws in nine other states unenforceable.[129] On November 18, 2003, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled in Goodridge v. Department of Public Health that denying marriage rights to same-sex couples violated the Massachusetts Constitution.[130] Massachusetts became the first United States jurisdiction to license and recognize same-sex marriages beginning May 17, 2004.[131] In February and March 2004, city officials in San Francisco issued marriage licenses to about 4000 same-sex couples before being ordered to stop by the California Supreme Court.[132] On February 20, 2004, the clerk in Sandoval County, New Mexico, issued marriage licenses to same-sex couples for a day until the state attorney general issued an opinion that they were "invalid under state law".[133] Similar actions occurred in New Paltz, New York (February 27); Multnomah County, Oregon (March 3); and Asbury Park, New Jersey (March 8).[134] On November 2, voters in eleven states Arkansas, Georgia, Kentucky, Michigan, Mississippi, Montana, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, and Utah approved state constitutional amendments defining marriage as the union of one man and one woman.[135] On May 15, 2008, the Supreme Court of California issued a decision that legalized same-sex marriage in California, holding that California's existing opposite-sex definition of marriage violated the constitutional rights of same-sex couples.[136] To overturn the decision, opponents of same-sex marriage placed a state constitutional amendment on the November ballot.[137] Known as Proposition 8, it passed in November 2008, as did similar marriage-restriction amendments in Florida and Arizona.[138] Thus gay marriage started and stopped in California in 2008. On August 4, 2010, a decision by the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California in Perry v. Schwarzenegger ruled that Proposition 8 was unconstitutional.[139] The decision in that case was upheld at appeal and as the State of California decided not to appeal or defend Proposition 8 the voters who initially instigated the initiative appealed to the Supreme Court, which asked to be briefed for arguments concerning the appellants' standing, and heard oral arguments on March 26, 2013.[140] The Supreme Court dismissed the case for lack of standing on June 26, 2013,[141] after which same-sex marriage once again became legal in California.[142] Same-sex marriages resumed on June 28, 2013.[143] Source: Wikipedia_source Just gov things Just gov movie streaming stream free online megavideo
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