ALTERNATIVE PATHWAYS TO PEACE Notes 1
The right to revolution in the event that one’s government is violating citizen’s natural rights evolved from John Locke’s Two Treatises on Government and provided the philosophical justification for the American Revolution. It is referenced in the Declaration of Independence which claims the right of the people to abolish any government “destructive” to a person’s inalienable rights 2 This is in addition to the United States’ less ideational motivations such as a desire for geo-political stability in a region where it has vested economic and political interest 3 David Kirkpatrick, “Qaddafi Brutalizes Foes, Armed or Defenseless,” New York Times, March 4, 2011, http://www.nytimes. com/2011/03/05/world/africa/05libya. html?pagewanted=1&ref=world 4 Ian Black and Owen Bowcott, “Libya protests: massacres reported as Gaddafi imposes news blackout,” The Guardian, February 18, 2011, http://www.theguardian. com/world/2011/feb/18/libya-protestsmassacres-reported 5 Arab League, Resolution 7630, “The implications of the current events in Libya and the Arab position,” March12, 2011 6 Ibid 7 United Nation Security Council, Update Report No. 1: Libya, UN Doc., March 14, 2011, http://www.securitycouncilreport. org/update-report/lookup-cglKWLeMTIsG-b-6621881.php 8 UN Resolution 1973 was met with a vote of 10 in favor, with none against and 5 abstentions: UNSC, Resolution 1973 (March 17, 2011), UN Doc, S/RES/1973, http://www. un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/ RES/1973%282011%29 9 Ibid, “Protecting Civilians,” Clause 4 10 United Nations, “Background Information on the Responsibility to Protect,” available at http://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/ rwanda/about/bgresponsibility.shtml 11 Ibid 12 Stewart Patrick, “A New Lease on Life for Humanitarianism,” Foreign Affairs, March 24, 2011, www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67674/ stewart-patrick/a-new-lease-on-life-forhumanitarianism 13 UNSC, Resolution 1970 (February 26, 2011), UN Doc., S/RES/1970, http://www. securitycouncilreport.org/update-report/ lookup-c-glKWLeMTIsG-b-6621881.php 14 Ibid 15 UNSG, “Report of the Secretary-General’s High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, ‘A More Secure World: Our 74
Shared Responsibility’,” UN Doc., A/59/565, December 2 2004. 16 Luke Glanville, “The Responsibility to Protect Beyond Borders,” Oxford University Press, 2012, available at http://hrlr. oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/01/23/ hrlr.ngr047.full#xref-fn-45-1 17 John M. Broder, “U.S. and Allies Weigh Libya No-Fly Zone,” New York Times, February 27, 2011. http://www.nytimes. com/2011/02/28/world/europe/28military. html?_r=0 18 UNSC Meetings Coverage, “Security Council Approves ‘No-Fly Zone’ over Libya, Authorizing ‘All Necessary Measures’ to Protect Civilians, by Vote of 10 in Favour with 5 Abstentions,” March 17, 2011, SC/10200, available at http://www.un.org/ press/en/2011/sc10200.doc.htm 19 In all, fifteen nations, including nations from NATO and the Arab League, agreed to join the coalition, with other nations agreeing to provide support if sanctioned by the UN. The combined efforts of J5, State, USEUCOM, Defense Logistics Agency, U.S. Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM), and the experience of the USAFRICOM and JTF staffs were crucial in overcoming the challenges faced by USAFRICOM as it strove to form the multinational coalition and JTF. Joe Quartararo, Sr., Michael Rovenolt, and Randy White, “Libya’s Operation Odyssey Dawn,” Prism 3, No. 2,p. 145. 20 Ibid, p. 144 21 Ibid 22 Jim Garamone, “Coalition Launches ‘Operation Odyssey Dawn’,” American Forces Press Service, March 19, 2011, http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle. aspx?id=63225 23 Joe Quartararo, Sr., Michael Rovenolt, and Randy White,“Libya’s Operation Odyssey Dawn”,p. 145 24 Lisa Daniel, “Initial Libya Mission Complete, Successful, Gates Says,” American Forces Press Service, April 1, 2011, http:// www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle. aspx?id=63392 25 Donna Miles, “Africom Forms Military Relationship With Libya,” American Forces Press Service, June 15, 2012, http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle. aspx?id=116756 26 Patrick, “A New Lease on Life for Humanitarianism,” p. 4 27 Richard Leiby and Muhammad Mansour, “Arab League asks U.N. for no-fly zone over Libya,” The Washington Post, March 12, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/
arab-league-asks-un-for-no-fly-zone-overlibya/2011/03/12/ABoie0R_story.html 28 International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, “The Responsibility to Protect,” International Development Research Centre, 2001, Report, p. XII 29 Ibid 30 Richard Leiby and Muhammad Mansour, “Arab League asks U.N. for no-fly zone over Libya” 31 Stewart Patrick, “A New Lease on Life for Humanitarianism” (Foreign Affairs: March 24, 2011), p. 4 32 ICISS, “The Responsibility to Protect,” p. XIII 33 Joe Quartararo, Sr., Michael Rovenolt, and Randy White,“Libya’s Operation Odyssey Dawn,” p. 147 34 Jack Donnelly, “Humanitarian Intervention Against Genocide,” in Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice (Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press), 2013, p. 272.