CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
to Guam and Tinian. According to authoritative U.S. Marine Corps sources, the JGSDF has approximately 80 percent of the equipment necessary for amphibious operations as of October 2012, and currently is procuring its first amphibious assault vehicles. In 2007, Japan also established the Central Readiness Force (CRF) as a rapid reaction force. Based in the JGSDF, the CRF encompasses a helicopter brigade, an airborne brigade, a special operations group, and a chemical defense unit. See Evan S. Medeiros, et al., Pacific Currents: The Responses of U.S. Allies and Security Partners in East Asia to China’s Rise (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, 2008), 53. 83. See John Stillion’s discussion of the limitations of PAC-3 missiles in a situation of multiple, fast incoming missiles. “Fighting Under Missile Attack,” Air Force Magazine 92, no. 8 (August 2009), www.airforce-magazine.com/ MagazineArchive/Pages/2009/August percent202009/0809fighting.aspx. 84. A government panel that was put into place in 2009 to study Japan’s defense posture reported that the outer islands should receive disproportionate placement of Japan’s self-defense forces. See Kyle Mizokami, “Japan Defense Panel: Reinforce the Outer Islands,” Japan Security Watch, July 30, 2010, http://jsw.newpacificinstitute. org/?p=2128. 85. See Paul Kallender-Umezu, “Japan Passes Law Permitting Military Space Development,” Defense News, June 22, 2012, www.defensenews.com/article/20120622/DEFREG03/306220001/Japan-Passes-Law-PermittingMilitary-Space-Development. 86. Ibid. The amendment “enables the Prime Minister’s Cabinet Office to take control of the planning and budgeting of Japan’s government space program. It also removes an article in a prior law governing the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the nation’s equivalent to NASA, which had restricted JAXA’s ability to pursue military space programs.” 87. See Ayako Mie, “Japan Woefully Vulnerable to Cyber-Attack: Security Needs More Human and Physical Resources,” Japan Times, October 27, 2012, www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20121027f1.html; and “Japan Vulnerable to Cyber-Attack,” News Track India, October 28, 2012, http://newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/2012/10/28/248Japan-vulnerable-to-cyber-attack.html. 88. “On October 29, 2005, the SCC directed the creation of a bilateral joint operations coordination center (BJOCC). During the North Korean missile provocations of June–July 2006, the United States and Japan exchanged information in a timely manner, including through an interim coordination facility at Yokota Air Base with JSDF liaisons. The success of this facility in ensuring that both sides had a common awareness of the evolving situation validated the importance of continuous enhancement of bilateral policy/operational coordination including through establishment of the BJOCC at Yokota Air Base.” Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates, Minister for Foreign Affairs Taro Aso, and Minister of Defense Fumio Kyuma, “Joint Statement of the Security Consultative Committee (2+2+): Alliance Transformation: Advancing United StatesJapan Security and Defense Cooperation,” May 1, 2007, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, www.mofa.go.jp/ region/n-america/us/security/scc/joint0705.html. 89. See “HALE UAVs Come of Age,” Defense Update, 2007, http://defense-update.com/events/2007/summary/ auvsi07_5hale.htm. 90. Various Japanese forecasts; for example, Japan Center for Economic Research, Japan’s Economic Outlook 2009– 2020. 91. Japan Center for Economic Research, “The 37th Middle-Term Economic Forecast (2010–020),” February 2011. 92. Japan External Trade Organization, “Japanese Trade and Investment Statistics,” www.jetro.go.jp/en/reports/statistics. 93. Nihon Seifu Kankō Kyoku, “Tōkei Happyō,” www.jnto.go.jp/jpn/news/data_info_listing/index.html. 94. Nihon Bōeki Shinkō Kikō, “Zai Ajia-Oseania Nikkei Kigyō Katsudō Jittai Chōsa (2012 Nendo Chōsa),” www. jetro.go.jp/world/asia/reports/07001149. 95. Nicholas Eberstadt, “Demography and Japan’s Future,” in Reimagining Japan: the Quest for a Future That Works, edited by McKinsey & Company (San Francisco: VIZ Media, 2011), 82–87.
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