Cov 19 - 2020
by Alicia VillaseĂąor
ÂŽCambridge University Press
LICENSED PRODUCT TERMS OF USE By accessing or using this Licensed Product you confirm that you have read, understood and accepted these Terms of Use (Terms) and that you agree to comply with them. If you do not agree to these Terms, please do not use or access (or continue to use or access) the Licensed Product. TERMS AND CONDITIONS: Intellectual property rights Cambridge University Press (Cambridge) is the owner or licensee of the intellectual property rights in this Licensed Product. The Licensed Content is protected by copyright laws and treaties around the world. All such rights are reserved. Permitted uses You may read and view the contents of of this Licensed Product for private and personal non-commercial use only provided that all copyright, trade mark and other proprietary notices contained in the pages of this Licensed Product is retained. Prohibited uses You may not modify, adapt, alter, transmit, make available or distribute to any third-party any of the content in the Licensed Product without our prior written permission. Any use made of such content may be an infringement of rights in that content and we reserve all rights to enforce such rights. You may not make any copies electronically or otherwise of any of the content in this Licensed Product and you may not extract, copy or further distribute, sell, publish or transmit any part of the material contained in this Licensed Product by electronic or any other means. You agree not to sell, resell, supply or otherwise make the content contained in this Licensed Product or extracts or other information derived therefrom available in any manner or on any media to any third party without our prior written consent. You may not download or embed on to your machine, server or institutional system any third party content from the Licensed Product under any circumstances and, by agreeing to these Terms, you understand and acknowledge that you are prohibited from so extracting any third party content from the Licensed Product and that to do so would be a material breach of these Terms by you. Governing law These Terms, and any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with it shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with the laws of England and Wales. We both agree that the English courts shall have exclusive jurisdiction to settle any such dispute or claim.
Cov 19 - 2020
SOCIAL SCIENCE 3 Contents Welcome
1
Page 4
Which way is north? Page 6
2
What is the largest desert on Earth? Page 18
3
How many people live in Europe? Page 30
4
Where does flamenco come from? Page 42
5
Can you write the year in Roman numerals? Page 54
6
Who built the pyramids?
Page 66
• Types of maps: political, • Scale of a map physical, street map • Elements of a map • Globes and maps • Continents, countries and cities
• Oceans, seas and rivers
• European countries • European capital cities
• European bodies of water • European mountains
• Autonomous communities, autonomous cities and provinces of Spain
• Spanish traditions • Mountain ranges and rivers in Spain
• Archaeology • Historical sources
• Measurements of time • Roman numerals
• Prehistory • Ancient history • Middle Ages
• Early Modern Age • Modern Age
Questions and Study aids 2
Page 78
®Cambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020
Projects and experiments
Documentaries
• Draw a physical and a political map • Make a compass
• Different types of maps
• Travel around the world and explore non-European countries • Make a globe
• Great landmarks of the world
• Create a tourism advert for a European country • Make a relief map
• European landmarks
• Create a slide presentation about Spain • Complete a puzzle of the autonomous communities of Spain
• Places to visit in Spain
• Explore the history of your local area and design a booklet • Make a fossil
• Historical findings
• Create a history museum • Do a prehistoric cave painting
• Let’s go back in time
More hands on
Page 90
®Cambridge University Press
3
Cov 19 - 2020
WELCOME TO CAMBRIDGE SOCIAL SCIENCE Welcome to the amazing world of social science. In this book, you will become:
a cartographer
4
a travel journalist
®Cambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020 a Spanish ambassador
a historian
a tour gu
ide
a museum curator
You will also find out: how to make a compass what the highest mountain in the wo rld is where the highest mountain in Spain is what the Romans used the Colosseu m for
how to write in Roman numerals when the automobile was invented.
ÂŽCambridge University Press
5
Cov 19 - 2020
1
WHICH WAY IS NORTH? otos have in common? ph e th in le op pe e th do t Wha
Which animals do you thin k live in these places?
6
ÂŽCambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020
What do you ne ed to take on a trip?
Don’t panic, read a map!
D CUMENTARY
Different types of maps
In this unit, you will become a cartographer (map-maker) and discover an unfamiliar country. To do this, you will: • learn about different types of maps and what they are used for. • find out which elements all maps have. • draw a political and a physical map of a non-European country. • display information about your country for the class.
®Cambridge University Press
7
Cov 19 - 2020
WHICH TYPE OF MAP SHOWS THE HIGHEST PARTS OF THE EARTH? A map is a representation of an area on a flat surface¹. Maps help us locate different places. Different types of maps show different information.
om globes? fr t en er ff di s ap m e ar ow H
By the end of this lesson, you will know the difference between a political and a physical map.
Political maps can show continents, countries, regions and cit ies. They also show the political border s² between areas.
What is a political border? Which countr ies share a political border with Spain?
8
Find the flag of one of these countries hidden in the unit!
®Cambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020 Physical maps show na tural features of the Earth, such as ocea ns, seas, rivers, lakes, mountains and mou ntain ranges.
Look at this physical map. What do the different colours represent? 250 km
Street maps have sym bols for places of interest, su ch as a city or town hall, mus eums, parks and train stations .
On which type of ma p would you find the longest river in the world?
STAGE 1 • Choose a non-European country. • Make a table with information about your country. Include these categories: neighbouring countries, cities, oceans, seas, rivers and mountains. • Use the maps to help you.
¹surface: the top part of something ²border (or boundary): the line that separates one country (or one area) from another
• Find a political and a physical map of your country.
®Cambridge University Press
9
Cov 19 - 2020
WHICH FLOWER DO WE USE ON MAPS? To be able to read maps, we need to know about the different things on them. Look at the elements on the map below. The key tells us what each symbol represents.
By the end of this lesson, you will understand the different elements of a map.
The title tells us the place that is being represented.
MAP OF NEW CAMBRIDGE
Symbols represent natural and man-made features, such as rivers and museums.
The scale shows how long distances on a map are in real life.
Why do you think it is called a compass rose?
The compass rose shows north, south, east and west.
STAGE 2 s. • Draw or trace the outline of your non-European country. Make two copie • Add a compass rose and title to both map outlines. 10
®Cambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020
FINDING NORTH
Before you start Compasses always point north. Materials needle, magnet, piece of cork, bowl of water Method 1 Rub the tip of the needle against the magnet, always in the same direction. Do this many times. 2 Place the piece of cork on the water. 3 Balance the needle very carefully on top of the cork. Conclusions Which direction does the needle point to? Check using another compass. What does this experiment tell us about compasses and magnetism?
In my opinion, …
This experiment shows …
Describe how to carr y out the experiment to a frie nd. Use the words first, then and finally.
®Cambridge University Press
11
Cov 19 - 2020
WHICH MAP SHOULD YOU USE IF YOU ARE LOST IN A CITY? We use different maps in different situations, depending on where we are or what we are looking for.
a
By the end of this lesson, you will know which type of map to use in different situations.
Look at the pictures. Which maps are the people using? What do you think they are looking for?
b
c Which types of maps would you use if you needed to locate1 the following things? The capital cities of Portugal and Germany The Reina Sofía Art Museum The longest river in Europe The bodies of water that surround Spain The countries that make up the United Kingdom
12
people on pages 6 and 7? Which types of maps would help the
®Cambridge University Press
d
Cov 19 - 2020 e
f Find a street map of your local area. Choose a location, such as a metro station, a church, 2 a museum or a post office. Give directions to a partner. Do they know how to get there? Go straight …
Turn right onto …
STAGE 3
Turn left onto … It is on your left / right … Listen to the conversations. Which maps do these people need?
• Using your map outlines from Stage 2, draw a physical map and a political map of your non-European country. , • Remember to include the following: neighbouring countries, cities you. mountains, oceans, seas and rivers. Use maps and the internet to help 1 to locate: to find to give directions: to tell someone how to get to a specific place 2
®Cambridge University Press
13
Cov 19 - 2020
HOW FAR IS YOUR SCHOOL FROM YOUR HOME? The scale of a map allows us to calculate the real distance between two places.
Large-scale maps show a lot of detail. On this map, 1 centimetre represents 250 metres in real life.
Use a ruler to calculate the real distance between the Puerta de Alcalá and the Templo de Debod in Madrid.
Real distance = 250 x … = … m 14
®Cambridge
Figure it out
A map has a scale of 1 cm = 2 km. The distance on the map between the school and the park is 3 cm. the real distance? What isPress University
Cov 19 - 2020 Small-scale maps show little detail. On this map, 1 centimetre represents 100 kilometres in real life.
By the end of this lesson, you will understand the difference between large-scale and small-scale maps.
Calculate the real distance between Barcelona and Córdo ba.
What can you see on a large-scale map that you cannot see on a small-scale map?
The word scale has different meanings. Can you think of a different meaning? Think about reptiles and fish. STAGE 4
• Measure the distance between two places on one of your maps them. with a ruler. Then, find out the real distance between Xx • Divide the real distance by your map distance. • Use this number (X) to find an approximate scale: 1 cm = X km. • Add the scale to your maps.
®Cambridge University Press
15
Language skills Cov 19 - 2020 1
Study the map. With a partner, describe how to get to and from different places. Use the words in the box to help you.
LIBRARY
POST OFFICE
SHOPPING CENTRE
MUSEUM
SWIMMING POOL TOURIST INFORMATION
TRAIN STATION
Go past … Turn right / left onto … Go straight … Cross the … It’s on your left / right … It’s opposite …
2
Look at the picture and read the story. Copy and complete the sentences in your notebook. You can use 1, 2 or 3 words. Climbers found alive and well
Two men who went missing in the Pyrenees have been found alive and well in a Spanish town, just across the border with France. They were reported missing last week after they did not arrive at their hostel. The two men went missing after they lost their compass. Then, a storm came and they had to take shelter. After making a compass using a needle, a cork and a magnet, they were able to find north. Using their map, they were able to reach the nearest town.
16
Questions a Last week, two men went ..... . b They had to ..... when a storm came. c They made a ..... using a needle, a cork and a magnet. d They reached ..... using their map.
®Cambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020
Review 1
Complete the mind map in your notebook. MAPS
Types
Elements
p.....
c..... r.....
p.....
s.....
s.....
k..... s.....
2
Choose the correct option. a This always points north: magnet / compass / map. b This type of map shows an urban space: street / political / physical. c This is the political boundary between countries or regions: mountain / wall / border.
Go to page 78 for more activities. FINALE • Stick your maps on a large piece of card or paper. Write a short r description of your country’s political and physical geography unde the maps. • Hang your wall display in your classroom. try that: • Walk around and read your classmates’ wall displays. Find a coun • has a mountain range. • shares a political border with more than three countries.
®Cambridge University Press
17
Cov 19 - 2020
2
WHAT IS THE L ARGEST DESERT ON EARTH? e blue planet ? th d lle ca h rt Ea e th is hy W
lled abroad? e v a tr r e v e u o y Have
18
®Cambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020 Five oceans, seven cont inents
Can you name any continen ts, seas or oceans?
D CUMENTARY
Great landmarks of the world
In this unit, you will become a travel journalist. To do this, you will: • explore countries, cities and landmarks from around the world. • discover rivers and mountains from around the world. • describe where you have been and what you have seen to your classmates.
®Cambridge University Press
19
Cov 19 - 2020
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A MAP AND A GLOBE?
By the end of this lesson, you will know what the different lines on a map are.
A world map is a flat representation of the Earth. World maps contain different lines that help us measure distances and locate places.
t The equator is an imaginary line tha divides the Earth into the northern here. hemisphere and the southern hemisp . It goes horizontally around the Earth Lines of longitude are vertical.
Lines of latitude are horizontal.
Find out which countries th e equator passes through. Globes are different from world maps. They represent the Earth as a sphere. They are tilted, like the Earth, on an axis.
If you want to travel around the world, you need a passport. Your passport contains your personal information.
Xx
axis
STAGE 1 • Fold a piece of card in two. • Stick a photo of yourself on the left-hand page. r your photo. • Write your name, date of birth, place of birth and nationality unde 20
®Cambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020
THE WORLD IN YOUR HANDS
Before you start Globes, like the Earth, are not perfect spheres. Materials round balloon, newspaper, bowl, glue, water, paintbrush, blue paint, outlines of the continents, coloured pencils, scissors, needle Method 1 Blow up the balloon. 2 Cover newspaper with a mixture of glue and water. Then, cover the balloon with three or four layers of the newspaper and leave it to dry. 3 Paint the outside of the balloon blue and leave it to dry. 4 Colour in the outlines of the continents. 5 Cut out the continents and stick them on the globe. 6 Pop the balloon with a needle. Remove it from the globe. Conclusions How many continents are there? What does the globe show us about the Earth? Think about its shape and the amount of land and water. s us that ‌ w o sh e b lo g e h T
ÂŽCambridge University Press
21
Cov 19 - 2020
HOW MUCH OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE IS WATER?
There are five oceans on Earth.
Find the oceans on the map.
Approximately 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered in water, in the form of oceans and seas. The rest of the Earth’s surface is land. The land is divided into continents. A continent is a very large area of land.
North North North AmericaAmericaAmerica
Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean
Sea Sea anCaribbe Sea an CaribbeanCaribbe
There are seven continents. Order them according to their area.
Pacific Pacific Ocean Ocean
Pacific Ocean
South South South AmericaAmericaAmerica
Which continent do you think has the most countries?
Find out which continent has the largest population. 22
Penguins do not live only in Antarctica. There are penguins in South America, Africa and Australasia, too.
®Cambridge University Press
Af
Seas are smaller than oceans. They are located where the oceans meet the land.
Arctic Ocean
Arctic Ocean
Cov 19 - 2020
Find three seas on the map.
Arctic Ocean
Asia Europe Europe Europe
Asia
Sea of Japan
Asia
Sea of Japan
Sea of Japan
ean
Africa Africa Africa
Arabian Arabian Arabian Sea Sea Sea Indian Indian Indian Ocean Ocean Ocean
Pacific Pacific Ocean Ocean
Australasia Australasia Australasia
Pacific Ocean
By the end of this lesson, you will be able to name the five oceans and seven continents.
About 250 million years ago, there was only one continent, called Pangaea. It was surrounded by one ocean, called Panthalassa. Find out why we have seven continents today, instead of one.
Southern Southern Southern Ocean Ocean Ocean
Antarctica Antarctica Antarctica
STAGE 2 • Get into groups of three.
Which contin ent is … on?
• Ask each group member two questions about their country from Unit 1. Which continent is it on? Which oceans surround it? • Add the information to the right-hand page of your passport.
®Cambridge University Press
Which oceans surround … ? 23
Cov 19 - 2020
Which countries are the landmarks on this page located in?
WHAT IS THE HIGHEST CITY IN THE WORLD? This political map shows how the seven continents are divided into different countries. We can also see some of the most amazing landmarks¹ on Earth.
GREENLAND
Nuuk
C A N A D A ATLANT IC OCEAN
Ottawa
UNITED STATES OF AMERICAD.C. Washington,
MEXICO Mexico City
GUATEMALA HONDURAS Guatemala
Tegucigalpa
COSTA RICA
San José
COLOMBIA
Bogotá
Statue of Liberty
PACIFIC OCEAN PERU Lima
B R A Z I L BOLIVIA
Brasilia
La Paz Sucre
CHILE Santiago
Buenos Aires
ARGENTINA
La Paz is the highest city and capital city in the world.
Chichen Itza
Machu Picchu
24
Find another famous world landmark hidden in the unit.
Pyramids of Giza
Taj Mahal ®Cambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020
Sometimes, instead of saying capital city we just say capital.
This political map also shows capital cities. The government of a country is usually located in its capital city.
Can you pronounce the name of this city?!
ARTIC OCEAN
Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia , is the coldest capita l city on Earth.
A
I
S
S
U
R
FINLAND
By the end of this lesson, you will know where some of the world’s greatest landmarks are.
Helsinki
Moscow
UNITED KINGDOM
Ulaanbaatar
London
MONGOLIA
Paris
FRANCE SPAIN
ITALY
Beijing
Rome
Ankara
Madrid Algiers
Rabat
MOROCCO
TURKEY JORDAN
Tripoli
ALGERIA
LIBYA
Tehran
Kuwait City
Riyadh
PACIFIC OCEAN THAILAND
SUDAN
Bangkok
Khartoum
Bamako
NIGERIA
Addis Ababa
Abuja
ETHIOPIA DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC KENYA OF CONGO Nairobi
Jakarta
Luanda
ANGOLA
Pretoria
Bloemfontein Cape Town
SOUTHE RN OCEAN
Tokyo is the capital city with the biggest population.
I N D O N E S I A
Kinshasa
SOUTH AFRICA
Great Wall of China
JAPAN
Tokyo
INDIA
SAUDI ARABIA MALI
A
New Delhi
KUWAIT
EGYPT
H
N
I R A N
Amman
Cairo
C
I
Kuwait City, the capital of Kuwait, is the world’s hottest city. INDIAN OCEAN
A U S T R A L I A
The construction of the Great Wall of China began over 2,000 years ago.
Canberra
Wellington
NEW ZEALAND
500 km
A
N
T
A
R
C
T
I
C
A
Sydney Opera House STAGE 3 • Find out what the major cities are in your group members’ What are the major cities countries. Do they have any famous landmarks? in … ? • Add this information to your passport. ¹landmark: something that is famous and makes a place recognisable
®Cambridge University Press
25
Cov 19 - 2020
WHAT IS THE HIGHEST MOUNTAIN IN THE WORLD? This physical map shows the highest mountains on each continent. It also shows the longest rivers on Earth, as well as mountain ranges and deserts. These are physical features.
Denali: 6,190 m
rt The Sahara Dese is in Africa. It is bigger than most . countries on Earth
Ma
Yukon
cke nzi e HUDSON BAY
an chi
s
ain
unt
Mo
ala
App
Missis
sippi
GREAT LAKES
ATLANTIC OCEAN
The Sahara Desert is not the biggest desert on Earth. Find out what is. The Nile is the longest river in the world. It is located in Africa.
CARIBBEAN SEA
Amaz
PACIFIC OCEAN Th
e
Aconcagua: 6,961 m
An
de
on
s
ATACAMA DESERT
3000 m 1500 m 600 m 300 m CAPE HORN
100 m 0m
Vinson: 4,892 m
Sentinel
26
Look at the key on the map. Which colour shows the highest mountain ranges?
®Cambridge University Press
Cov Find19 out-w2020
hat the widest river in the world is.
The Mekong flows¹ through six countries in Asia.
The Himalayas are the highest mountain range in the world. They are located in Asia and are home to Mount Everest.
ARTIC OCEAN
ng
e
Elbrus: 5,642 m Le
Ura
NORWEGIAN SEA
ou l M
Vol
ga
Carpa tian s D anube
Am
IAN
SP
BLACK SEA
SEA
MEDITERRANEAN
a
ur
SEA
Puncak Jaya: 4,884 m PACIFIC OCEAN
ek on
ARABIAN SEA
Ni
le
A
SE
g
D
RE
D E S E R T
M
Ganges S A H A R A
R
Everest: 8,848 m
CA
lps
The A
a
LAKE BAIKAL
ins
Seine
ym Kol
Ob
nta
NORTH SEA
na
By the end of this lesson, you will be able to name the highest mountain on each continent.
Kilimanjaro: 5,895 m
LAKE VICTORIA
KALAHARI DESERT
INDIAN OCEAN
Sudir
man
Rang
e
Which mountain range is Machu Picchu located in?
G R E AT S A N D Y DESERT G R E AT V I C T O R I A DESERT
Murray
CAPE OF GOOD HOPE
TASMAN SEA
SOUTHERN OCEAN
• Ask your group members about the physical features of their countries. • Add this information to your passport.
1 to flow: to move continuously in one direction (especially liquids)
STAGE 4
Are there any rivers, mountains or deserts in … ?
®Cambridge University Press
27
Language skills Cov 19 - 2020 1
Listen and write the answers in your notebook.
Travelling around the world a Number of continents: .....
2
b Number of countries:
.....
c Favourite country:
.....
d Modes of transport:
.....
e Favourite landmark:
.....
Copy the sentences with the correct option in your notebook. a La Paz is the highest / highest / higher capital city in the world. b Wellington is windier / the windyest / the windiest city in the world. c What is the most dry / driest / dryest capital city in the world? d Seas are smaller than / more small / smaller oceans. e There are seven continents at / in / on Earth.
28
ÂŽCambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020
Review 1
Look and read. Copy the descriptions in your notebook and choose the correct words.
continents
2
oceans
seas
a There are five of these on Earth.
.....
b There are seven of these large areas of land on Earth.
.....
c These are found where an ocean meets the land.
.....
Answer the questions in your notebook. a What is the highest mountain in the world? b Which is the biggest continent in the world? c What is the equator? FINALE
Go to page 80 for more activities.
• Draw and design a cover for your passport. Find a picture of the flag of each country, or draw them. • Get into new groups of three. • Imagine that you have travelled to the countries in your passport. Tell your new group members about your First, I went to … , which is in … . amazing journey. Use your passport to I went to the city of … and saw … . help you remember what you saw. It was incredible!
®Cambridge University Press
29
Cov 19 - 2020
3
HOW MANY PEOPLE L IVE IN EUROPE ? How many of these European landmarks can you name?
Which countries are these landmarks found in?
30
®Cambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020 Can you name any famous landmarks from your country?
The countries of Europe
D CUMENTARY
European landmarks In this unit, you will create a TV advert to promote tourism in a European country. To do this, you will: • learn about European countries and major cities. • find out about the physical geography of Europe. • present your TV advert to your classmates using visual aids.
®Cambridge University Press
31
Cov 19 - 2020
WHICH COUNTRIES MAKE UP SCANDINAVIA? Europe is our continent. It is bordered1 by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Atlantic Ocean to the west and the continent of Asia to the east. Europe has an area of around 10 million km2 and is made up of lots of countries.
What type of m ap is this?
There are more than 700 million people living in Europe and more than 100 languages are spoken. 32
How many w big is Europe compared Ho an Europe to the other continents? n languages ca me? you na ÂŽCambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020 Scandinavia is very cold in winter and it snows a lot.
In the northern part of Europe, there is a region called Scandinavia. There are three countries in this region: Denmark, Norway and Sweden.
France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Austria and Germany are located in the western part of Europe.
Belgium has three official languages: Dutch, French and German. Where else are these languages spoken in Europe?
By the end of this lesson, you will know which part of Europe you live in.
N W
E S
The southern part of Europe has a warmer climate2 than the northern part of Europe. Countries such as Spain, Italy and Greece are located here.
Greece has thousands of islands – some are big and others are tiny!
Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Ukraine are located in the eastern part of Europe.
Poland is bordered by seven countries. Can you name them?
It has a population of … The people there speak … This country is bordered by …
STAGE 1 1 to border: to share a border with another country or area 2 climate: the weather in a particular place, over a particular period of time
Choose one of the landmarks on pages 30 and 31. Do you know which country it is located in? Find out the country’s area, population and what languages are spoken there.
®Cambridge University Press
33
Cov 19 - 2020 Which countries ma ke up the United Kingd om?
WHERE DID THE GLADIATORS FIGHT?
On this map, you can find out more about European countries and capital cities. Berlin is the capital city of Germany. It is also the biggest city in Germany. The Brandenburg Gate was built in 1791 and is a symbol of Germany’s unity¹.
Iceland
Sweden
London is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom’s government² meets at the Houses of United Parliament. Kingdom The big clock is called Ireland Big Ben!
Finland Norway
Stockholm NORTH SEA
Lithuania Moscow
Netherlands
Belarus
Berlin
Poland
London
Paris is the capital city of France. The Eiffel Tower is one of the most recognisable monuments in Madrid Europe and the Portugal world. It is 300 Spain metres tall. 500km
Estonia Latvia
Denmark
Belgium
34
BALTIC SEA
Paris
Czech Republic
Ukraine
Slovakia
Germany Budapest Moldova a Austri Hungary Switzerland Romania France Italy Serbia Bulgaria
BLACK SEA
Rome
Greece
Turkey
Athens
®Cambridge University PressMEDITERRANEAN SEA
Cov 19 - 2020 Stockholm is the capital city of Sweden. The city’s metro stations are decorated with amazing works of art.
By the end of this lesson, you will know what Big Ben is.
Moscow is the capital city of Russia. It is Europe’s largest capital city. The government meets in the Kremlin. The word kremlin means ‘fortress’ in Russian.
Find a famous Euro pean bridge hidden in th e unit.
Budapest is the capital city of Hungary. The Danube River flows through the city. The Hungarian Parliament Building is located there.
Russia
Rome is the capital city of Italy. The Colosseum is the largest amphitheatre in the world. It was completed in AD 80 by the Romans and was used for gladiator fights, animal hunts and public spectacles.
Athens is the capital city of Greece. It is one of the world’s oldest cities. There are many ancient monuments in Athens, such as the Parthenon. STAGE 2
• Investigate the capital of your country from Stage 1 and the landmarks that can be found there. • Invent a chant or a rap to help you remember the key facts from Stages 1 and 2.
¹unity: being united or together; the opposite of being divided ²government: a group of people who manage the country
CASPIAN SEA
®Cambridge University Press
35
Cov 19 - 2020
WHAT IS THE LONGEST RIVER IN EUROPE? Europe is surrounded by different bodies of water: the Arctic Ocean to the north; the Atlantic Ocean to the west; and the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea to the south. The Atlantic Ocean is the world’s second largest ocean. It separates Europe and Africa from North America and South America.
The Mediterranean Sea separates Europe from Africa and part of Asia. It is almost completely surrounded by land. 36
The Black Sea is a body of water located between the eastern part of Europe and the western part of Asia.
At which strait does the Mediterranean Sea connect to the Atlantic Ocean?
The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed1 body of water on Earth. This means that it is really a lake – not a sea!
®Cambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020 By the end of this lesson, you will know why the Caspian Sea isn’t actually a sea!
The Rhine is a river that flows through Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, France and the Netherlands.
In 1912, a ship called the Titanic hit an iceberg and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean.
The Danube is a river that flows through ten different countries and empties into the Black Sea.
Find out which countries the Danube River flows through. The Volga is the longest river in Europe. It flows through Russia and empties into the Caspian Sea.
• Find out about the bodies of water in or surrounding your European country. • Use the information to play a guessing game with a partner. Can they guess your country?
The … flows through it. It borders the … Sea. 1 enclosed: surrounded by something on all sides
STAGE 3
®Cambridge University Press
37
Cov 19 - 2020
WHAT IS THE HIGHEST MOUNTAIN IN EUROPE? There are many mountain ranges in Europe. Some of them form borders between countries and continents.
By the end of this lesson, you will know which mountain ranges separate Europe from Asia.
The Caucasus Mountains form a natural border between Europe and Asia. They extend from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea. The highest mountain in Europe is Mount Elbrus, in Russia. It is located in the Caucasus Mountains. Mount Elbrus: 5,642 metres
The Ural Mountains are also located in Russia. Like the Caucasus Mountains, they form a natural border between Europe and Asia.
Mountain ranges span, stretch or extend across an area of land. Mont Blanc is the highest point in the Alps, the highest mountain range in Europe.
The top of a mountain is called a summit or a peak. STAGE 4
Mont Blanc: 4,810 metres
country. • Find out about the mountains and mountain ranges in your European • Exchange information with a partner. ranges. • Make notes and write full sentences about your partner’s mountain 38
®Cambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020
THAT’S A RELIEF!
Before you start Raised-relief maps are 3D representations of the Earth which show different levels of elevation. Materials paper, pencil, colouring pencils, yellow and brown plasticine Method 1 Draw the outline of the European country you chose for the Investigate activity. 2 Colour the country green. This colour represents areas of low elevation. 3 Add yellow plasticine to represent areas of medium elevation. 4 Add brown plasticine to represent areas of high elevation, such as mountain ranges. Conclusions Does your country have lots of high elevation? Is your country quite flat or is it mountainous?
There is a lot of … elevation.
when we receive f lie re a ’s at th on si es pr ex We use the about something. ng yi rr wo us s op st h ic wh news
®Cambridge University Press
39
Language skills Cov 19 - 2020 1
Emma is talking to her sister Charlotte about their holiday to Slovenia. What was their favourite part? Match a–d to Emma or Charlotte in your notebook.
Emma
b
a
2
Charlotte
d
c
Talk to a partner. Compare the two European countries using the words in the box. bigger smaller more populated less populated older younger
United Kingdom 2 Area: 243,305 km Population: 65 million Average age: 40 years
40
Spain Area: 505,940 km2 Population: 46 million Average age: 42 years
®Cambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020
Review 1
Complete the sentences in your notebook. a The highest mountain in Europe is ..... . b The longest river in Europe is ..... . c The ..... is the second largest ocean. d The ..... is not actually a sea, but a lake. e There are more than ..... people living in Europe.
2
Match each landmark to the correct European city and country in your notebook. Eiffel Tower
Budapest
United Kingdom
Danube River
London
France
Big Ben
Berlin
Russia
Kremlin
Paris
Hungary
Brandenburg Gate
Moscow
Germany
Go to page 82 for more activities. Come and visit … and its beautiful … It is home to … You can see … Don’t miss the amazing … FINALE • Prepare a TV advert for your country. Use the information you have collected and search for extra interesting information. rt. • Look for visual aids such as photos or video clips to use in your adve • Think of ways to make your country look attractive to tourists. • Present your advert to the class.
®Cambridge University Press
41
Cov 19 - 2020
4
W HE R E D O E S F L A M E N C O C O M E FR O M ? Do you know any of these traditions?
Where do these traditions take place ? 42
ÂŽCambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020 Geography of Spain
Are there any traditions or ea? celebrations in your local ar
D CUMENTARY
Places to visit in Spain In this unit, you will create a slide presentation about Spain. To do this, you will: • learn about the political geography of Spain. • find out about different traditions and cultures in Spain. • learn about the mountains and rivers of Spain.
®Cambridge University Press
43
Cov 19 - 2020
HOW MANY PROVINCES ARE THERE IN SPAIN? In Spain, there are 17 autonomous communities which are divided into 50 provinces. There are also two autonomous cities, Ceuta and Melilla. Most of the Spain’s territory is on the Iberian Peninsula, but it also has two archipelagos, the Islas Baleares and the Islas Canarias.
By the end of this lesson, you will know how Spain is divided into autonomous communities, autonomous cities and provinces.
Which autonomous communities are not divided into multiple provinces? What are the autonomous communities and provinces called in their co-official languages?
STAGE 1
Which continent are Ceuta and Melilla located on?
• Create a slide presentation. Use the first slide for the title. • Add a second slide with information about Spain (area, population, etc.). • Search online for a political map of Spain. Insert it into the third slide. 44
®Cambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020
SPAIN IS A PUZZLE
Before you start Spain is made up of seventeen autonomous communities and two autonomous cities. Materials outline of a political map of Spain, colouring pencils, scissors, glue (optional), foam sheets (optional) Method 1 Colour in the autonomous communities and autonomous cities on the map in different colours. Then, cut them out. 2 Try to make a complete political map of Spain by putting the pieces together – like a puzzle! Conclusions Where should you place the two archipelagos? Which is the biggest autonomous community?
You can try sticking the autonomous communities to foam sheets and cutting them out, before doing the puzzle. The … should go in the … Ocean / Sea.
®Cambridge University Press
45
Cov 19 - 2020
WHAT ARE THE FALLAS ? Spain has a rich and diverse culture. Traditions, food, music, clothes, architecture and languages differ from one area to another. Look at the map below to find out about different cultures in Spain.
Find a famous fountain from Madrid hidden in the unit.
GALICIA The Camino de Santiago is a pilgrim’s1 walk that begins at different places across Europe. The walk finishes in the city of Santiago de Compostela in Galicia.
MADRID
46
On 15 May every year, there is a festival in Madrid called San Isidro. People wear traditional clothes. There is also a traditional dance called the chotis madrileño.
GRANADA Granada is a city where we can see a lot of Moorish influence. The Alhambra was originally a Moorish palace.
®Cambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020 COMUNIDAD VALENCIANA Paella is a rice dish that comes from the Comunidad Valenciana. It can contain rabbit, chicken, green beans and seafood. Valencia is known for a festival called the Fallas, in which people build structures and caricatures to burn at night.
By the end of this lesson, you will know where we can see Moorish influence in Spain.
BARCELONA
SEVILLA
Andalucía is known for flamenco, an art form which includes singing, playing the guitar and dancing. Sevilla is considered to be one of the birthplaces2 of the art form.
Barcelona is in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula. Some of its famous landmarks are the Sagrada Familia and the Park Güell.. These two landmarks were designed by the architect Antoni Gaudí.
SAN SEBASTIÁN
San Sebastián has a famous beach, the Playa de La Concha. The water is cold, but the views are incredible!
In the 8th century, a group of people from Northern Africa conquered most of the Iberian Peninsula. In English, we call this group of people the Moors. STAGE 2 • Choose five autonomous communities and find out about their culture (food, architecture, festivals and landmarks). • Create a fourth slide and add the information. 1 pilgrim: a person who travels to a sacred place for religious reasons birthplace: the place where something began 2
®Cambridge University Press
47
Cov 19 - 2020
WHAT IS THE HIGHEST MOUNTAIN IN SPAIN? The highest mountain in Spain is Mount Teide. It is 3,718 metres high. It is located on Tenerife, in the Islas Canarias.
hich Find out w munities m o c s u o m autono Europa e d s o ic P the oss. extend acr
CORDILLERA CANTÁBRICA The Picos de Europa are located in the Cordillera Cantábrica.
SISTEMA CENTRAL The Sistema Central is located in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. There is a mountain there called La mujer muerta. If you look at it from Segovia, it looks like a woman is lying down and holding her hands.
SISTEMA IBÉRICO The Sistema Ibérico extends for more than 500 kilometres, from the north of Spain to the east. The Duero and Tajo Rivers begin in this mountain range.
SIERRA MORENA 48
The Sierra Morena is located in the south of Spain. The Iberian lynx can be found here.
®Cambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020
PYRENEES
The Pyrenees form a natural border between Spain and France. It extends from the Mar Cantábrico to the Mediterranean Sea.
Do you know what this waterfall is called? What does it look like?
By the end of this lesson, you will know which mountain range separates Spain from France.
CORDILLERA BÉTICA
What do people do in the Sierra Nevada?
The Cordillera Bética is located in the south and east of the Iberian Peninsula. The highest point on the Iberian Peninsula, Mulhacén, is located in this mountain range, as is the Sierra Nevada. STAGE 3
• Look for a physical map of Spain and insert it into a new slide. • Find interesting information about Spanish mountain ranges. Work in groups, exchange information and make a list. I found out that … • Label each mountain range on the physical map with the information from your list.
®Cambridge University Press
49
Cov 19 - 2020
WHAT IS THE MOUTH OF A RIVER? The rivers in Spain empty into three major bodies of water: the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and the Mar Cantábrico. The mouth of a river is where it meets another river or a lake, sea or ocean. The source of a river is where a river begins.
What does the expression You are like the Guadiana mean?
GUADALQUIVIR Source: Andalucía
GUADIANA Source: Castilla-La Mancha Mouth: Cádiz / Atlantic Ocean
Mouth: Cádiz / Atlantic Ocean Other information: There is a marshland1 near the mouth called the Marismas del Guadalquivir.
Other information: It forms a natural border between Spain and Portugal in two different places. What is the longest river in Europe? 50
®Cambridge University Press
EBRO
Cov 19 - 2020
Source: Cantabria and Palencia Mouth: Tarragona / Mediterranean Sea Other information: It is the second longest river on the Iberian Peninsula.
Where does a river flow quicker, at the source or at the mouth?
Find out where the sources and the mouths of the Miño and the Segura are.
By the end of this lesson, you will know what the longest river in Spain is.
DUERO Source: Castilla y León, La Rioja Mouth: Porto / Atlantic Ocean Other information: It begins in the Sistema Ibérico.
A tributary is a rive r or stream that flows in to a larger river or lake. The Pisuerga is a tributa ry of the Duero. Find out the names of three tributaries of the Ebro, Tajo and Guadalquivi r.
TAJO Source: Aragón Mouth: Lisbon / Atlantic Ocean Other information: It is the longest river on the Iberian Peninsula. STAGE 4
• Choose a river in Spain. Look for information about where it flows through, its tributaries and what it is used for. • Add this information to a new slide in your Its source is in the … and os. phot de Inclu on. presentati it flows through … • Highlight the key words in your sentences. Write them down on a separate piece of card. • Use the cards to help talk about your river to This river’s mouth is … a partner. Can they guess it? marshland: an area of soft, wet land with lots of grass
1
®Cambridge University Press
51
Language skills Cov 19 - 2020 1
Copy and complete the sentences using the words in the box. quickly a b c d
2
quietly
carefully
slowly
A river flows ..... near its source. We should walk ..... when we are hiking in the mountains. If we see any animals, we should speak ..... so we do not disturb them. A rivers flows ..... near its mouth.
Read the diary and write the missing words in your notebook. Write one word for each gap.
a
We are having a really nice time ..... holiday. We have been to lots
b
of different places all around Spain. First, we ..... to Barcelona and saw some of its famous landmarks. I loved the Sagrada Familia.
52
c
It is much bigger ..... it looks in photos. Then, we went to Sevilla and
d
..... a flamenco show. It was incredible. At the moment, we are in
e
the Pyrenees. I am very excited ..... I love mountains and snow!
®Cambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020
Review 1
In your notebook, match the provinces to the autonomous communities. a Lugo Andalucía b León Extremadura c Córdoba Castilla y León d Badajoz Aragón e Teruel Galicia
2
In your notebook, complete the mind map with the main rivers in Spain.
Mouth Atlantic Ocean
Mediterranean Sea
..... Tajo
..... .....
.....
.....
..... .....
Go to page 84 for more activities. FINALE
• Complete your slide presentation. Make sure each section contains a title. Check your slides for spelling and grammar mistakes. • Prepare a quiz for your classmates. Test them on Spanish geography and culture. • Use your slide presentation to give the answers. Award points.
®Cambridge University Press
53
Cov 19 - 2020
5
CAN YOU WR ITE THE YEAR IN ROMAN NUMER ALS ?
What information can the things in the pictures give us?
Can you name this painting?
54
®Cambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020 Where is this wall?
Journey into the past
D CUMENTARY
Historical findings
In this unit, you will become a historian and investigate the history of your local area or country. To do this, you will: • learn about artefacts and how to find them. • learn about different types of historical sources. • understand the different measurements of time.
Are there any historical landmarks in your local area?
• make a history booklet about your local area or your country.
®Cambridge University Press
55
Cov 19 - 2020
WHAT DO ARCHAEOLOGISTS STUDY?
By the end of this lesson, you will know how to look for artefacts.
Archaeologists study artefacts to learn about the past. Artefacts are objects that have historical significance. Some artefacts are thousands of years old and give us information about what life was like then. Archaeologists carry out excavations to look for and find artefacts. STAGE 1
STAGE 2
A grid is set up. Each square in the grid has a different coordinate, for example A–5 or B–2.
The soil is removed using tools such as shovels and trowels.
STAGE 3
STAGE 4
Any objects that archaeologists think might be artefacts are carefully extracted using brushes, sieves and magnifying glasses.
The archaelogists write a report about the artefacts. The artefacts are then displayed in museums for other people to observe and learn about them. STAGE 1
Find out what palaeontologists study!
• With a partner, find out about any artefacts that have been found in your local area or your country. • What are the artefacts and where were they found? Exchange information with other classmates. Archaeologists found … in … . • Make a list with your partner. 56
®Cambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020
STUDYING DINOSAURS
Before you start Palaeontologists are similar to archaeologists, but they excavate and study fossils, such as dinosaur fossils, instead of artefacts. Materials plasticine, toy dinosaur, plaster of Paris Method 1 Make a ball of plasticine. Smoothen one side of the ball of plasticine. 2 Press the toy dinosaur into the plasticine and then remove it. 3 Pour some plaster of Paris onto the impression left by the dinosaur. 4 Wait until the plaster is dry and separate it from the plasticine. You can pa
int the plaster to make it look like a ro ck.
Conclusions What can you see in the plaster? Why do you think these things can be found in rocks?
Perhaps … Fossils are found in rocks because …
®Cambridge University Press
57
Cov 19 - 2020
WHERE CAN WE FIND INFORMATION ABOUT THE PAST? A person who studies history is called a historian. They study different types of historical sources. Oral sources can be spoken or sung. They include stories, interviews1, songs, plays and poems.
Plays which originated in Ancient Greece have been performed2 for thousands of years. They give us information about what life was like in Ancient Greece. The Persians was first performed in 472 BC. It was last performed in 2010 – 2,482 years later!
Some of the earliest written examples of the Castellano and Euskera languages are found in the Glosas Emilianenses, documents from the 11th century AD.
58
Written sources contain information that has been written down. They include books, letters, poems, diaries, newspapers and sheet music.
®Cambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020 Visual sources include paintings, photographs and films.
In the Cave of Altamira in Cantabria, there are prehistoric cave paintings from between 13,000 and 35,000 years ago.
By the end of this lesson, you will know about different types of historical sources.
Physical sources include coins, pottery3, tools, monuments and buildings. The Aqueduct of Segovia was completed in the 2nd century AD when the Romans lived on the Iberian Peninsula. It extends for 15 kilometres.
Which historical sources can you see on
• Find out about historical sources from your local area or your country. • Write paragraphs about them. Include information about what type of source they are and what they tell us about the past.
1 interview: a meeting where one person asks another person questions 2 to perform: to do something to entertain people 3 pottery: objects that are made out of clay
STAGE 2
pages 54 and 55?
®Cambridge University Press
59
Cov 19 - 2020
HOW MANY YEARS ARE THERE IN A MILLENNIUM? We use different measurements of time. These measurements divide time into short periods and long periods.
A year has 365 days, or 12 months.
There are 10 years in a decade.
There are 100 years in a century.
How many decades are there in a century?
There are 1,000 years in a millennium.
How many centuries are there in a millennium? How many decades? We talk about centuries using ordinal numbers1. For example, the 20th century refers to the years 1901–2000. The 19th century refers to the years 1801–1900.
60
1492
1937
Columbus arrives in America.
Picasso paints Guernica.
In which centuries did these events take place?
1889 The Eiffel Tower is completed.
1791 The Brandenburg Gate is completed.
®Cambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020 By the end of this lesson, you will know in which century Columbus arrived in America.
We also use BC and AD to talk about time: • BC refers to the time before the birth of Jesus Christ. BC stands for ‘before Christ’. • AD refers to the time after the birth of Jesus Christ. AD stands for anno Domini ('in the year of the lord').
before the year. We put BC after the year but we put AD
3000 BC
2000 BC
1000 BC
AD 1
AD 1000
AD 2000
AD (anno Domini )
BC (before Christ) Most of the time, we do not write or say 'AD'. For example, we usually say ‘2018’ and not ‘AD 2018’.
Which language nno are the words a ? Domini written in
STAGE 3
1 ordinal numbers: numbers we use to put things in order, for example first, second, third, fourth, etc.
• Find out about important historical events that took place in your local area or in your country. You can ask your teacher or use the internet for help. • Make a timeline which shows BC and AD, and add the events to it. • Find out how old your historical sources from Stage 2 are. Add them to the timeline.
®Cambridge University Press
61
Cov 19 - 2020
WHAT DID THE ROMANS DO FOR US? Roman Numeral
The Romans used a system of letters called Roman numerals to represent numbers.
Number
I V X L C D M
The Romans used seven letters to represent seven different numbers.
When a numeral appears after a larger numeral, it is added:
1 5 10 50 100 500 1,000
When a numeral appears before a larger numeral, it is subtracted:
VI = V + I = 6
IV = V – I = 4
They combined these letters to represent any number.
100
C
1
2
3
4
5
6
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
10
20
30
40
50
60
X
XX XXX
XL
L
LX
600
700
200
300
400 500
CC CCC CD
D
7
9
8
VII VIII 70
80
LXX LXXX 800
900
DC DCC DCCC CM
IX 90
XC 1,000
M
Find a Roman numeral written on a wall hidden in this unit.
62
ÂŽCambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020 By the end of this lesson, you will know how the Romans counted using letters.
Some analogue1 clocks and watches use Roman numerals to show the time.
Roman numerals are sometimes used on public buildings and monuments. The Puerta de Alcalá is one of the most famous monuments in Madrid.
The Statue of Liberty holds a tablet with Roman numerals on it. They represent the year the United States of America gained its independence.
What year is written in R oman numerals? We also use Roman numerals in the titles of monarchs. The current Spanish monarch is Felipe VI. STAGE 4 1 analogue (watch or clock): showing the time using a hand, rather than digits
• Convert the dates on your timeline from Stage 3 into Roman numerals. • Write the Roman numerals above or below the dates.
®Cambridge University Press
63
Language skills Cov 19 - 2020 1
Look at the three pictures. Write about this story in your notebook. Write 20 or more words.
2
Talk to a partner. What are you going to do tomorrow?
a
c
b
art gallery
museum
film
e
d
I’m going to …
play 64
concert
®Cambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020
Review 1
Complete a–d in your notebook.
a
c
2
There are ..... years, or ..... days, in a decade.
d
There are ..... days, ..... years, ..... decades or ..... centuries in a millennium.
There are ..... days, ..... years or ..... decades in a century.
Complete the table in your notebook. 1
10 V
3
b
There are ..... days in a year.
17
50 XLI
114 LIX
C
500
1,000
D
Write the following in your notebook: a the current year in numbers b the current year in Roman numerals c the current century in numbers d the current century in Roman numerals Go to page 86 for more activities. FINALE
• Make a history booklet about your local area or your country. Include the information you found out about artefacts and historical sources. • Include your timeline of important historical events. • Add photos and / or drawings. • Design a cover for your booklet which shows the name of your local area or your country.
®Cambridge University Press
65
Cov 19 - 2020
6
WHO BUILT THE PYRAMIDS?
2000000 BC
Prehistory
3200 BC
Ancient History
AD 47 6
Which of thes e periods of history occurr ed before the birth of Jesus Christ? 66
®Cambridge University Press
The Middle Ages
Cov 19 - 2020 Do you recognise any of the places or events in the pictures?
AD 1453
ly r a E The ern Age Mod
Prehistory to the present
AD 1789
al events ic r to is h r e th o y n Can you name a periods? e s e th g in r u d e that took plac
The Modern Age
D CUMENTARY
Let’s go back in time
In this unit, you will create a museum. To do this, you will: • learn about Prehistory and how people lived during this period. ce • discover the ancient civilisations of the Ancient Rome, Ancient Gree and Ancient Egypt. • understand how the Middle Ages was a period of disease, but also of progress. • learn how science, art, technology, industry and communication developed during the Early Modern Age and the Modern Age.
®Cambridge University Press
67
Cov 19 - 2020
WHEN DID PEOPLE START USING FIRE? Prehistory began with the appearance of the first humans, about two million years ago. It ended with the introduction of writing systems, around 3200 BC. Prehistory is divided into two periods:
By the end of this lesson, you will understand what the word nomad means.
Neolithic Period
Palaeolithic Period o. • Began around two million years ag imals. • People lived in caves and hunted an fire. • They used simple tools and controlled y • People were nomads. This means the moved from place to place.
• Began around 10000 BC. • People began to live in one place. • They farmed crops and kept domestic animals, such as sheep.
Try organising your information around the timeline. STAGE 1 Get into groups of four pupils to make a Prehistory display. In your groups: • Pupil 1: Design and draw a timeline for the period of history. • Pupil 2: Find or draw pictures to show how prehistoric people lived. • Pupil 3: Find or draw pictures of artefacts from this period.
• Pupil 4: Write a short paragraph describing Prehistory. You can look for extra information on the internet.
68
®Cambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020
PREHISTORIC PAINTINGS
Before you start Prehistoric people painted using charcoal and animal fat. Materials brown wrapping paper, sticky tape, charcoal, chalk pastels Method 1 Crumple up a piece of brown wrapping paper and stick it under a table. 2 Find out what things prehistoric people represented in their artwork. 3 Use the charcoal to create prehistoric artwork. Add colour using the chalk pastels. Conclusions What things can we see in prehistoric art?
We can see … in prehistoric art.
Where did prehistoric people make their art? What does the brown I think the brown wrapping wrapping paper represent? paper represents …
You can also draw and colour a handprint.
®Cambridge University Press
69
Cov 19 - 2020
WHO INVENTED CENTRAL HEATING? Ancient History began with the introduction of writing systems, around 3200 BC. It ended with the fall¹ of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476. Great ancient civilisations emerged during this period. One of them was Ancient Rome. The Romans introduced many innovations to the places they conquered:
central heating
newspapers
the calendar
roads
Today, we can still see the influence of Ancient Roman civilisation in Spain:
Roman bridge in Cáceres
70
Roman circus² in Mérida
Roman temple in Cádiz
Roman amphitheatre in Tarragona
Roman mosaics in Sevilla
Can you find any Roman structures in Unit 5?
®Cambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020
Before the Ancient Romans, the Ancient Greeks developed ideas that still influence our lives today.
democracy
sport and the Olympic Games
theatre
Pythagoras discovered a way to measure triangles.
advances in philosophy, science and mathematics
The Ancient Egyptians formed a civilisation before both the Ancient Greeks and the Ancient Romans did.
By the end of this lesson, you will know how ancient civilisations still influence the world we live in today.
They were ruled by the pharaohs.
They built the pyramids.
They wrote using hieroglyphics.
STAGE 2
Find an Ancient Egyptian sphinx hidden it the unit.
• In the same groups, make a display about an ancient civilisation. n. • Pupil 1: Find or draw pictures of how people lived in your civilisatio • Pupil 2: Write a shor t paragraph describing the civilisation. • Pupil 3: Design a timeline of the civilisation. • Pupil 4: Find or draw pictures of artefacts from the civilisation.
1 fall: a loss of power or control 2 circus: round or oval-shaped arena used for sport and games
Try organising your information around the timeline.
®Cambridge University Press
71
Cov 19 - 2020
WHAT WAS THE BLACK DEATH?
By the end of this lesson, you will know what the Crusades were.
The Middle Ages began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476. It was a period of progress, but also of war and disease. It ended with the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.
WARS
TRADE
There were lots of wars in the Middle Ages. The Hundred Years’ War was fought between England and France. Many castles were built in this period for protection.
There was an increase in trade during the Middle Ages. Merchants1 from Europe, Asia and North Africa traded goods such as wool, wheat, iron, spices, cloth and silk.
Did the Hundred Years' War really last for a hundred years?
72
Why do you think castles were usually built at the top of a hill?
UNIVERSITIES
THE BLACK DEATH
The first university in Europe was founded2 in Italy in the 11th century. The first university in the world was the University of al-Qarawiyyin in Morocco, which was founded centuries earlier in AD 859.
The Black Death was a plague which spread quickly through Europe. It killed about 75 million people in the 14th century. The plague was carried by fleas and the fleas were carried by rats.
Towns in the Middle Ages were very dirty. Why do you think the Black Death spread so quickly?
®Cambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020
THE CRUSADES During the Middle Ages, Christians from Europe travelled to the Holy Land3 to try to recover it from the Muslims. The Crusades took place during the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries.
At this time, the Iberian Peninsula was divided into areas of Christian culture and Islamic culture.
NEW IDEAS AND DISCOVERIES FROM THE EAST The Christians could not keep any of the lands they conquered during the Crusades. However, they did return with lots of new discoveries, such as gunpowder and new musical instruments. They also brought back new ideas about medicine, science and mathematics.
• In the same groups, make a display about the Middle Ages. • Pupil 1: Find or draw pictures of artefacts from the Middle Ages. • Pupil 2: Design a timeline. • Pupil 3: Write a short paragraph describing the period. • Pupil 4: Find or draw pictures of how people lived during this period.
1 merchant: someone who buys and sells goods 2 to found: to start an organisation, such as a university 3 Holy Land: an area in the Middle East of religious importance to Jews, Christians and Muslims
STAGE 3
Try organising your display into different sections, such as disease, war, education, innovations, etc.
®Cambridge University Press
73
Cov 19 - 2020
WHO INVENTED PRINTING? The Early Modern Age began about 550 years ago and ended with the French Revolution in 1789. It was a period of art, discovery, invention and learning.
By the end of this lesson, you will be familiar with inventions from the Early Modern Age.
1450 The printing press is invented by Gutenberg. The invention of the printing press made it easier to spread news and ideas across Europe.
1498 Da Vinci paints The Last Supper. Da Vinci helped revolutionise art. He also painted Mona Lisa. 1687 Newton publishes his theory of gravity. This was also a period of science. During this time, people started carrying out experiments and recording the results.
74
1789 The French Revolution takes place.
1492 Columbus arrives in America. Explorers, such as Christopher Columbus, brought back new foods, goods and medicines from their expeditions.
1652 The calculator is invented. Inventions, such as the calculator, the telescope, telescope, the piano and various weapons,, changed the world forever.
The Spanish Empire conquered land in Europe, North America, South America, Africa and Asia during this period.
®Cambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020
WHY WAS THE STEAM ENGINE AN IMPORTANT INVENTION? The Modern Age began in 1789 with the French Revolution. It was a time of revolution and change … and it is not over yet!
By the end of this lesson, you will understand how much life has changed over the past 200 years.
The invention of the steam engine started the Industrial Revolution. Many factories opened and products were manufactured more cheaply and quickly. Many people moved from rural to urban areas to work in the factories. There was also a revolution in transport. The bicycle and the automobile were invented in the 19th century. Thanks to the steam locomotive, materials and people could be transported much more quickly. There was also a revolution in communication. With the invention of the telegraph, telephone and radio, people could communicate more quickly and over greater distances.
The steam engine was used in factories. What was it used for?
What other machine was invented in the Modern Age that we use almost every day? STAGE 4
• In the same groups, make displays about the Early Modern Age and the Modern Age. • Pupil 1: Write a paragraph describing each period. • Pupil 2: Find or draw pictures of inventions from each period.
• Pupil 3: Find or draw pictures of how people lived during each period. • Pupil 4: Design a timeline for each period.
®Cambridge University Press
75
Language skills Cov 19 - 2020 1
Listen and identify the correct box. 1 What did Grandma do in her free time?
c
b
a
2 How did Grandma get to work?
a
2
Match and copy the sentences in your notebook.
a b c d e
76
c
b
The Romans built great structures
before the 11th century
There were not any European universities
people were nomads.
Communication became easier
before painting the Mona Lisa.
Before the Neolithic Period, Leonardo Da Vinci finished The Last Supper
which we can still see today. with the invention of the telephone.
®Cambridge University Press
Review 1
Cov 19 - 2020
Copy the text into your notebook. Choose a word from the box. Write the correct word next to letters a–e. Black Death democracy Palaeolithic Period communication Ancient History In the (a) ....., people did not live in one place. They moved from place to place. People began to live in one place during the Neolithic Period. (b) ..... saw advances which still influence our lives today, such as (c) ....., theatre, roads and central heating. There was much poverty, disease and war during the Middle Ages. The (d) ..... killed millions of people. However, there was also progress, such as the development of trade. This progress continued into the Early Modern Age with new discoveries and inventions. Today we live in the Modern Age, in which transport and (e) ..... are easier and faster than ever before.
2
Which is the odd one out? Explain why. a Ancient Rome / Ancient Greece / Spanish Empire / Ancient Egypt b telescope / telegraph / the internet / radio
Go to page 88 for more activities. FINALE • In your groups, set up a museum using the displays you have made for the different periods of history. • Invite your classmates to visit your museum. Organise a timetable. • Each group member is responsible for describing a different period of history to the visitors. • Arrange with other groups to visit their museums.
®Cambridge University Press
77
Cov 19 - 2020
1
Questions
Think about it 1 Name three things that you can see on 7 Is this sentence true or false? a political map. Small-scale maps show more detail than large-scale maps. 2 If you want to draw a map of your city, would it be easier to draw a political, physical or street map?
3 Which type of map shows different levels of elevation? 4 Name the four cardinal points. 5 Explain to your partner how to magnetise a needle. 6 Does a map of the world have a small scale or a large scale?
8 What type of map should I use to find out where the metro stops are in my city? 9 Describe to your partner how to get from your house to a nearby place. Make sure you use the correct language.
10 What type of map do you use to find your way around a department store?
Think harder 1 What are the similarities and differences 6 What type of map should you use if between a physical and political map? you are going hillwalking? Why? 2 With a partner, find a street map with coordinates on it. Challenge your partner to find some places on the map. Where is the post office? It’s in square A5. 3 Name the two things that all maps should have. 4 Which do you think are more popular today: paper maps or digital maps? Which type of map do you think is easier to use? Why? 5 Why do compasses always point north? 78
7 Use a map of your local area with a scale to calculate the distance between your house and your school. 8 A map has a scale of 1 cm: 7 km. The distance between the airport and the train station on the map is 5.5 cm. What is the real distance? 9 In pairs, discuss the last time you used a map to find your way. 10 Discuss with a partner how political maps have changed over time.
®Cambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020
Study aid
Tip Making Venn diagrams can help us learn and revise the differences and similarities between two things.
Political maps
Physical maps
continents seas
countries
oceans
cities
mountains mountain ranges lakes
political borders
rivers
Tip We can calculate the scale of a map using division. Real distance from Madrid to Barcelona = 500 kilometres Distance on map = 5 centimetres real distance ÷ map distance
500 km
500 ÷ 5 = 100
1 cm = 100 km
®Cambridge University Press
79
Cov 19 - 2020
2
Questions
Think about it 1 Write a definition of the equator. 2 How many continents are there? Make a list of them. 3 How much of the Earth is covered in water? 4 Name three features shown on a physical map. 5 What is a landmark? Write a definition. 6 Change one word of the following sentence to make it true. The equator is a line of longitude.
7 What is the highest mountain in the world? Which continent is it found on? 8 Is this sentence true or false? Machu Picchu is located in Asia. 9 Copy or trace a world map. Label the continents and the oceans. Then, label the longest rivers and the highest mountains. 10 Can you name two different countries from the following continents: Asia, Africa, Australasia, North America and South America?
Think harder 1 How are maps and globes different? How are they similar?
6 What is the longest river in the world? Find out which countries it flows through.
2 Name five oceans and three seas. Explain to a partner the difference between a sea and an ocean.
7 Find out more about the longest river in the world. What is it used for?
3 Find out which ocean is the warmest and which is the smallest. 4 Explain to a partner the difference between a mountain and a mountain range.
8 Are landmarks always man-made? Can you think of any examples of natural landmarks? 9 Research a non-European capital city. Write two false sentences and one true sentence about it. Can your partner tell which is the true sentence?
5 With a partner, make a list of world landmarks. Use reference books or the 10 Explain to a partner the difference internet to help you. between a continent, a country and a capital city. 80
®Cambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020
Study aid
Tip We can create and play games to help us remember important information.
ÂŽCambridge University Press
81
Cov 19 - 2020
3
Questions
Think about it 1 Which region are Denmark, Norway 6 Which countries does the Rhine form a and Sweden in? border between? 2 Name three countries in the western 7 Which river flows through Budapest? part of Europe. 8 Which mountain ranges form natural 3 Which city can you find the borders between Europe and Asia? Colosseum in? 9 Which mountain is the highest point in 4 Which ocean is to the west of Europe? the Alps? 5 Which countries does the Rhine 10 Is this sentence true or false? Europe is flow through? the largest continent.
Think harder 1 Which mountain ranges and bodies 6 Find out which rivers flow through the of water separate Europe from other capital cities of the United Kingdom continents? and France. 2 Find out why the southern part of 7 What is the Estrecho de Gibraltar? Europe has a warmer climate than the Which bodies of water does it connect? northern part. 8 How much smaller is the highest 3 Rome and Athens were the capitals of mountain in Europe compared to the different ancient civilisations. What is highest mountain in the world? each civilisation called? 9 Find out which eight countries the Alps 4 Why is the Caspian Sea not actually a extend across. Which country is the sea? Explain to a partner. highest point located in? 5 Germany is bordered by nine different 10 Use a political map of Europe with countries. Find out what they are. a scale to calculate the distance between Brussels and Kiev.
82
®Cambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020
Tip
Study aid
Working together can help you revise and remember information, such as the names of the countries of Europe.
Play the Alphabet game in groups.
Stand in a circle. Each pupil has ten seconds to name a country that begins with the next letter of the alphabet. If they cannot, they have to sit down.
A is for Austria.
You will find that you cannot think of names of countries for some letters. Can you guess which letters they are?
B is for Belgium.
C is for Croatia.
D is for …. You can also play the gam e with cities and capital cities .
Try to pronounce the countries correctly!
Play the Guess the country game in groups.
. . . . .
Think of the name of a country, but do not tell anyone.
Question 1: Is it next to a sea or an ocean?
Your classmates can ask you yes-or-no questions. You can only reply yes or no.
Yes, it is.
Your classmates can ask you a maximum of 10 questions. If they cannot guess your country, you are the winner!
Question 2: Is it in Africa?
No, it isn’t.
®Cambridge University Press
83
Cov 19 - 2020
4
Questions
Think about it 1 How many autonomous communities are there in Spain? How many provinces are there? 2 Name the two main archipelagos in Spain.
6 What is the highest mountain in Spain? Where is it located? 7 Which mountain range are the Picos de Europa located in?
8 Which river has its source in Galicia 3 Which city and autonomous community and its mouth in the Atlantic Ocean? does the Camino de Santiago finish in? 9 Who designed the Sagrada Familia 4 Which is the largest autonomous community in Spain?
5 What is the longest river in Spain?
and the Park Güell?
10 Is this sentence true or false? The Guadalquivir flows through País Vasco.
Think harder 1 Explain to a partner the difference between an autonomous community and a province. 2 Find out and explain to a partner the difference between an archipelago and an island. 3 Why is 15 May significant in Madrid? 4 Use a political map of Spain with a scale to calculate the distance between Madrid and Badajoz. 5 Name the rivers that form natural borders between Spain and Portugal.
84
6 What is the highest mountain on the Iberian Peninsula? How much smaller is it than the highest mountain in the world? 7 Find out which countries the Pyrenees extend across. 8 Explain to a partner the difference between a river’s source and mouth. 9 Find out about two famous monuments in your local area or city. Who designed them? 10 Create a chant to help you remember the major rivers in Spain.
®Cambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020
Study aid
Tip Colour-code maps and use different fonts to categorise information and make it easier to remember.
ÂŽCambridge University Press
85
Cov 19 - 2020
5
Questions
Think about it 1 What do we call a person who studies artefacts?
6 What type of historical source are the Glosas Emilianenses?
2 What do archaeologists set up before they begin digging for artefacts?
7 Is this sentence true or false? BC refers to the time after the birth of Jesus Christ.
3 Give three examples of oral sources.
8 If you are 59 years old, how many decades have you lived?
4 Name a physical source that you can see in your local area. 5 What year is it at the moment? What century is it?
9 Write your age in Roman numerals. 10 Name two things we use Roman numerals for.
Think harder 1 Explain to a partner the difference between an archaeologist and a palaeontologist.
6 What type of historical source are the Altamira cave paintings? Were they discovered before or after the death of Jesus Christ? 2 Explain the process of an excavation to a partner. 7 When did the 15th century begin and end? 3 Name four different types of historical 8 What is wrong with this sentence? sources. Give one example for each. Columbus arrived in America in 1492 AD. 4 Discuss the question with a partner. How did people communicate important 9 What year were you born in? Write it in Roman numerals. information before the invention of the telephone and the internet? 10 Play a Pelmanism game with 5 How many decades are there in two milleniums? And how many centuries are there?
86
flashcards of Roman numerals and their corresponding numbers.
®Cambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020
Tip
Study aid
Use tables to convert different measurements of time.
Years
1
Months
12
Millenniums
Days
365
Centuries
10
Decades
100
Years
YEAR
CENTURY
ROMAN NUMERAL
565
6th century
DLXV
1492
15th century
MCDXCII
1789
18th century
MDCCLXXXIX
1910
20th century
MCMX
2018
21st century
MMXVIII
1
1,000
Tip You can also create acrostics to help you remember things
Historical sources Paul Often Visits Wales
®Cambridge University Press
87
Cov 19 - 2020
6
Questions
Think about it 1 Write down the periods of history presented in the unit in chronological order (oldest first). 2 Is this sentence true or false? People were nomads during the Palaeolithic Period. 3 Name three things the Romans gave us. 4 Put the civilisations in chronological order: Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome and Ancient Egypt.
5 Which disease killed millions of people in the Middle Ages? 6 Name two famous artists from the Early Modern Age. 7 When did the Early Modern Age end? 8 When did Columbus arrive in America? 9 Name three inventions that have made communication easier and quicker. 10 How did we get from place to place before the invention of the steam engine?
Think harder 1 Create a timeline for the five periods of 6 Explain to a partner why the Early history in the unit. Add dates for when Modern Age was a period of progress. they started and ended. 7 Explain to a partner why the steam 2 Write a paragraph describing the engine was an important invention. differences between the Neolithic How did it change people’s lives? Period and the Palaeolithic Period. 8 Find out more about Columbus’ arrival 3 Find out the names of five examples of Roman architecture in Spain. 4 Find out more about the pyramids. How do historians think they were built? Why were they built? 5 Write down two examples of progress and two examples of suffering in the Middle Ages. 88
in America. Where did he intend to travel to?
9 Write a short paragraph about how the Industrial Revolution changed society. 10 Choose an invention from the Modern Age and play a guessing game with a partner. Give them clues about the invention.
®Cambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020
Study aid Ancient Rome 753 BC
The city of Rome is founded.
Tip You can research extra information and make timelines to help you revise.
The Middle Ages AD 476
509 BC
Rome becomes a Republic.
45 BC
Julius Caesar becomes the first permanent dictator of Rome.
27 BC
AD 80
AD 395
AD 476
Augustus becomes the first Roman Emperor. The Roman Empire begins.
The Colosseum is completed. The Roman Empire splits into two parts: the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire.
AD 793
AD 859
AD 1096
AD 1337
AD 1346
The Middle Ages begin.
The Vikings, from Scandinavia, begin to attack Britain.
The world’s first university is founded in Morocco.
The Crusades begin.
The Hundred Years’ War begins between England and France. The Black Death begins in Europe.
The Western Roman Empire is defeated.
®Cambridge University Press
89
Cov 19 - 2020
1 Before you start Maps are made on different scales to show different amounts of detail.
Map A
Materials ruler, pencil, calculator (optional) Method 1 Calculate the real distance between the following places on Map A: . the train station and the park . the stadium and the metro . the bridge and the museum 2 Compare your answers with a partner’s. Explain to your partner how you calculated the real distance. 3 Now you know the real distance between the different places, calculate the scale of Map B: . Measure the map distance between two places in Map B. . Divide that number by the map distance between the same two places in Map A. . Multiply that number by the scale of Map A. 4 Compare your answer with a partner’s.
I multiplied … by … . Map B
Conclusions Which map has the larger scale? Which map can you see more detail on? 90
®Cambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020
2 Before you start The Earth is tilted at an angle of 23.5 degrees. This causes the seasons. Materials globe, lamp Method 1 Use the lamp to represent the sun. 2 Position the globe so that the northern hemisphere is tilted towards the sun. Turn the lights o. 3 Then, position the globe so that the northern hemisphere is tilted away from the sun. Turn the lights o. Conclusions In which position does the northern hemisphere receive more sunlight? Which season is it? In which position is it summer in the southern hemisphere? Why?
This procedure also shows us how we have day and night.
What do you think the seasons are like in countries near the equator?
ÂŽCambridge University Press
91
Cov 19 - 2020
3 Before you start The Nile River was very important for the Ancient Egyptians. Materials baking tray, aluminium foil, soil, blue plasticine, grass seeds, water Method 1 Make a river bed out of the aluminium foil and place it in the baking tray. 2 Put soil in the baking tray, to the sides of the river bed. 3 Flatten the plasticine and place it on top of the foil to make the river. Make sure it extends over the soil. 4 Scatter the grass seeds on the soil. 5 Pour enough water into the river to flood the soil. Leave the model for a few days. Conclusions What happened to the land around the river? What plants do you think the Ancient Egyptians grew along the Nile River?
Nowadays, a dam stops the Nile River from ooding.
92
ÂŽCambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020
4 Before you start Spain is made up of seventeen autonomous communities. Can you remember them all? Materials blank political map of Spain, pen, hole punch, aluminium foil, sticky tape, piece of card, battery cap with cables, small battery, light bulb with terminals, cable Method 1 Find a political map of Spain without any labels. Write the names of the autonomous communities to the side. 2 Make holes in each autonomous community and next to the names. Turn the map over. 3 Connect each autonomous community to its name with a strip of aluminium foil. Make sure the foil covers the holes. Cover the strips with tape. Stick the map to a piece of card.
4 Attach the battery cap to the battery. Connect one of the battery cap’s cables to one of the bulb terminals. 5 Attach another cable to the other bulb terminal. Make sure you can see a little bit of wire at the end of each cable. 6 Test your knowledge of Spain. On the map, touch the foil on an autonomous community with one cable. Then, touch its name with the other cable. Conclusions When does the bulb light up? When does it not light up? Complete the sentence: When the bulb lights up, the electrical ..... is complete.
Make sure you hold the plastic cable and NOT the metal wire!
®Cambridge University Press
93
Cov 19 - 2020
5 Before you start We can divide historical sources into primary and secondary sources. A primary source comes from the time or event that you are studying. Secondary sources are made after the time or event that you are studying. Method 1 Look at the examples of historical sources. In groups, divide them into primary and secondary sources.
Conclusions Did you have more primary or secondary sources? Which do you think are more reliable?
b
c
2 Collect information about what life was like when your parents or grandparents were young. Ask them to provide you with historical sources. The sources can be physical, oral, visual or written. 3 Present your findings to the class. 4 With your class, discuss which sources are primary and which are secondary.
a
d
e
f g
ry that If you retell a sto you, is it a ld to s a h y d o b e m so ary source? primary or second 94
ÂŽCambridge University Press
Cov 19 - 2020
6 Before you start The Romans built aqueducts to transport water from springs, rivers and lakes to towns and cities. Materials cardboard tubes, sticky tape, aluminium foil, wooden blocks (different shapes and sizes), plastic container, jug, water Method 1 Cut the cardboard tubes in half lengthways and stick them together with tape. The longer you want your aqueduct to be, the more cardboard tubes you will need. 2 Cover the tubes in aluminium foil. 3 Make arches using the wooden blocks. Place the cardboard tube on top of the blocks. 4 Place a plastic container at the bottom of the aqueduct and pour in water at the top. Conclusions Did the water reach the plastic container? Is this sentence true or false? For the aqueduct to work, the arches need to be the same height. Which simple machine is the aqueduct an example of? Why did you need to cover the cardboard tube in aluminium foil?
Aqueducts work because of gravity!
®Cambridge University Press
95
Cov 19 - 2020 Acknowledgements The authors and publishers acknowledge the following sources of copyright material and are grateful for the permissions granted. While every effort has been made, it has not always been possible to identify the sources of all the material used, or to trace all copyright holders. If any omissions are brought to our notice, we will be happy to include the appropriate acknowledgements on reprinting and in the next update to the digital edition, as applicable. All the photographs are sourced from Getty Images. p. 2, p. 7: Jordan Siemens/Taxi; p. 4: Teresa Short/moment, SeanShot/E+, Carol Yepes/moment; p. 5: Imgorthand/E+; pp. 4–5: Thepalmer/E+; p. 4, p. 56: monkeybusinessimages/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 6: Westend61, Francisco Rama/EyeEm, migin/iStock/Getty Images Plus, hobo_018/iStock/ Getty Images Plus; p. 7: Dougal Waters/DigitalVision, blyjak/iStock/Getty Images Plus, pp. 7–8: sorendls/E+; p. 8: Floortje/E+; p. 9, p. 7, p. 14, p. 20, p. 28, p. 38, p. 57, p. 58, p. 59, p. 61, p. 70, p. 72, p. 73, p. 74, p. 75, p. 79, p. 91, p. 94: FrankRamspott/DigitalVision Vectors; p. 11, p. 21, p. 39, p. 45, p. 57, p. 69, pp. 90–95: novaaleksandra/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 11: Natasha_Pankina/ iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 12, p. 35: owattaphotos/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 12: Marc Romanelli/Blend Images, wundervisuals/E+, PeopleImages/ DigitalVision; p. 13: B2M Productions/Photodisc, svetikd/iStock/Getty Images Plus, SbytovaMN/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 14, p. 20, p. 33, p. 37, p. 46, p. 47, p. 56, p. 61, p. 62, p. 74, p. 81, p. 90: LokFung/DigitalVision Vectors; p. 14, p. 21, p. 34, p. 35, p. 45, p. 54, p. 83, p. 90: jamtoons/DigitalVision Vectors; p. 15, p. 19: Magnilion/DigitalVision Vectors; p. 16: Christopher Kimmel; pp. 16–17: Maria_ Galybina/iStock/Getty Images Plus; pp. 18–19 : imaginima/E+; p. 18: Andrew Kolb/Radius Images, spooh/E+, mbbirdy/E+, Bruce Lichtenberger/Photolibrary; p. 19: Frank Krahmer/DigitalVision, Patrick Foto/Moment, vicm/E+; p. 21, p. 95: LEOcrafts/DigitalVision Vectors; p. 22: bubaone/DigitalVision Vectors, Natascha Sturny/Dorling Kindersley; p. 24: khalus/DigitalVision Vectors, Tim David/EyeEm, Steve Allen/Photodisc, anharris/iStock/Getty Images Plus, xavierarnau/Vetta, Mekhamer Photography/Moment; p. 25: SL_Photography/ iStock/Getty Images Plus, Christopher Groenhout/Lonely Planet Images; p. 25, p. 83: mishkom/DigitalVision Vectors; p. 26: Clodyus/Moment, Konrad Wothe/ LOOK-foto/LOOK; p. 27: Christophe Boisvieux/Corbis Documentary, Nicole Kucera/Moment; p. 28: Annette Bunch/Moment; pp. 28–29: Kevin Clogstoun/ Lonely Planet Images; p. 29: Globe Turner, LLC, Elizaveta Olegova/EyeEm, Pawel Toczynski/The Image Bank; p. 30: Matteo Colombo/DigitalVision, seng chye teo/Moment, Christian Marquardt/Getty Images News, sborisov/ iStock/Getty Images Plus, Guy Vanderelst/Photolibrary, Martial Colomb/ Photographer’s Choice, QQ7/iStock/Getty Images Plus, Jean-Pierre Lescourret/ Lonely Planet Images; p. 31: Harald Sund/Photographer’s Choice, Image Source, Krivinis/iStock/Getty Images Plus, Michael Zegers/LOOK, Andrea Pistolesi/Photolibrary, Image Source; p. 37: tom-iurchenko/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 38: Yuri Tuchkov/Hemera/Getty Images Plus, Patrick Möhl, Switzerland/Moment, Gooddenka/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 39: TangMan Photography/Moment, ilyast/DigitalVision Vectors; pp. 40–41: Viktor Gaspar/ EyeEm; p. 41: Elisabeth Pollaert Smith/Photographer’s Choice; p. 42, p. 43: Anadolu Agency; p. 42: Victoria Bee Photography/Moment, PurpleImages/ iStock Editorial/Getty Images Plus, Diego Lezama/Lonely Planet Images, Fred Tanneau/Stringer; p. 43: kylieellway/iStock Editorial/Getty Images Plus, elkor/
E+; p. 44, p. 54, p. 85: sam_ding/DigitalVision Vectors; p. 46: Xurxo Lobato/cover, DEA/C. SAPPA/De Agostini, Dede Burlanni/Photodisc; p. 47: Holger Leue/Lonely Planet Images, Dhwee/Moment, TomasSereda/iStock Editorial/Getty Images Plus, Chris Mellor/Lonely Planet Images, 7romawka7/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 47, p. 85: CSA Images/Archive; p. 48: PEDRE/iStock/Getty Images Plus, JMN/Cover, Matthew M. Schoenfelder/Lonely Planet Images; p. 48, p. 49, p. 55: Daniel Hernanz Ramos/Moment; p. 49: DEA/C.SAPPA/De Agostini, HEINTZ Jean/hemis.fr; p. 52: Fuse/Corbis; pp. 52–53: raspu/Moment Open; p. 53: Alex Linghorn/Photodisc; p. 54: Didier Dutheil/Sygma, microgen/iStock/Getty Images Plus; aeduard/E+; Bruce Yuanyue Bi/Lonely Planet Images; pp. 54–55: Miroslav Boskov/E+; p. 55: Caiaimage/Martin Barraud/OJO+, Yingko/iStock/ Getty Images Plus, Jesse Kraft/EyeEm; p. 56: Katie Deits/Photolibrary, Dan Porges/Photolibrary, Adrienne Bresnahan/Moment Open; p. 57: whitemay/ E+; p. 58: De Agostini/L. Romano/De Agostini Picture Library, Jon Bower at Apexphotos/Moment Open, De Agostini/A. Dagli Orti; p. 59: Heritage Images/ Hulton Fine Art Collection, Gonzalo Azumendi/The Image Bank, Max Alexander/ Dorling Kindersley; p. 59, p. 67: DEA/G. DAGLI ORTI/De Agostini Picture Library; p. 60: calvindexter/DigitalVision Vectors; p. 63: justhavealook/E+, Jeff Spielman/Stockbyte, Carlos Alvarez/Stringer/Getty Images Entertainment; p. 63, p. 74: Flavia Morlachetti/Moment; p. 64: Jupiterimages/DigitalVision, Image Source/DigitalVision, RichVintage/E+, bluebird13/E+; p. 64, p. 94: Hero Images; pp. 64–65: gabort71/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 65, 89: pukrufus/ DigitalVision Vectors; p. 66: Fine Art/Corbis Historical, De Agostini Picture Library, Nobilior/iStock/Getty Images Plus, kelvinjay/E+; pp. 66–67: Pedro Venncio/EyeEm; p. 67: Photos.com, Tim Stocker Photography/Moment; p. 69: Dorling Kindersley: James Graham, Maxemillion/DigitalVision Vectors; p. 70: Eduardo Estéllez/Moment Open, Ben Welsh/Design Pics, fxegs/iStock Editorial/Getty Images Plus, PHAS/Universal Images Group, peuceta/iStock/ Getty Images Plus; p. 71, pp. 76–77: Jochem D Wijnands/The Image Bank; p. 71: Ricardo Liberato/Moment, Nastasic/DigitalVision Vectors, Adrian Pope/ Photographer’s Choice RF; p. 72: JayKay57/E+, RossHelen/iStock Editorial/ Getty Images Plus, Alexander W Helin/Moment; p. 72, p. 73: fotocelia/iStock/ Getty Images Plus; p. 73: tunart/E+; p. 74: aloha_17/iStock/Getty Images Plus, sinopics/E+, ARSELA/E+, Tetra Images; p. 75: LuisPortugal/iStock/Getty Images Plus, Heritage Images/Hulton Archive; Science & Society Picture Library; p. 76: Steven Errico/DigitalVision, momentimages, Eerik/E+, Car Culture/Car Culture ® Collection, Photography taken by Mario Gutiérrez/Moment, MyLoupe/ Universal Images Group; p. 77: H_ctor Aviles/EyeEm; p. 83: Elke Hesser/The Image Bank; p. 92: aninata/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 93: rhoon/DigitalVision Vectors; p. 94: jayk7/Moment, Jay Phil Dangeros/EyeEm, Robert Daly/OJO Images, VisitBritain/Britain on View, De Agostini/M. Ranzani/De Agostini Picture Library, PhotoAlto/Sigrid Olsson/PhotoAlto Agency RF Collections.
The following photograph has been source from other library. p. 58: Javier Larrea/age fotostock/Alamy Stock Photo. Front cover photography by Planet Observer/Getty images, joSon/Getty images, Lagui, Protasov AN/ShutterStock, Alex Tihonovs/ShutterStock, Volodymyr Goinyk/ShutterStock, Vector Tradition SM/ShutterStock, Vasilyev Alexandr/ShutterStock, JIANG HONGYAN/ShutterStock, Rimma Z/ShutterStock, janniwet/ ShutterStock, Rimma Z/ShutterStock. Designer: Chefer The authors and publishers would like to thank the following illustrators: Sara Lynn Cramb (Astound US) pp. 9 (cl), 22–23, 34–35, 46, 60; Alejandro Milà (Sylvie Poggio Artists Agency) pp. 8, 9 (tr), 10, 14 (map), 15 (map), 16, 20 (maps), 24–25, 26–27, 32–33, 36–37, 40, 44, 48–49, 50, 64, 68, 70, 71, 79 (bl), 81, 85 (maps), 87, 89, 90, 91.
®Cambridge University Press