Resolving World Hunger: Impactful World Efforts Since 1948 Jack Popielarcheck, Carly Gobbie, & Eliza Richardson INT 300: Special Topics in International Studies December 1st, 2020
§ Beginnings: § Farmer's grew food for themselves, not for others. § 600AD: § Spice trades, and evidence of sugar transportation are found.
Food through the years
§ 1500-1750: § "Mercantile" Food system, "Exotic" foods drawn from colonies. § 1850-1930: § "Settler-Colonial Regime" means food was exchanged for goods. § 1945: § UN is established, food industries gain power (Kellog's & Del Monte) § 1951: § Rockefeller Center's Mexican Agricultural Program produce a paper on the "World Food Problem,"
§ 1970's: § Evidence of the first "World Food Crisis"
How was food originally distributed? In the most ancient times, food was grown exclusively for one's own family. However, ancient societies learned to revolve around where the food was grown, and those growing the food had larger homes and were wealthier, thus ancient social hierarchies were established. Photo Credit: "history of the entire world, I guess" by Bill Wurtz https://youtu.be/xuCn8ux2gbs?t=273
PREVIOUSLY: ยง The World Economic Forum stated that hunger was on the rise due to the pandemic, and if the trend continues, we might not end world hunger by 2030.
Updates for the worse.
CURRENTLY: ยง Covid-19 has continued to surge, and it is looking seemingly impossible for the UN to achieve the goal of ending world hunger by 2030.
But how is the world fighting world hunger? Despite all the struggles, the world has made many strides through the years to combat hunger.
It's about time!
§ Researchers at the Harvard School of Public Health, have made a “World Hunger Clock” to project current and future levels of hunger and food insecurity.
§ Hopefully, this will make it easier to detect trends and adapt.
ยง On December 9th, 1948, in Paris, France, the
Universal Declaration of Human rights (UDHR) was proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly
ยง The declaration stands as a common standard of
Universal Declaration of Human Rights - 1948 -
achievements for all peoples and nations.
ยง For the first time in history, this document sets
out a list of fundamental human rights that should be universally protected
ยง The right to food is mentioned in Article 25 (1)
"Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food..." https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/
§ On July 10, 1954, President Eisenhower signed into law the legislation that would eventually become known as the Food for Peace Act.
§ The Food For Peace Program has helped over 4 billion
USAID – Office of Food for Peace
hungry people since its inception
§ "USAID works with partners to provide life-saving food assistance to the most vulnerable around the world and reduce hunger and malnutrition so that all people at all times have adequate, safe and nutritious food for healthy and productive lives."
https://www.usaid.gov/who-we-are/organization/bureaus/bureaudemocracy-conflict-and-humanitarian-assistance/office-food
§ "The World Food Programme (WFP) is the leading humanitarian organization saving lives and changing lives, delivering food assistance in emergencies and working with communities to improve nutrition and build resilience.”
United Nations World Food Programme est. 1961
§ In 2019, WFP assisted 97 million people – the largest number since 2012 – in 88 countries
§ On any given day, WFP has 5,600 trucks, 30 ships and nearly 100 planes on the move, to assist those in most need. Every year, we distribute more than 15 billion rations at an estimated average cost per ration of US$ 0.61.
https://www.wfp.org/our-work
§ 39.6% of Pakistani’s population suffers from food
insecurity and around 40% of Pakistanis (over 80 million people) live below the poverty line
§ Action Against Hunger is helping in a variety of
Action Against Hunger Pakistan 2020
ways, including hosting Farmer Field Schools, supporting home vegetable gardens, introducing climate-resilient crops and techniques like vertical gardening, helping farmers manage livestock, and teaching farm fishing
§ These teachings, along with Improved and
adaptive cultivation methods can increase crop yields and food diversity and security, leading to better nutrition.
https://www.actionagainsthunger.org/story/advancing -farming-techniques-prevent-malnutrition-pakistan
(GHI) ยง The Global Hunger Index is an annual report from two organizations, Concern Worldwide and Welthungerhilfe, generated to measure and track hunger at the global, regional, and country levels.
ยง Created in 2006, the goal of the GHI is to bring awareness to reduce hunger around the world.
ยง GHI incorporates four key indicators of malnutrition into a single index score.
https://ourworldindata.org/hunger-and-undernourishment
The Four Key Indicators
Wiesmann et al. (2015)
§ Heinrich Lübke founded Welthungerhilfe in 1962. § Welthungerhilfe is a non-denominational and politically independent non-profit and non-governmental aid agency helping in development cooperation and emergency aid.
§ Welthungerhilfe aided approximately 10.5 million people in 36 countries with 499 overseas projects in 2019.
Welthungerhilfe -1962-
§ Smartphone apps were introduced to smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe.
§ AgriShare, allows farmers to borrow agricultural
equipment based on a "shared economy" principle.
§ Kurima Mari, provides information on weather forecasts, price developments, cultivation methods and livestock farming by videos, podcasts, infographics, and manuals.
§ Welthungerhilfe wants to implement these innovations into Malawi and Uganda next.
§ Concern Worldwide is an international humanitarian organization, founded in Dublin Ireland by John and Kay O'Loughlin-Kennedy in 1968.
§ The Community Management of Acute Malnutrition is a program created by Concern Worldwide.
Concern Worldwide
§ CMAM provides children with one week's supply of micronutrient food and medical treatment at home.
§ CMAM uses a surge approach due to the peaking numbers of children that need treatment for acute malnutrition at different times through the year.
§ Factors that contributed to surging: pre-harvest hunger gap, malaria during the rainy season, women’s workload patterns, and movements associated with grazing livestock. https://www.concern.net/
Where the CMAM Surge is Active The 8 Steps of Surge
Bibliography/References (APA) Advancing Farming Techniques to Prevent Malnutrition in Pakistan. (2020, November 09). Retrieved December 01, 2020, from https://www.actionagainsthunger.org/story/advancing-farming-techniques-prevent-malnutritionpakistan Billwurtz. (2017, May 10). History of the entire world, i guess. Retrieved December 01, 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xuCn8ux2gbs Brazil's Fome Zero Program: Accelerating progress for urban and rural nutrition. (2016, March 28). Retrieved December 01, 2020, from https://www.bread.org/blog/brazils-fome-zero-program-accelerating-progressurban-and-rural-nutrition Common Dreams, & Corbett, J. (2020, November 10). UN Agencies Warn of Global Hunger and Displacement 'Surge' From Coronavirus Pandemic. Retrieved December 01, 2020, from https://www.commondreams.org/news/2020/11/10/un-agencies-warn-global-hunger-and-displacementsurge-coronavirus-pandemic Concern Worldwide. (2017, December 01). How Concern Understands Community Resilience. Retrieved December 01, 2020, from http://repo.floodalliance.net/jspui/handle/44111/3649
Bibliography/References (2) Feast and Famine: The Global Food Crisis. (n.d.). Retrieved December 01, 2020, from https://origins.osu.edu/article/feastand-famine-global-food-crisis Fontell, J., & Luchsinger, V. (2011). Sustainable Efforts to Eradicate Global Hunger, Undernourishment and Malnutrition. Journal of Global Business Issues, 5(2), 79–83. Fraser, D. (2020, November 26). Warning issued on UN's world hunger targets. Retrieved December 01, 2020, from https://www.producer.com/news/warning-issued-on-uns-world-hunger-targets/ Grebmer, K. V., Thompson, J., & Sonntag, A. (2014). 2014 global hunger index: The challenge of hidden hunger. Bonn:Welthungerhilfe. International humanitarian & development organisation. (n.d.). Retrieved December 01, 2020, from https://www.concern.net/ Office of Food for Peace: Food Assistance. (2020, June 19). Retrieved December 01, 2020, from https://www.usaid.gov/whowe-are/organization/bureaus/bureau-democracy-conflict-and-humanitarian-assistance/office-food Researchers Develop 'World Hunger Clock' To Measure Global Food Insecurity: News: The Harvard Crimson. (n.d.). Retrieved December 01, 2020, from https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2020/11/9/hsph-research-worldhunger-tracker/ Roser, M., & Ritchie, H. (2013, October 08). Hunger and Undernourishment. Retrieved December 01, 2020, from https://ourworldindata.org/hunger-and-undernourishment
Bibliography/References (3) Universal Declaration of Human Rights. (n.d.). Retrieved December 01, 2020, from https://www.un.org/en/universaldeclaration-human-rights/ Welthungerhilfe - for a world without hunger. (n.d.). Retrieved December 01, 2020, from https://www.welthungerhilfe.org/ Wiesmann, D. (2006). 2006 global hunger index: A basis for cross-country comparisons. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute.
World Food Programme awarded Nobel Peace Prize. (2020). Retrieved December 01, 2020, from https://www.wfp.org/ 2020 Global Hunger Index Results - Global, Regional, and National Trends. (n.d.). Retrieved December 01, 2020, from https://www.globalhungerindex.org/results.html