CAI-CV June, 2025 HOA Living Magazine

Page 1


NEW AND RENEWING MEMBERS

NEW BUSINESS PARTNERS

DR. BALCONY

Mr. Omidreza Ghanadiof (267) 237-0993 ads@drbalcony.com

SOCAL SHADE SAILS

Mr. Rick Reinmuth (619) 972-1100 rick@shadesails.biz

STV AUDIO & VIDEO

Ms. Nikki Robinson (760) 423-2051 office@stvpsc.com

TITANIUM SECURITY

Mr. Korey Bosworth (619) 643-1253 korey@titaniumsecurityusa.com

URBAN WORX

Mr. James Henderson (760) 321-3770 james@urbanworxinc.com

RENEWING BUSINESS PARTNERS

BIG SKY GATE KEEPER

Mr. Patrick Ross (760) 776-5155 bigskygatekeeper1@verizon.net

CLINE AGENCY INSURANCE BROKERS

Mr. Timothy Cline (800) 966-9566 ext.22 tim@clineagency.com

DELPHI LAW GROUP, LLP

Ms. Susan Kirby (844) 433-5744 ext.729 skirby@delphillp.com

DIVERSIFIED WATERSCAPES, INC.

Ms. Maria Angel (949) 582-5420 m6a2@dwiwater.com

EPSTEN, APC

Ms. Jenniffer Serrano (800) 300-1707 jserrano@epsten.com

HARVEST LANDSCAPE ENTERPRISES, INC.

Ms. Amanda Gray (714) 450-5849 amanda.gray@hlei.us

OCBS, INC.

Ms. Eveline Jaynes (917) 363-3615 eveline.jaynes@ocbsonline.com

OWENS, MOSKOWITZ AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

Mr. John Kraul (949) 851-5020 ext.12 john@raocpa.com

PAYNE PEST MANAGEMENT, INC.

Mr. Jason Payne (858) 277-2228 jpayne@paynepestmgmt.com

RB ROOFING, LLC

Mr. Ryan Bond (760) 399-0232 ryan.rbroofing@gmail.com

UNITED PAVING CO.

Ms. Tracie Moran (951) 739-9200 tmoran@united-paving.com

VISTA PAINT CORPORATION

Ms. Melea Silva (951) 454-2500 msilva@vistapaint.com

RENEWING MANAGEMENT COMPANIES

ACTION PROPERTY MANAGEMENT, INC.

Ms. Sheila Malekzadeh (800) 400-2281 begin@actionlife.com

FIRSTSERVICE RESIDENTIAL CALIFORNIA, LLC

Mr. Michael Marshall, CMCA, PCAM (760) 834-2496 michael.marshall@fsresidential.com

TITAN REAL ESTATE GROUP

Mr. Robert Coleman, CMCA, AMS (909) 795-4085 robert@retitan.com

NEW MANAGERS

ALBERT MANAGEMENT CORPORATION

Mrs. Ann Miller (760) 668-1841 ann.miller@albertmgt.com

ASSOCIA DESERT RESORT MANAGEMENT

Ms. Kathryn Hunter, CMCA, AMS (760) 333-1599 khunter@drminternet.com

Ms. Alejandra Romo (760) 346-1161 aromo@drminternet.com

Mr. Thomas Scaramellino (760) 235-5315 the76956@outlook.com

RENEWING MANAGERS

ASSOCIA DESERT RESORT MANAGEMENT

Mrs. Vanessa Ayon (760) 345-4349 ext. 2106 vanessa.ayon@associa.us

Mrs. Shelly Bricker, CMCA (760) 346-1161 ext. 7775 sbricker@drminternet.com

Mr. Pete Chryss (760) 396-1161 pchryss@drminternet.com

Mrs. Christie Curtis, CMCA, AMS (760) 285-2965

ccurtis@drminternet.com

Mr. Mark Dodge, CMCA, AMS (760) 346-1161

mdodge@drminternet.com

Mr. Nikola Garabiljevic (760) 702-6104

nikolag@drminternet.com

Ms. Jessica Jimenez (760) 797-6243

jjimenez@drminternet.com

Mrs. Vanessa Landrum (714) 856-2733

vlandrum@drminternet.com

Ms. Alba Guerra Ramirez (760) 610-7752

aguerra@drminternet.com

Mrs. Kristen Rinetti (925) 324-9174

krinetti@drminternet.com

Mr. John Walters, CMCA, AMS (818) 486-2463

jwalters@drminternet.com

AVAIL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT

Miss Michell Santiago (949) 910-9966

michellbravo82@hotmail.com

DESERT BRAEMAR, INC.

Mr. Phillip Rile (760) 328-2753

philliprile@gmail.com

FIRSTSERVICE RESIDENTIAL CALIFORNIA, LLC

Mr. Michael Marshall, CMCA, PCAM (760) 834-2496 michael.marshall@fsresidential.com

MARABELLE ESTATES

Mr. John Edwards (760) 323-7157 managermarabelle@gmail.com

PDTC OWNERS ASSOCIATION

Ms. Brenda Morse (760) 851-4000 brendam@palmdeserttennisclub. org

PERSONALIZED PROPERTY MANAGEMENT

Ms. Jennifer Carroll, CMCA, AMS, PCAM (760) 396-8073 JCarroll@ppminternet.com

PREMIER COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT, INC.

Miss Ashley Layton, CMCA, AMS, PCAM (760) 345-2449 alayton@brcpcam.com

Ms. Ivy Armstrong (760) 455-2232 ivynichole75@aol.com

Ms. Julie Fisher (760) 285-8911 jfisher1008@aol.com

Mr. Armann Rohde (760) 200-2106 armann.rohde@scpdca.com

Mr. Kent Taylor, CMCA, AMS, PCAM (407) 865-1200 kenttaylor.csg@gmail.com

NEW HOMEOWNER LEADERS

CANYON COUNTRY CLUB COLONY

Mrs. Alexandra Dymond

PUERTA AZUL HOA

Mr. Christopher Valenti

RENEWING HOMEOWNER LEADERS

CANYON COVE OWNERS ASSOCIATION

Mr. Elliot Gregg

CATHEDRAL CANYON COUNTRY CLUB HOA #7

Ms. Susan Wells

DEEP CANYON TENNIS CLUB HOMEOWNERS ASSOCIATION

Ms. Gretia Capri

Mr. Chuck Owens

Ms. Sheri Shepard

Mr. Jim Sterken

Mr. Ken VanOsdol

DESERT BRAEMAR, INC.

Ms. Diana Allen

Mr. Frank Balthis

Ms. Kim Batutis

Mr. Art Clendenan

Ms. Karen Culver

Mr. Ralph Elisasson

Mr. Walter Farley

Mr. Gerald Fletcher

Mr. Carl Goretta

Mr. Tim Hennessy

Mr. Craig Johnson

Mr. Andy Kapust

Mr. Craig Logan

Ms. Barbara Mika

Ms. Bonnie Muench

Mr. Tor Opsahl

Mr. Jay Saufl

Mr. Doug Thompson

Mr. Robert Yates

MIRA VISTA AT MISSION HILLS

Mr. Jon Bernstein

Ms. Georgene Fairbanks

Mr. Guido Portante

Mr. Michael Traidman

PALM REGENCY

Ms. Judith Helder

Mr. Alec Hughes

Ms. Robyn Pierce

Ms. Lorene Reist

ST. AUGUSTINE OWNERS ASSOCIATION

Mr. Lark Baskerville

Mr. Benjamin Boish

Ms. Peggy Jensen

Mr. Stuart Sweetser

Mr. Jack Woods

SUNRISE RACQUET CLUB OWNERS ASSOCIATION

Ms. Susan Gathings

Mr. Gary Hagney

Mr. Leslie Wheeler

Mr. Elbert (Jay) Jarvis

JENNIFER JAMES, ESQ.

Partner & Managing Attorney of the Coachella Valley, Roseman Law, APC

ASHLEY LAYTON, PCAM, AMS, CMCA CO-CHAIR Premier Community Association Management

MIKE TRAIDMAN BOARD LIAISON

Mira Vista at Mission Hills HOA

SIERRA CARR, CMCA, AMS, CCAM, PCAM Associa Desert Resort Management

LILY ORTEGA Pro Landscaping Inc.

LONIE PETERSON

CCAM-LS.ND.PM®, CMCA®, AMS®, LSM®, PCAM® Maralon Community Corporation

JASON SAVLOV, ESQ. Adams | Stirling, PLC

JOHN SCHUKNECHT LaBarre/Oksnee Insurance

STEVEN SHUEY, PCAM

Personalized Property Management (Ret.)

CHRIS SIGLER, B.S.C.E, CDT

C.L. Sigler & Associates, Inc.

HOLLY SMITH CAI-CV Executive Director

CREATIVE DIRECTOR & GRAPHIC DESIGNER

RODNEY BISSELL Bissell Design Studios, Inc. rodney@bisselldesign.com (714) 293-3749

PHOTOGRAPHY

MATTHEW LAWTON, CIC, CIRMS, EBP OCV Insurance Services matt@ocvinsurance.com 760-774-2099

JAY JARVIS jayj92260@gmail.com 571-235-5420

ARTICLE SUBMISSIONS OR ADVERTISING INFORMATION HOALiving@cai-cv.org

SUBSCRIBER SERVICES

The Coachella Valley HOA Living Magazine is a publication expressly prepared for association leaders, managers and related business professionals of the Community Associations Institute. Members are encouraged to submit articles for publishing consideration. All articles accepted for publication in HOA Living are subject to editing and rewriting by the HOA Living Committee.

Guaranteed

and

Choose Educated Business Partners

Julie R. Balbini, Esq., Fiore Racobs & Powers, A PLC

Micha Ballesteros, Cartwright Termite & Pest Control, Inc.

Roxi K. Bardwell, Advanced Reserve Solutions, Inc.

Rodney Bissell, Bissell Design Studios, Inc.

Gary Butler, Asphalt MD's

Linda Cardoza, Alliance Association Bank

Will Cartwright, Cartwright Termite & Pest Control, Inc.

Christopher Cellini, Flood Response

Todd Chism, PatioShoppers

DJ Conlon, Poppin Promotional Products

Lori Fahnestock, Powerful Pest Management

Julie Frazier, Frazier Pest Control, Inc.

Victoria Germyn, Teserra

Elaine Gower, The Naumann Law Firm, PC

Michael Graves, SCT Reserve Consultants

Amanda Gray, Harvest Landscape, Inc.

Jennifer James, Esq., Roseman Law, APC

Erin Kelly, Banc of California

Megan Kirkpatrick, Kirkpatrick Landscaping Services

Jared Knight, Precision Construction & Painting

Katy Krupp, Fenton Grant Mayfield Kaneda & Litt, LLP

Matt Lawton, CIC, CIRMS, OCV Insurance Services

Larry Layton, Kirkpatrick Landscaping Services

Alison LeBoeuf, Sherwin-Williams

Mike Mastropietro, OCBS, Inc.

Chris Meyer, Asphalt MD's

Greg Morrow, Eagle Roofing Products

Fran Mullahy, Conserve LandCare

Bridget Nigh, BEHR Paints

Matt Ober, Esq., Richardson Ober DeNichilo LLP

Lily Ortega, Pro Landscape

Chet Oshiro, EmpireWorks

Mallory Paproth, SCT Reserve Consultants

Elisa Perez, Esq., Epsten, APC

Jay Powell, Ben's Asphalt

Dana Pride, Automation Pride

Mike Rey, LaBarre/Oksnee Insurance Agency

Kelly Richardson, Esq., Richardson Ober DeNichilo LLP

Brent Sherman, Animal Pest Management Services, Inc.

Liz Williams, AMS Paving

Taylor Winkle, Roof Asset Management

Bevan Worsham, AMS Paving

Jolen Zeroski, First Citizens Bank Become

Call the

or go to www.cai-cv.org for more information.

PRESIDENT

MARK DODGE, CMCA, AMS Branch President & CEO Associa Desert Resort Management

PAST PRESIDENT

JULIE BALBINI, ESQ. Managing Attorney, CV Office, Fiore Racobs & Powers, A PLC

SECRETARY

BG (RET) GUIDO PORTANTE Director, Mira Vista at Mission Hills HOA

TREASURER

JOLEN ZEROSKI, CMCA VP, Regional Account Executive First Citizens Bank

DIRECTOR

CLINT ATHERTON, PCAM General Manager, Sun City Palm Desert

DIRECTOR

BRIAH CASTILLO, BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT Ivan’s Painting

DIRECTOR

MANDIE CHLARSON, PRINCIPAL NLB Consulting & Elections

DIRECTOR

BRUCE LATTA, CMCA Manager, Indio Properties/President, Desert Cities HOA Council

DIRECTOR

MICHELLE LOPEZ, CMCA, AMS Director of Community Management, Powerstone Property Mgmt.

DIRECTOR

LILY ORTEGA, CMCA Office Manager, Pro Landscape

DIRECTOR

MIKE TRAIDMAN President, Mira Vista at Mission Hills HOA Commissioner, CAMICB

CONTACT US CAI Coachella Valley 49950 Jefferson Street, Suite 130-117 Indio, CA 92201 (MAIL ONLY) (760) 341-0559 | www.cai-cv.org

HOLLY SMITH Executive Director Holly.Smith@cai-cv.org The materials contained in this publication are designed to provide our members with timely and authoritative information; however, the CAI Coachella Valley Chapter is not engaging in the rendering of legal, accounting or other professional types of services. The Coachella Valley Chapter has not verified and/ or endorsed the contents of these articles or advertising. Readers should not act on the information contained herein without seeking

or

from

as required.

President’s Message

Looking Back, Looking Ahead – With Gratitude and Excitement

Dear Friends and Members,

As we wrap up another vibrant season here in the Coachella Valley, I want to extend my heartfelt thanks to everyone who made this Spring truly memorable. A special round of applause goes out to the Golf Committee and all who participated in and supported our Spring Golf Tournament . The event was a tremendous success thanks to the enthusiasm, sportsmanship, and community spirit exhibited by our membership. Events like these are what make our chapter so special.

While the season may be winding down, the energy certainly isn’t. We’re already gearing up for some fantastic Spring events. Comedy Night is coming up Friday, June 6th at Sun City Palm Desert, promising an evening of laughs and good company. Our summer Bowling Tournament on July 11th at Palm Springs Lanes is always one of our better annual events. And as we look further ahead, get ready for a lively Oktober Fiesta Fest this fall, along with a refreshed Sips and Shots experience, which for 2025 will be moving to an exciting new venue.

Behind the scenes, our chapter leadership remains focused on increasing the participation at our events and improving the financial viability of the chapter. We are actively engaged in strategic planning for 2026 and setting thoughtful and inventive goals to guide our future growth and impact. Over the summer, we will also be developing a new marketing plan , designed to improve the awareness of our brand and contribution to the community management industry.

As we enter the quieter summer months, I want to take a moment to recognize our volunteers and staff. Your dedication throughout the season has been extraordinary. Now is the time to decompress, prioritize self-care, and take some well-deserved time off . Rest is not only deserved, but also essential.

Thank you all for being part of this incredible journey. Whether you're traveling, relaxing at home, or planning with us, I hope your summer is restful and rejuvenating.

Best regards,

Aging Communities –Aging Residents

A Place to Age

Community association manager day - 2025

CAI-CV invites you to CAMDAY 2025, our annual allday educational event designed exclusively for community association managers and assistant managers.

What to Expect:

A lineup of unique and engaging courses led by industry professionals

Short, impactful 45-minute sessions throughout the day

Earn 8 CEUs to advance your career

Opportunities to network, learn, and grow in a fun, lively setting

Goals for the Day:

Earn SIX (6) CEUs!

Enhance your professional skills

Connect and collaborate with fellow managers & BUSINESS PARTNERS

Engage in valuable discussions to support your career

Don’t miss this exciting opportunity to learn, network, and elevate your expertise! More details to come soon.

THURSDAY, JULY 17, 2025 8AM Registration 9AM - 3PM interactive sessions

COUNTRY CLUB $75.00 Includes: breakfast & lunch

THANK YOU

2025 CORPORATE SPONSORS

TITANIUM

Associa Desert Resort Management

C.L. Sigler & Associates, Inc.

Fiore, Racobs & Powers, A PLC

Flood Response Management

Gardner Outdoor and Pool Remodeling

Hotwire Communications

Lloyd Pest Control Signarama

PLATINUM GOLD

AMS Paving, Inc.

BRS Roofing, Inc.

Cooper Coatings

EmpireWorks

First Citizens Bank

MC Builder Corp

Powerstone Property Management

Precision Painting & Reconstruction

SILVER

Accurate Termite & Pest Control

Alan Smith Pool Plastering & Remodeling

Alliance Association Bank

Association Reserves

Banc of California

Charter Communications

Delphi Law Group

Dunn-Edwards, Corp

Epsten, APC

Horizon Lighting

Ivan’s Painting

NLB Consulting & Elections

Patrol Masters, Inc.

SCT Reserve Consultants

Sierra Dawn Estates HOA

Southwest Landscape & Maintenance

SouthWest Security

Sun King Electric, Inc.

Vista Paint Corporation

CAI-CV 2025 CALENDAR

JULY

SEPTEMBER

OCTOBER

NOVEMBER

Palm Springs Sundial Homeowners Association Inc.

Tucked near the vibrant heart of downtown Palm Springs and just steps from key civic landmarks, the Palm Springs Sundial Homeowners Association Inc. is a quiet, well-established gem in the desert. With entrances on Arenas Road at South Civic Drive and South Louella Road off East Tahquitz Canyon Way, Sundial offers residents not only convenience, but also a sense of enduring community and thoughtful design.

A WELL-DESIGNED OASIS IN THE DESERT

Spanning approximately 12 acres, the Sundial community is composed of 79 townhomes arranged in split-level, twostory blocks that maximize both space and comfort. These homes are classified as Planned Unit Development (PUD) - a format similar to condominiums but with added design efficiency. With 2-bedroom, 2-bath floor plans ranging from 1,218 to 1,400 square feet and featuring private 2-car garages, residents enjoy both spacious living and practical storage. Guest parking is also readily available.

Constructed in 1980 and now fully built out, Sundial’s layout blends mid-century Mediterranean architecture with generous open spaces, green lawns, and tree-lined walkways—elements increasingly rare in newer desert communities.

RICH HISTORY, MODERN LIVING

While Sundial is a modern residential development, the area around it carries a unique historical note. During World War II, nearby neighborhoods were outfitted with aircraft tie-downs as a defensive measure to protect the local airport. While those remnants are no longer present in Sundial itself, they remain visible in the surrounding area, offering a glimpse into the region’s military past.

Sundial has also been home to local notables, including Bill Feingold, beloved K-News 94.3 FM radio personality known affectionately as "Bulldog."

COMMUNITY FEATURES AND AMENITIES

The community's HOA, professionally managed by Jennie Tidwell of Personalized Property Management, maintains an array of high-quality amenities. Residents enjoy:

4 pools and spas, 2 tennis and pickleball courts, a clubhouse and common roads and extensive green spaces.

These features are all included in the monthly HOA fee of $522, contributing to a well-rounded and maintenance-free lifestyle for homeowners.

A GREEN VISION FOR THE FUTURE

Water and energy conservation are top priorities at Sundial. The board has recently chosen to forgo traditional ryegrass overseeding in favor of more sustainable, climate-appropriate landscaping. Much of the community has already transitioned to colorful desertscape, while still preserving shared lawns for recreation and pet use.

"We’re successfully undergoing a transformation to colorful desert landscaping," says board member Neal Williams. "It enhances the property’s appearance and adapts better to our desert climate. We’re also fortunate to enjoy a walkable location near the airport without the burden of air traffic noise."

COMMUNITY SPIRIT AND PROACTIVE GOVERNANCE

Sundial's five-member HOA board is supported by two key committees: Architectural and Landscaping, ensuring residents have input on the appearance and function of their homes and surroundings. A road resurfacing project is currently in planning, and the board remains focused on balancing affordability, aesthetics, and infrastructure upkeep.

“Our board has consistently worked collaboratively with a focus on practicality, sound financial planning, and mutual respect among residents,” adds Williams. “This stability has been a key strength of the community.”

Jennie Tidwell states, “As the HOA manager, I can honestly say that the Sundial community is something special. The board members are incredibly hands-on and truly care about addressing homeowners' concerns while making thoughtful, responsible financial decisions for the neighborhood. They enjoy hosting events like Christmas and St. Patrick’s Day gatherings, which help create the close-knit, family-friendly atmosphere that makes Sundial such a wonderful place to live for homeowners and a fun community to manage.”

LOCATION, LOCATION, LOCATION

Sundial’s appeal is boosted by its unbeatable location. Residents are within walking distance of: Palm Springs International Airport, Palm Springs Cultural Center, Prescott Preserve, Palm Springs High School, and numerous restaurants and shops.

The under-construction Palm Springs campus of the College of the Desert is also nearby, adding long-term investment value and educational access.

A UNIQUE LIVING EXPERIENCE

What sets Palm Springs Sundial Homeowners Association Inc. apart from other desert communities? Affordability, stability, and efficient living space design. With home prices ranging between $450,000 and $490,000, Palm Springs Sundial Homeowners Association Inc. remains one of Palm Springs’ most attractive and balanced options for those seeking a serene lifestyle with a strong community spirit.

Whether you’re drawn to its architectural charm, historical backdrop, or forward-thinking landscaping, Sundial offers something increasingly rare in modern Palm Springs: a peaceful, well-managed community with heart, history, and a clear vision for the future.

CONTACT INFORMATION

For more information about Palm Springs Sundial Homeowners Association Inc. or to inquire about available homes, residents and prospective buyers can contact: Jennie Tidwell Phone: 760-325-9500 Email: jtidwell@ppminternet.com.

Loni Peterson, CACM, AMS, LSM, PCAM, is the General Manager with Vintage Group. You can reach Loni at Loni@VintageGroupre.com or call 760-620-5013 x 2

FRIDAY, JUNE 6, 2025 5:30 PM to 7:30 PM

Featuring comedians: Jason Love and Friends COCKTAILS & HEAVY APPETIZERS SUN CITY PALM DESERT, SIERRA BALLROOM

Get ready for an evening of laughter and generosity at our Fundraiser Comedy Night! Join us for a night filled with hilarious performances by top comedians, all while supporting a great cause.

SPONSORSHIPS AVAILABLE

INDIVIDUAL REGISTRATION $45 OR REGISTRATION FOR TWO, SAVE $10 $50 Register OR SIGNUP AT WWW.CAI-CV.ORG

What’s Going On with HOA Insurance in California?

If you live in a condo or townhouse community in California, chances are you’ve heard your HOA talk about insurance lately—and probably not in a good way. Across the state, HOAs are facing skyrocketing premiums, stricter policy terms, and fewer insurance companies willing to write their coverage. Long story short: it’s become a major headache, and it’s costing homeowners in a big way.

Over the past few years, HOA insurance rates have surged. Some communities have seen their premiums double, triple, or even quadruple—without filing a single claim. A policy that once cost $60,000 a year might now be closer to $200,000 or more. And in some cases, HOAs can’t even secure full coverage.

So, what’s going on? And what should we expect heading into budget season?

The biggest issue is risk. With wildfires, earthquakes, and floods becoming more frequent in California, insurers are getting nervous. Many are pulling out of the HOA market entirely or offering only limited coverage. That means fewer options—and higher prices—for everyone.

Major insurance companies are stepping away from insuring HOAs, especially in wildfire-prone areas. Others are offering restricted policies that exclude key coverages. As a result, many HOAs are turning to non-admitted or surplus line carriers (check out one of my past articles for a breakdown of the differences between admitted and non-admitted carriers). But here’s the key takeaway: in today’s market, don’t be afraid to consider non-admitted carriers. They often offer broader coverage and more competitive premiums than their admitted counterparts.

Making matters worse, deductibles are on the rise—sometimes exceeding $100,000. So even if your HOA has insurance, the policy might not pay out unless there’s a major disaster. For homeowners, this is a big deal. HOAs are required to carry insurance to remain compliant with their governing documents and to satisfy lender requirements. That means they have to find coverage, no matter the cost—and those costs often get passed on to residents through increased dues or special assessments.

"SOME COMMUNITIES HAVE SEEN THEIR PREMIUMS DOUBLE, TRIPLE, OR EVEN QUADRUPLE—WITHOUT FILING A SINGLE CLAIM."
"BUT

In some communities, monthly dues have jumped 30–50% in just one year because of insurance costs. And if an HOA lacks adequate coverage, it can hurt property values—lenders like Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac may decline to finance homes in underinsured or financially unstable communities.

To navigate these challenges, some HOAs are getting creative. They’re working with brokers who specialize in difficult markets, bundling policies, or raising deductibles to lower premiums. There’s also talk of expanding the state’s FAIR Plan (California’s last-resort insurance option), though it remains limited for HOAs.

Communities are also focusing more on risk reduction—trimming trees, repairing roofs, and improving fire safety—to make themselves more attractive to insurers.

Most people don’t think much about insurance until there’s a problem. But for California HOAs, it’s become a critical issue. Whether you’re on the board or a homeowner trying to understand what’s happening, now is a good time to ask questions, stay informed, and be part of the conversation.

John Schuknecht CMCA, AMS is a former community manager who currently works as an Account Executive for LaBarre/Oksnee Insurance. John can be reached at 657-207-4789 or JohnS@hoa-insurance.com

Advocacy Week at The Capital

n Tuesday, April 22nd, the California Legislative Action Committee (CLAC) began our annual Advocacy Week at the Capitol in Sacramento. Eighty representatives from all eight California chapters descended upon the Capitol for the three-day event. Our goal was to educate our California legislators on those issues affecting HOAs in the state and offer our help in future bill writing. Representing the Coachella Valley chapter were Lisa Tashjian, Esq., Clint Atherton, GM Sun City PD and CLAC delegate, Jay Jarvis, homeowner leader, and Mike Traidman, homeowner leader and delegate to CLAC.

We all met with our CLAC Advocate, Louie Brown, on Tuesday for a mini-trade show and a bill briefing session. Louie reviewed the bills we would be discussing and one topic with the CA Assembly, Senate, and staff.

Eighty appointments had been set up for our twelve teams. Our team had six CAI members and seven scheduled meetings for Wednesday from 10:00 AM – 5:00 PM for thirty minutes each. We divided up the bills and topics and discussed our strategy and sequence. Each appointment was conducted

similarly but each office had a different set of questions and/ or special interests. Our first question was always, “Do you live in an HOA?”.

In addition to the CAI CA members, Dawn Bauman, Chief Strategy Officer for CAI National joined one of our groups and added her extensive advocacy knowledge.

After our breakfast and pep talk on Wednesday, we were off to the Capitol for pictures and our scheduled meetings. We moved from office to office with usually a few minutes in between to work on our delivery. The following was discussed with each office:

Assembly Bill 21 (DeMaio) – This terrible bill which we call the anti-HOA bill has 14 sections that would make managing our communities harder and more expensive. One particularly difficult portion, if passed, would require us to record all open board meetings and have them available to all homeowners.

Senate Bill 677 (Wiener) – This lot-splitting bill is a change to the previously passed SB 9 which carved out HOAs from lot splitting. This bill, if passed, would put HOAs back in.

Fortunately, the housing committee late Tuesday did not approve it. According to California senatorial rules, Senator Wiener is permitted to reintroduce this bill within ten days if he chooses. This is a bad bill that would allow anyone to split their lot and build another home and sell it. There are several issues for the HOA such as assessment charges and the infrastructure requirements which are not covered in the bill.

Senate Bill 681 (Mahoff) – This very large bill has one section that we are opposed to. If passed this bill would put a limit of $100 for all fines regardless of the violation. There were several discussions during our meetings that one size does not fit all.

Senate Bill 770 (Allen) – If passed, this bill would allow homeowners who have installed an EV charging unit in common areas to shift any risk that might develop from them to the homeowner association. This would increase HOAs’ insurance and require homeowners to bear the risk on an item they did not approve or even use.

In addition to the bills, we discussed the insurance crises in California and discussed some strategies to help.

I was able to meet with the staff of our new senator’s office and Assembly member Wallis’ office. Since we did not have an appointment set up for our new Assembly member, Jeff Gonzalez, Clint and I stopped by and had a very good session with his Legislative Director.

After a long day it was back to the hotel for some libation and an award’s ceremony. Thursday, we had a recap by each group. Louie gave us some final thoughts and recommended we stay close to our local legislators all year.

Dawn finished up the meeting with a national and state legislative update.

We were all pleased with our progress as each office was engaged, interested, and eager to learn more about the bills and topics affecting HOAs.

Mike Traidman is a Director of CAI-CV, the President of Mira Vista at Mission Hills HOA, and a Commissioner for the Community Association Managers International Certification Board (CAMICB). Mike can be reached at mtraidman@yahoo.com.

Don’t Provoke an Ecocide: Fix the Problem, Don’t Drain Your Pool

In many neighborhoods, swimming pools are a symbol of luxury—but they can easily become a public health and environmental hazard when improperly managed. One of the most common mistakes made by pool service companies is the overuse of trichlor tablets and dichlor granular chlorine. While convenient, these products contribute to dangerously high levels of Cyanuric Acid (CYA) in the water.

We’ve encountered pools with CYA levels exceeding 1,000 ppm, when the legal limit in most states is 100 ppm—a limit that is already considered high. For proper disinfection in commercial pools, ideal CYA levels should be maintained between 20–30 ppm, with a 10:1 ratio of CYA to free chlorine. When this balance is ignored, chlorine loses its effectiveness, leading to cloudy water, algae blooms, and a greater risk of microbial infections.

THE RECKLESS COST OF "SOLUTIONS" THAT CREATE CRISIS

Coachella Valley’s estimated over 50,000 pools (averaging 30,000 gallons each) become environmental weapons when mismanaged. The industry’s standard response to CYA overload? Drain and refill. Let’s examine the toll:

Partial Drains:

• 5,000–6,000 pools (10%) partially drained annually to lower CYA

• 10,000–15,000 gallons wasted per drain

• 50–90 million gallons lost yearly

Full Dumps:

• 2,500–3,000 pools (5%) fully drained due to neglect

• 30,000 gallons per dump

• 75–90 million gallons vanished

Total Annual Waste: 125–180 million gallons. Enough to sustain 1,560–2,250 desert households (4,300–6,150 people) for a year.

Compounding the problem is the lack of phosphate removal. Phosphates serve as fuel for algae and microorganisms. Without routine elimination, pools become breeding grounds for harmful contaminants—even if the water looks clear.

THE TRUE COST OF DRAINING A POOL

When CYA levels spiral out of control, many companies resort to draining—a wasteful and expensive "solution." Here’s what it really costs:

Water Refill:

• $350–$800 for 20,000–30,000 gallons (varies by local rates)

• Chemical Rebalancing:

• $200–$500 for chlorine, pH adjusters, alkalinity balancers, and stabilizers

Labor & Equipment:

• $300–$800 for draining, cleaning, and refilling

Total Cost per Drain/Refill: $850–$2,100

Average cost of Professional CYA removal using specialized chemicals, including all labor and testing: $1,500.00

THE SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION EXISTS

Modern technology allows us to:

• Remove CYA with a good CYA remover

• Eliminate phosphates with non-toxic removers

• Automate monitoring and chemical dosing to comply with best practices and prevent imbalances

Demand Accountability

1. Test independently—don’t trust "clear water"

2. Insist on professional treatments that don’t require draining.

3. Report violators to water districts during drought restrictions.

Water is life’s second most vital element. The next time a technician says, "We need to drain," remember: They’re not fixing a problem—they’re creating one.

Sources: Pool service industry pricing data, NSF International standards, CVWD water rates.

Roberto Antonio Flores is Vice President of Technical Support, Hidroklear Certified Aquatic Facility Auditor, Certified Pool Operator Instructor, Certified Pool Inspector, and Member of the Model Aquatic Health Code (MAHC) For more information on maintaining safe and sustainable aquatic facilities, you can contact me at Roberto at sales@hidroklear. com or call Phone: 602-617-4893.

CLAC UPDATE

Household leaks can waste up to 1 trillion gallons of water every year nationwide. That wasted water is equal to annual household water use of nearly 11 million homes, according to the Environmental Protection Agency.

Many leaks are easy to find

Common leaks in homes are worn toilet flappers,

CAI-CLAC TWO MINUTE UPDATE ON YOUTUBE:

The California Legislative Action Committee’s (CLAC’s) primary objective remains constant: propose, monitor, evaluate, provide input, and take formal positions on state legislation affecting community associations.

In 2023, CAI-CLAC achieved just this. CLAC was successful in the sponsorship of two bills and the integration of cleanup measures into the Housing Omnibus bill. Furthermore, they played a pivotal role in securing critical amendments for three additional pieces of legislation.

Are We Boxed In?: Reallocating Reserve Line Item Funding

Aroof is unexpectedly failing and the board feels boxed in. Stuck, with money in reserves, set aside for walls, fences, you name it – the funds are there. But nothing close to the amount needed to fix the failing roof is allocated to the roof line item. The board’s hands are tied, right? Time for a special assessment or emergency assessment? Not necessarily, and here’s why.

Boards aren’t boxed in to particular dollar amounts for specific reserve line items. The reserve fund is a pool of money with funds that can be adjusted and shift between reserve line items when needed to meet funding requirements. This especially helps associations facing unexpected expenses for one reserve item while another lasts longer or its repair/replacement cost was less than anticipated. In the example scenario, the association with a surprise roof failure is faced with insufficient reserve funds allocated to the roof line item. If the board can avoid levying a special assessment or an emergency assessment to repair/replace the failing roof by reallocating reserve funds from walls and fences or other reserve items that are holding up longer than anticipated or which cost less to repair/ replace (and which now have excess funds allocated to them), it can determine to shift those funds to the needed area – the failing roof.

For reserve line item funding reallocation, we assume the necessary project is also a reserve item, so that moving funds between them is not considered as “borrowing” from reserves, which is treated differently and specifically addressed in the Davis-Stirling Act. Unlike a reallocation within the reserve fund among its line items, borrowing is a temporary transfer of reserve funds to the general operating fund to meet short-term cashflow requirements or other expenses. A reserve-to-operating borrowing requires an association to follow the procedures of Civil Code §5515(a), including member notice, a written finding explaining the reason for the transfer and the plan for repayment to reserves, and restoring funds within one year.

It's best to analyze and make decisions involving reserve line item funding reallocation and potential borrowing from reserves in consultation with legal counsel and the association’s reserve specialist. This helps the board follow best practices as well as any legal requirements, particularly when confirming that an item is indeed a reserve component and when considering borrowing from reserves. It also keeps the reserve specialist informed about the status of the association’s reserve items, unexpected changes to their condition, and their related funding that may need updating in the next reserve study.

Nancy I. Sidoruk, Esq., is a Senior Attorney at Adams|Stirling PLC, with offices throughout California, including Palm Desert. You can reach Nancy at nsidoruk@ adamsstirling.com or (800) 464-2817. To learn more about her service to CAI and nearly 20 years of representing community associations and commercial common interest developments, visit https://www. davis-stirling.com/About-Us/ Attorneys/Nancy-Sidoruk.

STARS & STRIKES

NEW RESERVE STANDARDS AND SB326 BALCONY BILL, WHAT COMES NEXT?

GUEST SPEAKERS

Chris Sigler B.S.C.E., CDT President, & CEO, C.L. Sigler & Associates, Inc.

Sean Erik Anderson PRA, RS President of Association Reserves

EXHIBITOR TABLE SPONSORS:

• Accurate Termite & Pest Control

• Action Property Management

• Alliance Association Bank

• BRS Roofing, Inc.

• C.L. Sigler & Associates, Inc.

• Coachella Public Safety

• Cooper Coatings

• EmpireWorks

• First Citizens Bank

• Gardner Outdoor and Pool Remodeling

• Hotwire Communications

• MC Builder Corp

• Old California Fine Lighting

• Patrol Masters Inc.

• Precision Painting & Reconstruction

• SCT Reserve Consultants

• Signarama

• Vista Paint Corporation

NOTEBOOK SPONSOR:

• Gardner Outdoor and Pool Remodeling

MANAGER TABLE SPONSORSHIP:

• Asphalt MD’s

• NLB Consulting & Elections

RTIME HONORED Roxi Bardwell

oxi Bardwell’s journey through the HOA industry is a story of leadership, adaptability, and a passion for continuous improvement. A proud resident and professional in the Coachella Valley since 2001—when she began her work at Mission Hills Country Club—Roxi has become a familiar face and respected figure in the local community management scene.

With two (2) Bachelor of Arts Degrees from U.C. Berkeley, where she also played collegiate softball, Roxi’s competitive spirit and drive were evident early on. As a respected professional in the private club industry, Roxi achieved her Certified Club Manager (CCM) certification—an esteemed credential that highlights her dedication to excellence and leadership in club management. That same determination has propelled her career through the private club industry and into community association management, where she has thrived for more than two decades. Holding the coveted AMS, PCAM, and RS (Reserve Specialist) designations, she exemplifies what it means to lead with both knowledge and heart.

Roxi began her HOA career in 2004 as General Manager at a Trilogy active adult community in the Bay Area. Her reputation for excellence led her back to the Coachella Valley as Executive Director at Sun City Shadow Hills during its early development with Pulte/Del Webb. Over the years, she took on leadership roles at PCM, Sun Lakes in Banning, The Hideaway, and later FirstService Residential, where she rose to Vice President. Most recently, she served as General Manager at Desert Princess Country Club HOA before founding her own business joining the team of Steve

"Holding the coveted AMS, PCAM, and RS (Reserve Specialist) designations, she exemplifies what it means to lead with both knowledge and heart.”

Jackson, RS and Richard Ruffell, RS at Advanced Reserve Solutions, Inc. in 2018, specializing in Reserve Studies. Her exclusive territory is the Coachella Valley.

Her transition into reserve studies wasn’t by chance. Roxi’s passion for preventative maintenance and strategic planning drove her to explore this niche more deeply. Key mentors such as Michelle Burge, CPA, and Bob Tuvell, CPA, helped pave the way, while experts like Mike Graves, RS, Joe Kulick, RS, Richard Ruffle, RS and Steve Jackson, RS generously shared their knowledge and time to support her journey toward becoming a Reserve Specialist.

In her downtime, Roxi enjoys golf,

cooking, and diving into the ever-evolving world of blockchain technology and Web3. Since 2020, she’s been fascinated by how emerging technologies can impact various industries, including HOA management. When it’s time to relax, she turns to author Janet Evanovich for a laugh or listens to her go-to music on Sirius.

A member of CAI since 2006, Roxi has actively contributed to the organization through the Membership and Education Committees. She initially joined for the education and certifications, but what she gained in community and inspiration has kept her engaged for nearly two decades.

Roxi credits much of her professional development to the mentors and colleagues who believed in her early on. “I’ve been lucky to cross paths with incredible people who gave me the tools and confidence to pursue my interests,” she says.

Had she not found her calling in HOA management, Roxi imagines she may have become a coach or lawyer—roles that still align with her strengths in strategy, communication, and leadership.

Whether she’s consulting on longterm reserve planning or mentoring the next generation of community managers, Roxi Bardwell continues to be a cornerstone of the Coachella Valley’s HOA industry—bringing expertise, energy, and a genuine passion for growth.

Mike Traidman is a Director of CAI-CV, the President of Mira Vista at Mission Hills HOA, and a Commissioner for the Community Association Managers International Certification Board (CAMICB). Mike can be reached at mtraidman@yahoo.com.

Understanding and Controlling Nutgrass in Coachella Valley HOAs

Maintaining healthy, visually appealing landscapes is essential for homeowner satisfaction and property values—especially in the Coachella Valley. One persistent challenge faced by many associations is nutgrass, also known as nutsedge. This aggressive weed can quickly disrupt manicured lawns and landscaped areas.

WHAT IS NUTGRASS?

Nutgrass (Cyperus spp.), most commonly purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) in our region, is not a true grass, though it closely resembles one. It’s a sedge—a type of plant that thrives in warm, moist environments and is notoriously difficult to control. Nutgrass grows faster than most turfgrasses, standing out with its shiny, stiff blades and distinct triangular stems.

A key reason nutgrass is so invasive is its ability to reproduce through underground tubers (commonly called "nutlets"). These can remain dormant and viable in the soil for years, making repeated infestations common if not addressed thoroughly.

"THIS

LAWNS

WHY NUTGRASS IS A PROBLEM FOR HOAS

In managed communities, nutgrass can:

• Disrupt turf uniformity, reducing curb appeal.

• Invade drip-irrigated plant beds, where moisture creates ideal growth conditions.

• Spread rapidly, especially during summer when temperatures soar above 90°F— typical of Coachella Valley.

HOW TO TREAT NUTGRASS

Controlling nutgrass requires a multi-pronged approach:

1. Herbicide Applications

Selective herbicides specifically formulated for nutsedge are the most effective tools. Products like sulfentrazone, halosulfuron (SedgeHammer), and imazaquin target nutgrass without harming most common turf varieties or ornamentals. However, precise application timing and proper identification are key to success.

2. Prevention Through Irrigation Management

Nutgrass thrives in overwatered or poorly drained areas. Work with your landscape service provider to fine-tune irrigation schedules. Adjusting for seasonal changes and avoiding unnecessary overwatering will make your landscape less hospitable to sedges.

3. Mechanical Control

While hand-pulling may seem tempting, it's generally ineffective. Removing the above-ground portion does not address the underground nutlets and can even stimulate more growth if done improperly.

4. Regular Monitoring

Early detection is essential. Encourage crews and managers to report signs of nutgrass during regular inspections. The faster it's identified and treated, the less extensive the spread.

WHEN TO TREAT NUTGRASS

The best time to treat nutgrass in the Coachella Valley is from late spring through early fall—generally May through September—when the plants are actively growing and herbicide uptake is most effective. Treating during dormancy (winter or

"THE

BEST TIME TO TREAT NUTGRASS IN THE COACHELLA VALLEY IS FROM LATE SPRING THROUGH EARLY FALL— GENERALLY MAY THROUGH SEPTEMBER—WHEN THE PLANTS ARE ACTIVELY GROWING AND HERBICIDE UPTAKE IS MOST EFFECTIVE. "

early spring) is usually ineffective and may delay control.

Multiple applications spaced several weeks apart (ideally late June/early August) are often needed, especially for larger infestations or those with a history of recurrence.

FINAL THOUGHTS

Nutgrass may be persistent, but with the right strategy and a proactive approach, it can be effectively managed in HOA landscapes. Work closely with your licensed landscape contractor and community manager to ensure your treatment program is timely, compliant, and tailored to the specific needs of your community. Remember: consistent control now means fewer problems—and costs—later.

Lily Ortega is the Business Development Manager for Pro Landscaping Inc. and she also currently serves on the CAI-CV Board of Directors. Pro Landscaping Inc. is a leading landscaping company in the Coachella Valley. Please contact Lily at lily@proland-inc.com for more information.

Budgeting and Avoiding Deferred Maintenance

Avoid Costly Repairs Resulting from Deferred Maintenance

RESERVE-RELATED EXTERIOR COMPONENTS OR SYSTEM MAINTENANCE

An Association’s annual budget is an important tool for keeping an Association in Good Health. Within a good annual budget, there are both fixed and scheduled costs. Some of these are considered mandatory, and others are somewhat flexible in nature. Reserve Studies will many times identify annual maintenance items for components or systems that an Association should follow, and many are vital that need regular maintenance and are simple to predict as contracted ongoing services.

NECESSARY AND VITAL SERVICES OR MAINTENANCE

Many maintenance items are “fixed” and necessary to maintain operation of a healthy community. For example, having an Association’s pools regularly serviced for maintaining healthy, clean pool water. Landscaping needs regular cutting, trimming and cleanup, such as palm trees, bushes and grass; these types of services are generally contracted annually. Many Associations that have gated communities have a security team that mans the gates for access to the community; others have security patrol systems to keep a good neighborhood watch.

These types of services are vital and normally have fixed annual contracts for ongoing protection of the community’s assets and residents.

There are various components or exterior systems that should also be maintained on either an occasional basis or on a scheduled basis. Most of these types of things are listed and identified within an Association’s Reserve Study. Examples include:

• Wood Repairs

• Balcony or Walkway Surface Coatings

• Painting

• Roofing

• Sidewalks and Concrete Surfaces

• Asphalt

These types of exterior components are normally listed in the Reserve Study and are based upon appropriate cycles for maintenance. In the Coachella Valley, the extreme weather and heat can be hard on these systems and tend to deteriorate faster than in more “mild” climates. For example, painting of wood and metal should be performed every 5 years, with stucco many times scheduled for repainting every 10 years. If wood and metal are not painted regularly, they will deteriorate faster than if they are not maintained. Balcony and walkway surface coatings should be applied every 5-6 years as well.

Roofing, concrete sidewalks and asphalt on the streets have longer cycles of maintenance. Their useful life and maintenance cycles are usually stated within the Reserve Study, and depending upon the history and performance of those systems can be somewhat less exacting.

Unfortunately, a common practice at many Associations is to delay or defer maintenance on these important exterior components, which can lead to somewhat serious consequences over time.

IMPACTS OF DEFERRED MAINTENANCE

Budgets are difficult to manage each year. They require an active/knowledgeable Board and a proactive Community Manager. As each year unfolds, unexpected expenses arise, and as a result, many components’ annual or scheduled maintenance ends up getting deferred. This can lead to unexpected consequences over time and can sometimes lead to being unprepared and under-funded when repairs or maintenance become critical. In the worst-case scenario, Special assessments are needed, which is always a traumatic experience for everyone – management, Board members and

residents alike.

For example, when it does rain in the Coachella Valley, it rains somewhat dramatically. Keeping on a schedule for roof maintenance and repair is a vital necessity. When roof leaks occur, damages result and need to be fixed along with the leaks. To do “spot repairs” can be costly and cannot capture economies of scale, but that is many times what ends up as the scenario that is deployed. Had the roof maintenance or re-roofing schedule been adhered to, these unexpected expenses can and would be avoided.

Exterior repairs and painting are another classic example of where deferred maintenance can “creep up” on an Association. For those who are attempting to buy or sell in an Association, curb appeal is an important factor and if the exterior has not been maintained with regular wood repairs and painting, the poor vision of an un-maintained Community can be quite detrimental to the value of our valuable assets. Had exterior repairs and painting been maintained, curb appeal will be a valuable aspect for prospective buyers or sellers.

Deferred maintenance is far too common in many Associations and should be avoided wherever possible. Rather than defer the important exterior maintenance schedules, it is important to keep as close as possible to the industry-recommended maintenance cycles for all “flexible” reserve-related maintenance items. As the saying goes, “short term pain leads to long term gain”.

Chris Sigler is the President and Owner of C.L. Sigler & Associates, Inc., a Construction Management and Consulting firm that has exclusively served the HOA industry for 23 years. He is a Civil Engineer by trade with more than 35 years of Engineering and Construction experience and is actively involved in SB326 inspections throughout the Coachella Valley. Chris is certified with the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) as a Construction Documents Technologist. Located in Palm Desert, his firm serves the Coachella Valley and Riverside County, while serving the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California from their San Jose Corporate office.

Sun City, Palm Desert

TITLE SPONSOR

SOUTHWEST SECURITY

SWAG BAG SPONSOR

SHERWIN WILLIAMS

WATER SPONSOR

SOUTHWEST AQUATICS

SOUTHWEST SECURITY

SUN KING ELECTRIC

HOTWIRE

COMMUNICATIONS

FRAZIER PEST CONTROL

NISSHO

PLATINUM SECURITY

LONGEST DRIVE - MEN

CAI COACHELLA VALLEY

LONGEST DRIVE - WOMEN

C.L. SIGLER

MULLIGAN SPONSOR

NLB CONSULTING

GOLF CART SPONSORS ALLIED SECURITY

GOLF CART SPONSORS ALLIED SECURITY

GOLF TROPHY SPONSOR FIORE JACOBS & POWERS

PHOTO SPONSOR FLOOD RESPONSE

BREAKFAST AND LUNCH SPONSOR VISTA PAINT CORP

HOLE BOOTH SPONSORS

LLOYD PEST

FANTASY SPRINGS/CAI

DUNN EDWARDS

ASPHALT MDS

SECURITAS

SIGNARAMA

GREEN SPONSOR

SUN KING ELECTRIC

PRO LANDSCAPE

EPSTEN, APC

HOTWIRE

SOUTHWEST LANDSCAPE

NPG ASPHALT

PRO LANDSCAPE

EMPIREWORKS

VINTAGE LANDSCAPE

MC BUILDER

HOLE IN ONE SPONSOR FANTASY SPRINGS CASINO

TALBE SPONSOR

SOUTHWEST LANDSCAPE

FRIDAY, JUNE 6

Comedy Night

Location: Sun City Palm Desert Time: 5:30 PM

FRIDAY, JULY 11

Bowling Tournament

Location: Palm Springs Lanes Time: 5:30 PM

THURSDAY, JULY 17

CAM Day

(Community Association Manager Day)

Location: Palm Valley Country Club Time: 8:00 AM

TUESDAY, OCTOBER 7

Board Member Workshop (BMW)

Location: Zoom

Time: 8:30 AM - 9:30 AM

Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.