I{out's theTime to StandUp and Be Counted

More than 50 nations of the world have scheduled population censuses in 1960. Of these, the United States has maintained the longest continuing series of regular periodic counts, every 10 years since 1790. The 18th decennial census of the United States opens on April 1,1960. However, among modern nations, Sweden was the first to conduct a national census. in 1749.

trative districts and instituted an elaborate census registration in which the head of every family was enrolled together with all members of his household.

Moses and Aaron Took a Census

Census-taking probably antedates the dawn of history and began when man just was able to count. Babylonia and China, 50 centuries ago, had stocktakings of the kind that later becamc known as censuses. As early as 3050 B.C. in Egypt, the construction of the pyramids demanded a considerable body of statistics and, by 25ffi 8.C., maps of the whole country were being compiled and numberings of the people had begun. By 1400 B.C., Rameses II had divided his country into adrninis-

Among the Hebrew people, the first systematic census was undertaken by Moses and Aaron after the Exodus from Egypt and during the wandering of the Israelites in the wilderness of Sinai. Most early censuses were taken to determine the military strength of a people, aird a notable example was that taken by the Hebrew King David who, in 1017 8.C., numbered his people f rom Dan to Beersherba.

In ancient Greece, systematic records were necessary, for to the differing classes of citizenship were assigned differing obligations and privilcges. In Solon's tax-census in 594 B.C., for exarnple, the people were divided into four classes accord- ing to the return of their proper. ty estimated in wheat.

The sixth king of Rome,.Servius Tullius, instituted the ltoman census about 550 B.C. Caesar Augustus, in 5 B.C., extended the census to include the entire Roman empire-the thel known world.

The Romans Gave Census Its Name

The word "census" comes from the Romans. It is derived from "censor," a magistrate charged with making a register of persons and their property. The purpose of the Roman census, which was taken every fifth year, was to enumerate the mem- military surveys of Biblical days nor the cadastral surveys of Babylonian and Ronran timcs. bers and property of every family f or determining tl-reir civil status and corresponding liabilities. In fact, the census com,bined enumera(ing and tax-assessing in one operation. Modern censuses, particularly in Amelican practice, are not the

It was at the time of this census-taking that Jesus was born in a manger in a Bethlehenr stable inStead of in morc comfortable surroundings. The populace had been called to report to inhabited cerlters ::i Herod's kingdom in order to be enumerated in the Roman censsus, and the resulting congestion in the inns of Bethlehem may have been the reason it was impossible for Mary and Joseph to find better sleeping quarters than in the stable.

The collapse of the Roman Empire concluded the first known series of periodic censuses. Feudalism sprang up, and the feudal system rendered the revival of census-taking, even when practicable, less necessary. During the Middle Ages, how-' ever, there was the beginning of a revival of census-taking in the Breviary of Charlemagne about A.D. 80E and in the Domesday Book, in A.D. 1086, where William the Conqueror listed his subjects and their earthly possessions.

Genghis Khan, the Asiatic conqueror whose armies roamed the Oriental world in the latter years of the 12th Century and the first quarter of the 13th Century, caused censuses to be

WEI'TERN PINE ASSOCIATION.ADOPTS NEW GR,ADING CONCEPTS

PORTLAND-WiIh its inland Douglas Fir and Larch receiving from the FHA interim strength valucs for joists and rafters on a par with Coast-type Fir, the Western Pine Association took action to standardize grades of framing lumber at its annual meeting in San Francisco March 5.

The group formally adopted grading rules and grade names for dimension identical with thosc of the West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau. The change becomes efrective as fast as graders can be re-educated to the new rules. About 30p/o ot the fir from the Western Pine region already was being shipped on those rulcs.

At the same time, the Association's board of directors ap- proved a massive testing program by independent agencies to obtain new strength information which is expected to permanently justify cqual stresses for all fir, grade for grada The Association already has made many tests indicating the reasonableness of such equality.

"This standardization of grade names and rules will help lumber retailers, home bu,ilders and other elemcnts of the trade throughout the nation," said W. E. Griffee, who was officially named to succeed S. V. Fullaway as the Associationis secretary-manager. "It should eli,rninate the confusion which has existed because of the differing grades and grade names."

Griffee said the recognition of high strength values of inland Douglas Fir will halt discrimination against it which occurred because of the grade difierences and "unfair technicalities."

"Dealers who prefer the manufacture and appearance of fir from the inland mills," Grifree said, "will no longer have to contend with occasional questions arising because of grades or approved working Btresses."

made of the peo,ple and possessions in territories overrun by his Mongol hordes. Marco Polo told of this in the account of his travels.

First North A,mcrican Census in 1577

The first census in North America was taken in New Spain (now Mexico) in 1577, nearly four centuries ago, at the behest of King Philip II of Spain. The Spanish overlords received help from the natives, and at least two of the maps which the Indians turned out are now in the Garcia Icazbalceta collection in the University of Texas Latin-American library.

Records have been cited to show that the ancient Peruvians made a register of men for military purposes and 'reported their number to the f nca emperor, Sinchi Roca, as 2fr),000 fighting men.

Firs Colonial Census in Virginia

The first of the American colonies to take a census was Virginia. This census for the year 1635 enumerated 5,119 persons. The next colonial census was that of New York colony, in 1698, which enumerated

The lumber executive noted that fully one-third of , all dimension lumber produced in the West comes from mills in the Wcstern Pine rcgion, so it was "imperative that any confusion regarding it be ended,"

For framing lumber in Western Pine region woods other than Douglas Fir, Larch and Hemlock, the Association adopted non-Btress grades and grade names identical with those of the WCLIB. Thus the "Construction," "Standard," "Utility" and "Economy'' grades will be the same regardless of point of origin.

Although most mills are expected to change promptly to the new grades, the old grades may be uscd optionally until the end of this year. The new rules will be publishcd soon :ts a supplement to the last edition of the Standard Grading Rules.

The Association'e grading committee and board of directors also autho,rized new grade stamps for the resawn product of thick commons and dimension of all species. The new stamps will show grade of the original s ock and thickness of the res:rwn product, They will be applied to both sides of the hmber before resawing. Industry officials reported the new stamp was authorized to "satisfy FHA grade-stamping requirements on sheathing and subflooring and to accommodate the many buyers who order specific grades resawn." A sizeable volume of resawn lumber moves into every state in the union-

Grade stamps for mixed shipments of Engelmann Spruce and Ircdgepole Pine also were authorized. The two woods are so similar that a good many mills have long shipped them mixed; in fact it is diftcult to separate them.

-TABLE OF CONTENTS for This lssue on Pqge 6if-

18,067 inhabitants. These Virginia and New York censuses were the only colonial censuses in what now is the United States to be taken during the lTth century. Between ITAA and 1790, when the first l-Inited Stares census was taken, there were 36 additional colonial censuses. Nearly all of the American colonial censuses were taken at the behest of the British Board of Trade, which desired definite statistical information about the colonial market.

Maryland took its first colonial census in l7l2 with an enumeration of 46,073, and, another in 1755 with an enumeration of 153,564. New Jersey was the fourth of the colonies to comply with orders that a census be taken, enumerating 32,442 inhabitants in 1726. The colonial governor had refused three years earlier to take the census as demanded by the British Board of Trade because the people "would take it as a repetition of David's sin." Upon the Board's insistence, however, he issued orders to the sherifis to take the census. In all. three colonial censuses were taken in New Jersey after the ice was broken.

The people of Connecticut and Massachusetts manifested considerable opposition to census projects. T'hey feared that in some way the information gathered in censuses would be used to their disadvantage by the British authorities and saw no advantage to themselves.

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