2020-2021 Build Health Research Update #1

2020-2021 Build Health Research Update #1

BUILD HEALTH 2020 - 2021

The Institute for Health in the Built Environment advances, integrates, and applies new knowledge from diverse scientific disciplines to support healthy individuals, communities and planet. Our mission is to develop new design concepts for the realization of healthy and sustainable inhabited space. We do this by forming unconventional collaborations that conduct research where architecture, biology, medicine, chemistry and engineering intersect and translate it into design practice through a consortium of invested industry partners with applied impact.

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INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT buildhealth.uoregon.edu

BUILD HEALTH 2020 - 2021

A Unique Cross-Disciplinary Collaboration Between Architecture, Scientists and Industry at University of Oregon

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Staff

Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg, Director - IHBE, ESBL, BioBE Siobhan Rockcastle, Chair, Baker Lighting Laboratory Mark Fretz, Associate Director of Knowledge Exchange - IHBE Alida Bevirt, Administrative Assistant - IHBE Leslie Dietz, Research Assistant - BioBE Patrick Horve, Lab Tech, BioBE Laura Jacek, Administrator - IHBE Jeff Kline, Senior Research Associate - ESBL, BioBE Alen Mahic, Research Associate - ESBL Gwynne Mhuireach, Postdoctoral Scholar - ESBL, BioBE Dale Northcutt, Senior Research Assistant II - ESBL, BioBE Jason Stenson, Senior Research Assistant I - ESBL, BioBE Paul Ward, Research Assistant Professor - ESBL

Collaborators

Sarah Adams-Schoen - University of Oregon, Law Angela Addae - University of Oregon, Law Adel Amos - University of Oregon, Law Andre Barbosa - Oregon State University, Civil and Construction Engineering Heather Brinton - University of Oregon, Law Carl Brozek - University of Oregon, Chemistry David Coil - UC Davis, Biology Roger Cole - Oregon Health & Science University, Healthcare Facilities David Constant - Oregon Health & Science University, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Rich Corsi -Portland State University, Civil Engineering Skai Dancey - Oregon Health & Science University, Healthcare Facilities Robert Davis - Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Lighting Jรถrn Dettmer - TallWood Design Institute Roger Ebbage - LCC, NWEEI Jonathan Eisen - UC Davis, Biology Alison Edelman - Oregon Health & Science University, Obstetrics and Gynecology Ashkaan Fahimipour - NOAA, Biology Elliott Gall -Portland State University, Civil Engineering Mikhail Gershfeld, Cal Poly Pamona, Civil Engineering Rolf Halden - Arizona State University, Environmental Health Engineering Esther Hagenlocher - University of Oregon, Interior Arch/ Architecture Erica Hartmann - Northwestern University, Civil and Environmental Engineering Mike Hatten - Solarc Energy Group Amy Hermesch - Oregon Health & Science University, Obstetrics and Gynecology Curtis Huttenhower - Harvard University, Biology Sue Ishaq - University of Maine, Biology John Jacques, Clemson University, Architecture Shula Jaron, Enviral Tech Bart Johnson, University of Oregon, Landscape Architecture Bory Kea - Oregon Health & Science University, Emergency Medicine Harper Keeler, University of Oregon, Landscape Architecture Laszlo Kiraly - Oregon Health & Science University, Surgery

Kaarin Knudson - University of Oregon, Architecture Alison Kwok - University of Oregon, Architecture, NetZED Lab Aurélie Laguerre -Portland State University Gail Langellotto, Oregon State University, Horticulture Kaichang Li - Oregon State University, Chemistry Iain Macdonald, TallWood Design Institute Robert Martindale - Oregon Health & Science University, Surgery Krista McGuire, University of Oregon, Biology Bill Messer - Oregon Health & Science University, Infectious Disease Naomi Miller - Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Lighting Christopher Minson - University of Oregon, Physiology Brook Muller - UNC Charlotte, Architecture Elaine O’Neill, CORRIM Gerald Presley - Oregon State University, Wood Science & Engineering Maureen Puettmann, CORRIM Kory Russel - University of Oregon, Landscape Architecture Evan Schmidt, TallWood Design Institute Judith Sheine - University of Oregon / TallWood, Architecture Joshua Skov - University of Oregon, Business Susan Sokolowski - University of Oregon, Sports Product Design Lynne Strasfeld - Oregon Health & Science University, Infectious Disease John Townes - Oregon Health & Science University, Infectious Disease Stephen Turner, Enviral Tech Kyirsty Unger - Oregon Health & Science University, Critical Care Roo Vandegrift - Biology Andrew Wilkes - Oregon Health & Science University, Healthcare Facilities

Students

Sandra Byers, Graduate Student, Architecture Oli Bartoszek, Graduate Student, Sports Product Design Flynn Casey, Graduate Student, Architecture Ivan Castro, Graduate Student, Architecture Carolina da Silva Correa Leite, Graduate Student, Architecture Megan Danell, Graduate Student, Architecture Sohrab Ghasemi, Graduate Student, Architecture Austin Guttierez, Graduate Student, Architecture Delaney Hetrick, Graduate Student, Architecture Michael Kwilos, Graduate Student, Architecture Garrett Leaver, Student, Architecture Georgia MacCrone, Biology Katherine Martin, Graduate Student, Architecture Nicklaus McGuire, Graduate Student, Architecture Joseph McLaughlin, Graduate Student, Architecture Simone O’Halloran, Architecture Isabelle O’Neal, Graduate Student, Architecture Hooman Parhizkar, Graduate Student, PhD candidate, Architecture Lily Summers, Graduate Student, Architecture Peter Van Liefde, Graduate Student, Architecture McKenzie Vanko, Graduate Student, Architecture Michael Yauk, Graduate Student, Architecture Hannah Zalusky, Graduate Student, Architecture

2020-2021 Report 1 Directory Build Health Industry Research Consortium

9 Executive Summary 10 Select Research Updates 11

Universal Design for Healthy Aging

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Urban Farming and Human Skin Microbial Transfer

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Carbon Narratives for Design Planning

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Environmental Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in Hospital Wards Treating COVID-19 Patients

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HyPhy Improves Indoor Air Quality and Occupational Health while Helping to Mitigate Climate Change

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USFS Wood Innovations - MPP Seismic + Energy Panelized Retrofits

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USFS Wood Innovations - Wood in Healthcare

38 Recent Research Proposals 39

NSF - Microbial genomic, transcriptomic, and survival response to common built environment lighting

42 NIH R01 - Healthcare-Associated Infections and the Indoor Environment

46 Student Research + Creative Work 47

Design for the “Hydrosocial� Cycle

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Airbender - Sports Product Design for outdoor activity in urban environments

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ARCH 584 Modular MPP Housing - Mass Plywood Panel modular affordable housing: a proposed solution for the health of individuals, communities and forests

58 References 60 Contact Info

Executive Summary

BUILD HEALTH 2020 - 2021

Dear Build Health Industry Consortium, During these times of converging crises and uncertainty, I hope this report finds you safe and well. Despite the uncertainty of work-life, we continue to forge plans to safely return to the lab, classroom and studio; yet, the work of quarantine continues to invigorate us with purpose as we realize the impact of design to address the crises of climate change, social and environmental equity, and pandemic. In the following pages, you will find Institute updates ranging from proposals, project starts, ongoing work to student creative research + design over the past six months. Although we have transitioned from quarterly written updates to a biennial publication, we will continue to use the monthly member calls to share advanced unpublished findings, new ideas and opportunities for innovation.

This Build Health report includes select research updates on: “Design for Healthy Aging,” which continues project development over the summer including new research on flooring and shoe design; urban farming and human microbial skin transfer (recently launched); “Carbon Narratives for Design Planning” (launching September 2020); environmental monitoring of SARSCoV-2 in a hospital ward (on-going); “HyPhy” bioremediation of indoor air (on-going); development of mass plywood panels for seismic and deep energy retrofits (launching September 2020); and use of structural mass timber in healthcare environments (recently launched).

Select research proposals include: NSF proposal, “Microbial genomic, transcriptomic, and survival response to common built environment lighting;” and “Tracking Clostridioides difficile in high-risk patient populations as they move through a hospital; a strain-level assessment of patient infections and room contamination,” proposed to the NIH R01 call. Select student research and creative work includes: “Design for the “Hydrosocial” Cycle,” by Catherine Earley; “Airbender” - Sports Product Design for Outdoor Activity in the Urban Environment by Oli Bartoszek; and ARCH 584 Modular MPP Housing, a design studio led by University of Oregon Professor Judith Sheine of TallWood Design Institute to develop the use of mass plywood panel modular housing as a proposed solution for affordable housing focused on health of individuals, communities and forests.

SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Healthcare Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Units,” published June 28, 2020 as a preprint on medRxiv preprint server and submitted for peer-review; “Viable bacterial communities on hospital window components in patient rooms” accepted June 30, 2020 in PeerJ; “SARS-CoV-2 Environmental Contamination and Childbirth,” submitted for peer reviewed publication on July 4, 2020 and “How Light Exposure Changes Bacterial Communities in Household Dust,” published January 14, 2020 in Frontiers for Young Minds. From the Energy Studies in Buildings Laboratory, “Open Home Project: Designing Modular Housing and Landscapes for Resilient Communities,” is in final stage of acceptance for 2020 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings proceedings. Build Health has also been working to make research findings accessible to a general audience through the use of visualizations and narrative storytelling. A few of these videos produced and released during quarantine include: “COVID-19 blueprint to save lives and livelihoods by testing buildings;” SARS-CoV-2 conceptual indoor aerosol movement; and “The Good, the Bad, and the Indoor Microbe.”

I hope that these updates continue to provide stimulating content for the design, manufacture and operation of a built environment that holistically considers health of individuals, communities and planet.

Best regards and happy reading!

Mark Fretz, Associate Director of Outreach

Finally, we are pleased to share in-depth findings in recently-published or submitted journal articles that were supported fully or in-part through the funding from the Build Health research consortium. From Biology and the Built Environment Center, these include: “2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: Built Environment Considerations to Reduce Transmission,” published April 7, 2020 in mSystems; “Identification of

A Unique Cross-Disciplinary Collaboration Between Architecture, Scientists and Industry at University of Oregon

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Select Research Updates

BUILD HEALTH 2020 - 2021

Universal Design for Healthy Aging: Memory, Mobility and Metrics Funded by Tinker Hatfield Innovation in Design Award Mark Fretz - UO Department of Architecture, IHBE Esther Hagenlocher - UO Department of Architecture/Interior Arch, IHBE Susan L. Sokolowski (PI) - Director, UO Sports Product Design, IHBE

Healthy Aging and Design for Built Environments We are all aging. Currently, the United States has over 48 million individuals over the age of 65 and predictions by the National Institute on Aging estimate that population will double by 2050.

Within the 65+ demographic, the subset of people over the age of 80 is expected to triple by 2050 and in some parts of the world, such as in Asia and South America, the 80+ population is predicted to quadruple. The overall increase in the population over 65 can be attributed to improved diet and lifestyle (e.g. smoking cessation) as well as improvements in medical care.

With an aging population, designers need to be prepared to create products and spaces that respond to the needs of an often-overlooked demographic. To do this, designers need to employ a Universal Design approach, drawing on new streams of environmental, behavioral and anthropometric data to generate form. Furthermore, the design of built environments is often fragmented by discipline rather than holistically considered.

Therefore, there is a tremendous opportunity to improve health in the built environment by integrating design of products directly with the design of space and environment.

What is healthy aging?

To answer that question, our research team at the University of Oregon (UO) developed a survey targeting persons over the age of 50 to understand what healthy aging means to them, as well as how they currently use their built environment. The anonymous survey instrument was distributed through social media, the Osher Lifelong Learning Institute distribution list and Industry for Health in the Built Environment distribution lists. Two-hundred and ninety-four subjects (43% men, 56% women) participated in our study with a mean age range between 70 and 79 years. The reported demographics of responding participants indicated that race and ethnicity was significantly white and education included a bachelor degree or higher. Survey participants generally answered that healthy aging was being active and having independence, regardless of one’s physical status. When asked how to improve mobility, respondents noted a wide-range of possibilities including: apparel, footwear, furniture, tools, improved outdoor walkways and connections in urban environments and even exoskeletons or teleporters. Overall, this demographic, like all of us, desires to have aesthetically pleasing and intuitively designed products that are easy to use and not reminiscent of medical or specialty products. And, as we celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Bauhaus revolution, designers need to utilize new streams of anthropometric, environmental and

Image (opposite): Carly Conduff presenting her project design ideas to a Jury Panel of senior citizens. Figure (above): the class investigated three realms: that which is worn close to the body (e.g. footwear, apparel, medical device); that which temporarily touches the body (e.g. tools, furniture, home goods); and that which surrounds the body (e.g. landscape, architectural space, lighting, thermal, color or texture)

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Integrated Gardening Solution (above) Daniel Calabrese - UO SPD

Sketch models for product allowing vertical or raised gardening. Modules can be aggregated to shape space or used individually.

Multi-functional Cane Adam Clausen - UO SPD

Walking device with integrated wayfinding for urban envrionments.

Memory Cabinet Bentley Rager - UO SAE

Cabinet with individual containers that voice activate to remember and light up to remind where you placed your things

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BUILD HEALTH 2020 - 2021

Glide Chair Ezra Ende - UO SPD

Glide Chair allows footrest to be fully retracted under seat to allow user to move legs when not being escorted and prevent falls getting out.

Fall Prevention Sock Nicole Demby - UO SPD

Digitally bespoke socks with individually-specific select compression and texture points to prevent shuffling and falls.

Night Wayfinding Juliana Couregen - UO SPD

Series of motion sensing lights activated by user moving through space displaying common nightime route, such as to the bathroom. Light is tuned to not be disruptive of circadian sleep.

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behavioral data from an aging population to derive form from the improved understanding of function.

Educational Approach for Designers of Products and Built Environments Traditionally, design students choose an area of focus, such as architecture, interior architecture, landscape architecture, fine arts, product design or sports product design. Due to the nature of the degree requirements for accreditation, there is little opportunity to intersect and cross-pollinate with diverse approaches to design thinking. Architecture students might initially approach a problem through spatial diagramming while product design students might approach a problem through a SWOT analysis. Yet, the problems of health in the built environment are complex and solutions interwoven with space, environment and product. Therefore, for our study, we developed a new senior/graduate level course for design students at the UO College of Design. The intention of the course is to use new data streams coupled

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with direct interaction and feedback from aging users and industry to innovate new products and environments that are synergistic to support health through a Universal Design approach. Students were given the challenge of creating products that every user on the aging spectrum (all of us) would find beautiful and compelling to use without the need for any adaptation or specialized design.

The course was taught across two campuses in Eugene and Portland in order to invite a wide range of students, faculty, industry and community members to participate.

Finally, the course was structured around the themes of “memory, mobility and metrics� and investigated these across three realms: that which is worn close to the body (e.g. footwear, apparel, medical device); that which temporarily touches the body (e.g. tools, furniture, home goods); and that which surrounds the body (e.g. landscape, architectural space, lighting, thermal, color or texture) (see figure pg. 11, upper right). Design research considerations In addition to the traditional research considerations used to design built environments (e.g. spatial programming, code, market analysis), less explored aging-specific

BUILD HEALTH 2020 - 2021

research topics can provide beneficial insights to anyone working on spaces for this population. Some of them include: Movement: Deterioration of nerves, ligaments, muscles and skeletal structure can cause pain, arthritis and paralysis, resulting in a reduced capacity to move the aging body, to be active inside and outside built environments. As staying active is a major desire to healthy aging, it is important for researchers to understand the anatomical mechanics of mobility and the diseases that affect it. Architects also must understand how mobility can be influenced by surgery, rehabilitation and pharmaceuticals to identify ways that environments can assist or replicate those remedies. This could include flooring surfaces, hiking trails and sidewalks.

Anthropometry: For the aging population, there is limited and relevant anthropometric data for architects—as most has been collected from U.S. military personnel under the age of 35 years. It was not until recently that 3D anthropometric data of aging users was collected through a study called, Size North America. This type of data is quite useful; it enables measurement of any part of the body, provides for cross-sections of the body to understand how measurements are distributed to understand how a population is sized.

Memory: Memory is the brain’s ability to encode, cache and then recall information and previous experiences.

In our research, it has been found that aging population has difficulty recalling names and words. Numbers and dates were also challenging but clearly delineated from names and words. This knowledge is important when designing spaces where users have to recall passwords or object names to execute important tasks. Simplification of information, like the integration of logos, patterns or color codes on products, could be more helpful to aging users.

Senses: The five senses of hearing, sight, smell, taste and touch allow users to understand and perceive the built environment. Decline of the senses is usually what is noticed first about an aging individual - where they may not hear or see as well as they did before. When the body loses its ability to sense, it can affect other bodily functions like gait, thermo-regulation and memory.

Thinking about how the senses can be enhanced through architectural details could benefit users. Some ideas could include developing perceivable color palettes, graphics and textures; engineering sounds that can be recognized clearly with hearing aids; or designing kitchens that enhance the eating experience through taste and smell.

User Insights: Lastly, there are great opportunities

for architects to gather user insights with the aging population. Although researching the user is common to our practice, our experience with aging users found that users are more straightforward and are willing to spend time to chat about ideas, especially with our students.

For our work we partnered with the Eugene/Springfield Osher Lifelong Learning Institute (OLLI). OLLI is a nationwide intellectual and social community of engaged adult learners that connects members to emeritus and current university faculty, as well as professionals from the community. Connecting with local organizations like OLLI provides endless opportunities for professionals, academics and students to connect with the community and learn from each other to design better products.

Conclusion Designers have an important role in shaping non-medical determinants of health for our aging population. Although a quarter of the U.S. population will be over the age of 65 in the near future and in the U.S. and many parts of the world the population over the age of 80 is expected to triple or even quadruple, the real boundary between youth and aged is a blurred continuum. Applying a Universal Design approach ensures that all of us can enjoy beautiful and intuitive products and spaces that support health and wellness in the built environment. Therefore, this work will continue during the summer 2020 with targeted refinement of projects as well as a flooring + shoe design research project that will be especially valuable for residential, senior living and healthcare environments.

Research Sponsorship and Acknowledgments Susan L. Sokolowski is the PI of the Universal Design for Healthy Aging project, funded through the 20192020 UO Tinker Hatfield Innovation in Design Award.

Project partners include Mark Fretz – UO Institute for Health in the Built Environment and Esther Hagenlocher – UO Associate Professor of Architecture and Interior Architecture. Research and student critique support was provided by the Eugene/Springfield Osher Lifelong Learning Institute (OLLI). 3D body scans were provided

by Human Solutions of North America. Industry special presentations were provided by: Eve Edelstein - Clinicians for Design; Erin Connell - Rose Villa Senior Living; Fabian Schroeder - Moda Design. Industry review of student projects provided by: Kent Duffy - SRG Partnership; Melisse Kuhn, Tim Gordon, Ryan Diedrich, Melissa Ehn, Andrew Smeby - Scott Edwards Architecture; Robin Oglesbee-Venghaus - ZGF Architects; Stephanie Muhlenfield, Shannon Pomeroy - Nike. Sokolowski, S. L. (2020, Spring). Healthy aging and industrial design.

Innovation Magazine. Industrial Designers Society of America.

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Urban Farming and Human Skin Microbial Transfer Funded by USDA Jonathan Eisen - UC Davis Genome Center Bart Johnson - University of Oregon, Landscape Architecture Harper Keeler - University of Oregon, Landscape Architecture Gail Langellotto - Oregon State University, Horticulture Krista McGuire - University of Oregon, Biology Gwynne Mhuireach - ESBL, BioBE Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg - ESBL, BioBE

Dr. Gwynne Mhuireach has recently been awarded a USDA Postdoctoral Fellowship to conduct a community science project that will explore soil microbial communities in small-scale urban farms or gardens, investigate the degree of transfer to human skin during cultivation activities, and assess their persistence on skin over time. Data collected by volunteers will be used to explore how soil microbial communities vary according to management practices (e.g., using compost vs. conventional fertilizer), crop type, or climatic region, and whether these factors influence the degree of transfer or persistence of microorganisms on human skin. The project will also further our understanding of urban soil health and microbial composition, which remain poorly characterized despite recognition that these are key priorities for urban farmers and gardeners.1 Consumer horticulture is a widespread activity with major social and economic impacts. According to the National Gardening Survey, some 77% of all households in the US are involved in some form of horticultural activity, and gardeners are the largest purchasers of consumer horticulture goods and services, a sector whose output totals $136.44 billion. Small-scale local food production also provides resiliency and food security for communities in the face of global climate and energy uncertainty, natural disasters, and supply chain disruptions. At the same time, the potential for food contamination, including by pathogenic microbes, in urban soils is a critical issue requiring study.

Soil health and biodiversity are closely linked with human health in many ways. Some of the health-relevant roles played by soil have been extensively investigated, such as the ability to produce nutritious food, sequester carbon, re-mediate environmental pollutants, and purify water. Other important functions, however, remain poorly characterized. In particular, little is known about interactions between gardeners and soil microorganisms, despite the likelihood of substantial exposure occurring during cultivation activities. Gardeners who perform manual cultivation may experience close and extended contact with microorganisms in the soil, yet we lack even the most basic understanding of how much microbial transfer from soil to skin occurs, what types of microorganisms are transferred, or how long they persist.

Images (above): illustrating microbial transfer during cultivation activities in an urban farming setting. (opposite top): Nikola Jovanovi, unsplash.com (opposite bottom left): Zanda, unsplash. com (opposite bottom right): Annie Spratt, unsplash.com

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Soil microorganisms may be beneficial, pathogenic, or neutral with regard to human health. Although some microbes, such as Bacillus anthracis and Clostridium tetanii can cause illness, new

INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT buildhealth.uoregon.edu

BUILD HEALTH 2020 - 2021

evidence suggests that exposure to soil microorganisms can help train the immune system, reduce inflammation, and even improve mental health.2,3 Recent studies have shown that direct contact with soil and its associated microbiota can leave an imprint on the skin microbiome for at least 24 hours, even after washing and bathing. 4,5 Skin contact with soil microbiota can also impact the human oral and gut microbiomes,6 since gardeners may

consume vegetables directly from the garden, prior to washing. Thus, we hypothesize that working with healthy, clean soil may represent a natural delivery method for probiotic microorganisms.

You can find out more about this project by looking for blog posts on the IHBE and Garden Ecology Lab websites or emailing Dr. Mhuireach (gwynhwyf@uoregon.edu).

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Our carbon story is at times upside down. A cle

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earer story proposed.

BUILD HEALTH 2020 - 2021

Carbon Narratives for Design Planning Funded by USDA ARS, TallWood Mark Fretz (PI) - IHBE Alison Kwok (Co-PI) - Department of Architecture, NetZED Lab, IHBE Elaine Oneil - CORRIM Maureen Puettmann - CORRIM Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg (Co-PI) - IHBE

Introduction and justification Embodied carbon in building materials and construction activity represents a significant fraction of the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions causing climate change. Concrete, iron, and steel alone produce approximately 9% of annual global GHG emissions and the combined embodied carbon emissions from the building sector currently produce 11% of annual global GHG emissions.

This trend, if unabated, is anticipated to be responsible for almost half of total new construction emissions between now and 2050.

Unlike operational carbon emissions, which can be reduced over time with building energy efficiency upgrades and the use of renewable energy, embodied carbon is locked in place as soon as a building is built.1 The UN Emissions Gap Report 2019 continues to find a persistent gap between the GHG emissions targets required to mitigate climate change and current state.

Closing the carbon gap will require a systems approach employing multiple mitigating strategies. One important strategy will focus on building material impacts and substitution with lower carbon materials, while another will require a focus on agricultural land use. “To close the emissions gap, land use must transition rapidly from being a net source of emissions to a net sink (p.45).”2 With the extraordinary opportunity to address carbon in our atmosphere through architectural design and planning, designers are focusing on embodied impacts of materials to achieve carbon reduction goals.

One material that has been gaining favor in the design community to address carbon reduction goals is mass timber. Much research has already been conducted highlighting ways in which mass timber can reduce whole building embodied carbon, such as through its decreased weight requiring less structural concrete in foundations or transportation emissions, for example. However, in recent whole building lifecycle assessment models (WBLCA) comparing carbon content in mass timber structural systems against concrete or steel, mass timber performed only slightly better or, in some cases, worse than concrete or steel depending on forestry practice and inclusion of biogenic carbon into the model.3,4 Furthermore, two common LCA tools that designers use to evaluate their designs, Tally and Athena, can vary widely based on assumptions for end-of-life and biogenic carbon, such as reuse-recycling pathways and continuity in forest land remaining forest land.5 These WBLCA case study models have established a complicated carbon sustainability narrative that have left many designers asking the question, “Is wood good?,” with fractured responses of selectively chosen data to advance one’s own organizational interests.

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An example of the myriad of responses can be found in government reports and academic papers. For example, in the Pacific Northwest, a 2019 Oregon Department of Forestry report, in conjunction with the U.S Forest Service, shows that forest management directly influences ecosystem carbon storage.7 However, Hudiberg, et al. write in their 2019 paper that a full accounting of forest sector GHG budgets is required and state and federal reporting have historically erroneously omitted some forest product-related emissions with a resulting 25%55% under-counting of total emissions. 8 The Oregon Department of Environmental Quality Materials Management Program has noted that harvest slash isn’t accounted for in LCI data, as one such example of undercounting.9 In addition to these complicated sets of assumptions, accounting and boundary conditions that are important in estimating the carbon content embodied in mass timber products, Hudiberg, et al., further describe a 21% reduction in forest carbon storage over a 100 year period of wood product usage and, therefore, propose a reduction in harvest, longer rotations or more efficient material usage to mitigate carbon, which further complicates the wood product sustainability narrative.

Despite the complicated narrative, designers and their

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clients are embracing mass timber for its multiple positive attributes; however, would like more clarity and uniformity in the embodied wood carbon narrative so that they can make the best-informed decisions when specifying material during design planning. Through our Institute for Health in the Built Environment, we have had conversations with design, engineering and construction firms, large and small, from West to East Coast, as well as high-tech global end-users who are intent on using mass timber in their future projects but want to ensure that we are developing the most sustainable product possible. Akin to the sustainable farm to table agricultural movement in our food supply, designers and their clients are relishing the forest to frame parallels for sustainably growing our buildings.10 The enthusiasm, interest, and deep questions shown on the recent Carbon Leadership Forum webinars lead the Co-PIs to conclude that this topic is timely and more information, as well as synthesis of existing information and clarity of communication, is critically needed for designers to make informed decisions.

To address topics for which the AEC industry urgently needs more clarity, specifically: impacts of biogenic carbon based on proper accounting, forestry management

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Image (left): ‘Sideyard’ under construction with a combination of materials (Portland, OR - Andersen Construction / Skylab Architects) - Credit: Mark Fretz Figure (above): Biogenic carbon effecting global warming potential of building materials - Credit: Kwok, et al., NetZED Lab, TallWood (below): different assumptions between Tally and Athena databases- Credit: Kwok, et al., NetZED Lab, TallWood

practices and carbon storage in the ecosystem, end-oflife material assumptions, and stand rotation timelines, this project will use peer-reviewed scientific data and invited trans-disciplinary expertise and perspectives in academia, industry, government and environmental advocacy from North America and Europe to gather for a symposium and follow-up work sessions highlighting the gaps, alternative narratives, and consensus regarding mass timber embodied carbon. The University of Oregon will facilitate a common narrative appropriate for design planning and will focus on not only the Pacific Northwest

region but include other regions in North America and Europe since mass timber and forest products are transacted globally for building construction. The deliverables will include a synthesis of the best available evidence/panelist information into a set of education materials with documentation on topics drawn out of the symposium. This work will continue to contribute to educating students, architects, engineers, builders, and developers on making informed choices regarding modern timber construction.

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Environmental monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in a hospital ward treating COVID-19 patients Funded by Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) David Constant - Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, OHSU Leslie Dietz - UO BioBE Mark Fretz - UO BioBE, IHBE Patrick Horve - UO BioBE Robert Martindale - Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, OHSU William Messer - Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, OHSU John Townes - Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, OHSU Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg (PI) - UO BioBE, IHBE Andrew Wilkes - Healthcare Facilities, OHSU

Abstract Since its initial discovery in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, SARS-CoV-2 has spread to more than 213 countries and territories and infected over 5 million people. Symptoms have been highly variable, with a high percentage of people infected being asymptomatic. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis in combination with clinical observations is currently used in the diagnosis of COVID-19. The built environment can potentially provide transmission vectors for the spread of SARS-CoV-2 through surfaces and airborne transmission as well as occupant behavior and interaction indoors.

Image (above): digital rendering of the Corona Virus - Credit: CDC, unsplash.com (opposite left): ward level sampling locations, air supply/return locations (opposite right): conceptual air movement across ward

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In a recent pilot study at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), we used qRT-PCR paired with passive and active air sampling along with surface swabs to identify SARS-CoV-2 RNA in several locations in the hospital.

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AIR SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION // OHSU WARD 7A Project Goal In the proposed project, we plan to investigate SARSCoV-2 transmission mitigation strategies in the built environment by studying the influence of three heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system factors: air exchange rate, outside air fraction, and relative humidity as well as spatial patterns and controls through

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the segmentation of space and ventilation pathways by door use. Sampling efforts will focus on a single medical intensive care unit (ICU) ward at OHSU and the air handler and HVAC system serving the wing of the hospital in which the ICU is located. By utilizing existing variation in air delivery rates to patient rooms (all above code minimum requirements) and inherent seasonal variations in both outside air fraction and relative

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humidity, we will study HVAC system transmission and mitigation potential through six targeted observation and sampling periods without performing an experimental HVAC intervention. A distributed survey of surface and air samples will be collected across the entire ICU ward during each collection period, including at each HVAC supply and return air grille and at points along the supply and return air delivery path of the HVAC system. Total RNA will be extracted from all samples and SARS-CoV-2 abundance will be detected through the amplification of a 157 bp segment of the S1 subunit of the spike glycoprotein (S) gene using qRT-PCR. A second aliquot will be treated immediately with Propidium monoazide (PMA) to distinguish viable viruses only. This approach will be verified with infectivity assays in the BSL3 Messer lab.

Knowledge regarding SARS-CoV-2 and transmission pathways has been rapidly growing over the last few months. The built environment has the potential to contribute to or limit transmission risk. Better understanding the abundance and viability of the virus throughout a hospital ward and its associated HVAC system under different operational parameters will offer new insight into transport and transmission of SARSCoV-2 in the built environment as well as methods and

measures to improve the built environment and reduce transmission potential.Broader impacts: The outcomes of this study will be immediately applicable to hospitals, healthcare and senior living settings where a combination of COVID-19 high aerosolization events, PPE shortages, shared airspace, and proximity of staff and sensitive patient populations create unique built environment challenges. The project findings will also offer broad application across multiple other building and program typologies through similarities in HVAC systems and practices, through informing facilities staff, engineers, architects and administrators about the influence potential HVAC modifications may have on maintaining the health and safety of building occupants, and through spatial design and operation decisions.

Images (above): HVAC air filter swabbing samples used to determine the presence of Corona Virus Images (left): IHBE member Leslie Dietz swabbing building air filters serving the ICU ward at OHSU. Plan (opposite page): Patient room air and surface sampling strategy.

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HyPhy improves indoor air quality and occupational health while helping to mitigate climate change Funded by IHBE Carl Brozek - UO Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Mark Fretz - UO IHBE Jeff Kline - UO ESBL Dale Northcutt - UO ESBL Hooman Parhizkar - PhD Candidate, UO Department of Architecture Jason Stenson - UO ESBL Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg - UO IHBE

Summary

Figure: Model showing hypothetical integration of Azolla cyanobacteria with Mg-MOF-74. Image (opposite): Jeff Kline tests Azolla air purifying effectiveness under UV light.

Evidence is mounting that SARS-CoV-2 (that causes COVID19) lingers in the air indoors for long periods of time and poses an infection risk to nearby individuals. This evidence is corroborating what scientists have been saying for months: coronavirus has airborne transmission potential. Therefore, wearing masks, social (spatial) distancing, and supplying buildings with more outdoor fresh air are highly recommended as precautionary measures to slow down the community spread. However, for office employees who spend most of their time indoors not all these methods can contribute to increased health and safety, because outdoor air supply, even at high air change rates per hour (ACH), for example >12 ACH, does not necessarily provide sufficient protection.

Current average ACH for office buildings is ~0.7 and HVAC systems are not likely able to reach substantially higher levels, especially during periods of extreme outdoor temperatures, when increasing outdoor air fraction and ventilation creates difficulty maintaining indoor thermal conditions. Therefore, our research solution called HyPhy offers a different approach. HyPhy is a personal clean air pod where a micro-fern called Azolla is integrated into systems furniture to provide personalized air circulation and purification. The HyPhy modules contribute to pathogen decay through modifying air movement indoors, adding humidity, treating the air with UV lights, and natural bio-remediation. We call this personalized approach, “virtual ventilation,” since indoor air is improved without adding additional outside air and based on our preliminary findings and existing literature, we estimate that HyPhy air purifying pods can contribute to ~400 ppm reduction on indoor CO2 concentration which could result in a ~30 % increase in occupants’ cognitive function and decision-making performance. HyPhy personal air pods decrease risk of spreading pathogens indoors and provides localized fresh air to support human health and performance.

Azolla to Improve Indoor Air Quality and Occupational Health Azolla is a hydroponic fern that grows on water surface showing fast growth rate and high CO2 uptake rate of ~22 mmol⁄m2 due to symbiotic relationship in which Cyanobacteria receives Carbon and Nitrogen from the atmosphere in exchange for fixed nitrogen.

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Therefore, Azolla is capable of producing large mass of biomass enriched in Nitrogen in short period of time.

The CO2 reduction rate and resultant occupational health improvement was studied within IHBE lab and the result of this study is submitted as a journal paper in the journal of Indoor Air entitled “Indoor bioremediation: experimental investigation of indoor CO2 removal and resultant predictive models of cognitive function” and is currently undergoing peer review for publication.

Image (top): Concept furniture design for bio-based system of indoor air purification using Azolla fern as a novel bio-based technology to remove CO2 and indoor viruses directly from ambient air.

Figure (above): Schematic of chamber testing

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The paper concluded that Azolla is capable of removing significant amount of CO2 from the atmosphere. Its reduction rate is as high as twice the most effective bio-wall delivering the CADR of 0.88 m3 ⁄ h per square meter area under artificial LEDs and sunlight. The uniquely low ratio of volume/area lets it stack in vertical layers which makes it plausible to scale-up as a roombased strategy to reduce excessive indoor CO2 concentration.

Our study demonstrated that if Azolla were used as additional “virtual ventilation” for two well-known studies assessing CO2 concentration on cognitive performance, Azolla would reduce indoor CO2 concentration from 945 to 530 PPM (Allen) and 1000 to 620 PPM (Satish), without added outdoor air. While increasing ventilation rate is a proven strategy for diluting indoor CO2 concentration, outdoor based contaminants such as ozone and PM should be considered as possible confounding variables when cognitive function is studied in these field settings. Moreover, the effect of outdoor-based contaminants on human health should be studied further when excessive ventilation rates are applied.

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In addition to removal of CO2, Azolla could also simultaneously add humidity to the air as a strategy to reduce viral dispersal and infectivity indoors, an important consideration for the novel coronavirus. Moreover, studies show that Azolla is not physiologically harmed by Ultraviolet-B, thus UV lamps could be integrated into the closed loop to fight against airborne viruses.

The result of this paper became a basis for a grant proposal aimed at developing and testing a novel biobased air purifying technology to simultaneously: 1.

Provide personalized clean air breathing zones within indoor office buildings;

2. Reduce indoor air infectious viral transmission; 3. Reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration to improve occupant cognitive function and decisionmaking performance; 4. Prevent introduction of outdoor pollutants when air quality is poor; 5. Reduce energy consumption required from overventilation and thermal conditioning.

Currently, we are developing a comprehensive proposal for the grant RFA-ES-19-011 entitled “Mechanism for Time-Sensitive Research Opportunities in Environmental Health Sciences” announced by “NIH’s National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS).”

The project will use the hydroponic fern, Azolla, integrated into personalized workstation modules equipped with UV lights and air handling fixtures to modulate relative humidity, sequester CO2 due to Azolla transpiration, and bio-remediate indoor air. The project will be conducted in an existing environmental chamber with two human manikins with simulated respiration rates.

The chamber is configured with radiant field heating and cooling equipment to maintain thermal comfort, and ventilation equipment to regulate recirculated air and outdoor air fractions, with the ability to select alternate filtration efficiencies, all to simulate typical indoor office environments.

In order to achieve 2015 climate agreement which entails a portfolio of solutions to prevent warming beyond 2°C by 2100, we need to avoid CO2 emissions into the air from point sources and also permanently remove 10 Gigatons of CO2 directly from the atmosphere per year by 2050, and 20 Gigatons of CO2 per year the end of century.

“Chemical sorbents” such as hydroxides, oxides, alkaline salts, “Physical sorbents” such as zeolites, activated carbon, alumina, and metal organic frameworks (MOFs), and “Bio-mass energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS)” are among the technologies that have been

studied to potentially remove CO2 from the air.

However, many of these strategies have remained theoretical and unscalable. Direct air capture often involves significant energy, including operational energy input, sorbent regeneration energy demand, transportation energy, and capital cost which significantly makes the whole efficacy as low as 5%. On the other hand, bio-based solutions such as BECCS and reforestation come with the challenge of securing arable land which competes with the production of food and the price of land. In general, removing CO2 from ambient air is ~3 times more energy intensive than capturing CO2 from point sources which makes the process more challenging.

Azolla + Metal Organic Frameworks Based on the preliminary findings on our experimental study of Azolla, we are proposing a novel carbon dioxide (CO2) removal technology through the integration of bio-based sequestration with the physical gas separation capacity of super porous polymers, Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs), to transform cities into “synthetic forests” with the aim of capturing, storing, and utilizing CO2 directly from urban ambient air. Unlike previous direct CO2 capture strategies that utilize either physical or chemical removal of CO2, this strategy incorporates the application of Azolla, a fast growing hydroponic fern, with Mg-MOF-74, shaping the concept of rooftoppurification units for urban buildings as a joint chemical and physical removal concept. Azolla, with its highly CO2 absorption rate, is intended to act as a biological sponge to de-gasify MOF CO2 adsorption sites. Our specific aims for this study include: 1.

Characterize the synthetic features associated with the interaction of Azolla and MOF in a rooftop air handling unit for urban buildings;

2. Study the potential of Cyanobacteria as a biological sponge to reduce MOF’s heat of adsorption and increase MOF adsorption cycles; 3. Stretch MOF’s mass transfer zone through the biological capture of adsorbate by Azolla Rubisco; 4. Measure the net CO2 removal capacity of one AzollaMOF unit in a given cycle; 5. Study the features of Azolla biomass as a source of enriched nitrogen; 6. Develop an integrated foundation for building roof tops containing Azolla and free-standing MOF; 7. Evaluate the urban benefits of applying such technology at the scale of a city in terms of net CO2 reduction from ambient air as well reduction on building’s energy consumption.

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Image: Freres Lumber MPP Facility Lyons, Oregon - Credit: Mark Fretz

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Developing an application for mass plywood panels in seismic and energy wall retrofits Awarded by USFS Wood Innovations Mark Fretz (PI) - IHBE Jason Stenson - IHBE Andre Barbosa (Co-PI) - OSU Jörn Dettmer - OSU Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg (Co-PI) - IHBE Judith Sheine (Co-PI) - UO Department of Architecture, TallWood, IHBE

Abstract In the past decade, we have witnessed extreme weather events, forest fires and power outages on the West Coast, exposing millions of Americans to the loss of life, property and livelihood.

The U.S. Forest Service has responded to extreme forest fires with healthy forest initiatives, although small diameter logs have low market value. At the same time, the State of California is aggressively pursuing an energy code to achieve zero net energy in order to mitigate climate change. The California Energy Commission recently funded a $7.2 million EPIC award to develop existing building deep energy retrofit solutions for the state.

Finally, the energy focus, while urgent, does not address the other urgent West Coast need of seismic retrofits to pre-1990’s era buildings. We believe that braiding the need for healthy, resilient forests with the need for economically, energy and seismically resilient communities on the West Coast and beyond will make the business model for retrofits more attractive to building owners, manufacturers and contractors, increase much-needed resilient building stock and boost the market for small diameter logs.

Project Description The project is a collaboration between the University of Oregon’s Energy Studies in Buildings Laboratory and the Oregon State University through the Tallwood Design Institute. This project will demonstrate that a system of prefabricated panels built around MPP can be rapidly applied onsite to upgrade older buildings to meet or exceed energy and seismic codes. The panels will be factory-built, large enough to span multiple floors vertically for improved seismic performance and capacity, and capable of installation over existing siding. The first set of activities are the panel system design, culminating with the construction and testing for constructability and structural performance of a full-size portion of a building (see Figure 1).

The second set of activities will use the output from the design activities to document and demonstrate the system, and then disseminate the materials to industry stakeholders. The final set of activities will be to hand-off the design to the REALIZE project in California. REALIZE is a team in California focusing on mass deployment of zero-net energy retrofits consisting of: Rocky Mountain Institute, David Baker Architecture, Integral Group, Stone Energy Associates, Prospect Silicon Valley, UC Davis Energy Efficiency Center, San Francisco Department of Environment,

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1 4 3 5 7

2 6

Figure: Prototype mockup - lab strongwall 2) existing structure mockup 3) corner condition 4) eave condition 5) panel to panel condition 6) window condition 7) 2� MPP. Images (above and opposite): Freres Lumber MPP Facility Lyons, Oregon - Credit: Mark Fretz

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and the California Housing Partnership Corporation.

Our role will be to transfer our knowledge and provide technical guidance to the team and their manufacturers, contractors, and others as needed. Specific tasks include: Predesign (Task1): Define the design criteria and document. This will include energy, structure, attachments, moisture, constructability, geometry, and materials.

performance in a real- world situation. We will use video and still photography recording to capture key elements and events of the testing process. Quantitative results will be compiled, analyzed, and compiled into a technical report.

Cost analysis (Task 5): Use the data from Task #4 to estimate manufacturing and installation costs, both in materials and labor.

Structural design (Task 3): Develop an attachment system to transfer vertical and lateral loads between the existing structure and the panels. Also develop panel joints to transfer loads between panels and between panels. Five to ten small scale structural tests will be performed.

Industry outreach and dissemination (Task 6): We will disseminate the technical findings by several means.

Most importantly, key industry stakeholders will be invited to visit the mockup before testing. These include our collaborators at REALIZE and a limited number of our other contacts throughout the wood products and multifamily housing industries. We will develop promotional materials based on the technical report and distribute these strategically. We will publish an openaccess journal article in Energy and Buildings or similar and present the system at the ACEEE Summer Study conference or similar. Outreach efforts will begin in advance of Task 4.

Full-size test and demonstration (Task 4): Mockup a portion of a building to mount panels onto; this structure will model an older structure as expected to be found in the field. Test the ease of installation of each of the key attachment and joint details. Install sensors to monitor performance during testing. We will apply forces to simulate seismic loads to better understand and verify

Support REALIZE in a pilot implemention (Task 7): Hand off the design to the REALIZE team. We will advise REALIZE in choosing a pilot, manufacturing, system component design, and documenting outcomes by the conclusion of Wood Innovations funding. It is recognized that the pilot may not be complete at the conclusion of proposed project’s funding.

Envelope design (Task2): Develop the panels to meet the thermal and moisture requirements while considering cost and constructability. This design will consider windows and doors as well as prototypical panel-panel, panel-foundation, and panel-roof details. Note that these efforts will require a high degree of coordination with the parallel activities in Task 3.

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Overcoming market barriers to increase use of structural mass timber in healthcare environments Funded by USFS Wood Innovations Leslie Dietz - BioBE Mark Fretz (Co-PI) - IHBE Patrick Horve - BioBE Gwynne Mhuirech (Co-PI) - BioBE Jason Stenson - IHBE Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg (PI) - IHBE McKenzie Vanko - IHBE

Abstract The goal of this project is to accelerate the application of structural mass timber, such as cross-laminated timber (CLT), in outpatient healthcare construction. In particular, this project will address concerns related to hygienic and moisture performance of CLT, as well as exploring other challenges faced in mass timber construction. The project will engage with industry partners representing architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC), healthcare professionals, and policy-makers to advance the state of knowledge and market penetration of CLT in healthcare.

Healthcare construction is a large and growing sector; pioneering the use of CLT in this market would significantly increase utilization of small-diameter and lower-quality timber. Ultimately, successful implementation of this project would help achieve USFS regional priorities of supporting ecosystem restoration and wildland fire management, as well as Oregon’s State Forest Action Plan goals of protecting communities at risk of wildfire, maintaining the forestland base, and preserving diversity of upland habitats.

Project Goals and Objectives

Image: preparing bacterial strains as an initial innoculate for mass timber as a surrogate for common healthcare microbes

Structural mass timber products, such as cross-laminated timber (CLT), represent a sustainable alternative to the negative environmental impacts of concrete and steel in low- to midrise construction. In particular, CLT is well-suited for use in the growing US outpatient healthcare real estate market, since exposure to natural materials such as wood has been shown to have health benefits [1–7], and use of CLT can reduce costs by combining structural capabilities with a desirable finish aesthetic.

However, architects and developers have encountered market barriers related to growth of mold and potential for biological deterioration in response to wetting. These issues ranked third out of 117 research needs identified by the 2nd Mass Timber Research Needs Assessment [8]. Microbial overgrowth after wetting is of particular concern in healthcare, due to the presence of patients with vulnerable immune systems and stringent guidelines for fire sprinkler systems. CLT is likely to have non-uniform moisture content (MC) and drying rates, especially along gluelines, allowing for potential microbial growth even after bulk liquid exposure has been controlled [9].

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Image: CLT production line - Credit: Tallwood Design Institute

In addition, healthcare providers may view even dry, healthy CLT as a potential infection control hazard, due to myths about the poor hygienic performance of wood.

Contradicting these concerns, our previous pilot work indicated that viable bacterial load is low on dry wood surfaces in comparison with other common construction materials. Numerous other studies in healthcare, food production/preparation, and laboratory environments have concluded that wood performs as well, or better, than plastic, vinyl, or steel surfaces [10–13]. Because wood is porous and microorganisms can enter the fabric of the wood, they become unrecoverable by surface contact after a short period of time [14, 15]. While surface porosity may partly explain these results, wood also emits a class of VOCs known as terpenes. These terpenes may contribute to the low survival rates of several pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli [16–20]. Although some VOCs, like formaldehyde, contribute to negative health effects in humans, terpenes have been shown to have anticancer, anti-inflammatory, immune-activating, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties [21, 22]. For softwoods, including pine and fir, which are commonly used in the production of CLT, the majority (70-90%) of VOC emissions are terpenes [23]. VOC emission from wood fluctuates according to air relative humidity [24], but whether it changes in response to wetting is poorly understood.

Our overarching goal is to increase acceptance and market penetration of structural mass timber in healthcare construction by addressing barriers related to hygienic and moisture performance. To successfully achieve this goal, we will accomplish the following Objectives during the proposed project period: Applied Research: Examine how physical and chemical qualities of CLT affect microbial survival and growth and terpene emissions under dry and several different wetting conditions, which represent a range of duration and severity of moisture exposure.

Feasibility Analysis: Convene focus group meetings with industry stakeholders, including architects, healthcare professionals, facility managers, and policy-makers, to identify market barriers and explore potential solutions.

Document outcomes in a white paper.

Outreach & Education: Employ architectural design studio as a vehicle to further explore structural CLT in healthcare. Share research findings at academic conference(s) and journal(s). Disseminate focus group white paper among stakeholders and the general public.

Responsiveness to Wood Innovations Program goals and intent: By filling critical knowledge gaps and collaborating with AEC firms to understand market barriers, we aim to strengthen industry support for structural CLT in

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The increased use of mass timber, which can utilize small-diameter and lower-quality trees, will help improve ecological function of publicly- and privately-owned forests, reduce fire hazard in rural communities, and help retain and create jobs in the lumber and manufacturing industries, thus supporting Oregon’s State Forest Action Plan. Ultimately, these outcomes will help promote the economic and environmental health of rural communities across the US.

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healthcare and other ’B’ occupancy facilities.

For the Applied Research component of the project, we will assess the hygienic and moisture performance of sealed and unsealed CLT by quantifying microbial survival and growth and VOC emissions under dry and several different wetting conditions. To accomplish this, we will collect and analyze microbial and VOC samples from four replicates of each material over a 4- month period. Each replicate will be placed in a sterilized box, or microcosm, which will eliminate contamination from other sources while controlling ventilation, temperature and humidity conditions. The testing period will be broken into three phases: initial colonization under dry conditions, moderate short-duration wetting, and severe short-duration wetting. We will also conduct a longduration low-severity wetting experiment in parallel with the other testing phases. All materials will be passively inoculated with microorganisms in an occupied laboratory environment for 2 weeks prior to placing them in individual microcosms. In the initial establishment phase, samples will be collected 7, 21, and 35 days after being placed in the microcosms to characterize microbial survival and growth on dry, healthy wood. In the second phase, we will spray the materials with tap water for 45 minutes and allow them to dry passively. Samples will be collected after 1, 4, 7, 14, and 28 days. In the third phase, materials will be submerged in tap water for 8 hours and allowed to dry passively. Samples will be collected after 1, 4, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days. In parallel, a second set of materials will be exposed to a continuous water drip for 4 weeks, then sampled once per week for 9 weeks while drying passively. We will use DNA sequencing technology to characterize microbial survival and growth. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.

or remotely. We will define specific problem areas to concentrate on during each focus group, and subsequent sessions will build upon previous focus group outcomes.

Focus groups meetings will culminate in a white paper reporting identified barriers, prospective solutions, and knowledge gaps.

Finally, for the Outreach & Education component of the project, we will complete two separate subtasks.

First, we will instruct a mixed graduate/undergraduate architectural design studio focusing on evidencebased healthcare design using structural mass timber.

Professionals from the partnering AEC and healthcare organizations will attend midterm and/or final studio reviews, providing opportunity for fruitful interactions between students and industry professionals. Second, we will synthesize and disseminate the results of our Applied Research and Feasibility Analysis by presenting at a healthcare design-oriented conference, publishing in a peer-reviewed journal, and sharing outcomes broadly among stakeholders through our Institute for Health in the Built Environment (IHBE) Build Health updates.

University of Oregon USFS Wood Innovations Van Den Wymelenberg Project Narrative will be used to characterize and quantify VOCs. Wood moisture content, as well as temperature and relative humidity, will be measured with pin-type moisture meters.

During the first year, we will conduct a Feasibility Analysis by convening quarterly focus group meetings between architects, healthcare professionals, and microbiology researchers to address these and other potential barriers to using structural CLT in healthcare buildings. Currently, we have commitments from several large AEC firms, a large healthcare organization, and building code policymakers to participate in the meetings, and we will continue recruiting additional stakeholders prior to and throughout the project period. The initial meeting will be a half-day kickoff in workshop format, with in-person attendance. Follow-up meetings will be 1.5 hours and will allow flexibility for participants to attend in person

Image (above, top): CLT Press at OSU’s Emmerson Lab - Credit: TallWood Design Institute (above, bottom): CLT Post Production Process - Credit: TallWood Design Institute (left): Andrew Coelho, unsplash.com

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Recent Research Proposals

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Microbial genomic, transcriptomic, and survival response to common built environment lighting Proposed to the National Science Foundation David Coil - UC Davis Genome Center Leslie Dietz - BioBE Jonathan Eisen (Co-PI) - UC Davis Genome Center Mark Fretz - IHBE Patrick Horve - BioBE Gwynne Mhuireach - BioBE, IHBE Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg (PI) - IHBE

Since 1845, a large body of research has been conducted on the 1,2 3-7 effect of full-spectrum (sunlight) light, ultraviolet light, and 8-11 other wavelengths on mono-cultured bacterial survival and activity. There has been work into the effect of sunlight on the 12,13 skin microbiome, and a great deal of work on the effect of light and architectural design to improve health and comfort of human 14-16 occupants. Specifically, recent studies have demonstrated that visible light has the ability to not only decrease the overall 17 abundance of bacterial communities but also negatively impact 18 the colony-forming capacity of bacterial communities.

Yet, in addition to inactivating, killing, and sterilizing microorganisms, light is also a source of energy. There are at least seven phyla of bacteria and multiple lineages of microbial eukaryotes that have been shown to perform photosynthesis (fixation of carbon driven by using the energy from light). The processes in these taxa vary in many ways including in the type of electron acceptor and in the need for anoxic or aerobic 19-24 conditions. This divergence and specialization with respect to photon-utilization allows multiple species to occupy the same 25,26 environment, thus a wider spectrum of light allows for more microbial diversity. Although most commonly thought of as “outdoor” organisms, many photosynthetic taxa are found in the 27 BE. One study tracked Cyanobacteria in an office building, and noted that it was sourced from outdoor air sources (ventilation and the ground floor) and where human traffic was greatest, indicating that once inside, photosynthetic organisms might 28 be dispersed throughout the BE. Cyanobacteria and other photosynthetic taxa have a known association with house plants 29 when found indoors, and may be aerosolized and dispersed 21 indoors. In addition to photosynthesis, there are also many microbes that use the energy of light for other purposes and these also might be differentially impacted by changes in lighting.

Image (opposite): Dyu Ha, unsplash.com (above): American Natural History Museum, “When Good Bacteria Go Bad”

Research has established that changes in the environment around microbes likely leads to changes in the overall composition of 30-33 the microbial communities. But very little research exists on how light affects the MBE. Artificial lighting has been used 34 widely to stimulate photosynthesis in plants indoors, even so far as to provide spectral lighting personalized to the needs of individual plant species, and it is possible that artificial lighting in the BE might facilitate photosynthesis in microorganisms as

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Image credit: Kevin Reinaldo, unsplash.com

well. Most built environments, including office buildings, schools, hospitals and emergency rooms, churches, and certain locations within residential buildings maintain constant lighting during the day and often through the night. Artificial light at night (ALAN) breaks the typical diurnal cycle and has already been shown to have effects 35 36,37 on humans and animals. Similarly, preliminary investigations into microbes have hinted that ALAN may also impact the typical behavior of microbial communities, 38-40 though most specifics remain unknown.

In a previous study, we began to examine the effects of natural (solar) light on MBEs. We isolated homogenized house dust inside self-contained “microcosms” (sealed architectural models scaled down with typical room dimensions and window sizes) to 90 days of darkness, diurnal (solar) visible light, or solar UV light only, and

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found that the total living bacterial biomass at the end of the study was lower in dust that received a light treatment than dust in the dark. Moreover, dust that received a light treatment contained more bacteria which were “outdoorassociated” than the dust in the dark microcosms, which contained more human-associated bacteria. While it is unclear if these living cells are displaying more than the minimal activity required to maintain cell-structural integrity, it does show that viable bacterial cells exist in dust even after three months without additional microbial colonization from human or environmental sources, or without further addition of nutrients. Even more, these results suggest that light exposure acts to mediate the indoor dust microbial community. However, these results only demonstrate a change after a period of time but do not explain the mechanism behind this change in

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community composition or how microbial communities react to changes in lighting regimes.

Linking BE design decisions to microbial transcripts and phenotype

Studies on photosynthetic and soil-based bacterial communities have shown a strong diurnal cycle in bacteria, yet the response to light is specific to particular 41 bacterial taxa. Cyanobacteria, plant-associated bacteria, and other photosynthetic bacteria respond to plant species, and it is possible that artificial lighting in the BE might facilitate photosynthesis in microorganisms as well. Most built environments, including office buildings, schools, hospitals and emergency rooms, and certain locations within residential buildings maintain constant lighting during the day and often through the night. Artificial light at night (ALAN) breaks the typical diurnal cycle and has already been shown to have effects 35 36,37 on humans and animals. Similarly, preliminary investigations into microbes have hinted that ALAN may also impact the typical behavior of microbial communities, 38-40 though most specifics remain unknown.

Previous investigations into the MBEs have utilized a survey-based approach to attempt to correlate the architectural design decisions to the composition of 49,50 microbial communities.

While these studies are critically important for identifying the potential factors that play a role in the dispersal, colonization, and factors that influence the overall composition of MBE, they do not lend any insight into the mechanisms into why some members of the microbial community survive and others do not. By isolating our mock microbial communities in microcosms and using different lighting schemes independently of one another, we seek to gain an understanding of the rules and mechanisms that govern why some members of the MBE community persist while others perish. We seek to identify causal relationships between built environment design and microbial community composition, dynamics, succession, resilience, and adaptability. This serves as a first step towards being able to accurately predict and manipulate built environment microbiomes in a safe and sustainable way.

Furthermore, Cyanobacteria, plant-associated bacteria, and other photosynthetic bacteria respond to light by increasing RNA transcription, and thereby their activity, 41-42 particularly in the early morning. However, it has also been shown that changes in gene expression that are caused by light are not always immediately responsible 44 for changes in protein expression. Indeed, Cyanobacteria exhibit a diurnal cycle when cultured in the absence 42 of exogenous nutrients, though many other bacterial taxa respond to light by decreasing their transcription and activity during daylight, even if they are not 45,46 phototrophic bacteria.

However, this trend does not hold true for all bacteria. For example, it has been shown that Staphylococcus aureus responds to light exposure by increasing the activity of methionine sulfoxide 47,48 reductase, suggesting that there are other lightspecific responses that potentially remain undiscovered in non-phototrophic bacteria.

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5 8

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There are basic questions regarding light in the built environment that remain to be answered: 1.

Will light-inactivated (but surviving) microorganisms grow back in the absence of light? Are transcriptional changes induced when microorganisms do not experience light or experience non-diurnal lighting patterns?

2. Are daily transcriptional shifts due to diurnal light common across taxa and how do these impact microbiome structure?

3. How do these changes compare to axenic cultures of the same microbes?

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3. aluminum enclosure powdercoated with white color compression Figure: 1. 0.25� aluminum plate powdercoated with90% 40%LRV; LRV4.color; strap closure, 5. air/temp selaed thermocouple port; 6. diffused LED array operat2. neoprene gasket; 3. aluminum enclosure powdercoated with white ed on 8-hour simulated office diurnal cycle; 7. diffused LED array operated contincolor 90% LRV; 4.8.compression strap closure, 5. air/temp selaed uously 24-hours; aluminum plate; 9. demarcated sample locations thermocouple port; 6. diffused LED array operated on 8-hour simulated office diurnal cycle; 7. diffused LED array operated continuously 24-hours; 8. aluminum plate; 9. demarcated sample locations

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Tracking Clostridioides difficile in high-risk patient populations as they move through a hospital; a strain-level assessment of patient infections and room contamination Proposal Submitted to the National Institutes of Health - R01 David Coil - UC Davis Genome Center Leslie Dietz - BioBE Jonathan Eisen (PI) - UC Davis Genome Center Mark Fretz - IHBE Patrick Horve - BioBE Sue Ishaq (PI) - University of Maine Laszlo Kiraly (PI) - OHSU Robert Martindale - OHSU Gwynne Mhuireach - BioBE, IHBE Jason Stenson - ESBL, IHBE Lynne Strasfeld - OHSU John Townes - OHSU Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg (PI) - IHBE

Project Summary Currently, less than half of documented hospital-associated infections (HAIs) can be attributed to a specific infection source or operative procedure. Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) infections (CDIs) are particularly challenging as patients may be asymptomatic carriers, shedding C. difficile spores before, during, and after presenting clinical symptoms. The overall objective of this project is to characterize the temporal and spatial distributions of C. difficile strains in patients and the hospital spaces they occupy, and to elucidate the locations and probabilities of endospore transmission between the hospital environment and patients. Our preliminary data on CDI rates in inpatient units at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) indicate that hospital surfaces act as reservoirs for C. difficile spores, even after sterilization and cleaning procedures, and that patients with hospital-associated C. difficile infection (haCDI) pass through a limited subset of all patient rooms prior to developing clinical symptoms. Our central hypothesis is that hospital building spatial layout, room use patterns, and surface exposures contribute to haCDIs by providing reservoirs and vector routes for transmission of C. difficile spores. Our proposed research will contribute to the understanding of hospital-associated C. difficile epidemiology by utilizing a novel interdisciplinary approach that combines research of infectious disease, host-microbiome interactions, particle physics, ecological theory, and architecture to inform the development of interventions in hospital design and operations that can mitigate HAI transmission. We will do this by leveraging historic and current patient records, identifying patient and staff activities contributing to endospore dispersal, and collecting new data on C. difficile carriage in patients and subsequent dispersal in the hospital environment.

Results of this study will increase understanding of the hospital microbiome and its links to disease by tracking the distributions

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and genomic features of C. difficile strains isolated from 1) hospital surfaces, 2) symptomatic patients in a high-risk population, and 3) asymptomatic patients in a high-risk population. The proposed research, including the comparative pangenomic analysis of room and patient-sourced infectious agents and architectural features of the hospital environment, will be generalizable to other hospital-acquired bacterial infections. Knowledge gained from this study will inform the development of design and operational interventions to mitigate C. difficile transmission, such as limiting the assignment of high-risk patients to rooms near infection “hotspots� and limiting the overall number of rooms high-risk patients occupy. Our research may also inform new infection control or cleaning practices designed for more effective removal of C. difficile spores from particular hospital surfaces.

Research Design We plan to investigate the role that architectural design choices, including spatial, HVAC and plumbing configurations in patient rooms, contribute to healthcare provider and patient activities and rituals and subsequent C. difficile spore deposition, spread, and transfer. Pilot observational studies suggest healthcare facility design and inhabitant movements and activities contribute to the spread of endospores. We hypothesize that (i) activities such as hand washing, commode content disposal, toilet flushing and showering act to aerosolize and spread C. difficile endospores, and (ii) movement in and out of patient rooms by patients, visitors, and healthcare staff contribute to the spread of spores through healthcare floor-to-staff-to-floor transfer during daily activities and subsequent floor-to-patient transfer. We hypothesize that (iii) hospital engineering, such as lower required HVAC air exchange rates and outside air fractions in corridors and common areas, air pressure differentials (e.g. positively pressurized patient rooms relative to corridors), variation in relative humidity, and other abiotic factors contribute to the mobilization of C. difficile endospores from the primary source of shedding into higher traffic corridors and into patient rooms, common areas, and staff facilities.

In addition to building science factors, we will observe and characterize staff, volunteer, patient movement and spatial usage patterns within ward 14K to assess the role of architectural design in influencing spore transmission throughout a single, high-risk patient ward. Over the course of our study, we will connect architectural design with behavior and movement patterns. During our preliminary research, we observed that the spatial locations of bed, keyboard, handwashing sink and toilet room converged movement patterns into a single room zone, in which commode use occurred and toilet room particulates were observed to encroach. Furthermore, we observed that worksurface size and spatial locations increased the likelihood of placing patient supplies in the dispersal zone of wastewater drain sites.

Figure (above): Observed movement sequence in hospital rooms defined by room layout and landmarks define areas of high traffic Figure (opposite page): Spatial mapping of hospital ward level

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Therefore, at regular intervals, we will: 1.

Observe and record movement activity of staff, volunteers, patients, equipment and soiled waste throughout the ward and individual rooms.

2. Quantify movement frequency patterns in and out of patient rooms and anonymously monitor door open/ closed states.

3. Characterize room design anomalies across the ward.

Through direct observation, we will characterize building plan anomalies in patient room spatial layout and HVAC and plumbing performance (e.g. pressurization anomalies, ventilation flow rates, sink and floor drain flow rates, workspace adjacencies).

4. Characterize water dispersal patterns and distances from patient room sinks, patient bathroom sinks, patient showers, and patient toilets to assess water and spore aerosolization movement.

5. Track air particulates and relative humidity across all patient rooms within ward 14K and along ward hallways to assess potential spore aerosolization and transmission.

6. We will also work with OHSU building operations staff to collect relevant building automation system trend logs. This temporally and spatially resolved particulate matter (PM), temperature and RH data across patient rooms and ward will be used to assess potential for spore aerosolization events (e.g. showering, open lid toilet flush) and transmission via pressurization and mechanically-induced HVAC air movement.

Expected Outcomes Using a variety of environmental and occupant monitoring techniques, this research aims to understand the unique built environment microclimate within a single, high-risk patient ward, and the impact these factors have on C. difficile spore transmission. Using our environmental, occupant, and behavioral monitoring data, we will develop the following high-resolution mapping data that will allow us to analyze the relationship between specific factors of the built environment with C. difficile spore deposition and spread:

Âť Staff, volunteer, and patient movement patterns throughout individual rooms of ward

Âť Relative humidity, temperature and particulate

movement (PM) across ward over the course of the six-month sample collection period

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Âť High resolution water aerosolization and splash data from multiple locations in each patient room

Potential Problems & Alternative Strategies It is possible that we will find no links between the hospital abiotic environment and the spread of C. difficile spores. This would be valuable knowledge and would indicate that abiotic environmental factors do not play a significant role in spore transmission and thus do not need to be addressed through infection control protocols. It is possible that no relation will be found between patient, volunteer, and hospital staff movement patterns and spore deposition. In terms of infection control practices, this result would not represent a nullified project outcome and would inform the development of new, updated infection control protocols and further the understanding of C. difficile transmission dynamics. Here, we are adopting a graph-based approach to gain a mathematical understanding of, and to develop a novel statistical framework for, the study of CDI dynamics in buildings: namely, the ways in which building shape and connectivity between rooms, hallways, hospital operations, and abiotic factors (i.e. graph topology) are related to CDI incidence in space and time. We will synthesize the data collected to analyze spatial and temporal patterns of putative C. difficile.

Analysis We plan to synthesize the architectural, microbial, and patient data into a predictive statistical model based on the hospital microbiome and spatial patterns in patient HAIs. In thokey is context, networks (or graphs in mathematical terminology) are mathematical representations of rooms (nodes) that are connected by hallways or ducts (edges). These sorts of representations are widely used in ecology and physics to describe complex interrelationships between interacting entities and will be applied to transfers between the hospital environment and patients. Data collected will allow us to synthesize new genomic data with those mined from patient records. We will apply dynamic system theories to graphically link the networks of building architecture, microbiomes, and mathematical models from ecology and physics to patient. Graph theory has been successfully applied by our group to understand variation in the composition of bacterial communities across offices and classrooms in a university building. We will extend models from ecology, previously developed to study the movement of plants and animals in spatially-fragmented landscapes like islands or wetlands, in order to develop a novel theoretical framework for the study of microbiome dynamics in buildings. Of particular interest are the use of Laplacian matrices to study pattern formation on spatial

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Image credit: Luis Melendez, unsplash.com

networks in physics and ecology. Indeed, ecologists have already applied techniques from spectral graph theory and analyses of Laplacians to better understand the effects of river network structure on patterns of riverine population dynamics. We aim to adopt a similar graphbased approach to gain a mathematical understanding for using spectral properties of building graphs to investigate microbiome patterns at different spatial scales—from the individual room to the building wing, and eventually to the entire building. Model extensions include, but are not limited to, inclusion of microbe-microbe interactions and the study of multiplex networks (i.e. layered network) to simultaneously model microbial dispersal

via humans along building graphs and via advection of air pathways. By taking this iterative approach to designing new mathematical models, validating them with existing empirical data, and subsequently refining models to better fit data, we will have assembled some of the most essential components for a synthetic and predictive theory of indoor microbiomes. We aim to adopt a similar graph-based approach to gain a mathematical understanding of the ways in which building spatial layout and particular connectivity between rooms, hallways, hospital operations, and abiotic factors (i.e. graph topology) are related to C. difficile distribution and dynamics across this hospital “habitat.�

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Student Research + Creative Work

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Design for the “hydrosocial” cycle Masters of Science Terminal Project by Catherine Earley Catherine Earley - Graduate student, UO Department of Architecture Brook Muller - M.S. Committee Member, College of Arts + Architecture, UNC Charlotte John Jacques - M.S. Committee Member, Professor Emeritus, Clemson University Alison Kwok - M.S. Committee Member, UO Department of Architecture, IHBE Mark Fretz - Advisor, UO Department of Architecture, IHBE

Civilizations over history have risen and fallen depending on the hydrological cycle, and their adaptations to water abundance, or water scarcity, created integral cultural characteristics, traditions, and built urban forms. As humans acquired the ability to significantly alter the natural environment, we have inserted our built environments within natural hydrological cycles, forcing Nature to adapt to us in a cycle of reciprocal adaptations coined as the “hydrosocial cycle”.

Oregon Arizona

Tanzania

While the term hydrological cycle is traditionally used to describe the natural cycle of water on Earth (see Figure A), the “hydrosocial cycle” is a term proposed to define a hybrid between the natural water cycle and the actual water cycle, which is currently an amalgam of altered environmental systems and human interventions made on a quest to maximize freshwater availability. Each alteration to the natural system has ramifications on our freshwater resources, and new cultural relationships with water emerge as we adapt to those consequences. Over time, the alterations layer into patterns which influence cultural perceptions and treatment of freshwater.

As a designer, what is the significance of understanding the integration of social processes with the hydrological cycle?

Designers create the built environment where the hydrosocial cycle takes place, which, in turn, influences decision making around our freshwater resource. For my Masters of Science in Architecture degree, I performed three case studies on three different cities, focusing on the patterns of development of

Image (opposite): Cat Earley defending her thesis at the Energy Studies in Buildings Laboratory, Portland OR (above): Quantity of surface freshwater on Earth

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the built environments, urban water infrastructure, and the interactions of the cities with their surrounding environment.

Each study was located in a distinct environment, and was representative of a particular global water issue - drought, flood, and contamination (see Figure B).

Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Portland, Oregon

Across the three unique settings, the research demonstrated that inherited perceptions and expectations can limit how humans in different cultures react to water problems as they arise, entrenching societies in a status quo that fails to address the underlying factors that are detrimental to human health and the built environment, as well as to the natural environment. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania inherited a colonial water infrastructure system that the city cannot financially support and is difficult to adapt.

Tucson, Arizona, is dealing with the long-term ramifications of trying to export cultural expectations to a totally new environment. Portland, Oregon, has patterns of development which undermine important hydrological processes that would otherwise contribute to a healthier urban condition.

The second trend was that all three cities had developed a relationship of conflict with their environment, wherein natural systems were perceived as dangerous. The threatening nature of the environment was in part due to human interventions undermining the hydrological systems that function to counteract those threats, so that in the urban context, nature was poorly represented. This creates a negative feedback loop into the “hydrosocial cycle.”

Tucson, Arizona

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There are design solutions and strategies that can alleviate water issues in our cities but embedded social biases can be one reason preventing the actual implementation of these solutions.

Understanding how people view their freshwater resources, and why, is a crucial step to broadening limiting cultural lenses.

The case studies use macro-to-micro scale thinking to reveal important, widely unseen relationships that are at the root of the issue. Designers should consider how to represent these relationships to a community with a particular set of ingrained perceptions, layering large and small alterations to the public perception of freshwater to build into a community, or culture, a better pattern of sustainable water management.

1.

Water should be perceived in its entirety, instead of solely through a cultural lens.

2. Prioritizing nature based systems can create healthier built environments for humans, and does not need to be in conflict with urban environments.

3. Community engagement establishes ground-up changes for future water conservation.

Figure (opposite above): The hydrological cycle how it exists without human interference (opposite below): locations for sensitivity studies for this project (above): humans have inserted built environments within natural hydrological cycles, forcing Nature to adapt to us in a cycle of reciprocal adaptations coined as the “hydrosocial cycle.” (right): Population statistics highlighting the need for future water conservation.

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Airbender - Sports Product Design for healthy outdoor activity in urban environments Masters of Sports Product Design Terminal Project by Oli Bartoszek Oli Bartoszek - Graduate student, Sports Product Design Susan L. Sokolowski - Faculty Advisor, UO Sports Product Design, IHBE Mark Fretz - Faculty Advisor, UO Department of Architecture, IHBE

Airbender is an air filtration mask optimized for the airflow and moisture management needs of athletes. It eliminates the bulk and clinical aesthetic of other masks with a lightweight, packable, low profile, gaiter inspired design which ensures mask stability and maximum field of view.

Images (this page and opposite): from the UO Sports Product Design Student Oli Bartoszek’s terminal project and travels, used with permission - Credit: Oli Bartoszek

Developed by MS Sports Product Design graduate Oli Bartoszek using a rigorous process of research, ideation, prototyping, and testing, Airbender combines comfort, security, and aesthetic in order to increase the frequency of mask use to protect athletes, especially those most vulnerable with pre-existing conditions, against prolonged exposure to harmful airborne particles.

Watch the product testing here and here Watch the Product video here.

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1) 3D facial scans

2) Product prototype iteration

3) Wind tunnel construction

4) Mannequin mouth apparatus

4) Prototype iteration placed for testing

6) Wind tunnel testing

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ARCH 584 Modular MPP Housing Mass Plywood Panel modular affordable housing: a proposed solution for the health of individuals, communities and forests Funded by the University of Oregon Department of Architecture and Tallwood Judith Sheine - Instructor, UO Architecture / TallWood Mikhail Gershfeld - Structural Consultant, Cal Poly Pamona Mathew Weldon - Student, Department of Architecture Flynn Casey - Student, Department of Architecture Chiara Maggiore - Student, Department of Architecture

We are living in a time of converging crises. Rents and property values are soaring past the stagnant wages of the labor market, leaving many individuals and families unable to obtain housing and causing immense psychological and physical stress,

Images (this page and opposite): UO ARCH 584 Modular MPP Housing Studio, used with permission - Credit: Flynn Casey

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geographic dislocation and unhoused conditions. Climate change, with its documented public health effects, is creating more frequent wildfires and extreme weather events, exacerbating pre-existing health and resource inequalities. Healthy, energy efficient, and affordable housing that contributes to climate change mitigation is key to creating individual, community and planetary resilience, yet it is scarce in both rural and urban areas of our state and beyond. The Institute for Health in the Built Environment is collaborating with the disciplines of architecture, landscape architecture, law, and business together with industry, municipalities and the TallWood Design Institute to develop and

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Images (this page and opposite): UO ARCH 584 Modular MPP Housing Studio, used with permission - Credit: Mathew Weldon

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propose solutions to these issues through a systematic approach.

One proposed solution to simultaneously address housing affordability, climate change and health is through the use of panelized wood products. Mass timber panels are created through the composite action of smaller dimensional lumber layered in alternating directions, such as cross-laminated timber (CLT), or through layers of wood veneer adhered with alternating direction, such as mass plywood panels (MPP). Both products are created primarily from wood, which is a renewable resource with the ability to sequester carbon from the atmosphere. While CLT has been available in Europe for several decades and is now gaining North American market share as a structural material, its use has been mostly directed to commercial buildings. MPP is a new product produced by Freres Lumber of Lyons, Oregon and shows great promise for residential building applications due to its ability to be produced in thinner sections than currently available CLT, thereby using less wood fiber and lowering material cost.

Since harvested trees are peeled rather than sawn, MPP can use very small diameter trees (down to 5 inches), creating a market for trees harvested from healthy forest initiatives, which have climate, wildfire and rural economic co-benefits.

Module Assembly

Cladding Assembly

In addition to the climate and rural economic benefits, mass timber products have other distinct advantages over traditional stick frame construction. MPP can be produced in a variety of lengths and widths (12’ x 48’ as of this writing), which can be fabricated into modular housing units through automated digital workflows at an offsite centralized location to reduce construction time. Furthermore, the material can be rabbeted to integrate customized insulated glazing units (IGU), optimized for efficient material usage, and left exposed as a beautiful interior finish, thereby requiring less material and labor.

Configuration of Units

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Judith Sheine, Professor in the Department of Architecture at the University of Oregon and Director of Design for the TallWood Design Institute, is an award-winning architect who has been developing modular design concepts using mass timber panelized digital manufacturing in affordable housing. Sheine believes that “mass timber can enhance environmental stewardship, provide much-needed jobs in Oregon’s rural communities and, quite possibly, provide high-quality, affordable housing through digital fabrication and off-site construction.” This past winter term, Professor Sheine, together with structural engineering consultant, Mikhail Gershfeld, Professor in the Civil Engineering Department at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona taught a design studio that challenged students to use the new material in creative ways to develop workforce housing at a rural site in Stayton, Oregon and an urban site in Milwaukie, Oregon. The Milwaukie site was recently part of a Metro-funded cottage-cluster feasibility study that sought to further address affordability, health and climate by creating denser, walkable neighborhoods closer to the urban core. At the outset of the studio, the students toured the Freres Lumber MPP plant, both Stayton and Milwaukie sites, and met with City of Milwaukie Planning Director, Denny Egner, Assistant Planner, Mary Heberling, Climate Action and Sustainability Director, Natalie Rogers and Cascadia Partners, Garlynn Woodsong, as they began to conceptualize their projects.

While this work will be ongoing, the results of the winter studio revealed the ability to develop elegant design solutions for a single-family zoned lot in Milwaukie that increased density to 12 units, while maintaining open shared outdoor space, individual

Images (this page and opposite): UO ARCH Modular MPP Housing Studio, used with permission - Credit: Chiara Maggiore

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privacy and existing neighborhood scale and context.

Providence St. Joseph Health, the immediate neighbor to the west of the Milwaukie site, has organizational goals to be carbon negative by 2030 and a broader mission to address health not only through medical treatment but also through the non-medical determinants created by better designed and accessible built environments.

Therefore, Providence St. Joseph Health has taken an active role as a member on the Milwaukie cottage-cluster

advisory committee and in the outcome of the studio findings. University of Oregon alumna and Providence St. Joseph Health Standards and Design Director, Erin Couch, AIA, traveled to Eugene to attend the final studio review and share feedback and insight with students. We all learned that housing design solutions addressing health, climate and affordability are possible when we work across disciplines of academia, industry and municipalities and, this work must continue.

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Urban Farming and Human Skin Microbial Transfer 1. Julius B. Adewopo, Christine VanZomeren, Rupesh K. Bhomia, Maya

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A Unique Cross-Disciplinary Collaboration Between Architecture, Scientists and Industry at University of Oregon

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Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg, PhD

Director, Institute for Health in the Built Environment Director, Energy Studies in Buildings Laboratory Co-Director, Biology and the Built Environment Center Associate Professor of Architecture

Mark Fretz

Associate Director of Knowledge Exchange Institute for Health in the Built Environment mfretz@uoregon.edu 503 412 3656 | cell 503 539 0033

College of Design | Portland 105A White Stag Building 70 NW Couch Street University of Oregon Portland, Oregon 97209

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