Brooke Dexter
2
3
Not-yet-forever Embracing temporality in architecture Brooke Dexter
Opposite: Art collective ‘Incipit’ created a wire mesh sculpture as a public art installation on the waterfront of Marina Do Camerota in Italy.1
“ the future is the not-yet-now, 4
Opposite: The Temple of Forgiveness, created for Burning Man 2007 2
5
the past is the no-longer-now, and the present is the now that flows from future to past at each passing moment3
6
When we build in the now for the not-yet-now, are we giving in to the notion of the not-yetforever, Opposite: The MVMNT CafĂŠ in London, constructed in just 16 days to coincide with the Olympics, in progress 4
7
acknowledging the not-yet-now of the no-longer-now?
“ Can’t we make something happen here, 8
Image: Burning Man aerial photo 2013 5
9
if only for a 6 little while? �
10
“ [Pop-up architecture] is light, lyrical and cheap to 7 construct.�
Opposite: Winnipeg Skating Shelter s by Patkau Architect s 8
11
12
Left : B-and-Bee sleeping cells 9
13
“Utopia has been replaced with 10 micro-utopias.�
14
Architects can be mindful of the temporary nature of the structure when selecting materials, allowing for reuse and recycling.11
In fetishizing newness, do we contribute to a throwaway society?
Opposite: House NA by Sou Fujimoto Architect s with it s “whimsical, ironic, or other wise extreme living propositions“ 12 that it creates. 13
15
16
17
“ The line that separates ‘permanent’ from ‘temporary’ is blurred by economics.”15 Opposite: Shigeru Ban’s Cardboard Cathedral in Christchurch, NZ. Designed following the ear thquake that struck the city in Februar y 2011. 14
What is economical?
18
“ The idea that perhaps all buildings shouldn’t aspire to permanence represents a huge shift for architecture. Without that burden, architects, designers, builders and developers can take advantage of and implement current technologies faster.�16 But how fast is too fast?
19
Left: Morag Myerscough & Luke Morgan add immersive camera obscura to Mexico City Square.17
“ 20
“ We tend to view architecture as permanent, as aspiring to the status of monuments. And that kind of architecture has its place. But so does architecture of a different sort.�18
21
Back to the Future “Stick or twist: life’s ultimate question. With
altered, just renovated recently.’ Gustav
architecture, the dilemma is more pressing
Eiffel’s temporary tower survived way
still. Temporary buildings are redefining
beyond its intended tenure presiding over
cityscapes – but at the end of their intended
the 1889 Exposition Universelle. The same
lives should they stay or should they go?
can’t be said of Rosbif rival Skylon—a 1951
The conundrum seems particularly pertinent
Festival of Britain icon which lives on only
when analyzed from the windy viewing gallery
in the name of a restaurant. Churchill
atop Anish Kapoor’s very odd Orbit. Only
scrapped it, feeling it was too Soviet.”
six venues were built to be permanent for the 2012 Olympics; at Athens 2004, there
change, fashions swerve, we are fickle
were 22.”
consumers. ‘But,’ says Jim Eyre. ‘I find
“Making a temporary building permanent
Instant City 19
the idea of ‘nomadic architecture’
requires significant botching—soundproofing,
appealing. Temporary buildings can
insulation. ‘Why bother?’ jokes Philip Jodidio,
become more adaptable, transportable or
author of the insistently named Temporary
reconfigurable.’”20
Architecture Now! ‘The Eiffel Tower wasn’t Opposite: Archigram’s
“Society speeds up, technology fuels
22
The Eiffel Tower, designed by engineer Gustave Eiffel
The Cr ystal Palace, designed by Joseph Paxton for the Great Exhibition of 1851 in London, was closed six months
for the Paris 1889 World’s Fair, was intended to be
later, with the structure disassembled and then reassembled in the south London suburb of Sydenham Hill. 22
dismantled in 1909. 21
23 Usually built for temporary use, World’s Fairs’ buildings tend to be torn down after the event. In cases where structures have survived, Doskow has routinely photographed sites that do not tally with their former grandeur and optimism; they stand as relics to utopian visions of the past. “I love the tension of these very bizarre structures existing in today’s unforeseen environment. Not all of these sites were meant to be permanent. It’s a fall from grace,” says Doskow. “Countries spend millions of dollars on these temporary, spectacular events but then do not have much of a plan as far as how to deal with the aftermath of the site.”25
Buckminster Fuller ’s Montreal Biosphere, designed for the 1967 World Exposition. 23
Atomium, designed for the Brussels 1958 World’s Fair. 24
“ Maybe we’re more likely to immerse ourselves in something daring if it comes with a 26 limited shelf life.” 24
Right : Temple of Agape by Morag Myer scough and Luke Morgan 27
25
26
27 Opposite: Splash Adelaide makes progress in reviving par t s of historic Adelaide, Australia. 28
Taking on the “lighter, quicker, cheaper” approach, Splash Adelaide is an initiative set up to allow for partnership and co-creation with the community, activating streets and public spaces. More importantly, it gives the opportunity to test new ideas and see what works in a temporary format. Supported by executive leadership and an “experimentalist city council,” Splash Adelaide is given the freedom to override council policy.29
Allowing for “temporary rulebreaking” encourages “disruptive change”: “Splash Adelaide projects could break any council policy, but not break the law [...] The idea was to ‘consult by doing’ and to get businesses and residents to think about shared spaces in new ways. Becasue the interventions were temporary and experimental, there was no huge risk.”30
28
29 Opposite: Fragile Shelter by Hidemi Nishida 31
Despite consulting with Gehl Architects
“The recent housing and financial crisis,
to develop the plan, the development of
aging, and the scarcity of resources have
large-scale structures is minimal with Splash
led to the ‘post-crisis city’ with ‘austerity
Adelaide. The architecture that is created
urbanism’. Its side product is the proliferation
often employs the quick solution of cheap
of ‘flexible’, ‘portable’, ‘movable’, ‘pop-
wood pallets and shipping containers that has
up’ architecture. While this might not be
been seen many times before.
completely new, even more contemporary
Is this the next step, to amplify the scale,
architects seem tempted to invest in
bringing in architects in a more extensive
all kinds of immediate developments.
role? Where is the line between the wood
Temporary structures seem relevant in exploring alternative scenarios and reacting to instant challenges.”
pallet and shipping container architecture and the more innovative temporary architecture that might seek to shape the discourse in some sense? “Temporary use affords architects, planners, activists the opportunities to investigate unconventional solutions,
33
experiment with functions, allow for quick
In the discourse today, architects are
and flexible responses and circumvent some
described as “setting scripts instead of
bureaucratic planning procedures. Temporary
plans.”34 When the field presents so many
uses and structures are currently getting a lot
‘testing grounds’ today, “ ‘In these vacant
of attention, but can they still be considered
buildings and temporariness we’ve found a
as an alternative, unconventional and
niche in which we can create things,’ says
informal approach to development?”
Dutch architect Jan Konings.”35
32
30
“ This type of architecture can often be just that little bit braver”36 —The Royal Institute of British Architects
Opposite: The MVMNT Café by Morag Myer scough, constructed in just 16 days, located close to the Olympic Park in Greenwich, London. 37
31
...but what rule set does this type of architecture adhere to?
32
Radical Inclusion Gifting Decommodification Radical Self-reliance Radical Self-expression Communal Effort Civic Responsibility Leaving No Trace Participation Immediacy38
Opposite: The Temple of Promise, created for Burning Man 2015. 39
33
34
35 “We are becoming much more used to the idea of changing a piece of clothing year by year, rather than expecting to hang on to it for several years. Similarly, the idea of keeping a piece of furniture long enough to be able to hand it on to our children is becoming increasingly ridiculous. In this situation we should not be surprised if such articles wear out within their ‘welcome-life’ span, rather than their traditional life span. The attitude of mind that accepts such a situation is creeping into our society at about the rate that expendable goods become available. We must recognize this as a healthy and altogether positive sign.
Far left : Detail from the Alhambra in Granada, Spain 40 Left , top: Detail from The Arbour at Burning Man 2015 41 Left , middle: Detail from The Temple at Burning Man 2012 42 Left , bottom: Detail from Hayam Sun Temple at Burning Man 2014 43
It is the product of a sophisticated consumer society, rather than a stagnant (and in the end, declining) society.”44
36
“After the festival, there must be no evidence that we were ever there, down to the last screw, nail and wood chip.�45
37
Opposite: Uchronia from Burning Man 2006 during construction 46
Built to Burn
Excerpt from Playa Dust47:
cherish the structure as a holy site; everyone
spiritual life. The Temple can be mourned,
collectively releases it by means of fire. There
but with a sober awareness that every temple
revelatory moments be integrated into the
is no static or direct path to that liminalty
is ephemeral, in a state of not-yet rubble.
wholeness of life (including material life)
between constructing temples and destroying
Just like every other religious norm, text
without losing the desert-mind that makes
them, between Being and Nothingness,
and place, it is humanly constructed. Yet the
such moments possible?
between immanent reality and transcendent
currents of creativity that surge through the
truths. The contemporary seeker must
cells and souls of playa life make one wonder:
to this question. Artists and architects
continually nourish these tensions. When the
How did “humanly constructed� ever receive a
devote an inordinate amount of time, energy
Temple of Black Rock City is wholly inhabited
negative connotation? How did it come to be
and resources to the construction of a
and then ritually burned to the ground, a
associated with meaninglessness?
sacred Temple; tens of thousands of burners
fertile paradox is rekindled at the heart of
And now a question arises: how can
Burning Man offers illuminating responses
38
built to last to burn 8 days 48 70,000 people Right : Burning of the man at Burning Man 2012. 49
39
40
“ If the average shelf life of a high-tech object is less than eleven months, why on Earth does anything have to be built to be permanent? It should be all 100% disposable. You know, I think my laptop should be made of cardboard, or my mobile phone could be a piece of cardboard, or it could just be made out of something like sugarcane or bioplastic.”50
—Karim Rashid
41
Shigeru Ban’s Cardboard Cathedral 51
42
“pop-up”:
43
focus on the “up” and not 53 the “down” Opposite: The MVMNT Café by Morag Myer scough 52
44
45
Neglected Utopias of the Past “The 1984 World’s Fair in New Orleans—the
that clanged eerily in the wind, and a filthy
last exposition in the United States—went
fountain with beer cans and algae growing on
for the simple reason that we are now
bankrupt during the actual event.” [...]
the surface of the water, says Doskow.
a global, high-tech economy,” says Doskow.
“As for Doskow, her imagination was
As is the case with the villages, services
‘World’s Fairs have lost their relevance
“Anyone can glance at their smartphone
captured in 2006 while she was traveling in
and arenas built for the Olympic Games,
to learn about new technological or
Spain and came upon the World’s Fair site of
the economic advantages, legacies and
cultural achievements.’”55
Expo 1992 in Seville. She noticed the historic
aftermath of World’s Fairs’ sites are subject
architecture of Seville didn’t jive with the
to constant debate. Paradoxically, these
neglected site.
international festivals have been undone by
‘There were glaringly white, cruddy pavilion buildings, rows of empty flagpoles
Opposite: Paris 1937 World’s Fair, “Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne”, Graffiti, Palais de Tokyo, 2007 by Jade Doskow54
the very innovation and globalization that they advocated.
46
Barcelona Olympic Stadium (1992)
Athens Olympic Venues (2004)
Regenerating neglected districts and furnishing world-class venues56
A nation in debt and a city overrun by white elephants58
“It’s been almost 25 years since Barcelona hosted the 1992 Summer
“Venues that were built to meet the requirements of sports
Olympics, but the presence of the games and their outcomes are
federations (most of which get one chance every four years to market
still abundantly evident throughout the city. The improvements in
their events to a global audience) have proved useless to Athenians.
infrastructure, from the reopening of the city’s seafront to the roads
Poor urban areas have been left in the shadow of the white elephants,
that connect its boundaries, dominate the daily life of its citizens
with no sign of the ‘urban renewal’ that Olympic organisers, including
and visitors.”
London’s planners, are so quick to promise.”59
57
“A number of Greek officials admitted to the AFP that there was a lack of planning, and no one considered what they would be used for after the Games.”60
47
South Africa World Cup Stadium (2010)
Brazil World Cup Stadim (2014)
Demand to to pull down the most expensive World Cup stadium61
Bus depots and empty stadiums left behind63
“In Cape Town, authorities wanted to renovate an existing stadium,
“Despite the costs, and Brazil’s calamitous performance against
Athlone Stadium, to host the World Cup matches. This stadium is
Germany, many Brazilians believe the tournament was a success. Some
located in an impoverished district, Cape Flats, that could have
of the stadiums, including those in Brasilia and Manaus, will get a new
benefited economically from the project.”
lease of life when they host Olympic football matches in 2016.
“But FIFA insisted on a new stadium on Cape Town’s spectacular
But if previous World Cups are a guide, it will be a long time before
waterfront—largely to make the matches more attractive to its
Brazil’s stadiums become self-financing.”64
global television audience.”62
48
utilitas strength firmitas functionality venustas beauty
49
lighter faster cheaper
50
51
Lighter If architecture can be as “light as Twitter”66 today, what does this mean in terms of
components of string, plastic pipes and
materials? Temporary structures allow for
aluminum collars were all digitally modeled
more risk and reward with materials. With
and translated into a set of 2D drawings and
structures implementing materials that rely
data.”
on tensile systems, recycling and openness
allowed us to test the idea of a building
more flexibility than the average building.
that can respond to natural stimuli. Rather than simply sheltering us from the
College of Art and Design in Lacoste,
elements, buildings of the future could
France, implements this cohesion with the
connect inhabitants to their environment,
surrounding environment through its material
reminding them of its strength and
choices and lightness.
beauty.”65
“Windshape (opposite) was constructed
Lacoste, France 65
“Windshape was a laboratory that
with the environment, for example, there is Windshape, a project built for Savannah
Opposite: Windshape by nArchitect s in
measured fabrication methods. The basic
Windshape responds to the wind,
by nArchitects and a team of SCAD students
creating a swaying enclosure in the midst
over a period of five weeks. The architects
of the heavy limestone walls and terraces of
developed a construction sequence that
Lacoste’s hillside.
optimized the use of measured and non-
52
“ Permanent, masonry-heavy architecture will continue to drill down into the ground, but architecture as light as Twitter can risk more—beginning with the need to invigorate neglected or marginalized public space right now.”66 —The Globe and Mail
53
Temple of Agape by Morag Myer scough and Luke Morgan 67
54
55
Faster D.C., a later bloomer in the “lighter, faster,
a dining and retail complex from salvaged
cheaper” movement, started implementing
shipping containers as the “lovechild of
these methods in temporary projects
community developer Urban Space and
and installations in particular with
cultural mavens Jennifer Louise Lyon and
LUMEN8Anacostia in 2012, bringing event-
Joann Kim-Nunez.”71
based building to the city to bring attention
Vacancy is seen as an opportunity, and permanence is seen as optional.”72
to a neighborhood thought to be “too remote, too dangerous, and too empty to be worth a visit.”69 “Can a few days’ use of a warehouse that’s supposed to be turned into an office building* soon actually have that kind of effect? Not by itself—Anacostia will need the critical mass of stuff to do what Gautier mentions, and that takes a lot more than a party.”70 Opposite: Shigeru Ban’s Paper Temporar y Studio on top of the Pompidou, designed for Kyoto Univer sity of Ar t and Design 68
Similarly, Dekalb Market in Brooklyn created
When the brick-and-mortar buildings can’t keep up, do we push for a temporary certificate of occupancy for buildings to be easier than a permanent one?
56
57
“ Can ‘guerrilla architecture’ be used to promote radical collective ideas?”73 Temporary architecture, largely due to its
comprises a shelter built from recycled
“This methodology seeks to promote
speed, can experiment with new tactics and
materials that is available to anyone who
public participation as an act of resistance
present something we haven’t seen before. If
needs a place to stay.”
against urban restrictions,” says Malka. “It is
the projects that are being called ‘guerrilla
“The two-story structure rests against
a colonization of neglected public spaces by
architecture’ are fast, clever and resourceful,
the exterior wall of an inner-city house in
the participation of a non-specialized labor
they can keep up, or even outpace the average
Heerlen, Netherlands, and is supported by
collective that elaborates on prefabricated
brick-and-mortar building, physically and
scaffolding. The primary building material is
and hijacked construction systems.”73
ideologically.
a collection of salvaged windows and doors
Acting as a parasite, this type of
“Created by French architect Stéphane
of various shapes and sizes, which have been
architecture feeds on the existing permanent
Malka, who has a keen interest in using his
assembled together and still open inwards,
structure, but offers new possibilities and
skills to help reclaim neglected inner-city
outwards and slide or pivot, depending on
poses some tough questions for what we ask
areas for those less fortunate, [Bow-House]
their type.”
from our built environment.
Opposite: Bow-House by Malka Architecture in Heerlen, Netherlands73
58
Left , top: The Christchurch Catholic Cathedral after the ear thquake that rocked Christchurch, New Zealand on Februar y 22, 2011 74 Left , bottom: Shigeru Ban’s Cardboard Cathedral for Christchurch, using 60-centimeter (24 in) diameter cardboard tubes, timber and steel, polycarbon roofing, and eight shipping container s for the walls. 75 Opposite: Shigeru Ban’s drawings of the Cardboard Cathedral 76
59
60
61
Cheaper Shigeru Ban, often recognized for his work with ‘paper architecture,’ particularly in
the inexpensive architecture that architects
response to natural disaster and creating
like Shigeru Ban are designing, while using
temporary housing, is taking a stand against
new materials and innovative ways of
the expensive nature of architecture.
designing. This can push what we expect
“I was very disappointed in my profession
down, allowing for us to conceive of and
we are not working for society. But we are
create less expensive temporary structures.
78
If disaster relief is working at the opposite
Rintala Egger t sson Architect s for SALT ar t and architecture festival on the island of Sandhornøya 77
If we consider the cost of the many steps of building, the many phases of approval
end of the spectrum, developing fast and
and the many hands a building passes
inexpensive solutions for housing, where can
through, is there a way to streamline this,
we sit between these two extremes?
to design the building and build it faster?
Temporary architecture has the possibility
designed by Nor wegian practice
from architecture, while keeping the cost
as an architect. Because we are not helping, working for privileged people.”
Opposite: One of three structures
two. Implementing some of the strategies of
The tension exists between this reduced
to sit between these two points on the
cost for time and stages and the materials
spectrum and create a tension between the
and methods we implement.
62
Left , top: Assembly of the PDU, or por table dining unit , designed with the emerging chef in mind. 79 Left , bottom: Images of a fully assembled PDU, designed by EDG. 80
63
“ If the [Dymaxion] house had been put into production in 1933 it was estimated to have cost $1,500, when the average cost for a new home in the U.S. was $8,000.”81 PDUs are chasing after another method of
“Imagine a complete dining experience
guerrillas’ opportunities for rapid deployment
cheap architecture, creating a space in a time
anytime, anywhere– spontaneous service with
and disassembly in the mobile culinary
of need. Within the category of temporary
gourmet savvy and a street-food vibe. PDU
market. The lightweight translucent shell
architecture for dining, EDG is creating the
(portable dining unit) is designed with the
unfolds like a giant piece of origami to create
“food trucker’s dream.”
young emerging chef in mind – pop-up chefs
an intimate dining scene, while allowing
and food truckers with not a lot to spend on
daylight to filter through.”82
By reappropriating public space, EDG hands over the power of space to the individual, the
dining environments who still want to connect
‘food trucker.’ This idea is becoming more and
with their guests in a memorable way. A novel
more common; to take over public space or
combination of collapsible screens, portable
build off of an existing building or space.
tables and folding chairs offers ‘culinary
64
65
“ I find the idea of ‘nomadic architecture’ appealing. Temporary buildings can become more adaptable, transportable or reconfigurable.”84
Opposite: A-Kamp47 by Malka Architecture in Marseille83
66
Opposite: Snarkitecture’s Drift entrance pavilion for Design Miami/ 2012, giving a “standard white par ty tent a makeover with a suspended landscape of white vinyl tubes.” 85-86
Celebrating the Experiment
In the design of temporary structures, the
architecture, primarily pavilions, in its efforts
Aranda says of the challenges in designing
element of surprise is often critical to the
to showcase luminaries from the worlds of
the structure. To realise their vision, Aranda/
perceived success of the architecture.
design, architecture, art and fashion.
Lasch closely collaborated with leading
Suspension, inflatables and bold material
88
Each December, an early-career architect/s
US tent manufacturer, EventStar, which is
choices are all tools often implemented in
is commissioned to build a designed
based in Miami. Alain Perez, EventStar’s
these types of structures due to their short
environment for the fair’s entrance as part of
founder, explains; “The space required new
lifespan, allowing for experimentation.
its Design Commissions program. In the push
engineering to meet building permits while
to celebrate cutting-edge art and design, the
pushing things like spans and marrying all
structures have to innovate and experiment.
the functional needs within the design.” One
Excerpt from The Future of Architecture in 100 Buildings: “Scientists have laboratories. Architects have pop-ups. These temporary structures are tiny experiments in form and space.”
87
Design Miami/ can serve as an example of a pop-up event, commissioning temporary
Excerpt from “Design Miami temporary structure by Aranda\Lasch” in 2008: “‘The ground seldom shifts within the tent industry because there are so many technical constraints. It’s very difficult to innovate,’
of these challenges was to accommodate the height of the structure, which reaches 40ft (just over 12 meters).”89
67
68
69
“ My goal of the design is not when it’s completed. My goal is when the building is demolished.”91 —Shigeru Ban
Opposite: Unbuilt, Design Miami/ Pavilion, a collaboration between Design Miami/ and Harvard Graduate School of Design90
70 1. “‘Incipit’ Wire Mesh Sculpture for Italian
Permanent.” Washington City Paper:
to “Whatever Happened to Total
Festival Meeting del Mare.” Yellowtrace.
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October 15, 2015. http://www.
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Jouissance of the Bouroullec Brothers.”
yellowtrace.com.au/incipit-wire-mesh-
housingcomplex/2012/04/25/temporary-
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Photography. Accessed November 25,
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