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Early Writting Systems
Early Writting Systems
During this Time in History
Trilingual cuneiform inscription of Xerxes
The Early Dynastic Period (2900-2334 BCE) saw the subtle shift from a priest-king (known as an esni) to a more modern-day concept of `king’ known as a Lugal (`big man’). The city-states of Sumer during this time fought for control of arable land and water rights until the rise of the First Dynasty of Lagash in 2500 BCE. Under their king Eannutum, Lagash became the centre of a small empire which included most of Sumer and parts of neighboring Elam. This empire was still extant under the king Lugal-Zage when a young man, who later claimed to have been the king’s gardener, seized the throne. This was Sargon of Akkad who would go on to found the Akkadian Empire (2234-2218 BCE), the first multi-national empire in the world and, it is thought, based on the model set by Eannutum. The Akkadian Empire ruled over the majority of Mesopotamia, including Sumer, until a people known as the Gutians invaded from the north (the area of modernday Iran) and destroyed the major cities. The Gutian Period (c. 2218-2047 BCE) is considered a dark age in Sumerian history (and Mesopotamian history overall) and the Gutians were universally reviled by Sumerian writers in later histories, most of which consider them a punishment sent by the gods. Egypt was dying by the fourth century AD, the “old” ways were largely concentrated in the south of Egypt and the remote Western Desert oasis of Siwa. Perhaps the most important sanctuaries were concentrated on the temple-island of Philae, on what was then the country’s southern border. It was there that last inscription in hieroglyphs was made in 394 AD, as well as the final example of its hand-written form, demotic, in 452 AD, and it was here that the last pagan sanctuaries in the Nile Valley were forcibly closed in 553 AD
A section of the Papyrus of Ani.
5th century BCE
1250 BCE
Aplhabet During this Time in History
Aplhabet Greek: Dipylon inscription
The alphabet had become more simplified from previously used written characters. The Greek alphabet is the script that has been used to write the Greek language since the 8th century BC. In its classical and modern forms, the alphabet has 24 letters, ordered from alpha to omega. The Etruscan alphabet had 26 letters corresponding to contemporary forms of the Greek alphabet which retained san and qoppa but which had not yet developed omega. The Roman alphabet had 23 letters and lower case ones as well. The character represented the sounds they made when spoken. Schools popped up where the roman people would send their son’s or daughter’s to learn the basic principles of reading and writing the new formed language, if they could afford it. Almost all of the peoples of Rome could read this new simplified language so trade opened up almost globally. And Rome made sure people knew they owned their lands by posting SPQR which stood for “The Senate and People of Rome”
Etruscan: Etruscan cippus (grave marker) from the necropolis Crocifisso del Tufo outside Orvieto
750-700 BCE
8th-4th century BCE
Asian Contribution
Roman: The Ruins of Carthage
During this Time in History
As a method of printing on cloth, the earliest surviving examples from China date to before 220, and woodblock printing remained the most common East Asian method of printing books and other texts, as well as images, until the 19th century. The Chinese had thousands of characters so woodblock printing was easier for them to use, than other methods like moveable type or cuneiform. It is clear that woodblock printing developed in Asia several centuries before Europe. The Chinese were the first to use the process to print solid text, and equally that, much later, in Europe the printing of images on cloth developed into the printing of images on paper (woodcuts). One of the main differences is how beautiful their type is from say ancient Rome’s serif font. Europe started to use this technique n the mid-15th century. Skilled craftsman could carve fantastic image into them as well and book printing was made easier because of this technique. As for the Diamond Sutra’s original scroll eventually disappeared and lay undisturbed until its discovery a thousand years later, unearthed along with the Dunhaung manuscripts in one of the Caves of the Thousand Buddhas in Turkestan, along the Silk Road trading route.
146 BCE
Asian Contribution
Illumibnated Manuscripts During this Time in History
Diamond Sutra from Tang Dynasty China
The term “illumination” originally denoted the embellishment of the text of handwritten books with gold or, more rarely, silver, giving the impression that the page had been literally illuminated. In medieval times, when the art was at its height, specialization within scriptoria or workshops called for differentiation between those who “historiated” (i.e., illustrated texts by relevant paintings) and those who “illuminated” (i.e., supplied the decorative work that embellished initial capital letters and often spilled into margins and borders and that almost invariably introduced gold in either leaf or powdered form). The two functions sometimes overlapped, particularly when drolleries and other irrelevancies began to populate initials and borders, and even in medieval times the distinction was often blurred. In modern times the term denotes the illustration and decoration of early manuscripts in general, whether or not with gold.
May, 11 868
Illumibnated Manuscripts
Rise of Printing in Europe, Renaissance Graphic Design Map of Renaissance Graphic Design
Christ in Majesty Artist Unknow
400-600
Rise of Printing in Europe, Renaissance Graphic Design
Rise of Printing in Europe, Renaissance Graphic Design
During this time. (1400’s-late 1600’s)
If the Renaissance role in the rise of modern science was more that of midwife than of parent, in the realm of technology the proper image is the Renaissance magus, manipulator of the hidden forces of nature. Working with medieval perceptions of natural processes, engineers and technicians of the 15th and 16th centuries achieved remarkable results and pushed the traditional cosmology to the limit of its explanatory powers. This may have had more to do with changing social needs than with changes in scientific theory. Warfare was one catalyst of practical change that stimulated new theoretical questions. With the spread of the use of artillery, for example, questions about the motion of bodies in space became more insistent, and mathematical calculation more critical. The manufacture of guns also stimulated metallurgy and fortification; town planning and reforms in the standards of measurement were related to problems of geometry. The Renaissance preoccupation with alchemy, the parent of chemistry, was certainly stimulated by the shortage of precious metals, made more acute by the expansion of government and expenditures on war.
Newspaper article (1609)
1609
Typography in the 18th century During this time. (1700’s-1800’s)
Typography in the 18th century France: Romain du Roi
The Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, is the name given to the period in Europe and America during the 1700s when mankind was emerging from centuries of ignorance into a new age enlightened by reason, science, and respect for humanity. People of the Enlightenment were convinced that human reason could (1) discover the natural laws of the universe and (2) determine the natural rights of mankind; (3) thereby unending progress in knowledge, technical achievement, and moral values would be realized.[2] This new way of thinking led to the development of a new religious thought known as (4) Deism. Deists believed in God as a great inventor or architect who had created the universe then allowed it to function like a machine or clock without divine intervention. Although Deists believed in a hereafter, they believed human achievement and happiness should be the focus of this life rather than the life to come. Benevolence toward less fortunate people, (5) humanitarianism, resulted.
1692
Typography in the 18th century Rococo: Pouce andManuel Typographique, fournier le jeune
Typography in the 18th century Artist: Caslon
Artist: Baskerville
1730-1804
1728
1766
Typography in the 18th century Information Graphics
Typography in the 18th century Bodoni
William Playfair graph
Graphing functions and Inequalities
1821
1798
Typography in the 18th century
Industrial Revolution and Typographic Explosion
Didot
During this time. With the Industrial Revolution came inventions that promoted economic growth and enhanced agricultural production. Eli Whitney’s cotton gin and the new American textile mills made available mass-produced fabrics and clothing. Improved systems of transportation moved goods swiftly across the countryside. With Robert Fulton’s steamboat, the new National Road, the Erie Canal, and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, the Transportation Age officially began. People had the freedom and means to travel greater distances than ever before. While the southern economy remained agricultural, the north became increasingly industrialized and urbanized. Some entrepreneurs and factory owners made fortunes. However, the immigrants who flocked to the cities encountered grueling and dangerous working conditions. Some employers created villages that provided for their workers needs, but most saw no need to modify inhospitable working environments. American culture experienced a creative freedom with the writings of Poe, Hawthorne, Melville, Stowe, Thoreau, and Emerson. In 1855, Walt Whitman created a new, democratic American verse in his groundbreaking collection Leaves of Grass.
1784-1811
Industrial Revolution and Typographic Explosion
Industrial Revolution and Typographic Explosion Smoke Stacks
Leupold Steam Engine
1720
Industrial Revolution and Typographic Explosion
Industrial Revolution and Typographic Explosion Fat Face
Antique Olive
Egyotienne Slab-serif
1833
1815
1815
Industrial Revolution and Typographic Explosion
Industrial Revolution and Typographic Explosion Tuscan
Bloque 3D
1859
Reversed
Sans
1863
Industrial Revolution and Typographic Explosion
Industrial Revolution and Typographic Explosion Printing Press
Linotype Machine
Improved Paper
1804
1884
Industrial Revolution and Typographic Explosion Photo of Salford
Victorian Era During this time.
In May 1857 soldiers of the Bengal army shot their British officers, and marched on Delhi. Their mutiny encouraged rebellion by considerable numbers of Indian civilians in a broad belt of northern and central India - roughly from Delhi in the west to Benares in the east. For some months the British presence in this area was reduced to beleaguered garrisons, until forces were able to launch offensives that had restored imperial authority by 1858. British public opinion was profoundly shocked by the scale of the uprising and by the loss of life on both sides - involving the massacre by the rebels of captured Europeans, including women and children, and the indiscriminate killing of Indian soldiers and civilians by the avenging British armies. Shock inevitably stimulated much self-examination, out of which emerged an explanation of these terrible events; this explanation has exercised a powerful influence over opinion in Britain ever since.
Lithography Currier & Ives
1856
Victorian Era Great Exhibition of 1851
1851
Victorian Era A Magazine of the Era
Arts and Crafts Movement During this time.
Arts and Crafts Movement Mackmurdo
Oct 28, 1886: Statue of Liberty deicated. Originally known as “Liberty Enlightening the World,” the statue was proposed by the French historian Edouard de Laboulaye to commemorate the Franco-American alliance during the American Revolution. Designed by French sculptor Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi, the 151-foot statue was the form of a woman with an uplifted arm holding a torch. Its framework of gigantic steel supports was designed by Eugene-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc and Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel, the latter famous for his design of the Eiffel Tower in Paris. In February 1877, Congress approved the use of a site on New York Bedloe’s Island, which was suggested by Bartholdi. In May 1884, the statue was completed in France, and three months later the Americans laid the cornerstone for its pedestal in New York Harbor. In June 1885, the dismantled Statue of Liberty arrived in the New World, enclosed in more than 200 packing cases. Its copper sheets were reassembled, and the last rivet of the monument was fitted on October 28, 1886, during a dedication presided over by President Cleveland and attended by numerous French and American dignitaries.
1883
Arts and Crafts Movement Morris Trellis Wallpaper
Arts and Crafts Movement
Goudy
Century Guild
1862
1884
1924
Art Nouveau
Art Nouveau
During this time.
FLowering Plum Tree Gogh, Vinvent V
In 1890 there was the Triple Alliance which was an agreement among Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy to help each other under certain circumstances. The Germans also had a secret Re-Insurance Treaty with Russia to ensure that they never had to fight a war on two fronts. Neither France nor Britain were members of these agreements. In 1893 the Germans refused to renew the Re-Insurance Treaty with Russia, preferring closer links with Austria-Hungary. In 1894 Russia and France came together in an alliance backed up by financial, industrial and military help. Germany now found herself surrounded by potential enemies and having to face the real possibility of fighting a war on two fronts.
Four Season Mucha, Alfons
Faced with this threat the German General Staff began to plan for a war against both France and Russia and this eventually became the Schlieffen Plan with its emphasis on speed and the need to invade neutral Belgium.
1887
1895
Art Nouveau
Art Nouveau
Dancers Reward Aubrey Vincent Beardsley (21 August 1872 – 16 March 1898)
Behrens-haus
Toulouse-Lautrec 1891 Youth 1896 van de Velde 1895
Modernism
Modernism
During this time. . The year 1900 ushered a new era that changed the way that reality was perceived and portrayed. Years later this revolutionary new period would come to be known as modernism and would forever be defined as a time when artists and thinkers rebelled against every conceivable doctrine that was widely accepted by the Establishment, whether in the arts, science, medicine, philosophy, etc. Although modernism would be short-lived, from 1900 to 1930, we are still reeling from its influences sixty-five years later.
Falling Water Frank Lloyd Wright 1937
How was modernism such a radical departure from what had preceded it in the past? The modernists were militant about distancing themselves from every traditional idea that had been held sacred by Western civilization, and perhaps we can even go so far as to refer to them as intellectual anarchists in their willingness to vandalize anything connected to the established order. In order to better understand this modernist iconoclasm, let’s go back in time to explore how and why the human landscape was changing so rapidly. By 1900 the world was a bustling place transformed by all of the new discoveries, inventions and technological achievements that were being thrust on civilization: electricity, the combustion engine, the incandescent light bulb, the automobile, the airplane, radio, X-rays, fertilizers and so forth. These innovations revolutionized the world in two distinct ways. For one, they created an optimistic aura of a worldly paradise, of a new technology that was to reshape man into moral perfection. In other words, technology became a new religious cult that held the key to a new utopian dream that would transform the very nature of man. Secondly, the new technology quickened the pace through which people experienced life on a day to day basis. For instance, the innovations in the field of transportation and communication accelerated the daily life of the individual. Whereas in the past, a person’s life was circumscribed by the lack of mechanical resources available, a person could now expand the scope of daily activities through the new liberating power of the machine. Man now became literally energized by all of these scientific and technological innovations and, more important, felt a rush emanating from the feeling that he was invincible, that there was no stopping him.
Glasgow School 1910
Modernism
Modernism
Jugendstil Owls 1897
Picasso Outside
Behrens-watch Uncle Same 1916
Modernism
Bauhaus
Composition with Yellow and Blue 1942
Akzidenz Grotesk 1896
Bauhaus 1919
During this time. (1919-1933) In 1919, army veteran Adolf Hitler, frustrated by Germany’s defeat in World War, which had left the nation economically depressed and politically unstable, joined a fledgling political organization called the German Workers’ Party. Founded earlier that same year by a small group of men including locksmith Anton Drexler (1884-1942) and journalist Karl Harrer (1890-1926), the party promoted German nationalism and anti-Semitism, and felt that the Treaty of Versailles, the peace settlement that ended the war, was extremely unjust to Germany by burdening it with reparations it could never pay. Hitler soon emerged as a charismatic public speaker and began attracting new members with speeches blaming Jews and Marxists for Germany’s problems and espousing extreme nationalism and the concept of an Aryan “master race.” In July 1921, he assumed leadership of the organization, which by then had been renamed the Nationalist Socialist German Workers’ (Nazi) Party. Through the 1920s, Hitler gave speech after speech in which he stated that unemployment, rampant inflation, hunger and economic stagnation in postwar Germany would continue until there was a total revolution in German life. Most problems could be solved, he explained, if communists and Jews were driven from the nation. His fiery speeches swelled the ranks of the Nazi Party, especially among young, economically disadvantaged Germans.
Bauhaus
The New Typography
Composition Z VIII 1924
Stadelwand Herbert Bayer 1936
During this time. (1900’s) The Great Depression, which began in 1929, resulted in the most serious disruption in European economic life since the advent of industrialization. Despite numerous problems, mostly related to the Great War and the Versailles Treaty, by the mid-1920s mild optimism had appeared justified. A reduction of reparation payment schedules and a growing atmosphere of trust, suggested that Europe’s troubles could be resolved peacefully. The widespread development of new products like the radio and the automobile further supported the optimistic mood. Yet these signs proved tragically misleading. The economy of the West crashed when the largely unregulated speculation on the New York stock exchanges permitted a rapid sell-off of securities that created a ripple effect throughout the world economy. Every nation of Europe was seriously affected. In all countries that were still democratic, assaults were made on the parliamentary system of government.
The New Typography Tschichold (1925) Sabon 2
The New Typography
Gills Seahorse
Futura in, light semi-bold,and bold 1927
The New Typography
Kabel by Koch 1927
The New Typography
Morrison, Times 1934
Isotype 1936
American Modernism
American Modernism
During this time. (1940’s) 1940 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1941 • • • • •
Battle of Britain Leon Trotsky Assassinated Nylons on the Market Stone Age Cave Paintings Found in France Ads Mike Ross for Arkansas mikeross.com Job creation, education reform and tax relief. Join Mike today. VA Loans for Veterans www.veteransunited.com Get Your Quote Online In 2 Mins. See How Much You Could Save! Mortgage Forgiveness Plan homereliefprogram.com {Check your Eligibility Online Now} Reduce Payment & Avoid Foreclosure. Japanese Attack Pearl Harbor Jeep Invented Mount Rushmore Completed Nazi Rudolf Hess Flies to Britain on a Peace Mission Siege of Leningrad
During this time. (1940’s) cont. 1942 • • • • • • • • 1943 • • • • 1944 • • • • 1945 • • • • • • • •
Anne Frank Goes Into Hiding The Bataan Death March Battle of Midway Battle of Stalingrad Japanese-Americans Held in Camps Manhattan Project Begins Nazis Raze Town in Retaliation for Reinhard Heydrich’s Death T-shirt Introduced French Resistance Leader Jean Moulin Killed Grave of Katyn Forest Massacre Found Italy Joins the Allies Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Ballpoint Pens Go On Sale D-Day First German V1 and V2 Rockets Fired Hitler Escapes Assassination Attempt FDR Dies First Computer Built (ENIAC) Germans Surrender Hitler Commits Suicide Microwave Oven Invented Slinky Toy Hits Shelves United Nations Founded U.S. Drops Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
American Modernism
American Modernism
Cassandre CCA, 1938
Beall, 1937
1940
Brodovich Bazaar MAgazine cvoer
American Modernism
American Modernism
Matter Fortune cover, 1943
CCA Great Ideas of Western Man
WPA Poster, 1936
International Typographic Style During this time. (1950’s)
1951 • Color TV Introduced • South Africans Forced to Carry ID Cards Identifying Race • Truman Signs Peace Treaty With Japan, Officially Ending WWII • Winston Churchill Again Prime Minister of Great Britain 1952 • Car Seat Belts Introduced • The Great Smog of 1952 • Jacques Cousteau Discovers Ancient Greek Ship • Polio Vaccine Created • Princess Elizabeth Becomes Queen at Age 25 • 1953 • DNA Discovered • First Playboy Magazine • Hillary and Norgay Climb Mt. Everest • Joseph Stalin Dies • Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Executed for Espionage 1954 • Britain Sponsors an Expedition to Search for the Abominable Snowman • First Atomic Submarine Launched • Report Says Cigarettes Cause Cancer • Roger Bannister Breaks the Four-Minute Mile • Segregation Ruled Illegal in U.S. 1955 • Disneyland Opens
International Typographic Style Frutiger univers, 1954
International Typographic Style Neue Haas Grotesk aka Helvetica, 1961
International Typographic Style Hoffman, 1959
Zapf (Palatino, Optima) 1950-58
Muller-Brockman. 1960
New York School, and Coporate Identity During this time. 1955 • • • • • 1956 • • • • • • • 1957 • • 1958 • • • • • •
Emmett Till Murdered James Dean Dies in Car Accident McDonald’s Corporation Founded Rosa Parks Refuses to Give Up Her Seat on a Bus Warsaw Pact Signed Elvis Gyrates on Ed Sullivan’s Show Grace Kelly Marries Prince Rainier III of Monaco Hungarian Revolution Khrushchev Denounces Stalin Suez Crisis T.V. Remote Control Invented Velcro Introduced Dr. Seuss Publishes The Cat in the Hat European Economic Community Established Boris Pasternak Refuses Nobel Prize Chinese Leader Mao Zedong Launches the “Great Leap Forward” Hope Diamond is Donated to the Smithsonian Hula Hoops Become Popular LEGO Toy Bricks First Introduced NASA Founded
New York School, and Coporate Identity Paul Rand,1940
New York School, and Coporate Identity
New York School, and Coporate Identity Lubalin NY,NY, 1966
Bass,Exodus Movie Poster, 1960
New York School, and Coporate Identity Doyle Dane Bernbach. 1960
Postmodern 1970 • Aswan High Dam Completed • Beatles Break Up • Computer Floppy Disks Introduced • Palestinian Group Hijacks Five Planes Kent State Shootings 1981 • Assassination Attempt on the Pope • Assassination Attempt on U.S. President Reagan • First Woman Appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court • Millions Watch Royal Wedding on T.V. • New Plague Identified as AIDS • Personal Computers (PC) Introduced by IBM 1982 • E.T. Movie Released • Falkland Islands Invaded by Argentina • King Henry VIII’s Ship the Mary Rose Raised After 437 Years • Michael Jackson Releases Thriller • Reverend Sun Myung Moon Marries 2,075 Couples at Madison Square Garden Vietnam War Memorial Opened in Washington, DC 1993 • • • •
Cult Compound in Waco, Texas Raided Lorena Bobbitt Takes Brutal Revenge Use of the Internet Grows Exponentially World Trade Center Bombed
Postmodern
Postmodern
Sex Pistols, Reid, 1977
April Greiman, 1979
Paula Scher, 1985 David Carson, 1994
What is Post-Postmodern?
Postmodern Sagmeister, 1996
What does mean?
Chantry, 1991