✰ Fashion ✰ Culture ✰ Food ✰ Celebrity Gossip ✰ Music
edited by Isa Bonifasi, Lucia Dahn, Maya Gowda, Hannah Lovera, & Ainsley Kling
table of contents Education . . . 4 Fashion . . . 6 Film & Theatre . . . 9 Food . . . 12 Culture . . . 14 Sports . . . 15 Music . . . 20 Way we lived . . . 22
table of contents Government/Politics . . . 24 Law and Justice . . . 26 Foreign Affairs . . . 28 Domestic Affairs . . . 32 Book Review . . . 35 Game . . . 36 Celebrity Gossip . . . 38 Works Cited . . . 41
education by ainsley kling
Before 1975, public schools had little laws requiring them to educate children with disabilities. The students that did get a public school education were mainly separated from their non-disabled peers. The Education for All Handicapped Children Act would change all that. It would guarantee that schools received federal funding to provide equal opportunities for disabled children The Education for All Handicapped Children Act was groundbreaking and over promised what it could do. After its passing, it faced problems such as funding and who was in charge. Even with these problems, it did help millions of school children receive an exclusive education but not everything which was promised in the act came true. The Education for All Handicapped Children Act was federally funded and its goal was to fix the problems faced by disabled children. The act was also going to help create a “policy that assures all handicapped children the right to a free appropriate public education”. The bill also requires students to learn in integrated classrooms to the best of the government abilities but still receive the extra help they needed. The lives of disabled students would change from isolation to inclusion.
education
fashion by hannah lovera
In the 1970s, the classic look were bell bottoms and fitted shirts. In the early 70s the look of the hippies from the 60s continued over to the 70s. The hippie outfits included of tie dye, frayed jeans, maxi dresses, midi skirts, bell bottom pants, and ponchos. Accessoires women would wear with the hippie look were chokers, scarves, and headbands. The jewelry worn were made out of wood, feathers, and beads. Women would sometimes choose the dressy casual clothes which
included tight t-shirts, sweaters, cardigans, dresses, flared
pants, and boots. The main colors for dressy clothes were pastel colors like baby blue and pastel yellow. Men’s fashion included bell bottoms and satin shirts with sometimes lace or ruffles. The style choices were influenced by bright colors and textures. The men mainly wore bright colors in all their clothes. The casual look for men included flannel shirts, sweaters, bell bottom pants, and oxford shoes. In the 70s new hair styles came into place and were one of the newest trends! One of the most popular hairstyles for women did not even take that long! The afro hairstyle and the shaggy hairdo were the most popular looks of the century.
fashion
film & theatre by lucia dahn
The 70’s was a strong decade with many new movies. The 70s introduced rising actors and actresses along with imaginative concepts from horror to sci-fi. One great movie was Jaws, released in 1975 directed by Steven Spielberg. Now, it is the seventh highest grossing film of all time and tells the story of a woman who is killed by a shark in a small tourist town. Another popular film released in 1978 was Grease, starring John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John. Grease was acclaimed the most successful musical and was even remade later. Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory was a hit for younger audiences, centering around five children who find gold tickets in bars of chocolate. It was written by notorious writer Roald Dahl and starred Peter Ostrum as Charlie. Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory and it earned around $500,000 in domestic grosses. One last movie from the 70s was Star Wars: A New Hope, which became the fourth in the series. Directed by George Lucas, Star Wars tells the epic story of the Rebel Alliance and Princess Leia attempting to blow up the Death Star. Other movies including The Godfather, Alien, the Exorcist, Rocky, Saturday Night Fever, and Superman.
ďŹ lm & theatre
food
by hannah lovera
During the 1970s many new foods came out and everyone was eating them. There were many foods but some of the most popular were fondue, jello, spaghetti bolognese, cheese and pineapple sticks, lemon meringue pie, quiche lorraine, stuffed peppers, and, profiteroles. Many people were eating these foods along with others that came out. Many sugar and candy came out like reeses pieces, twix, cocoa and fruity pebbles. There was also an influence on sugary snacks for the children. As well as fashion trends from the 60s continuing on to the 70s food also continued from the 60s to the 70s. New styles of dining were developed like brunch, a whole new meal which is still used today! Brunch was the late breakfast and early lunch meal. The most popular combination was cheesecake and an omelette. Brunches were a considered a special occasion. The Orange Julius was considered the official brunch beverage. Another famous drink was the Strawberry Frappe, which was more of a milkshake drink. Other famous meals were the cinnamon roll ring, the orange delight cheesecake, the southwestern brunch eggs, and the cranberry and white chocolate english scones.
food
culture by isabella bonifasi
In the 1970s, social progressive values that birthed in the 1960s, such as increasing political awareness and economic liberty of women, continued to flourish. The hippie culture, which started in the later half of the 1960s, faded by the early 1970s and completely diminished towards the middle part of the decade, which involved opposition to the Vietnam War, opposition to nuclear weapons, the advocacy of world peace, and hostility to the authority of government and big businesses. The environmentalist movement also began to increase during this decade. Women, African Americans, Native Americans, gays, and lesbians continued their fight for inequality. In 1972, after years of campaigning by feminists, Congress approved the Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution. Many Americans also began to protest the ongoing Vietnam war. The behavior of Richard Nixon also undermined many people’s faith in the federal government. Americans celebrated the first Earth day in 1970, and Congress passed the Environmental Policy Act that year. The Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act were passed two years later. Then, the oil crisis of the late 1970s drew further attention to the issue.
culture
sports The
by maya gowda 1970s was a turning point for sports. Sports that were
popular during the 70’s were football, baseball, and, boxing. During the 1972 Summer Olympics terrorists occupied the Olympic grounds and killed 11 Israeli athletes and coaches. Of the Summer Olympics Mark Spitz won seven gold medals. Moving on to professional football, there were the Steelers working towards have four Super Bowl titles. Strike! Baseball had a challenging time for many people in the 70’s. Six men were inducted into the Hall of Fame: Pitcher Warren Spahn, right fielder
Roberto Clemente, outfielder Monte Irvin,
George Kelly, pitcher Mickey Welch, and umpire Billy Evans. Teams such as the New York Knickerbockers had great season. The Knickerbockers ended as second in the Atlantic division. The NBA player of the year award went to to Nate Archibald of the Kansas City-Omaha Royals. Some teams like the Philadelphia 76ers did not have much luck during their season. The 76ers only won 9 games and lost 73, having one of the worst seasons in basketball history. Two iconic figures for sports, Joe Frazier and Muhammad Ali, were both challenged against each other. Ali lost his champion title, that he won from the beginning of the year, to Frazier.
sports
music by isabella bonifasi
There was more variety in music in the 1970’s than ever before. Funk, Soul, R&B, Pop, Rock, and Disco all carved out their place in the music industry in this decade. From artists like David Bowie to Led Zeppelin to Pink Floyd, the list goes on and on! Disco was the defining genre of music in the 70s. Van McCoy’s "The Hustle" has often been referred to as the definitive disco track along with Gloria Gaynor’s anthem "I Will Survive." The Bee Gees also helped to define the disco genre with their hit "Stayin' Alive". Progressive rock was another popular genre during the 70s. This type of music was characterized by rock music combined with another genre, such as opera, to create a hybrid genre. Songs from this genre were often longer and bands tended to be more experimental with them. The band Pink Floyd was known for their concept albums, more specifically, “The Wall”. Another great example of a band that truly boomed during the progressive rock period was the band Queen. Their song Bohemian Rhapsody, along with the album itself, is still listened to today. The punk rock genre also emerged in the 1970s. This was a style that continued on the legacy of the 60s but with a more upbeat style. Heavy guitar riffs helped to motivate those who were still upset about the status quo in the country.
music
way we lived There
by lucia dahn were many popular trends in the 70s, ranging from
clothing to stores and popular products. Some of the fashion trends were chokers, platform shoes, and high-waisted clothing - especially high waisted jeans. Many popular toys were trends of the 70s. One of these was the pet rock which was released in 1975 and was made to look like a living animal. It was in a cardboard case with breathing holes and 1.5 million pet rocks were sold for four dollars each. Mood rings, created in 1975, were extremely popular and contained a thermochromic element that made the ring change colors. One last game invented was the Rubik’s cube, created in 1974 by designer Erno Rubik. This invention fascinated people across the world. There were also new deserts introduced, especially the Lemon Meringue Pie and Fondue in the mid 70s. Several games also originated in the 70s including Pong and Space Invaders. Both of these are arcade games with two-dimensional graphics. Pong came out in 1975 and Space Invaders in 1978. Space Invaders was the first game of its genre and set up the future for the shoot em up’ style of games. As well, the film genre branched out and brought rising actors.
way we lived
government & politics by maya gowda
An uproarious time, the 70’s, was greatly affected by government and politics. The government grew in multiple factors which shaped the government for the future. Political power in the U.S. went from the Northeast and Midwest to the South and the Southwest. In 1972 Republican, Richard Nixon, vanquished Democrat, George McGovern. Due to the tragedies of Vietnam and the Watergate crisis created much doubt towards the government for many citizens. In terms of relationships amongst citizens, they were able to realize the immorality of racial segregation and disfranchisement. As the 70’s continued there was a political movement known as the “New Right”. The right fought against high taxes, speed limits on the highways, environmental regulations, national park policies in the West, and an affirmative action for school desegregation plans. In addition, the CLean Air Act and the Clean Water Act followed the National Environmental Policy Act two years later. There was an oil crisis in the late 70’s which brought more attention towards the safety of the environment of the U.S.
government & politics
law & justice The
by ainsley kling
supreme court decision Roe vs Wade was a landmark
decision which changed the lives of American women. The lawsuit challenged Texas abortion laws on the facts that it denied woman constitutional rights. The court case was a lawsuit filed by a unmarried pregnant woman who originally chose to be anonymous and named Jane Roe. She later came forward as Norma McCorvey. Norma McCorvey fied that lawsuit after discovering she was pregnant for the third time. The court ruled that it did deny constitutional rights. The final decision in the supreme court came on January 22, 1973 where they decided 7-2 that abortion was legal. This ruling says that states could not outlaw abortions in the first trimester. It also had a clause which said state laws regulating second and third trimester abortions must be reasonable. The Roe vs Wade decision and case split the nation in two. People dived between pro-life and pro-choice. Pro-lifer formed groups to attempt to reverse the decision. The pro-choice and support by Democrats while pro-life was supported by Republicans. This Supreme Court decision still unftenly divides the nation today and is still a hot-button topics.
law & justice
foreign affairs by maya gowda
The U.S. was interactive with many countries during the 70’s. The Vietnam War was a turning point for the U.S. and for Vietnam as well. From 1955-1975 there was a fight for independence, from Vietnam, and a fight to protect democracy, from the U.S. The war involved leaders: Ho Chi Minh, Ngo Dinh Diem, and U.S. presidents (John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, etc.) There were over a million deaths that occured from the war. To add, the war involved many controversial moments such as the Mai Lai Massacre. The Mai Lai Massacre involved U.S. military soldiers taking the “search and destroy” command to an extreme measures. Soldiers raped women and killed children, destroying the Mai Lai village in Vietnam. The effects of the Vietnam War drastically changed the economy and the mapping of Vietnam as it was divided into North and South Vietnam. The U.S. also had to recuperate from the ruination that the war caused. Due to the Marshall Plan and other acts that were passed the U.S. was able to give aid to countries in Western Europe and Japan. This helped the countries restore economically and socially from the demolition caused by World War II.
BOOM! Throughout the 70’s the U.S. had a monopoly over nuclear weapons. The weapons displayed danger towards other countries and caused for there to be a spur of competition between the U.S. and nations such as China or the Soviet Union. Those nations each had such a large supply of nuclear weapons that the nations were afraid to use the weapons because of the counterattack that would follow. This would cause mutual destruction and only hurting the social and economic factors of the nations involved. To establish peace the Nixon Doctrine was made for a pursuit of peace for the U.S. and all of their allies. The doctrine was originally made because of the drain of the Vietnam War on U.S. resources. An important eect of the doctrine was that countries were supported the U.S. to prevent the spread of communism. The doctrine allowed there to be a stronger alliance between the U.S. and other nations. Along with Japan, the Soviet Union, and Vietnam, the U.S. was very much involved with the rise of Extreme Islam. For instance, in September of 1973, The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), partners with Iranian and Pakistani intelligence to administer incursions in Afghanistan and go against Afghani president, Sardar Daoud.
foreign affairs
domestic affairs by ainsley kling
In
the 1970s American oil usage was rising but domestic oil
production was declining. This led to the increasing imports of foreign oil. Americans were not worried about a rise in prices and neither were lawmakers. This all changed in 1973 when an oil embargo was imposed by the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC). The energy crisis of the 70s played a key role in the economic slowdown of this time. The oil crisis all began when the Arab-Israeli war or the Yom Kippur War which began in October 1973. Then
the
United
States
started
supporting Israel. The OAPEC decided to cut their production of petroleum and set up an embargo on oil shipments to the United States. The Yom Kippur war ended in late October but the oil embargo continued. This oil embargo did not hurt the Persian Gulf like Washington originally assumed. The raised prices of oil made up for this decrease in production. Government oďŹƒcials at all levels called for citizens to not have a holiday and to close gas stations on Sundays.
In three month after the embargo stated gas prices per barrel rose from 3 dollars a barrel to 12 dollars a barrel. This is about a 350 percent increase. Adjusted for inflation today this would be about $17 a barrel to $69 a barrel. Americans now faced fuel shortages which caused long gas lines across the nation. This was a huge blow to American consumers and the economy. This was a huge blow to American consumers and the economy. The automotive industry was hit the hardest because now people wanted to buy fuel-efficient Japanese models instead of big gas guzzling United States cars. The design in American cars also went from big family cars like to Station Wagon to smaller cars like the Chevette. The oil crisis affected all economic classes in America but the Middle Class was hit the worst. The middle class wa shit the words because they had money to move to the suburbs and have a car. They did not have enough money to buy a new fuel efficient car or pay for more expensive gas. The upper class was not affected
as much
because they had more money to burn and could buy a new car. The lower class or the poor was minimally affected because they lived in the Inner City and most did not own cars. The poor lived close to their jobs and took the bus or train to work.
domestic affairs
book review by lucia dahn
Jonathan
Livingston Seagull is a fable and allegory written by
Richard Bach and illustrated by Russell Munson in 1970. It tells the story of an outcast seagull, Jonathan, who has dreams to fly even though it is repressed by his flock and council. Jonathan continues to persevere and reaches another world where he meets Chiang, his mentor. He then returns to the world, where he gathers other seagulls and teaches them about flying. He returns to his flock but is shunned for persevering to fly. Jonathan Livingston Seagull is a heartwarming story showing the importance of having a dream and a goal in life. It also emphasizes that the key to continuing a passion is to practice and continue to learn, as one can always learn more. It also shows that in order to share one’s passion,
one
must
teach
discover truths about oneself.
and
crossword puzzle
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crossword puzzle
celebrity gossip by isabella bonifasi
In 1970, The Beatles officially ended. The news, however, didn’t come as too much of a surprise to fans and critics of the band. In a 1970s press release for his upcoming solo album, Paul McCartney, the Beatles bassist, declared his writing partnership with John Lennon over and his time in The Beatles done. As early as 1968, it was apparent to John, Paul, George, and Ringo that the many tensions in the air were dissolving the band from within. The band members began developing vastly diverging musical tastes and inspirations, and the business of being the biggest band in the world was draining the joy out of their efforts. The band had lost the uniting dynamic of traveling and performing together. By the end of 1968, none of the members even knew if they still were a band. Harrison even resigned from the band briefly, before various contractual obligations lured him back. While they sporadically wrote and recorded over the course of 1969, the band continued to drift farther apart musically and professionally. It was actually success that drove The Beatles apart. It grew to the point when they couldn’t even take the stage and be heard over the roar of the crowd, it was really the beginning of the end. Immense wealth and inflated ego made them lose touch with their true selves.
celebrity gossip
works cited “1970s Music: History, Pictures & Artists.” RetroWaste, www.retrowaste.com/1970s/music-in-the-1970s/. “1970s Sports: History, MVPs & Champions.” RetroWaste, www.retrowaste.com/1970s/sports-in-the-1970s/. “The 1970s: American Pop Culture History.” RetroWaste, www.retrowaste.com/1970s/. “BRUNCH: THINK '70S - BRUNCH IS THE ULTIMATE IN FLAMBOYANT, FUN CULINARY HEDONISM.” DeseretNews.com, Deseret News, 2 Apr. 1996, www.deseretnews.com/article/481078/BRUNCH--THINK-70S---BRUNCH-IS-THE-ULTIMATE-I N-FLAMBOYANT-FUN-CULINARY-HEDONISM.html. Colburn, Melanie, et al. “America's Devil's Game with Extremist Islam.” Mother Jones, 28 June 2017, www.motherjones.com/politics/2006/01/americas-devils-game-extremist-islam. Conroy, Rosie, and Rosie Conroy. “What Food Was Everyone Eating the Year You Were Born?” Woman&Home, Woman&Home, 16 Jan. 2019, www.womanandhome.com/food/recipes/most-popular-food-50s-60s-70s-80s-92047/. Editors, History.com. “The 1970s.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 30 July 2010, www.history.com/topics/1970s/1970s-1. Editors, History.com. “Energy Crisis (1970s).” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 30 Aug. 2010, www.history.com/topics/1970s/energy-crisis. “Energy Crisis.” National Museum of American History, 10 Jan. 2017, americanhistory.si.edu/american-enterprise-exhibition/consumer-era/energy-crisis. “How to Recreate Decades of Fashion: 1970s.” Pinterest, 2 Jan. 2019, www.pinterest.com/pin/130534089184057006/. Lucy, et al. “70s Fashion | What Did Women Wear in the 1970s?” Vintage Dancer, vintagedancer.com/1970s/1970s-fashion-history/.
works cited “Mood Ring.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 10 Apr. 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_ring.-1970s. Moody, Austin. “The Education for All Handicapped Children Act: A Faltering Step Towards Integration.” Educ 300 Education Reform Past and Present, commons.trincoll.edu/edreform/2012/05/the-education-for-all-handicapped-children-act-a-faltering -step-towards-integration/. “Movies in the 1970s.” RetroWaste, www.retrowaste.com/1970s/movies-in-the-1970s/. Myers, Dan. “If You Grew Up in the '70s, You'll Definitely Remember These Foods.” The Daily Meal, 24 Aug. 2017, www.thedailymeal.com/eat/if-you-grew-70s-you-ll-definitely-remember-these-foods. “The Nixon Doctrine Is Announced.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 13 Nov. 2009, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-nixon-doctrine-is-announced. “Pet Rock.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 4 Apr. 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet_Rock. “Redirect Notice.” Google, Google, www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwijwtu. “The Seventies: The Great Shift in American Culture, Society, and Politics by Bruce J. Schulman (2001).” Not Even Past, 10 May 2016, notevenpast.org/seventies-great-shift-american-culture-society-and-politics-2001/. “Voting America.” Presidential Elections 1972 - 2008, dsl.richmond.edu/voting/preselections.html. “Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 16 May 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Wonka_&_the_Chocolate_Factory. “A Collection of the Most Hideously Hilarious Men's Fashion Ads from the 1970s.” Me, www.metv.com/stories/a-collection-of-the-most-hideously-hilarious-mens-fashion-ads-from-the