Lighting
3rd Edition / www.fairchildbooks.com
Fundamentals of Lighting Susan M. Winchip
Fundamentals of Lighting takes an integrated approach to the study of lighting and design. • Teaching Resources: Instructor’s Guide, Test Banks, and PowerPoint presentations available Susan M. Winchip, PhD, LEED AP, MIES, is Professor Emerita at Illinois State University, USA.
www / Textbook UK March 2017 US January 2017 344 pages 340 color illus Book + STUDIO Bundle 9781501320927 £56.00 / $85.00 STUDIO Access Card 9781501320903 Fairchild Books
New to this edition • Updated coverage of standards, lamp technologies, controls, human factor research, lighting software programs, and energy codes and standards • Integrated emphasis on sustainable lighting design, such as daylighting, energy efficiency, and controls • Design projects to guide students through research and application • New “One-Minute Study Guide” self-quizzes embedded in every chapter to test student comprehension of key concepts • An art program with over 300 photographs of global interiors and new lighting systems Included in the Fundamentals of Lighting STUDIO • Student self-quizzes featuring scored results and personalized study tips • Flashcards of essential vocabulary • Projects and exercises for expanding knowledge Contents
12
II. Lighting Design Applications and the Design Process 9. Lighting Design Process: Project Planning through Design Development 10. Lighting Design Process: Contract Documents through Post-Occupancy Evaluation 11. Residential Applications 12. Commercial Applications
Chapter 4 Energy, the Environment, and Sustainable Design
Part One Principles of Lighting
power (EIA, 2014). Therefore, the EIA anticipates
40
that increases in electrical usage will primarily be derived from improvements in the standard of living in
Trillion kilowatthours
Preface I. Principles of Lighting 1. Introduction to Quality Lighting 2. Color and Directional Effects of Lighting 3. Natural and Electrical Light Sources 4. Energy, the Environment, and Sustainable Design 5. Illumination, Well-Being, and Behavior 6. Lighting Systems: Luminaires 7. Lighting Systems: Controls 8. Quantity of Light
non-OECD countries. The EIA further examines world energy consumption specifically for the purpose of generating electricity and projects increases in consumption of
Nuclear Renewables Natural Gas Coal Liquids
20 10 0
all primary energy sources, including coal and natural
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
gas (Figure 4.3). Increases in the consumption of FIgurE 4.3 World electricity generation by fuel, 2010–2040.
fossil fuels deplete nonrenewable resources, while the associated combustion process increases world carbon FIgurE 4.1 Google Tel Aviv received LEED platinum certification. Sustainable features include a comfortable and healthy work environment, automated window blinds, and lighting systems with occupancy and daylight sensors. (© Evolution Design Photo: Itay Sikolsk.)
how to design this built environment requires an awareness of global energy consumption and nonrenewable resources.
Global Energy Consumption The Energy Information Administration (EIA) is an independent statistical and analytical agency that issues the annual International Energy Outlook (IEO)
dioxide emissions. From a positive perspective, the report indicates that nonrenewable energy sources are some of the
Factors Affecting Lighting Consumption
fastest growing sources of electricity generation
The purpose of a building affects the percentage of
worldwide (EIA, 2014). Specifying energy-efficient
the electricity it uses for lighting. For example, a large
lighting systems can assist in reducing future interna-
percentage of the electricity consumed by a retail store
tional energy consumption and subsequent emissions.
is dedicated to lighting. In contrast, the percentage small because the highest demands are for operating machinery.
The U.S. EIA estimates that in 2014 about 15 percent
The design of a building also affects the percent-
of the total electricity consumed by the residential and
age of electricity used for lighting. Generally,
commercial sectors were used for lighting.
buildings whose interiors have relatively little expo-
Most of the need for lighting occurs during week-
sure to daylight require more electricity for lighting.
days, which is the time of peak demand for electricity.
Effective daylight integration can conserve energy.
publication. According to the EIA (2014), by the year
For example, the amount of illumination from a
2040 world energy consumption will be 820 quad-
window with an opening of 3 feet × 5 feet (.9 meters × 1.5 meters) is equivalent to approximately 100
indicate a 56 percent growth between 2010 and 2040 (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2014, 1). Most of the growth in energy consumption occurs in non-OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation Development) countries, such as Asia (including China and India) and Central and South America (Figure 4.2). As of 2010, approximately 1.3 billion people live in countries that do not have electricity. Fifty-seven percent of the people in Africa do not have access to
incandescent 60-watt lamps.
Key North America OECD Europe OECD Asia Middle East Africa Central and South America
Thus, a critical component to reducing energy consumed for lighting is quality daylighting. Software, such as Radiance, is available to generate a simulation of daylighting and the electrical needs for lighting
FIgurE 4.4b Radiance software was used to simulate daylighting and to generate illuminance contours. The Radiance system computed the rendered images and its values. (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.)
in buildings (Figures 4.4a and 4.4b). Radiance is a ray-tracing software that was developed from support
FIgurE 4.2 Map of members and non-members of the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (Based on OECD).
primarily from the U.S. Department of Energy. The program is excellent for analyzing and visualizing
78
9781501317668_txt_app_04.indd 78
FIgurE 4.4a Radiance software was used to simulate daylighting. The Radiance system computed the rendered images and its values. (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.)
of electricity used for lighting by a factory is very
Energy Consumption for Lighting
rillion British thermal units (Btu)—projections that
Appendix A: Lighting Manufacturers, Distributors, and Suppliers Appendix B: Professional Organizations, Government Agencies, and Trade Associations Appendix C: References Appendix D: LEED Certification Credit Attributes Related to Quality Lighting Glossary Index
30
79
9/12/16 1:23 PM
9781501317668_txt_app_04.indd 79
9/12/16 1:23 PM