ACKNOWELDGEMENT The researchers have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of all their mentors, many individuals and organisations. They would like to extend their sincere thanks to all of them. They are highly indebted to their mentors, Mr. Kuntal De, Ms Suhasini Taneja, Ms. Shweta Minochha, Ms. Monica, Ms. Haroop Grang and Mr. Javed Choudhary for their guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project & also for their support in completing the project. They would like to express their gratitude towards their parents & trustees of the organisation,,Mr. Nana Bhagwat.Vatsalya Trust and Mahila Ashram for their kind co-operation and encouragement which helped them in completion of this project. They would like to express their special gratitude and thanks to the orphanage staff for giving them such attention and time. Their thanks and appreciations also go to all those people who have helped in developing the project and people who have willingly helped them out with their abilities. Thank you. DATE OF SUBMISSION:
17TH MARCH,2015
PLACE OF SUBMISSION: Pearl Academy, Mumbai.
SIGNATURE OF GROUP MEMBERS:
(Manjiri Kolwalkar) (Aakanksha Sonalkar) (Pashang Dadyburjoy)
INTRODUCTION
CONTENT
AREA OF WORK
1. INTRODUCTION___AREA OF WORK 2. RESEARCH SYNOPSIS 3. DATA COLLECTION 4. DATA ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS 5. CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT 6. FINAL SOLUTION 7. RECOMMENDATIONS & SUGGESTIONS__SCOPE 8. LIMITATIONS 9. WAY FORWARD 10. REFERENCES 11. BACK COVER 2
INTRODUCTION AREA OF WORK
“BROKEN CRAYONS STILL COLOUR”
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INTRODUCTION AREA OF WORK Starting from food sustainability with rigorous brainstorming and their way through mind mapping, the researchers finally with mutual understanding and interest reached to sustainability of society in form of “Rehabilitation of Orphans-possibilities and directions in India� as their topic. India has a very large number of orphans as well as destitute child population. They thought of three possible ways to look at their topic being; street children, children in orphanages and surrogacy. With mutual understanding, they decided orphanages was the best that suited their interest. Never really struggled for living, this topic was something that would make them aware about lives of children younger, same age and beyond and the real world out there. An orphanage being a residential institution devoted to the care of orphan children whose biological parents are deceased or otherwise unable or unwilling to care for them, was something that intrigued them. Society, history, statistical data, modern era, scams, problem area were their areas of research. Further they even visited orphanages after which they choose the problem that concerned them the most. It was vastly being regarding adoption and funds for orphanages. Three of them felt awareness in the society was the need of the hour. To this they thought of three different ways they could possibly look into this problem and came up with suitable design solutions in form of tangible model, sample model and concepts.  
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RESEARCH SYNOPSIS A. DEFINING OBJECTIVE: 1.PROBLEM STATEMENTRehabilitation of orphans,possibilities and directions in india
B. METHODOLOGY : As an immediate start with the research, the researchers first started with browsing on the internet to collect facts, get to know correct terminologies. Then they went through couple of new articles, spoke with people around them, next they made a database of contacts of orphanages to move further. Till
2. DESIGN BREIFTo create awareness about adoption in
then, it was a brief collection of information. They then bifurcated their pathways of research into:
the society, create desirability via
Secondary data: That included collecting statistical records,
design solutions
education strategies, legal issues etc. Primary data: This brought the database they have had
formed into actions. they called up the orphanages,visited them with permission letters to fix up appointments. Luckily, they were allowed by two orphanages for the same. So, they went there, surveyed the place and interviewed the staff there. They collected a lot of first hand information and later segregated them into facts, experiences and problems.  
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DELIVERABLE
They came up with three facets addressing the same issue. Their main problem was the lack of awareness and the reducing rate of adoption in the society. So, the framework that formed their basic design solution was to create major awareness about the topic and bring the adoption issue onto the forefront of people’s mind. They came up with three design solutions, as follows: 1. Aakanksha Sonalkar: This member dealt with creating awareness of adoption and orphans by putting up an installation at an effective public place. 2. Pashang Dadyburjoy: This member decided to conduct a social awareness campaign for adoption and evoke the important role it plays in the society 3. Manjiri Kolwalkar: This member took up a very uncommon approach to look at the issue concerning to fund raising. She designed a wall which would act as an active installation.
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An orphan is a child whose parents are dead or have abandoned them permanently.In common usage, only a child who has lost both parents is called an orphan. Adults can also be referred to as orphan, or adult orphans. However, survivors who reached adulthood before their parents died are normally not called orphans. It is a term generally reserved for children whose parents have died while they are too young to support themselves.
IDENTITY?
MEANING OF THE WORD ‘ORPHAN’
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HOW DO CHILDREN BECOME ORPHAN? It is a sad and unfortunate fact that life is not perfect and whilst we would all like to know that children are bought into the world in a loving, secure and happy family this is not always the case. There are a number of varying reasons why a child would lose their parental care: a. In very small cases it is due to tragic accidents; b. To a larger extent through wars or conflicts that continue in many countries; c. Poverty and a lack of social security infrastructure mean that many parents are simply unable to afford to bring up their children. d. Some government policies, like China's one child policy, mean that children get abandoned for fear of reprisals. e. Illness is a factor, the child's own if, for example, born with congenital diseases he/she may be left at the hospital, or the illness of the parents - no more prevalent than with the scourge of AIDS in sub Saharan Africa. f. Massive natural disasters, like earth quakes and tsunami, have destroyed thousands of lives and created thousands of orphans. g. Parental abuse, or neglect, where for the child's protection, parental rights have been relinquished and they are taken into care. 
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LITERATURE
Orphaned characters are extremely common as literary protagonists, especially in kid’s and fiction and fantasy literature. The lack of parents leaves the characters to pursue more interesting and adventurous lives, by freeing them from familial obligations and controls, and depriving them of more prosaic lives. It creates characters that are self-contained and introspective and who strive for affection. Orphans can metaphorically search for self-understanding through attempting to know their roots. Parents can also be allies and sources of aid for children, and removing the parents makes the character's difficulties more severe. Parents, furthermore, can be irrelevant to the theme a writer is trying to develop, and orphaning the character frees the writer from the necessity to depict such an irrelevant relationship; if one parent-child relationship is important, removing the other parent prevents complicating the necessary relationship. All these characteristics make orphans attractive characters for authors.Orphans are common in fairy tales, such as most variants of Cinderella. A number of well-known authors have written books featuring orphans. Examples from classic literature include Charlotte BrontÍ, Charles Dickens, Mark Twain's Tom Sawyer, L. M. Montgomery's Anne of Green Gables books, Thomas Hardy's Jude the Obscure, and J. R. R. Tolkien. Among more recent authors, A. J.
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Cronin, Lemony Snicket, A. F. Coniglio, Roald Dahl, J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series, as well as some less wellknown authors of famous orphans like Little Orphan Annie have used orphans as major characters. One recurring storyline has been the relationship that the orphan can have with an adult from outside his or her immediate family as seen in Lyle Kessler's play Orphans. Orphans are especially common as characters in comic books. Almost all the most popular heroes are orphans: Superman, Batman, Spider-Man, Robin, The Flash, Captain Marvel, Captain America, and Green Arrow were all orphaned. Orphans are also very common among villains, Bane, Cat Woman, and Magneto are examples. Lex Luther, Dead-pool, and Carnage can also be included on this list, though they killed one or both of their parents. In the 1936 Rainbow Parade cartoon, A Waif's Welcome, we see an orphan boy, which his voice sounded like Our Gang kid Carl "Alfalfa" Switzer's voice, but not voiced by him. It is known that Switzer was not an American voice actor because he was an American actor and singer. All of the orphan children from the 1936 Color Classic, Christmas Comes But Once a Year produced by Fleischer Studios, were voiced by Mae Questel.
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STATISTICS : WORLDWIDE ORPHANS According to http://www.orphanhopeintl.org/facts-statistics/, it was estimated there are between 143 million and 210 million orphans worldwide (recent UNICEF report.) The UNICEF orphan numbers DON’T include abandonment (millions of children) as well as sold and/or trafficked children.According to data released in 2003 as many as eight million boys and girls around the world live in institutional care. Some studies have found that violence in residential institutions is six times higher than violence in foster care, and that children in group care are almost four times more likely to experience sexual abuse than children in family based care. Every day 5,760 more children become orphans. Approximately 250,000 children are adopted annually. Each year 14, 505, 000 children grow up as orphans and age out of the system by age sixteen Each day 38,493 orphans age out. Every 2.2 seconds another orphan ages out with no family to belong to and no place to call home Studies have shown that 10% – 15% of these children commit suicide before they reach age of eighteen These studies also show that 60% of the girls become prostitutes and 70% of the boys become hardened criminals Another study reported that of the 15,000 orphans agings out of state-run institutions every year, 10% committed suicide, 5,000 were unemployed, 6,000 were homeless and 3,000 were in prison within three year An estimated 1.2 million children are trafficked every year 2 million children, the majority of them girls, are sexually exploited in the multibillion-dollar commercial sex industry.
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WHERE DO WE STAND?
SCENARIO IN INDIA
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SCENARIO IN INDIA Statistical data
According to the Hindustan Times news article dated 27th July, 2011, about 20 million children, that is 4% of the population in India are orphan. Of them, parents of only 0.3% children have died and rest have been abandoned. The figure is result of a study done by SOS Children’s Village by analysing data from National Family Health Survey-3 for the year 2005-06 and the population estimation by the Census of India to find the dark spots for children below the age of 18 in India. It were the poorer states such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal, which had higher number of orphan children as compared to richer northern and southern states of India. As a result, the central zone has highest number of orphan children followed by east zone. The two zones also cover most of the naxal affected regions in India. “Poverty has been a significant contributor in high orphan children in these states,” said Rakesh Jinsi, secretary general of the NGO SOS Children’s Village. “Social unrest and terror --- militancy and naxalism -are two another major factors behind the high number of orphans in certain states”.Orphan children for the study were defined as those abandoned and whose both parents have died. Situation of children with single parent has also been analysed in the study. India has the highest population of children below the age of 18__41% of the total population. Although over 4% of them are orphan as per the study,
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around 13% of them live with either of their parent.But what the study highlight is that a large number of children in India struggle to survive living alone and having access to education and other welfare measures. Some of these children end up being trafficked or pushed into illegal works. “Many of the children who are trafficked are those whose parents have died or they have been abandoned,” said a senior government official. The only good news the study presents is that the overall estimation of orphan children in%age terms is expected to fall by 2021 although their number will increase from present 20 million to 24 million. However, there is no comparative data to indicate whether the number of orphan children has increased or decreased. The SOS Children Village did not present the segregated data on sex-ratio these children to find out whether abandoning of the children is based sex of the child or not. “In case of poor people, abandoning is more because of economic reasons than gender,” said Jinsi.
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ADOPTION Meaning Adoption is a process whereby a person assumes the parenting of another, usually a child, from that person's biological or legal parent or parents, and, in so doing, permanently transfers all rights and responsibilities, along with filiation, from the biological parent or parents. Unlike guardianship or other systems designed for the care of the young, adoption is intended to effect a permanent change in status and as such requires societal recognition, either through legal or religious sanction. Historically, some societies have enacted specific laws governing adoption; where others have tried to achieve adoption through less formal means, notably via contracts that specified inheritance rights and parental responsibilities without an accompanying transfer of filiation. Modern systems of adoption, arising in the 20th century, tend to be governed by comprehensive statutes and regulations. The word Adoption has original in middle of 14th C , from Old French word ‘adopcion’ or directly from Latin word ‘adoptionem’ (nominative adoptio), noun of action from past participle stem of adoptare which means "chose for oneself, take by choice, select, adopt," especially "to take into a family, adopt as a child," from ad- "to"+ optare "choose, wish, desire”.
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HISTORY OF ADOPTION ANTIQUITY Adoption for the well-born While the modern form of adoption emerged in the United States, forms of the practice appeared throughout history.The Code of Hammurabi, for example, details, the rights of adopters and the responsibilities of adopted individuals at length. The practice of adoption in ancient Rome is well documented in the Codex Justinianus. Markedly different from the modern period, ancient adoption practices put emphasis on the political and economic interests of the adopter, providing a legal tool that strengthened political ties between wealthy families and created male heirs to manage estates. The use of adoption by the aristocracy is well documented; many of Rome's emperors were adopted sons. Infant adoption during Antiquity appears rare.Abandoned children were often picked up for slavery and composed a significant percentage of the Empire's slave supply. Roman legal records indicate that foundlings were occasionally taken in by families and raised as a son or daughter. Although not normally adopted under Roman Law, the children, called alumni, were reared in an arrangement similar to  
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guardianship, being considered the property of the father who abandoned them.Other ancient civilisations, notably India and China, used some form of adoption as well.Evidence suggests the goal of this practice was to ensure the continuity of cultural and religious practices; in contrast to the Western idea of extending family lines. In ancient India, secondary sonship, clearly denounced by the Rigveda, continued, in a limited and highly ritualistic form, so that an adopter might have the necessary funerary rites performed by a son. China had a similar idea of adoption with males adopted solely to perform the duties of ancestor worship. The practice of adopting the children of family members and close friends was common among the cultures of Polynesia including Hawaii where the custom was referred to as ‘hānai.’
MIDDLE AGES TO MODERN PERIOD Adoption and commoners The nobility of the Germanic, Celtic, and Slavic cultures that dominated Europe after the decline of the Roman Empire denounced the practice of adoption.In medieval society, bloodlines were paramount; a ruling dynasty lacking a natural-born heir apparent was replaced, a stark contrast to Roman traditions. The evolution of European law reflects this aversion to adoption. English Common Law, for instance, did
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not permit adoption since it contradicted the customary rules of inheritance. In the same vein, France's Napoleonic Code made adoption difficult, requiring adopters to be over the age of 50, sterile, older than the adopted person by at least fifteen years, and to have fostered the adoptee for at least six years. Some adoptions continued to occur, however, but became informal, based on ad hoc contracts. For example, in the year 737, in a charter from the town of Lucca, three adoptees were made heirs to an estate. Like other contemporary arrangements, the agreement stressed the responsibility of the adopted rather than adopter, focusing on the fact that, under the contract, the adoptive father was meant to be cared for in his old age; an idea that is similar to the conceptions of adoption under Roman law. Europe's cultural makeover marked a period of significant innovation for adoption. Without support from the nobility, the practice gradually shifted toward abandoned children. Abandonment levels rose with the fall of the empire and many of the foundlings were left on the doorstep of the Church.Initially, the clergy reacted by drafting rules to govern the exposing, selling, and rearing of abandoned children. The Church’s innovation, however, was the practice of oblation, whereby children were dedicated to lay life within monastic institutions and reared within a monastery. This created the first system in European history in which abandoned children did not have legal, social, or moral disadvantages. As a result, many of Europe's abandoned and orphaned children became alumni of the Church, which in turn took the role of adopter. Oblation marks the beginning of a shift toward institutionalization, eventually bringing about the
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establishment of the foundling hospital and orphanage. As the idea of institutional care gained acceptance, formal rules appeared about how to place children into families: boys could become apprenticed to an artisan and girls might be married off under the institution's authority.Institutions informally adopted out children as well, a mechanism treated as a way to obtain cheap labor, demonstrated by the fact that when the adopted died, their bodies were returned by the family to the institution for burial. This system of apprenticeship and informal adoption extended into the 19th century, today seen as a transitional phase for adoption history. Under the direction of social welfare activists, orphan asylums began to promote adoptions based on sentiment rather than work; children were placed out under agreements to provide care for them as family members instead of under contracts for apprenticeship.The growth of this model is believed to have contributed to the enactment of the first modern adoption law in 1851 by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, unique in that it codified the ideal of the "best interests of the child."Despite its intent, though, in practice, the system operated much the same as earlier incarnations. The experience of the Boston Female Asylum (BFA) is a good example, which had up to 30% of its charges adopted out by 1888. Officials of the BFA noted that, although the asylum promoted otherwise, adoptive parents did not distinguish between indenture and adoption; "We believe," the asylum officials said, "that often, when children of a younger age are taken to be adopted, the adoption is only another name for service."
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MODERN PERIOD Adoption to create a family The next stage of adoption's evolution fell to the emerging nation of the United States. Rapid immigration and the American Civil War resulted in unprecedented overcrowding of orphanages and foundling homes in the mid-nineteenth century. Charles Loring Brace, a Protestant minister became appalled by the legions of homeless waifs roaming the streets of New York City. Brace considered the abandoned youth, particularly Catholics, to be the most dangerous element challenging the city's order. His solution was outlined in The Best Method of Disposing of Our Pauper and Vagrant Children (1859) which started the Orphan Train movement. The orphan trains eventually shipped an estimated 200,000 children from the urban centres of the East to the nation's rural regions.The children were generally indentured, rather than adopted, to families who took them in. As in times past, some children were raised as members of the family while others were used as farm labourers and household servants. The sheer size of the displacement—the largest migration of children in history—and the degree of exploitation that occurred, gave rise to new agencies and a series of laws that promoted adoption arrangements rather than indenture. The hallmark of the period is Minnesota's adoption law of 1917 which mandated investigation of all placements and limited record access to those involved in the adoption.
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During the same period, the Progressive movement swept the United States with a critical goal of ending the prevailing orphanage system. The culmination of such efforts came with the First White House Conference on the Care of Dependent Children called by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1909, where it was declared that the nuclear family represented "the highest and finest product of civilisation" and was best able to serve as primary caretaker for the abandoned and orphaned. Anti-institutional forces gathered momentum. As late as 1923, only two percent of children without parental care were in adoptive homes, with the balance in foster arrangements and orphanages. Less than forty years later, nearly one-third were in an adoptive home. Nevertheless, the popularity of eugenic ideas in America put up obstacles to the growth of adoption.There were grave concerns about the genetic quality of illegitimate and indigent children. The period 1945 to 1974, the baby scoop era, saw rapid growth and acceptance of adoption as a means to build a family. Illegitimate births rose three-fold after World War II, as sexual mores changed. Simultaneously, the scientific community began to stress the dominance of nurture over genetics, chipping away at eugenic stigmas. In this environment, adoption became the obvious solution for both unwed mothers and infertile couples. Taken together, these trends resulted in a new American model for adoption. Following its Roman predecessor, Americans severed the rights of the original parents while making adopters the new parents
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in the eyes of the law. Two innovations were added: 1) adoption was meant to ensure the "best interests of the child;" the seeds of this idea can be traced to the first American adoption law in Massachusetts, and 2) adoption became infused with secrecy, eventually resulting in the sealing of adoption and original birth records by 1945. The origin of the move toward secrecy began with Charles Loring Brace who introduced it to prevent children from the Orphan Trains from returning to or being reclaimed by their parents. Brace feared the impact of the parents' poverty, in general, and their Catholic religion, in particular, on the youth. This tradition of secrecy was carried on by the later Progressive reformers when drafting of American laws.The number of adoptions in the United States peaked in 1970. It is uncertain what caused the subsequent decline. Likely contributing factors in the 1960s and 1970s include a decline in the fertility rate, associated with the introduction of the pill, the completion of legalisation of artificial birth control methods, the introduction of federal funding to make family planning services available to the young and low income, and the legalisation of abortion. In addition, the years of the late 1960s and early 1970s saw a dramatic change in society's view of illegitimacy and in the legal rights of those born outside of wedlock. In response, family preservation efforts grew so that few children born out of wedlock today are adopted. Ironically, adoption is far more visible and discussed in society today, yet it is less common. The American 
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model of adoption eventually proliferated globally. England and Wales established their first formal adoption law in 1926. The Netherlands passed its law in 1956. Sweden made adoptees full members of the family in 1959. West Germany enacted its first laws in 1977. Additionally, the Asian powers opened Although adoption is today practiced globally, the United States has the largest number of children adopted their orphanage systems to adoption, influenced as they were by Western ideas following colonial rule and military occupation per 100 live births.
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HOW ADOPTIONS ORIGINATED? Adoptions can occur either between related family members, or unrelated individuals. Historically, most adoptions occurred within a family. A common example of this is a "stepparent adoption", where the new partner of a parent may legally adopt a child from the parent's previous relationship. Intra-family adoption can also occur through surrender, as a result of parental death, or when the child cannot otherwise be cared for and a family member agrees to take over.Infertility is the main reason parents seek to adopt children they are not related to. One study shows this accounted for 80% of unrelated infant adoptions and half of adoptions through foster care. Other reasons people adopt are numerous although not well documented. These may include wanting to cement a new family following divorce or death of one parent, compassion motivated by religious or philosophical conviction, to avoid contributing to overpopulation out of the belief that it is more responsible to care for otherwise parent-less children than to reproduce, to ensure that inheritable diseases are not passed on, and health concerns relating to pregnancy and childbirth. Although there are a range of possible reasons, the most recent study of experiences of women who adopt suggests they are most likely to be 40–44 years of age, currently married, have impaired fertility, and childless.
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Adoptions may occur through the following mechanisms:
Private domestic adoption: Under this arrangement, charities and for-profit organisations act as intermediaries, bringing together prospective adoptive parents and families who want to place a child, all parties being residents of the same country.
Embryo adoption: Based on the donation of embryos remaining after one couple’s in vitro fertilisation treatments have been completed; embryos are given to another individual or couple, followed by the placement of those embryos into the recipient woman's uterus, to facilitate pregnancy and childbirth.
Foster care adoption: This is a type of domestic adoption where a child is initially placed in public care. Its importance as an avenue for adoption varies by country.
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CONTEMPORARY ADOPTION TYPES
OPEN ADOPTION It allows identifying information to be communicated between adoptive and biological parents and, perhaps, interaction between kin and the adopted person.Rarely, it is the outgrowth of laws that maintain an adoptee's right to unaltered birth certificates and/or adoption records, but such access is not universal (it is possible in a few jurisdictions—including the UK and six states in the United States).Open adoption can be an informal arrangement subject to termination by adoptive parents who have sole authority over the child. In some jurisdictions, the biological and adoptive parents may enter into a legally enforceable and binding agreement concerning visitation, exchange of information, or other interaction regarding the child. CLOSED ADOPTION It is also known as confidential or secret adoption, which has not been the norm for most of modern history,seals all identifying information, maintaining it as secret and preventing disclosure of the adoptive parents; biological kins', and adoptees' identities. Nevertheless, closed adoption may allow the transmittal of non-identifying information such as medical history and religious and ethnic background.  
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LEGAL ISSUES REGARDING ADOPTION
According to the online news article in The Times of India dated 8th March,2015, a Parliamentary panel has shot down a proposal for inter-country adoption of orphans, asserting that such an option may be resorted to only when there is a problem finding suitable prospective adoptive parents within the country. Strongly objecting to the proposal of a legislation introduced in Parliament last year as "unacceptable", it said all efforts should be made to give a child to an Indian parent. "The provision 60(1) that allows the child for inter- country adoption after one month is unacceptable. Inter- country adoption may be resorted to only in cases where there is a problem in finding suitable prospective adoptive parents due to special need of the child," the Parliamentary Standing Committee on HRD said. It made its recommendation following exhaustive deliberation with stakeholders on the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Bill 2014 tabled in Parliament. The comprehensive bill to tackle increasing crimes committed by youngsters aged between 16-18 years like the Delhi gang-rape case and to ensure proper care and protection of needy children was introduced in Lok Sabha last August. The committee said that in the event an adopting agency cannot find an Indian parent on their wait list roster, there should be a mechanism to intimate other adoption agencies about the availability of a child in their adoptive  
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centres. Moreover, the inter-country adoption should be made only by ensuring that it is used "appropriately" through proper regulation and importantly through the ratification of the Hague convention, it underlined. The convention establishes international standards of practices for inter-country adoptions. The committee also strongly objected to a clause that declares an orphan legally free for adoption if he or she could not be placed with an Indian prospective adoptive parents or NRI despite joint efforts of specialised adoption agency and state agencies within 30 days. Noting that adherence to the 30-day period is like an "enabling process", it said the clause should be reviewed. "The committee would also like to point out that the 30 days period as provided in the bill contradicts the period of two months provided for the courts to finalise adoption under a proposed section in the bill," it said.
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LEGAL MATTERS : USAGE OF THE WORD ORPHANAGE & ORPHANS According to the article in The Times of India dated 8th March,2015, words such as 'orphan' and 'orphanage' should disappear from English dictionary, said the Madras high court, which suggested alternative terms such as 'home for children' or 'home for protection of children; befitting the honour and dignity of children. Justice S Nagamuthu, putting forward the proposal while hearing a case of property dispute, directed two real estate dealers - G Elumalai and S Gopal - to pay Rs 16,000 each to Varadhappa Choultry Orphanage at Old Washermenpet for their involvement in creating false land documents which became subject matter of the dispute before the court. The amount will be used for stitching dresses for inmates of the home. "Children who have been neglected by their parents and relatives, and children who have lost their parents, are only children in need of care and protection. The state has a constitutional obligation to assure them a dignified life. It is true that this task has been undertaken by a number of organisations established by pious and service-oriented people. But many of these organisations, unfortunately or inadvertently, call themselves orphanages," lamented Justice Nagamuthu. Justice Nagamuthu said using the term might create a sense of insecurity and a feeling of loneliness in the mind of children. Noting that they would already be experiencing depressed thoughts and feelings, he said, "We should not add to their depression by calling them as 'orphans'. I am of the view that naming these homes as 'orphanages' may amount to stigmatising them, thereby adding to their agonies and creating negative emotions in the mind of the children." It is time these organisations rendering good service think of shedding the name 'orphanage', he said.  
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ELIGIBILITY FOR ADOPTION YEAR IN COUNTRY ADOPTION
January-December
RIPAs
Shishu-Greha
TOTAL
2006
1519
1284
2803
2007
1469
1017
2486
2008
1419
750
2169
2009
1369
483
1852
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ELIGIBILITY FOR ADOPTION
WHO CAN ADOPT?
31 31
ELIGIBILITY FOR ADOPTION
As per Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection of Children) Act 2000 as amended from time to time the court may allow a child to be given in adoption a
to a person irrespective of marital status; or
b
to parents to adopt a child of the same sex irrespective of the number of living biological sons or daughters, or
c
to a childless couple
Additional Eligibility Criteria: a
No child may be given in adoption to a couple unless they have at least two years of stable marital relationship
b
Couples in live-in relationship are not eligible to adopt a child
c
To adopt a child in the age group of 0-3 years, the maximum composite age of the PAPs should be 90 years wherein the individual age of the PAPs should not be less than 25 years and more than 50 years. 
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d
To adopt children above three years of age, the maximum composite age of the PAPs should be 105 years wherein the individual age of the PAPs should not be less than 25 years and more than 55 years
e
In case, a single PAP desires to adopt, he or she should not be less than 30 years of age and shall not be above the age of 50 years. The maximum age shall be 45 years to adopt children in the age group of 0-3 years and 50 years for adopting children above 3 years
f
The PAPs should have adequate financial resources to provide a good upbringing to the child. The PAPs should have good health and should not be suffering from any contagious or terminal disease or any such mental or physical condition, which may prevent them from taking care of the child
g
Adoption of a second child is permissible only when the legal adoption of the first child has been finalised but this is not applicable in case of siblings
h
An un-married or single male person is not permitted to adopt a girl child.
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WHO CAN BE ADOPTED? The adopted child can be either male or female. The adopted child must be fall under the Hindu category. The adoptee needs also to be unmarried; however, if the particular custom or usage is applicable to the involved parties then the adoptee can be married. The child cannot be the age of sixteen or older, unless again it is custom or the usage is applicable to the involved parties. An adoption can only occur if there is not a child of the same sex of the adopted child still residing in the home. In particular, if a son were to be adopted then the adoptive father or mother must not have a legitimate or adopted son still living in the house.
Legal Implications for an Adopted Child From the date of the adoption, the child is under the legal guardianship of the new adopted parent(s) and thus should enjoy all the benefits from those family ties. This also means that this child, therefore, is cut off from all legal benefits (property, inheritance, etc.) from the family who had given him or her up for adoption.
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PRIMARY DATA
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1. When found and by whom? Who all are managing now? 2. Increase or decrease in orphans?
INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
3. More girls or boys? Number of girls and boys? 4. How do orphans reach the orphanage? 5. Children who are not adopted, what happens to them? 6. How do you raise funds? 7. Are government funds enough? 8. Does government has proper check on the working of orphanage? 9. Per child how many funds are required? 10. How do you promote yourself? 11. Children who are already adopted, do you keep a check on them? 12. What about disabled kids? 13. How are children educated? 14. What after completion of education? Do you help further? How? 15. What kind of help do you expect from public? 16. Do private companies help? How? 17. Open or close adoptions are taken place? 18. Means of creating awareness? Where do you face problems the most?
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ABOUT THE ORPHANAGE
Vatsalya trust has total 11 trustees on board. Among them, 3 of them are permanent and 8 of which are changing. Their span is for 3years. Members of managing committee meet every month. These members keep watch on daily work on agenda and arrange for the same. There are 57 females who are paid less than 5000 rupees working there. 35 people working who are paid between 5000-10000 rupees. And 32 people working who are paid between 10000 to 25000 rupees. Every year Vatsalya trust has an annual get together where children from the orphanage participate in various programmes. Previous year it was held in Podar college, Matunga. Vatsalya Trust was registered on 8th feb, 1983, has successfully completed 32 years. Started to work from the grassroots, with deep efforts of fellow members, this trust has established its own huge workplaces at the Kanjur Marg,Sanpada as well as Alibaug.
KANJUR MARG Shishugruh: From the beginning, total 1263 children were admitted and 1054 were given in adoption. Balwadi: Children between age group of 2 to 8 take their education in Indian Education Society and Jeevan Vikas Kendra schools. Special children are sent to proper necessary schools like jidda, paramount, Helen keeler etc. in these schools, special ability of children, their likes and interests, faults are observed and special attention is given to them accordingly. Like this, the balwadi section works for well bringing, proper nutrition and progress of the
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children. Children in the orphanage are given site visits to garden, post office, banks, railway stations, airports, theatres, circus etc. Child & parent guidance centre: This centre started in year 2003. Problems regarding children education, their medical behaviour are handled in this centre. Work is done for overall development of children and experts of necessary and various field work for the same. The orphanage has even started a PATIENT ASSISTANCE COURSE for girls with the help of YCMOU. The girls after completion of the course get jobs in hospitals and nursing homes. The trust even has a computer training centre.
SANPADA PROJECT This 14 year old project in Navi Mumbai is well known as one of the best social institution. Balikashram: 52 girls age between 5 to 18 selected by child welfare committee elected by Maharastra state government were taken care by the trust. They get education from Vivekanand school which is near to the trust. There is regular medical checkup for all girls twice a year. Tata institute of social science centre which is foremost institution in India has taken responsibility of counselling of girls and old people in the trust.  
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Old age home: Along with girl’s shelter in sanpada an old age home is also running simultaneously. At this date, there are 15 seniors there under shelter.
The Alibaug branch It started on 7th January 2007. Health of the children over there was a huge question but was was solved with the help of doctors. Publicity: The trust’s publicity was done on member’s Asmita channel’s Vanita mandal programme on 15th September,2013. Information was published in Vivek magazine of December 2013.
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ANSWERS TO INTERVIEW QUESTIONS 1.
More girls or boys? Number of girls and boys? More number of girls are brought in the orphanage. The number of boys is quite less. 8 of 10 children are girls.
2.
How do orphans reach the orphanage? There is a cradle kept outside the gate of the orphanage, but people leaving children there is quite rare. “Mostly we get children via hospitals. Babies who are unwanted by the parents are taken by the orphanage. Girls who have no one in this world and cant support themselves take shelter under us.Disabled kids who are abandoned by parents and there is no vacancy in the orphanages especially for disabled kids are got to us” said one of the trustee there.
3.
Children who are not adopted, what happens to them? “We are there for them, they are our children” said Mr. Nana Bhagwat. This answer got an instant smile on the researcher’s face. This one sentence was enough and explained a lot by itself.
4.
How do you raise funds? We mainly rely on private donations. During Diwali our institution printed coupons of Rs. 10, Rs. 20, Rs. 50 and Rs. 100 for the purpose of fund raising. This scheme is widely accepted now and many
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members who are socially aware try to raise funds by selling these coupons. Many schools are even raising funds enthusiastically. 5.
Are government funds enough? They never are! was the instant answer she got from Mr. Nana Bhagwat.
6.
Children who are already adopted, do you keep a check on them? Yes, we do. We have an annual get together every year. We send invites to the house of each child who was adopted. We even send letter to the children asking them about their progress. And we send hem birthday wishes. Many already adopted kids visit us frequently was told by Nana Bhagwat.
7.
What about disabled kids? There are separate orphanages for these kids. If there is no vacancy, we give them shelter. Currently, we have two kids who are physically and mentally disabled.
8.
How are children educated? Children between the age group of 2-8 take education in indian education society and Jeevan Vikas Kendra schools. Special kids are sent to proper necessary schools like jidda, paramount etc.
9.
What after completion of education? Do you help further? How? We are like a family. Even if they are independent they can stay with us. Our children have graduated and got placement in some private companies. Recently one girl got placement in Infosys. We help  
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them to stand on their own feet. We search for right partner for the girl if she is willing to get married.
10.
What kind of help do you expect from public? Monetary donations help a lot. Instead of donating eateries like biscuits or chocolates, we highly prefer if they donate basic things like soaps, clothes, toys or likewise.
11.
Open or close adoptions are taken place? Close adoptions. open adoptions are not legal in India. The information about the real parents is highly confidential.
12.
Does government has proper check on the working of orphanage? Yes, they do. Officers of child protection unit pay us visit every year and give valuable guidance. Till date everyone who has visited us has been pleased by our work said Mr. Nana Bhagwat with pride.
13.
Where do you face problems the most? Funds. The progress of collection of funds is satisfactory. It would be a great help if we get more donations.
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“The most terrible poverty is the feeling of being unloved.� 43 43
DATA ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Starting with secondary research on the topic_Rehabilitation of Orphans,directions and possibilities in India gave the researchers birds eye view about the overall scenario worldwide then further narrowing it down to India. According to the statistical data,there are 20 million children who are orphan in India that is 4% of the population in India are orphan. Rehabilitation of orphans in the form of adoption was what the researcher focussed on. India has a very large number of orphans as well as destitute child population. Orphanages operated by the state are generally known as juvenile homes.Orphanages have been common dating back to nineteenth century. To research in depth about the topic the researcher visited an orphanage named ‘Vatsalya Trust’ in Kanjur Marg, with around 1263 children living under their shelter kind of amused her.Talking to one of the trustees named Mr. Nana Bhagwat gave her the insights of life of children living there and the major problems faced. Fund raising was amongst the main issue she felt the orphanage have been dealing with. Government funds were limited and the private funds were never really enough was what they said. Adding to it, the orphanage preferred donation of money or necessities for children like clothes, detol, soaps. toys instead of eatables like chocolates, biscuits likewise. Creating awareness about fund raising was the need of the hour. Thus, she opined there were two possible ways this could be done, there were;Firstly, it was doing something that would make the government granting funds to the orphanage. And secondly, it was to create awareness among the people to raise funds. She felt the second option would suit her better.
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MAGNETIC WALL
POSTER FOR PUBLIC PLACES
METRO CARDS
CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
(BRAND)BAGS DONATION BOX
TAGS/BOOKMARKS 45
CONCEPT 1
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CONCEPT2
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CONCEPT3
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DESIGNED POSTER FOR THE WALL
http://d2oadd98wnjs7n.cloudfront.net/file_attachments/109291/files/20131002141546-photo4.JPG?1380748546
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FINAL SOLUTION
After narrowing down various concepts the researcher finally chose magnetic wall as my final solution for awareness about fund raising for orphanages.
Concept: Wall heighten approximately around 6 feet tall by 10 feet broad. Basically, the idea behind is for people to stick coins on it. So for that, a magnetic sheet will be fixed on the wall on which a poster about DONATION that is awareness about fund raising for orphanages will be stuck/placed. The poster will be black and white with a quote written on it with yellow. She chose yellow because, she found it extremely eye catching and it will stand out well on the back and white poster. There will even be a transparent donation box for notes if anyone is willing to donate.
WILL IT WORK? She opines, its human behaviour to get attracted to things that are something different. Magnetic wall would act like an active installation. It would be something different. People of all age groups especially kids who visit malls with their parents will insist on sticking coins to the wall. Along with being fun, this would also help in creating awareness among the masses, giving them a strong social message which will make people think hard.
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RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS SCOPE The magnetic wall presently is just a proposed design solution. If done in reality, would be designed in a famous shopping mall all year round or could be there during sales or festivals like Diwali, christmas or even New Year Eve. This is because more number of people visit mall during this time. This wall will be close to the escalator. The security guards standing there can keep an eye on the money stuck on the wall. If incase of theft which is rare. Removing stuck coins from the wall is a task, takes time. The magnetic effect on the wall would be around 7 feet tall and as wide as the length of the wall E.g 10-15 feet. So that there would be enough place for people to stick coins. Instructions would be written in bold and proper eye level about the the magnetic sheet inside and how the coins could be stuck. The poster on it will be such that makes an impact. There would be focus lights from upside to make the wall more eye catching for the public. There will be a simple transparent rectangular shaped donation box kept for people who would want to donate notes.  
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LIMITATIONS In undertaking this study about our research on the topic_Rehabilitation of Orphans-directions and possibilities in India, a number of problems were faced. Thus the study has several limitations. The limitations faced are as follows: Lack of access to the Orphanages: The major thing the researchers lacked was practical knowledge about their visit. Beforehand, they never gave a thought to how tedious would it be to visit orphanages. Lacking knowledge about the procedure for paying a visit there and the amount of time required for it stood as one of their basic and main limitation. Following which , photography and filming were not permitted in the orphanage. This was yet another major limitation due to which they were not able to collect primary data in form of photographs or videos, which they opine would have had helped them to document their research in a better manner. Limited information shared: Adoption being a sensitive topic, the people in the orphanages were hesitant to share detailed information. Legal information was not at all disclosed.They were not even permitted to meet the children there. Due to this their primary research got little bit narrowed down. Time management: Working in groups is not always easy. Lack of communication gap which led to problems in time management was one of the limitations personally faced by the researcher in this group project.  
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W AY FORWARD
REFERENCES
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- REFERENCES After the magnetic wall, ample funds will be collected that will productively help the orphanage. It is an ongoing process.The sum donated by per person would be less but the wall basically covers larger audience. After the wall, the researcher thought of something that would cover limited number of people e.g 250-300 but all of them will pay e.g 10 Rs.
- The researcher has planned to go with the concept1 as way forward to collect more funds targeting the higher class people of the society.
- The researcher has decided to design a bag for the higher end brands which will be chargeable e.g Rs. 10 per bag. People who walk out from the stores of brands like ZARA, MAGO etc never come out without a bag. The logic behind this was, the people who afford to shop there, even afford to get a bag or two. So each person who shops there would pay for the bag.
- The backside of the bag would be designed by the researcher promoting fund raising for orphanages and the front of the bag would be as it is.
- Another modification the researcher thought about was instead of designing bag, a tag could be designed that can be tied to the bag. That tag would promote donation.
- The modification was thought because the carry bags of the higher end shops are like status symbol to people. Not all would like carry a bag whose backside is designed for fund raising. Instead the tag would be just tied to the handle of the bags and would be removable.
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REFERENCES Adoptionindia.nic.in, (2015). Central Adoption Resource Agency. [online] Available at: http://www.adoptionindia.nic.in/database.htm [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Adoptionindia.nic.in, (2015). Guidelines for Adoption. [online] Available at: http://www.adoptionindia.nic.in/parents/Guidelinesfor-Adoption.html [Accessed 6 Mar. 2015]. Anon, (2015). [image] Available at: http://orphan children white ba… IMAGE [Accessed 12 Mar. 2015]. Anon, (2015). [image] Available at: http://sad children white backg… IMAGE [Accessed 15 Mar. 2015]. Orphanhopeintl.org, (2015). Facts & Statistics. [online] Available at: http://www.orphanhopeintl.org/facts-statistics/ [Accessed 9 Mar. 2015]. times of india, (2015). [online] Available at: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Parliamentary-panel-rejects-plan-for-intercountry-adoption-of-orphans/articleshow/46490877.cms [Accessed 11 Mar. 2015]. times of india, (2015). [online] Available at: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Court-frowns-on-use-of-word-orphanage/articleshow/46489645.cms [Accessed 5 Mar. 2015]. Anon, (2015). [image] Available at: http://d2oadd98wnjs7n.cloudfront.net/file_attachments/109291/files/20131002141546-
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REFERENCES
WON’T YOU GIVE IT A THOUGHT?
57 created by Manjiri Kolwalkar