Converting Milan by beate_niemann

C O N V E RT I N G M I L A N B E AT E N I E M A N N ( E D. )

ISBN 978-3-942 100-21-2

M II L A N CONVERTING MILAN B E AT E N I E M A N N â&#x20AC;&#x201D; E D I TO R

HOCHSCHULE WISMAR — UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES T E C H N O L O GY, BUSINESS AND DESIGN This publication was realized in the framework of the „Academic Future Fund South Europe“ DAAD program, Dialogue with Institutions of Higher Education Collective project with the Politecnico di Milano, Department of Urban Studies and Wismar University, Department of Urban Design and Regional Planning

EDITED BY

WISMAR UNIVERSITY Prof. Dr. Beate Niemann

PROJECT COORDINATION

RESEARCH ASSISTANTS Theresa Werner, Sebastian Weber

AUTHORS

Alena Vechterova, Andrea Börger, Dasong Wang, Dara Tybusch, Fabian Rentzsch, Janine Balzereit, Junhui Wang, Mayke Böttcher, SebastianWeber, Shuang Lu, Veronika Jancaryova,

Xiaoyin Yang, Yichen Yang, Zhuoya Qu

COPY-EDITING Jan-Hendrik Höhnk, Fabian Rentzsch

ILLUSTRATIONS

By the photographers, designers, and their legal successors. Every reasonable attempt has been made by the authors, editors and publishers to identify owners of copyrights. Any errors or omissions will be settled within the usual limits on receipt of appropriate notification.

LAYOUT, GRAPHIC DESIGNING AND TYPESETTING Myriam Mäckelmann

Texts by kind permission of the authors. The Copyrights for the images are, if not specified, subject to the respective author of the article and pictures by kind permission of the photographers/holders of the picture rights. This work is subject to copyright. For any kind of use permission of the copyright owner must be obtained. © 2015 Verlag University Wismar All rights reserved. ISBN 978-3-942 100-21-2 www.fg.hs-wismar.de

1 2 3 4 5

INTRODUCTION P R E FAC E — 9 THE PHENOMENON OF THE EXPO AS AN URBAN G E N E R AT O R — 1 5

WORKSHOPS FIRST STEP—30 SECOND STEP—34 THIRD STEP—46 FOURTH STEP—60 LAST STEP—66

THEORY AND ELECTIVE COURSE GREENERY AND THE CITY—80 R A I L Y A R D S A N D C I T Y ‘ S T R A N S F O R M AT I O N I N MILAN—98 C O M P A R I S O N O F M I L A N A N D V E N I C E W AT E R W AY S — 1 1 2 C O M P A R I S O N O F M I L A N A N D B E R L I N W AT E R W AY S — 1 2 4 THE CONCEPTION OF THE MILAN EXPO SITE—136 P O R TA N U O V A — 1 4 8

PROJECTS N AV I G L I P RO J E C T D E S I G N — 1 6 2 CURING THE CITY SCAR OF MILAN—172 CONVERTING MILAN—186 PA R C O D I M I L A N O — 1 9 6

APPENDIX PICTURE CREDITS—206 BIBLIOGRAPHY—209

1 2 3 4 5 INTRODUCTION

PREFACE BEATE NIEMANN

1 C . Mo randi and A . Rolando

The Northern-Italian city of Milan will be the host of the EXPO world exhibition in 2015. 150 participating countries have already signed up; 20 million visitors are expected. The city and the entire region have to prepare adequately for this event and will invest several billion Euros into urban development measures. One focus of the urban development of Milan is the revitalization of former industrial and railway areas. In the course of industrialization, Milan has become a major commercial center. As a result of structural change, numerous industrial and railway areas are abandoned and underused. These areas have to be improved and integrated into the urban fabric. Exemplary is the former railway station â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Scalo Ferroviario Lancettiâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC; for whose future development an urban and green-space design is wanted. Wismar University organized an international research and design seminar in cooperation with Politecnico di Milano, which included several interdisciplinary meetings of German and Italian students, doctoral candidates, scientific staff and professors of architecture as well as urban and landscape planning. Urban transformation of the city of Milan was analyzed, discussed and compared to other phenomena of urban development to implement

insights in terms of urban development designs for the mentioned area in Milan. This publication provides information about the whole process. It shows the working situation, additional information in form of papers prepared by students and teachers in the course of the project as well as the resulting urban designs. Finally, we would like to thank the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) for the great experience and for making the project possible. The realization would have been impossible without the support of the DAAD and the funds provided by the German Federal Foreign Office. Summing up it helped to build up a professional discourse with experts from a southern European country. Added to that we would like to thank Prof. Dr. Andreas Kipar, Prof. Corinna Morandi and Prof. Dr. Andrea Rolando who were coordinating our stay in Milan and provided us with information as well as working space in Studio Land and the Politecnico di Milano. Also we would like to thank our guest speakers - Prof. Laura Montedoro, Prof. Dr. Antonella Bruzzese, Prof. Giulia Tettamanzi, Matteo Ghidoni, Stefano Di Vita, Annapaola Busnardo and Camilla Mancini - who gave us information about Italy, Milan and the specific planning area.

2 Th e p articipating students in Milan

THE PHENOMENON OF THE EXPO AS AN URBAN GENERATOR MAYKE BÃ&#x2013;TTCHER

1 1800, 1850, 1940

INTRODUCTION

I N I T I A L S I T U AT I O N

The reintegration of vacant railway areas within cities is a crucial and important task for urban planners. As these areas are often centrally located in representative parts of town, this task includes enormous potentials for a process of urban growth. Such examples can be found around the globe, but right now the whole world looks at Milan. The city is one of the most representative built herritage in Europe and soon it will show all its facets at the Expo 2015. The central railway wasteland ‘Scalo Ferroviario Lancetti‘ is one of the remaining opportunities for Milan to advance the existing high standard of architecture. The first part of this text will give an introduction to the City of Milan, an impression of the history and its urban development concept for the future. Linked to that, the second part shows the body of the design project. Contemporary processes of urbanized structures will be analyzed and further the implementation of the urban design concepts. The design project also includes a workshop on site to which a detailed description will follow.

Milan is said to be the commercial center of Italy and the capital of the region Lombardy (Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2013). With 1.3 million inhabitants the city is the second largest in Italy. The surrounding region is one of the biggest urban agglomerations in the country with a population of over 7 million people. Because of its central location within the Po River Valley it has become a traffic hub for overland and aerial transportation. The city has also been an important place for industry, business and culture for centuries and has witnessed a rich and turbulent history. However, it is important to note that the city of Milan is not only a place of culture and history, but also a modern metropolis that is preparing for the future. Nowadays the whole world is watching a process Milan has never seen before. The Expo 2015 will bring 20 million visitors. Even before it‘s beginning the Expo generates huge financial investment. That requires massive strategies for urban redevelopment and Milan is about to completely reinvent itself. The proceeding of the Expo involve an entire master plan of the city and focusses on public spaces, infrastructure, ecology and residential space in particular (Atti del Convegno 2008).

By international exchange and comparison of typologies and strategies of change, hidden mechanisms become visible and important insights possible. This is the basis of the design project for an international team of students and teachers from Wismar University of Applied Sciences and Politecnico di Milano.

TRENDSETTING DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY The history of urban planning in Milan is physically present in many different typologies of neighborhoods and areas. Between 1860 and 1914, the city of Milan became an important European metropolis (Guida di Milano CittĂ 2013). The development can be measured gradually by the rising number of projects which have completely changed the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s skyline and the constantly increasing population (Sustainable Cities Collective 2013). Duomo di Milano, the fifth largest cathedral in the world, was the tallest building in Milan for a long time - measuring 108 meters - and was undoubtedly a Milanese symbol. But the modernization of the city encouraged several transformation projects and re-designed the urban structure (Sustainable Cities Collective 2013).

2 Skyline chang es 2007-2010

3 Gre e n Rays

These days Milan celebrates the so called ‘European Renaissance‘. That means it takes advantage of its strong identity and turns the spirit of the Expo 1906 upside down, when the city of the 20th century started assuming all the features of modernity to become, literally, an industrial city (Kipar 2008).

1 8 9 4 > 1 , 1 3 7 MI L L I O N M² O F G R EE NE RY F O R 4 9 1 , 5 0 0 I NHABI TANT S > > 2 , 3 M² / AB

GREEN VISION OF MILAN

2 0 3 0 > 5 1 MI L L I O N M² O F G R E E NE RY F O R 1 , 7 0 0 , 0 0 0 I NHABI TANT S > > 3 0 M² / AB

Today the city of Milan is adopting its own environmental strategy and incorporates it in its plan to administer the Territory (named Territorial Government Plan, PGT). The PGT embodies a strong strategy for the environment and open space. The quality of public spaces, urban landscape, architecture and urban development will become more and more relevant for the living conditions in Milan. Milan‘s main goal is to become a greener city by connecting all the existing green spaces and creating new open spaces, parks, pedestrian- and cycling routes. That‘s the midpoint of Milan‘s ‘Green Rays‘, developing from the city center, passing through the main cultural and natural spots of the city and crossing the city‘s green belt (Kipar 2008). An interesting time line makes clear where the green vision for Milan is heading to:

2 0 0 7 > 1 6 MI L L I O N M² O F G R E E NE RY F O R 1 , 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 I NHABI TANT S > > 1 2 , 3 M² / AB

EXPO 2015 The Expo will be taking place in Milan in 2015 and brings enormous challenges and opportunities to the city and the region. Milan is in fact adopting a Climatic Equilibrium Defense Plan and is implementing effective and comprehensive policies to become one of the most environmentally friendly cities in Europe and in the world. It will be an extraordinary opportunity to understand that our planet’s environmental resources must be preserved for our children and our children’s children (Gore 2007). While every prospect is watching, the city and the region getting ready to competely reinvent themselves. The prime objective of the development is to bring the event into the

city of Milan, extending the theme and expositional activities beyond the boundaries of the site. Milan will open its arms to everybody so they can get to know the city and its most impressive and significant landmarks. For six months, urban orchards and gardens, food markets, ethnic festivals, planetary food fairs and temporary installations will follow one by one along the bicycle and pedestrian ‘route of knowledge and culture‘ to bring the theme of the Expo 2015 into the heart of Milan to mobilize the cultures and populations (Expo 2015, 2010).

PRINCIPLES This event embodied seven subthemes: — Science for food safety, security and quality — Innovation in the food supply — Technology for agriculture and biodiversity — Dietary education — Solidarity and Cooperation on food — Food for better lifestyles — Food in the world‘s cultural and Ethnic groups

One of the human rights is access to safe, secure food and water. ‘Feeding the Planet‘ is truly a paramount priority, because: Pursuing these twin goals is a fundamental principle of sustainable development and a fundamental requirement for personal health. Hunger, thirst and social imbalances are often the root of human conflicts. Allowing these imbalances to persist ensures a loselose situation (Atti del Convegno 2008).

LO C AT I O N The entire masterplan of the city including public spaces, infrastructure, ecology and residential space becomes involved by the process of the Expo. The relevant area is located at the northern edge and just a few kilometers away from the center of Milan in an area with highly developed infrastructure that makes it one of the most accessible zones of Lombardy. This not only ensures adequate access to the Expo, but also constitutes the framework for the implementation of an overall access strategy based on criteria of environmentaland energy sustainability, in keeping with the environmental sensitivity implied in the Expo theme (Expo 2015, 2010).

I N T E R E S T I N G FAC T S — Expo site: 110 hectares — One plot for each country: 140 participants, comprising 130 nations, 10 international regions — Distribution of countries: 5 bioclimatic regions — Thematic areas: 6 thematic areas totaling 90,000 m² — Agro-ecosystems and greenhouses: 6 hectares with 25,000 m² for greenhouses 45 m high — Corporate thematic development areas: 3 areas — Expo village, hospitality for participants: 160 buildings facing towards the canal, 320 apartments, 1,200 guests — Event areas: 6 areas, indoors and outdoors Aware of the urgency of preserving biodiversity, seas and forests, fighting desertification and preventing natural disasters, Milan called for projects to raise five million Euro intended for micro-insular countries in the Caribbean, the Pacific and the

Indian Ocean, as well as landlocked sub-Saharan African countries suffering from the consequences of desertification. Last but not least, Milan will promote a good number of cooperation projects to implement measures regarding the use of energy. For this purpose Expo Milano 2015 has set aside 52 million Euro for environmental projects in developing countries, including countries vulnerable and in a transition stage, that are facing environmental and energy-related challenges (Expo 2015, 2010).

URBAN DESIGN PROJECT In occasion and inspiration of the Expo the Wismar University of Applied Sciences set up the Urban Design Project ‘Converting Milan [the phenomenon of the Expo as an urban generator]‘. The focus of the project was to develop a specific design proposal for the centrally located railway wasteland ‘Scalo Ferroviario Lancetti‘ in Milan. The aim was to create a scenario that connects urban- and open-space, to build new quarter and its surrounding by using a mix of residential, leisure, recreation and service buildings. Public spaces, new residential typologies and shape of integrated

living needed to ascribe a particular importance. Concerning the development of public and private spaces for key areas and areas of transition like Scalo Ferroviario Lancetti, the participants had to acknowledge themselves about contemporary processes and designs that transform the urban character of Milan and suburbs caused by the Expo. It is of importance to have understood conceptual perspectives and urban connections to create new public and private spaces and to let a specific design work within existing structures. The design process started on Sep. 30th 2013. Since then, an international team of 14 students and teachers from the Wismar University of Applied Sciences and Politecnico di Milano was analyzing the contemporary processes and implemented these into urban design conceptions. The work culminated in a design project.

SCHEDULE Phase I of the workshop included theoretical preparation in order to set up a proper background to topics like current and past Expo events as well as reference projects. This research work needed to be analyzed for the following workshop. This is always a very influencing time during

every design process. The workshop began on Oct 14th and ended on Oct 18th 2013. On-site analysis were drawn up and the participants got the opportunity to figure out certain needs and requirements. As a result of consultations to local architects and specialized professors, first visions and sketches got produced. Phase II started back in Germany where the students needed all the collected information to work out an urban design concept. On Dec 12th 2013 a second presentation at Milan Polytechnic followed to keep the approach of design on track and to lead each of them to success. Guest reviewer were Prof. Laura Montedoro, Prof. Antonella Bruzzese and Prof. Corinna Morandi.

A N A LY S I S In order to develop an urban design proposal for a certain place a planner had to read and understand the context, specific situations, structures and contents. During the analysis every single fact gave a hint to understand the different layers on site. The existing and non-existing, the free and empty, had certain strengths and weaknesses for future development and particularly distinctive features, especially concerning the masterplan of the Expo 2015.

HI STO RY ( MO NU ME NT S , DE VE LO P ME NT S , H E R I TAGE ) BU I LT-ST R U CT U R E (US AG E, TY P O LO GY, D E NS I TY, MO R P H O LO GY ) S PAT I AL-ST R U CT U R E (TYP O LO GY, S E Q U E NC E S , LA N D S CAP E , U R BAN) ACC ES S , I NF R AST R U CT U R E B A R R I E R S , BO R D E R S , AX E S , VIEW OT HE R S (E .G . IN H E R I T E D P O L LU T I O N AND E MI S S I O NS ) The output demanded a critical analysis of the site and area in visualizing different layers, potentials and weaknesses. Requirements to convey an expressive picture were sketches, pictographs, scale 1:10,000 and 1:5,000. To set up the development, the concept needed to go one step back to a certain point of time by taking the previous analysis into account. Pointing out possible goals and actions in order to create a larger view and to create an overall vision was crucial. Models, sketches, pictographs, scales in 1:10,000 and 1:5,000, possibly also 1:2,000 or 1:1,000 were required.

4 Vie w dow n from Via Car lo Far ini

C E N T R A L R A I LW AY WASTELAND SCALO FERROVIARIO LANCETTI ‘Scalo Ferroviario Lancetti‘ is located in the center of town and constitutes a depot and feeder to the Garibaldi Station. In an urban context, the railway is a transition between the compact city and the less dense areas. The area itself is barely used and its functions are planned to become repositioned out of town or under ground. The Milano Lancetti underground station is existing on site and is part of the ‘Passante ferroviario di Milano‘ line that is crossing the city center. The surrounding area designates a specific character: To the northern borders the Lancetti Residential Area also the Bodio Research Centre. To the southern side of Farini two urban monuments are located: The Villa Simonetta Music School and the historical Cimiterio Monumentale. In the west there is the Bovisa Campus and the east side hosts the Garibaldi Station, numerous construction sites of the Porta Nuova area and the thriving residential/ cultural district of Isola. Also the old Corso Como with many restaurants and shops are located nearby, just as Parco Sempione and the historical center which can also be reached by foot from ‘Scalo Ferroviario Lan-

cetti‘. Nicknamed ‘Scalo Farini‘ offers different levels of opportunities with respect to the transformations which are taking place in Milan. The area is highly accessible because of the existing railway route and connections to the public transport system. The scarcity of building volumes present in the area is often of little value and rarely subjected to constraints. Another recommended fact is the low level of pollution of soils (Bruzzese 2013).

WORKSHOP In the beginning of the semester the students chose one topic which was to be prepared and later to be presented during the international workshop in Milan afterwards. Participation in the five day course was compulsory and the working language of the project was English. It was important that each design thematically as well as programmatically fits into the greater picture of Milan’s development and especially into Andreas Kipar’s Raggi Verdi, Garibaldi Station, the former fairground ‘CityLife‘ and Sempione Park. According to that requirement the workshop was fundamental to acquire theoretical knowledge about the subject in its entire complexity to translate it into an urban design proposal.

5 Vie w from Via Car lo Far ini

SUMMARY The workshop and the urban design project was a successful event from the first till the last day. The workshop was perfectly organized in advance so that the participants and lecturers were able to follow the work flow easily. The international audience created a setting that promoted active discussions among all participants so that the selected group spent four days creative and constructive concerning advances and problems.

eyes is an educational experience. Gothic architecture, the Romantic art scene, deeply rooted history and a proudly presented culture. Milan provides a wealth of characteristics and inspired the students.

EV ERYB ODY WOR K E D WIT H GREAT AC H IE VE M E N T S A N D OU R H A R D WOR K H A S B ROUGHT M A N Y OR IG IN A L DE S IG N S . Most attention seemed to be given to the exchange and communication among the students and the local experts. According to the dynamic of modern architecture, for architects it is very important to share ideas and opinions with others involved. All in all, the workshop clearly indicated that progress has been made, but that much more progress still remains to be made as the architects in spe are coming more and more into the detailing of redesigning ‘Scalo Ferroviario Lancetti‘. Furthermore, seeing Milan through architect‘s

1 2 3 4 5 WORKSHOPS

FIRST STEP W E LC O M E P R E S E N TAT I O N B Y A N D R E A S K I PA R A N D B E AT E N I E M A N N â&#x20AC;&#x201D; P R E S E N TAT I O N B Y LAURA MONTEDORO A N N A PAO L A B U S N A R D O, AND CAMILLA MANCINI

LIVING IN AN ERA OF TOTAL TRANSFORMATION, THE CITY OF MILAN NEEDS NEW FORMS OF REPRESENTATION AS WELL AS NEW FORMS OF PARTICIPATION. ANDREAS KIPAR

SECOND STEP V I S I T AT S C A LO FA R I N I WORK ON SITE â&#x20AC;&#x201D; P R E S E N TAT I O N B Y ANTONELLA BRUZZESE

THE POSSIBILITY TO EXAMINE THE SITE NOT O N LY O N PA P E R W A S A G R E AT E X P E R I E N C E

T H E A R E A I S V A S T. IT IS ASTONISHING AND REQUIRES A LOT OF WORK

M AT T E R S C O U L D B E DISCUSSED ON SITE

EVEN THOUGH YOU KNOW IT IS CLOSE TO THE CITY CENTER IT FEELS MORE LIKE BEYOND THE CITY BOUNDARIES

SEVERAL AREAS IN THE NORTH WEST OF MILANO - IN PARTICULAR THE ABANDONED SITE OF SCALO FARINI, AREAS AROUND THE FAIR OF RHO PERO AND THE EXPO AREA ITSELF - REPRESENT BOTH OPPORTUNITIES AND PROBLEMS TO BE TREATED WITH AN APPROACH ABLE TO INTEGRATE POLICY DESIGN AND URBAN DESIGN. ANTONELLA BRUZZESE

THIRD STEP P R E S E N TAT I O N S A N D W O R K AT P O L I T E C N I C O DI MILANO

IN ORDER TO RETRACE AND INTERPRET THE EVOLUTION IN URBAN TRANSFORMATIONS, IT IS ALWAYS IMPORTANT TO RELATE CITIES LIKE MILAN TO THEIR HISTORICAL AND ECONOMIC CONTEXTS. CORINNA MORANDI

A GOOD COMPREHENSION OF THE CITY OF MILAN W A S M E D I AT E D

THE TERRITORIES IN-BETWEEN TORINO AND MILANO ARE A COMPLEX REGION, THAT DONâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;T BENEFIT DIRECTLY FROM THE EXPO, BUT WHERE THE EVENT ITSELF CAN CONTRIBUTE TO A BETTER RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURES IN A UNIQUE LANDSCAPE. ANDREA ROLANDO

T H E W O R K AT T H E POLITECNICO WAS INTENSE AND VERY PRODUCTIVE

THROUGH THE OPPORTUNITIES OF URBAN REDEVELOPMENT, THERE IS SCOPE FOR NEW LARGE OPEN SPACES FOR THE CITY AND FOR THE TERRITORY. THE SYSTEM OF PARKS, EXISTING AND PLANNED, TOGETHER WITH THE PUBLIC SPACES, IDENTIFIES A NEW ENVIRONMENTAL NETWORK - A NEW PUBLIC STRUCTURE - CONNECTING SERVICES AND MOBILITY SYSTEMS. ANNAPAOLA BUSNARDO

MANY CONCEPTS WERE DEVELOPED AND SCAPPED IN THE PROCESS

FOURTH STEP W O R K AT T H E AT E L I E R

THINKING ABOUT THE INTERNAL BOUNDARIES OF THE CITY, ABOUT ITS ‘INNER FRONT‘ MEANS TO CATCH THE OPPORTUNITY OF AN EXPANSION DIFFERENT FROM THE PERIPHAL ONE: WITH OTHER RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN OPEN SPACES AND BUILT MASSES, A DIFFERENT DENSITY, A DIFFERENT INTENSITY, PROPER TYPOLOGIES. MATTEO GHIDONI

TEACHERS AND STUDENTS WORK TOGETHER

LAST STEP P R E S E N TAT I O N A N D CRITICISM WITH A N D R E A S K I PA R A N D G I U L I A T E T TA M A N Z I

CONCEPTS ARE PRESENTED

F O U R DAY S O F W O R K COMPRESSED IN A FEW PICTURES

STUDENTS DISCUSSING THEIR CONCEPTS

THE BASE OF THE FOLLOWING WORK IN G E R M A N Y I S C R E AT E D

EXPO 2015, AS MANY OTHER M E G A - E V E N T S A R O U N D T H E WO R L D, I S C R E AT I N G O P P O R T U N I T I E S B U T A L S O T H R E AT S F O R M I L A N A N D I T S M E T R O P O L I TA N R E G I O N . ST E FA N O D I V I TA

1 2 3 4 5 THEORY AND ELECTIVE COURSE

GREENERY AND THE CITY â&#x20AC;&#x201D; A BROADER PERSPECTIVE ON THE URBAN PARK SEBASTIAN WEBER

Every one of us is very well familiar with the concept of urban greenery. Every day we pass through our city’s gardens and parks and on a regular basis we choose to spend our precious free time out in the green. Visiting the park on a pleasant Sunday afternoon one will encounter large numbers of people pursuing numerous sports and activities. Despite the park’s popularity as an integral part of the modern city, all these activities could easily be pursued anywhere outside the house, thus they do not represent the whole reason for visiting a park (see Kaspar 2012: 16). When trying to understand the modern city one also has to make an attempt to truly understand its parks, as they might be more than just gaps within the urban fabric. Speaking about these cities, another important matter that one must not fail to acknowledge is that they are unique in their existence. For it might actually be accurate to say that, in fact, we do not know at all what a park really is.

W H AT I S A PA R K ? Attempting to understand about the connection between greenery and people, traditional developments and evaluations of definitions need to be understood. As archeologists have been able to prove, it is pos-

sible to find human settlements endowed with some sort of agriculturally used garden as early as 10,000 BC (Turner 2011a: 70). However, it might not be necessary to go that far back in time to learn about the foundations of today‘s self-understanding of our cultures. R E LI GI O U S BE L I E F AND C ULT U R AL U ND E R STAND I NG H AV E BE E N E S S E NT I AL FOR O U R U ND E R STAND I NG OF T H E PAR K AND O U R OVE R AL L P E R C E PT I O N O F T H E R E L AT I O NS HI P BE T W E E N M A N AND HI S MAT E R I AL S U R R O U ND I NG. Speaking of a philosophical understanding of the park, it is well worth mentioning the work of the US American researcher Galen Cranz. Combining the fields of sociology, cultural-studies and architecture she has been working in the field around this paper for a long period of time. Particularly in the 1980s she had put her emphasis of research on the elaboration of parks and their development, also considering effect on historical facts and cultural changes (1978). Her documentations of her travels all around the globe provide us with information on situations of parks during times of administrative cir-

cumstances that were very different from today. Accordingly, the parks that she visited are, even if they are still of the same layout, used very differently.

S TAY I N G O U T: O N PA R A D I S E AND GARDEN EDEN The gardens of Italy and Germany and the here applied design and philosophy are certainly an important part of common European culture. Here, spiritual thinking is clearly based on a Christian worldview, which is represented and largely constituted by The Holy Bible. Though this seems obvious to most of us, it may well be worth it to dust of the Bibles in our bookshelves and take a look inside: The very foundation for man’s relation to nature and also the development of gardens lies in the process of creation. The Bible describes two processes of creation in the first book of Moses. The first describes a process lasting seven days, starting with the creation of heaven and earth, darkness and light in a movement of separation, commencing with the creation of nature, plants and animals and finishing with his most valuable creation: humankind. In fact, the latter description of creation starts with

the creation of man that is put into a beautiful paradise garden called Eden: “And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul. And the Lord God planted a garden eastward in Eden; and there he put the man whom he had formed. And out of the ground made the Lord God to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food; the tree of life also in the midst of the garden, and the tree of knowledge of good and evil. And a river went out of Eden to water the garden; and from thence it was parted, and became into four heads.” (Bible: 1. Moses 2, 7-10) As a consequence of committing the original sin, mankind has become expelled from the perfect beauty of the Garden Eden to live a hard earthly life and can only hope to return there after death. A state of perfect harmony that everyone is hoping to find after a fulfilled life is ultimately connected to a return to this garden Eden were mankind was initially set to exist by the creator. This paradise garden that everyone is yearning for to reach one day is historically constituted to be separated from the outside, the real world. As Mayer-Tasch (2001: 14) describes the old Persian word “pairi-dae’-za” and the Babylonian

1 Adam and Eve

“paradise” have just as the Hebrew word “pardes” and also Indo-European “ghordo-s”, greek “chortos” and Latin “hortos” the same meaning of something that is fenced and protected, and therewith excluded from the rest. In this sense, even the words garden and paradise root from the same linguistic meaning. Whoever wants to be able to return to paradise has to find the heavenly keys to the much-admired Garden Eden (Mayer-Tasch 2001: 14). Besides numberless endeavors to geographically locate a physically existing Garden Eden in the Babylonian area, traditionally any design of a garden in Christian tradition represents an attempt to create a personal form of paradise on earth. A place of perfect harmony, well protected, and free of sorrow, aspiration and anguish. (Mayer-Tasch 2001: 15) This concept had a strong influence on the garden culture in Germany and all over Europe. Gardens have existed in times and cultures that are not related to Christianity (see Turner 2011b) such as the old-Persian Paradise Gardens that surely influenced the early Greek and Roman cities and even Plato’s Academy-Garden four centuries before Christ. However, fostered by the increasing popularity of Christian belief in the early middle ages, the biblical view seems to be of highest

significance for parks and gardens as we know them today. Monasteries, as being the closest to the teachings of the Bible, were the places were Christian garden culture was to be developed and practiced first. The four streams mentioned in the Bible as flowing out of the Paradise Garden Eden were reflected through a common division of garden spaces in four, with a source of water in the center, and became an ideal of any garden construction throughout the century (Mayer-Tasch 2001: 17). Hence, monasteries are also of great importance when it comes to garden design. The monks import the Christian principle of ‘pray and work’ [ora et labora] and extend it to the creation of paradise-like gardens within the monastery, following descriptions of Garden Eden mentioned in the Bible. Fostered by the work and lifestyle of the monks, another aspect concerning the gardens gains importance: Not only the enjoyment of garden environments, that brings one closer to paradise, but also the act of physically creating and possessing a garden oneself becomes increasingly important. By building a garden one becomes a creator himself, obeying the dogma implied by the Bible of having to beautify and cultivate the earth we are living in

(Knieast 2002: 71). Indeed it is striking, that the word “culture” descends from a horticultural context originally implying the actual “cultivation” of plants (Knieast 2002: 72). Albrecht Dürer however, does not put Jesus in a context of garden-cultivation but follows a biblical tale, speaking of Jesus appearing as a gardener.

— Rose Garden or Flower Field: open field outside the city walls surrounded by roses often to be found with a water well in the center. Being the designated place for festivals, assemblies and tournaments to happen, this sort of garden disappears with the end of the Middle Ages (Grisebach 1910: 7 and 62).

COMMUNAL GARDENS AND P R I VAT E P R O P E R T Y

— Tree Garden: Needed for the food cultivation, this garden requires a fair amount of work to be setup and until the first fruit may be harvested. Hence, it was only to be found in areas where people have settled for a longer period of time. It was often situated near the Rose Garden, also providing shade and spaces to retreat that were sometimes equipped with arches.

As a result it becomes understandable how sites within the city survived even though being uneconomical and, as one might say, a waste of scarce space within the city wall. Richard Sennett (1994) describes urban monasterial gardens of Paris not only as social places for people in need but also as places of solitude, relaxation and enjoyment of nature but at the same time as places of physical labor as here visitors were welcome to participate in the action of gardening. The idea of a garden that was used and maintained communally was nothing uncommon during the Middle Ages. Due to a lack of a single space of sufficient size within the city many different communal gardens were to be found. Grisebach (1910) names some of them as follows:

— Root and Flower Garden: While the other two gardens were at last partly connected to leisure, this garden is holding all sorts of particular plants, herbs and flowers needed for preparation of food and medicine. It was usually secluded from the open garden types by fencing of other barriers, as “Ortus Concludus” (Grisebach 1910: 7). However moving towards the age of Renaissance and the 15th century, the desired bigger scale pleasure garden has taken on the openness

and low vegetation from the flower field but with the structure known before from the Root and Flower Garden or Ortus Concludus (Grisebach 1910: 11). The relation between the garden and the surrounding built structure - namely Italian castles and villas - is starting to become increasingly important. Also, parts of different structures and uses are still separated but are slowly developing towards one greater union of earlier separated garden types: The so called parterre is taking on the social functions of the Flower Field while being equipped with a strictly square field of low vegetation. Those fields do not represent separate gardens of different function any longer, but are to be seen and appreciated from a distance where they reveal the beauty of a neat ornament and hence, the seemingly visible control of the forces of nature. Apart from the function of the garden as place of recreation and enjoyment of nature and the garden there with also becomes an exclusive symbol of power. The big rulers and monarchs of that time know very well how to extend this demonstration of power also on their people, applying the garden as a symbol of status. The tendencies that started evolving during the Renaissance are coming to full bloom during the Baroque area around the

17th century. Houses and gardens of monarchs and aristocrats are designed with the aim of forming one greater union. Architecture is responsible for gardens and buildings and design principles are inherent in both (Grisebach 1910: 25). The strong focus on strict geometry and on the shape of the flowerbeds certainly has consequences for the greenery used. FLO W E R S T H AT WO U L D G R OW HI GH W I T H BLO S S O MS T H AT CANNOT BE T R I MME D A R E NOT W E LCO ME ANY LO NGE R . As the beauty of these blossoms is still highly valued, they are given a designated place within the garden. Orangeries, that are to be equipped with a greenhouse for the winter in order to protect the exotic but highly valued fruit, are situated around those structures. For this new purpose of scientific cultivation of exotic plants botanical gardens are an integrated part of garden planning, certainly also to please the eye in their own architectural appearance. The common people slowly adapted to the design ideas and elements exhibited by their rulers (Grisebach 1910: 59). However, with the beginning of the industrial revolution the simple manâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mind-set began to

2 “Hyp nerotomachia Poliphili”

change and politics also had their effect on gardening and gardenphilosophy. What occurred then was something that Grisebach describes as “the garden-revolution of the 18th century that did not only have a liberating effect on garden design that emphasized on informality and natural beauty but also on its usage and its concerning politics“. (Grisebach 1910: 101).

OPENING-UP T H E U R B A N PA R K Despite the traditional design elements of gardens and green space discussed previously, it has been mentioned that a set of new circumstances started to arise during the 18th century within the western hemisphere that have eventually led to the emergence of the urban park as we encounter it today. The concept of open green space within the city that is practically accessible for everyone is not new. TRACES OF P UB LIC G A R DE N STRU CTU R E S H AVE B E E N F OU N D IN OLD R OM A N A N D A SSY R IA N C IT IE S (CHA DWIC K 1 9 6 6 : 1 9 ), but are not be compared to the park as we understand and visit it daily in the modern metropolis. This green

area that is “an area of land laid out primarily for public use amidst ... urban surroundings” (ibid.). Large green spaces were no longer meant to be accessible for aristocrats and political leaders only, but also to the large public accompanying some newly emerged needs and desires. From a baroque perspective the garden was regarded as an extension of the halls and saloons of the ruling class. As Grisebach states (1910: 103) the newly emerging garden design was made for the enjoyment of each and everyone within society. As political circumstances started to drift away from the power of a ruler towards the ruling of the people, garden-design was taken off the hands of architects and now managed by painters and artists (Grisebach 1910: 105). Strictly straight axes and the overall devotion of nature became replaced by a romantic landscape that “might not be either beautiful or sublime, but despite this would be subject for a painter to make a picture of it: it was picturesque.” (Chadwick 1966: 21) Despite changing design features also accessibility became an issue. Though todays Hyde Park in London, for example, was open to the public for special occasions, ever since it was opened up by Charles I about 1635AC (Chadwick 1966: 37), gardens were generally still pri-

3 No li me tang ere

vate estates for leisure-hunting and recreation. Monarchs however must have felt things around them were changing, as in fact, Germany’s first public parks were initiated by the crown (Chadwick 1966: 249). But still, as Chadwick quotes Lenné, the Royal Garden Engineer at Potsdam, the park visitor needed to be “a man of fortune, and take exercise on horseback or in a carriage” (quoted by Chadwick 1966: 32). Hence, access to the park was still not entirely free to everyone. According to Lothar Reinermann (2005), the first actual urban parks, as we understand them today, were to be found in London. The Great Fire of 1666 destroyed one fifth of the city and lead to a fast and uncontrolled growth throughout town. London became an international center of trade, commerce and culture and with the emergence of colonial politics, in some way, London and Great Britain also became the center of the world. What followed was a virtual explosion of its population with annual growth numbers around 20%, accompanied by an urban sprawl like never seen before (Reinermann 2005: 20, Briggs 1983: 185). Concerning “paving, lighting, and sanitation (…) and the material conditions of life” (D.J. Olsen by Reinermann 2005: 22) even beat the well-known and ap-

preciated features of contemporary Paris. The economic depression of 1826/27 that hit the poor quarters and their inhabitants particularly hard and led to growing resentment against the city as it has emerged. The causes of industrialization and smog, dust and dirt form the factories had led to disastrous living conditions and severe pollution of the environment that endangered the health of the public. WH OEV E R CO U L D AF F O R D IT LE FT T HE BO U NDAR I E S O F T H E CI TY, W H I L E E V E RYO NE E LS E WAS Y E AR NI NG FOR S P OT S O F HE ALT H P R OV I D I NG GR E E NE RY I N TO W N. As powers in politics have slowly been shifting away from the ancient rulers of Britain’s monarchy also the royal pleasure and hunting grounds were gradually opened to the public. In the course of the 19th century the beforehand clear distinction between the new public parks in the city and classical gardens began to diminish. Geometrical design elements known from common renaissance and baroque gardens became popular in urban park design (Reinermann 2005: 23). Accessing and learning from classical garden design was something

4 Map o f Hyde Par k, 1833

now only well-to-do people were to experience in their private gardens but also the working or lower class was to enjoy. On top of that, park visitors were to be educated by strict regulations, valid within the urban parks, demanding all visitors to be on their best behavior. The existing aristocratic pleasure grounds and private gardens started to become public and hence fully integrated into the urban grid (Chadwick 1966: 20). Costly projects would not only be a monetary investment but also “largely civilise and refine the national character, foster the love of rural beauty, and increase the knowledge of and taste for rare and beautiful trees and plants” (Chadwick 1966:181). Besides that, new large public parks were established in the urban periphery, which gradually became part of the center city itself. These newly opened “gardens of the gardenless” (Reinermann 2005: 26) granted enjoyment of cleanliness, greenery and open space to people of all social backgrounds for the first time in history. In this sense, the opening of the parks was a clearly controlled disposal of parts of royal power and benefits, in order not to lose all of it entirely at once. Inspired by the recent development of the park movement on the Old Continent, also “the American

5 Go lde n G ate Par k, 1892

movement emerged in response to the worsening condition of cities, as well as in acknowledgment towards an importance of open and recreational spaces in promoting public healthâ&#x20AC;? and spread all over the continent in the course of the 19th century (Shi 1998: 225). Berkeley Professor Galen Cranz (1978) is marking four steps of development that the urban park has gone through. Tough she is doing this by looking at the urban park in the US of America, similar principles will apply to Western Europe. In the course of time anticipated purpose and design of the park changed tremendously. Cranz identifies the four steps of development as follows: Pleasure Grounds, ca. 1850-1900: After the beginning of industrialization more and more people moved into the cities in order to find work at the emerging industries, environmental problems first start to come up. Unhealthy working conditions, polluted air, lack of hygiene and knowledge about spreading diseases took their toll and governments are forced to react. After one had started to realize that epidemics tend to hit the crowded and polluted city much harder than the less populated areas it becomes a goal of decision makers to provide pieces of healthy greenery in the near surrounding of the growing city centers. These

pleasure parks are meant to serve as an â&#x20AC;&#x153;antidoteâ&#x20AC;? (Cranz 1978: 9) to the unhealthy modern city life and were hence trying to keep their appearance as natural as possible. In the US of America, winding paths leading through the park are opposing the rigid city grid of straight streets and avenues. Also flowers are not likely to be found there, as they would just resemble the visitor of work and human impact. At the same time rules and behavior codes anticipated in the city are also enforced in the park. The park visitor is not meant to be changed in his entire thinking but rather ought to recuperate and to return to work, well recovered and well behaved. (Cranz 1978: 11) The Reform Park or Play Grounds, ca. 1900-1930: WH I L E T H E P L E AS U R E G R O U ND WAS S I T UAT E D ON T HE C I TY E D GE , T H E R E F O R M PAR K I S COM M O NLY P L AC E D I N T HE H E A RT O F T HE WO R K I NG C L AS S R E S I D E NT I AL NE I GHBO R H O O D. Here, gymnastics and play are supported with the necessary equipment. Flowers, buildings and other traces of human impact were integrated into the park, pathways and the park structure could well be

straight and resembling the urban grid. While the pleasure ground was meant to cure the symptoms urban residents had to deal with, the reform park is aiming “to improve the quality of the city itself” (Cranz 1978:15) Recreational Facility, ca. 1930-65: With the emergence of the suburbs as the main area of workers to live in, patches of greenery are to be found all around and in everyone’s courtyards. Larger facilities, that would provide chances to workout and do exercise, that would require special equipment or a sports ground to take place, become necessary in this way. “Parks no longer had to justify their existence as accomplishing needed social change (…) Active recreation was the password of this era (…) Swimming pools were more popular than any other single facility” (Cranz 1978:15). Open Space, ca. 1965-after: “This new attitude toward the city and its open space occurred precisely when the inner city was perceived as decaying” (Cranz 1978:18) Any kind of open space in the city are appreciated; landscape architecture and design become fashionable again. One has to be clear that the here identified stages including the stated dates are results of Cranz’s research in the United States of America and therefore not straight

away applicable to countries in Europe. They should however be supportive and helpful to understand that concepts and findings about urban Parks are constantly changing, evolving and overlapping.

A LW AY S ADAPTING, EVER CHANGING As Elissa Rosenberg (1996) states, parks in the city have always been following a specific function or fulfilling a present need. Whether serving as hunting ground or flood area parks did not have public recreation or a stronger connection to the mediocre citizen on their initial agenda. Only later those factors were recognized as important; mostly as self-evolved side effects that were gradually understood as worth being preserved. Also referring to Cranz, Shi Mingzheng is pointing out two main stages of European park design: After the royal recreations first opened in central Europe a park visit was mainly about enjoying the “pastoral” beauty of nature. Later, starting with the beginning of the 20th century, urban parks became equipped with sport and recreational facilities (Shi 1998: 226). At this moment in time, the modern recreational park, as a rather

new phenomenon, could once more be regarded as problematic and ready for a change. Park design, as Rosenberg states, “ironically often results in the creation of ecologically sterile landscapes” (1996:90). As a solution she is suggesting to bring the cities infrastructure projects, of any kind, back into the center of the city in order to connect and make the citizens more aware of what their city is requiring and how it is functioning. As an example, one could mention the setup of water purification systems within a residential area where it is needed and include it into a structure of the park. The therewith generated increase in ecological awareness of the citizens does, as he states, by no means decrease but increase leisure quality of a place. Making a park more interesting and functionally legitimate to exist within the city, a place will greatly be contributing to the city’s overall wellbeing (Rosenberg 1996: 92).

It is up to planners and decision makers to guarantee that greenery remains truly open and attractive to everyone as oppose to just being a place for children and elderly. By putting a new emphasis on the green open spaces, one may lead the way to reintegrate and connect our cities within themselves and to its inhabitants. It has been shown that, in the past, the urban park has managed to change its existence without ever losing its traditional roots and character. Perhaps it is this flexibility and ability to adapt that makes it so hard for us to define what a park really is. However, respecting old traditions while being aware of new innovations is the only key for a successful development in the future.

IN ORDER TO R E S OLVE T H E N U M EROU S P R OB LE M S T H AT A CON TEM P OR A RY C ITY IS FACIN G , IT IS C R UC IA L TO THIN K OF T H E PA R K A S PU B LIC SPAC E T H AT E N A B LE S EV ERYON E TO M E E T A N D PA RT IC IPAT E IN T H E EV ERYDAY LIFE OF T H E C ITY.

RAIL YARDS AND CITYâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;S TRANSFORMATION IN MILAN. FUNCTIONAL HYPOTHESIS, SETTLEMENT MODELS, IDEAS FOR A CITY LAURA MONTEDORO1

«The main requirement to originate a process generating knowledge is succeeding in suggesting and developing a dialogue with the world, an operation implying both that our tools are sophisticated, rigorous and inquisitive enough to ask the world crucial and relevant questions, and that our attention and sensitivity is high enough to allow us to listen to the answer that the world provides»2. Carlos Martí Arís IS IT M EA NIN G FUL, TODAY, TO M A KE FUN CT ION A L H YPOTHESIS FOR LA R G E A R E A S OF A C ITY ? Is it still viable to apply a systemic approach to areas available and to see the Administration direct “large transformations”? We know very well that possible interpretations are numerous and that present tools and norms3 suggest a much more flexible decision making process entrusting decisions to the dialogue between public and private entities than the one traditionally envisaged. A logic of “each case is different” that aims at warding off the risk of large and rigid frameworks, waiting for the eons that large scale planning may take, difficult to reconcile with the dynamic nature of actors involved4. So the problem exists and cannot be simply explained by a generic con-

100

trast between neo-reformists and neo-liberals or by ideologic twists. In Milan, the destiny of areas hosting disused rail yards is central to the issue. The railway system, an extraordinary heritage and the flywheel of industrial development in the metropolitan area, was and still is an indefeasible structure for the movement of goods and people. Such «iron underpainting»5 as smartly defined, changed, oriented and conditioned the localization template for production and residential functions, before the appearance of car transportation reshaped the geography of urban settlement. A long term vision, both examining the past and projecting into the future, was necessary to deeply understand the system of urban and metropolitan relations, taking into account the influential interpretations given in the past6. The transformation of the seven areas disused by the Italian Railway Company (FS) is today regulated by the Accordo di Programma tra Ferrovie dello Stato, Comune di Milano e Regione Lombardia (2007-2009) [Programme Agreement between the Municipality of Milan, the Regional Government and FS State Railways] and by the PGT di Milano [Plan for the Management of the Territory of Milan], acknowledging its orientations and defining the

volumes of the areas7. The operation envisages the sale of rail yards8, with FS committing to «allocating capital gains to implementing the agreed works aiming at the regeneration and enhancement of the railway system» (the PGT wording includes a more ambiguous «also by means of the reinvestment of capital gains»), without further specification. Mechanisms regulating urban transformations proposed by the Plan do not appear sufficient to define a new meaningful horizon, coherent with choices made on single areas, showing a severe lack of strategic decisions. The overall structure of the document is based on functional liberalization and volume incentives, with very worrying consequences. Rail yards are, in particular, classified as Ambiti di Trasformazione Urbana (ATU, Urban Transformation Areas)9, the main resource for the development and transformation of Milan over the next twenty to thirty years. The Plan itself, after a long reasoning, states: «hence the indefeasible need for a public direction to lead development and transformation processes»10. Such direction - making use of a mighty corpus of documents, annexes, appendixes and definitions referring to other documents - is actually described as an abdication, entrusting functions to other entities, in particular to the

market, fully trusted. This is however just an idea, as the PGT lacks any connection with the market. Inspired to a total liberalism, the plan acknowledges and radicalizes the methodological principles of the framework program indicated in regional law l.r.n. 9/9911 and integrated by regional law 12/05. Just a few pages later, it affirms that «it is unrealistic to determine, in the phase of elaboration of the plan, the development of projects that aim at bringing new and qualifying functions for the growth of the city (for example scientific laboratories, advanced service sector poles, public and private research centers). The Piano di Governo del Territorio - in a much more credible way - indicates the opportunities that the market, the administration and the third sector may seize to create a synergy with the strategies of the Municipality»12.

FUNCTIONAL HYPOTHESIS BETWEEN «UTOPIA A N D R E A L I T Y » 13 O R T H E F R A I LT Y OF FORECASTS ABOUT URBAN T R A N S F O R M AT I O N AREAS If the outcomes of the PGT on the consolidated city are at serious risk

101

for the above mentioned reasons, the forecasts - or their lack - on the ATU are even more worrying. First of all the 23 areas are dealt with virtually in the same way, with the exception of attributing different indexes: rail yards are not hierarchically ranked, as they should, based on the very simple principle of the various degrees of accessibility of railway stations - regional, national, TAV (High Speed) - nor are the barracks, very different one from the other in terms of position and size. The system lacks a logical framework, and no market will “naturally” tend to one. The indication of functions to be settled14 is just an “advice”, or missing. «Functional destinations can be freely settled, without exclusions and without distinctions in terms of a predefined ratio»15 (PdR, art. 5.1). Here the document shows all its fragility, passing on any choice (to be inspired by very general “indications”) to implementation plans16. It is appropriate to underline here that we are dealing with a gross floor area (GFA) of about 6 million square meters. It is moreover to be added that the nature of these areas is public, differently from the many industrial disused areas made available to PRU and PII over the last two decades. In the hypothesis of a negotiated town planning, a fur-

102

ther concern is that of the strength, in terms of quality and quantity, of municipal facilities that would have to face such massive work. In this respect, it is paradoxical to underline that some of the observations made introduced further elements of weakness in the tool, showing how insufficient purely quantitative observations are. They in facts produce a decrease of the volumetric index on the ATU, without introducing any further indication. This entails, for example, the curious phenomenon of having to control density forecasts for extraordinarily accessible sites, as the rail yards. Similarly, the values for building surfaces generated by the area have been left unchanged, favoring land revenue values, while the quantities related to entrepreneurial activities (which always bear the entrepreneurial risks directly) have been reduced, totally perverting the nature of a quality rewarding mechanism. Although we are convinced that the quantitative issue, alone, does not explain the problem of control on urban quantity and we believe that hypothesis of densifying some areas is sometimes a chance to be taken into account, it is a fact that a generalized and indiscriminate extension of a high volume capacity can be a true misfortune for a city, Therefore the theme is: «General-

ized densification Vs. selective densification»17. PROJECTS FOR R A IL YA R D A REA S A R E A WAY TO E XPRESS A N OP IN ION ON T H IS THEM E, IN VE ST IG AT IN G VA RIOU S P OS S IB LE S C E N A R IOS A N D S OM E T IM E S A LS O PUSHIN G F OR E CA ST S TO T H E LIM IT, TO I M AG IN E P OS S IB LE OUTCOM E S . It was also observed that the «five million square meters generated by the ATU-ATPG are [...] a stock of building areas large enough to answer the needs of a demand lasting over 20 years. If we add the building permits generated by zones devoted to services (22 square meters GFA) values reached for settlement capacity may be compared to a building production of seventy years»18. In this framework, the first commitment is that of interpreting resources available to the city of Milan (not only in terms of production of goods and services, but also in terms of intelligence, creativity, innovation potential, that can not be measured with the usual economic parameters19). With reference to this hypothesis, projects presented here propose, for the reuse of rail yards, functional destinations that are con-

sidered “strategic”, especially at the metropolitan and regional scale (services related for example to “excellence”: university, management, health, culture and so on). The most worrying structural defect of the PGT is actually its lack of vision on the future of the city. Although the lengthy document expresses in several passages the necessity of an «awareness of the need for an evolution of the urban economic structure, […], a shared vision of the city, […] the coordination of initiatives launched»20, in reality not only this does not translate in a precise strategic choice for destination and localization but, on the contrary, it gives total freedom to private operators, with the implicit and pernicious effect of encouraging the function that is apparently easier to market: housing. The indications expressed in the PGT - and we underline: indications, not norms - concern the productive sectors that would make Milan more solid in the framework of competition on the international scene: research and technological innovation, the creative sector (fashion and design), the production of knowledge and know how (the system of university education). The idea proposed by the book is a very clear one: the objective to be pursued is that of city that is more attractive both for inhabitants and investments

103

and stronger in the area of territorial competition, enhancing and creating a network of existing resources and boosting strategic sectors. Such indications, however, are totally lacking operational support and are ignored by regulations, which only express faint wishes. And yet, very similar indications are included in the reports by the OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development)21, in the studies for the review of the Piano Territoriale di Coordinamento della Provincia (PTCP, Territorial Plan for the Coordination of the Province)22 and of the Osservatorio Economico e Territoriale (OET, Economic and Territorial Observatory)23: they are invariably disregarded (and scarcely or not even mentioned). Besides, studies carried out on the theme constantly describe the ground loss by Milan in the field of territorial competition with similar urban areas24. It is surprising to notice how the PGT, conversely, presents the issue of housing as the pillar of the whole system of forecasts, without basing its projections on a serious knowledge of the status quo. We refer here, of course, to the disputed balance between offer and demand in the housing sector and to the rarely mentioned problem of unsold and vacant units. Various studies dedicated to the conditions of the

104

real estate market in Milan indicate such scenario as highly unlikely and risky25. We are therefore faced with a double risk: on the one hand the increase of the “real estate bubble”, which however does not provide any answer to the lack of housing facilities for some sectors of the population; on the other, it favors land revenue and discourages entrepreneurial activities. The structure of the PDG must be completely rethought: it is necessary to make clear statements on strategic choices for the functions to be favored, the system of accessibility and the network of public transport, harmonized with plans to be conceived at a higher territorial level. The identification of such functions is not the only element in this scenario. Considering the size and variety of European cities, projects envisage to include also those «primary functions» (housing, social and free, trade, etc) indicated by many scholars - Jane Jacobs26 and Gaston Bardet27 - as crucial to a «good» urban life. Concerning such programs of human activities and modes of use, it is essential to highlight that the research carried out tries to answer expectations that are halfway between the freedom (often utopian) of university exercise and the reality (many times corresponding to the expectations of operators) of

the practice of building the city. The aim was that of pursuing a “good degree” of reliability, somehow compatible (but not overindulgent) with the logics of the market (both for land and buildings), with the legitimate aspiration to build in a more inhabitable fashion.

SETTLEMENT MODELS, OR THE I M P O R TA N C E O F URBAN DESIGN «The eagerness to discover is winding down, while there is a great need for tension, energy to overcome the quotation and go “right to the thing”: just like the Rationalist Movement did, in its heroic period.»28 Giancarlo De Carlo The area in which, today, the role of the public entity is clearer is the one concerning the regulation of quantities, envisaging, issuing norms and controlling volumes that can be accepted in the various areas. The review of the PGT is axed exactly on this issue, to compare real needs with the expectations of land revenue, aiming at mastering the risk of uncontrolled densification of the consolidated city and complete saturation of free areas. There is, however, an implicit contradiction between the idea to try to limit the consumption of land and the will to

ward off the negative implications of densification. The theme is crucial and it would deserve a broadened and permanent debate on the potential and modes of growth: debating how much more densification can the consolidated city bear (see the recent issue of the law on attics29), how to regulate the saturation of blocks and curtains, how to recover the huge quantity of unused buildings (unsold or vacant) and where to concentrate new settlements chosing among the free areas of the urban fabric that are a candidate to transformation. It is also difficult to guarantee the coherence and quality of projects in terms of physical consequences, based on the building rights attributed and in compliance with standards requested. The outcome of such actions, in town planning, architectural and landscape terms, is very scarcely and marginally governed. The lack of formal control on the quality of places is a sign of fragility of the tool. The PGT is very loose as to quality control of urban plans, and such void in regulations is even more worrying when it concerns very large areas such as Urban Transformation Areas. Besides quantities and the implicit model of reference of a low, medium or high density city, there is a further issue, no less important and only partially expressed by

105

quantity, which is that of quality. In this respect, objectives need to be clarified: what do we mean by urban quality? Which are the technical and cultural means available to regulate it? W HAT CAN T H E R OLE OF URB A N P LA N N IN G B E ? We are convinced that this is a crucial aspect that deserves attention. This is why the project research on rail yards includes the level of architecture, to suggest complex spatial configurations and their mode of use. Projects are therefore an “example”, offering surprises and showing - as in the case of Scalo Farini - how large volumes can overlook large urban parks without impairing the urban landscape and attracting a critical mass of citizens to inhabit the new outdoor spaces offered. The promoters and supporters of the PGT indicated the lack of limitations to town design as a liberating conquest compared to the strict regulations of the past, considered as a failure. The tradition of town planning showed its drawbacks over the decades in which it was applied, this is a largely shared view. However, are we really sure that such criticism should go towards the total elimination of a whole heritage of knowl-

106

edge and skills, besides the already mentioned “free rein” in the physical outcomes of transformation? All over Europe, the regeneration of cities is carried out by means of a very strict control of urban design, both on buildings and outdoor spaces, with special attention to the structure of public spaces. England, committed for over a decade to making its urban areas competitive, sustainable and socially balanced, provides a few important indications about the possible forms of project quality control; ideas that can be easily applied to the tradition of negotiated and liberal town planning that is typical of Milan. The setting up and adoption of Best practices e Guidelines30 is just one of the tools used. The public administration of Milan itself had experimented something similar when, in the last decade, it launched the contest «Abitare a Milano» whose announcement provided strict indications as to the «indefeasible elements of town planning»31, that is the principles regulating new actions. Without such tools, it is quite unreasonable to expect the high urban quality the city needs to be livable and attractive as hoped for. It is appropriate to underline here that a clearer and more stringent regulation of urban design does not conflict with the expectations of pri-

vate operators, which would actually benefit from a precise framework of project indications32. The contribution of new volumes to the character of places is an essential element of the project research. The void - subtracted from its nature of indistinctness, absence and lack of meaning, usually interpreted as a counterpoint to meaningful buildings - is intended here as a living and polysemic open space. The idea of void as a white surface or spacer between volumes is here countered by the idea of a non-built with character, hospitable and potentially rich in relational intensity (among things and people). And basically public. The square, the street, the paseo, the boulevard, the rambla, the garden, the park – and their possible hybridization or contamination - make the object of a thorough exploration both through the extraordinary achievements of the past and contemporary experiments investigating new possible evolutions of public spaces, especially in metropolitan areas. In this cases planners are invited to conceive architectural organisms in close relation with their environment, evaluate choices as to their consequences on the definition of urban spaces, mastering with great awareness the outcomes of volume definition on the shape of the city.

As far as green areas are concerned the idea is to switch from the notion of quantity to that of landscape. All projects presented here always include an urban park. In his ultimate «Il paesaggio e l’estetica» (Landscape and aesthetics)33 Rosario Assunto encouraged to seize the strength and highly symbolic value of landscape, very distant from the notion of “green areas” as service and from the notion of standard quantity. Although the latter was an important conquest for the culture of town planning of the country - with the desire to provide a minimum quantity of outdoor green space to the suburbs34 - we know today that the quantitative aspect cannot, alone, solve the issue of the quality of places. The character and design of green spaces is therefore essential. 1

Assistant professor, Dipartment of Architecture and Urban Studies, Politecnico di Milano. A version of this contribution has been published in L. Montedoro, Una scelta per Milano. Scali ferroviari e trasformazione della città, Quodlibet, Macerata 2011. C. Martí Arís, La cèntina e l’arco. Pensiero, teoria, progetto in architettura (The centring and the arch. Thought, theory and project in architecture), edited by S. Pierini, Marinotti Edizioni, Milan 2007, p. 31.

107

3 4

PII and Planning Agreements. Joseph Rykwert underlines the powerful and accelerated dynamism of contemporary urban reality and at the same time he claims that it is not impossible to avoid passivity face to mutations, see J. Rykwert, The seduction of places, History and future of the city, Vintage Books, New York 2000. G. Consonni, G. Tonon, La terra degli ossimori. Caratteri del territorio e del paesaggio della Lombardia contemporanea, in Caratteri del territorio e del paesaggio della Lombardia contemporanea, in Storia d’Italia, a cura di D. Bigazzi e M. Meriggi (The land of oxymorons. Features of the territory and landscape of contemporary Lombardy, in Features of the territory and landscape of contemporary Lombardy, in A History of Italy, edited by D. Bigazzi and M. Meriggi ) Einaudi, Turin 2001, pp. 114-126. For the sake of space, this text does not retrace the history of the railway system and its interpretations. Please refer to the many studies on this theme, in particular the one by G. De Finetti, Milano. Costruzione di una città (Milan, building a city), edited by G. Cislaghi, M. De Benedetti, P.Marabelli, Hoepli, Milano 2002, G. Consonni, G. Tonon, cit., S Brenna S., La strada lombarda. Progetti per una Milano città madre della propria cultura insediativa, (The Lombardy way. Projects for the city of Milan as mother of its

108

8 9

10 11

12 13

culture of settlement) Gangemi, Rome 2010. PGT di Milano, Documento di Piano, Schede di Indirizzo. [Milan PGT, Planning Report, Orientation Sheets]. Reference is made here to then document adopted on July 14th 2010 and then approved on February 14th 2011, yet never issued and today under review. Totalling about 1.100.000 square metres. Besides the rail yards, the category includes five areas belonging to the Military Stare Property and Cascina Merlata, Stephenson, Expo, Ronchetto sul Naviglio, Bovisa, San Siro, Toffetti, San Vittore, Magazzini Raccordati Stazione Centrale, Cadorna FNM. ATUs are a total of 22. Documento di Piano (DdP, Plan Document), pag. 49. Ricostruire la Grande Milano. Documento di Inquadramento delle politiche urbanistiche comunali, «Disciplina dei programmi integrati di intervento» (art. 5: «The city council deliberates a framework document aiming at defining general objectives and aims of its administrative action in the framework of an integrated action program, on the whole municipal territory»). DdP, pag. 66. «Utopia and reality» suggests the title of the beautiful book by the French scholar Farnçoise Choay dedicated

to the structural and semiological analysis of urban facts trough a collection of essential texts contributing to understand the rhetoric of the issue. See: F. Choay, L‘urbanisme, utopies et réalités : Une anthologie, Paris, Seuil, coll. « Points », 1965 14 «We should wonder what is the meaning of a planning action that is not marked by provisions, although not rigid and only very general, indicating the functions to be hosted» See: Il PGT di Milano. Un piano che non vuole essere un Piano, (PGT. A plan that does not want to be a plan), document issued by INU, Sezione Lombardia, pag. 7, Milan. 15 Piano delle Regole (PdR, Plan of Rules), art. 5.1, pag. 8. 16 «Obviously simply envisaging the possibility to create a given extension of gross floored area in transformation areas or the chance to transfer further GFA onto some of them (partially in those falling under Parco Agricolo Sud Park), does not highlight, together with the provisions included in the reports concerned, any strategic plan». See: Il PGT di Milano. Un piano che non vuole essere un Piano, (PGT. A plan that does not want to be a plan), document issued by INU, Sezione Lombardia, pag. 4, Milan. We make reference, here, also to a study carried out on the PGT from March 2010 by a workgroup - Lab_Urb, composed by the author of this article and by Mauro

Mericco, Silvia Sbattella and Francesco Vescovi - resulting in a few exercises of application of the PGT, fostered by the Fondazione dell’Ordine degli Architetti, Pianificatori, Paesaggisti e Conservatori (Register of Architectural professions) of the Province of Milan, discussed on May 24th 2010 in a public meeting organised by the Register of Architects. 17 P. Vitillo, Perequazione e città esistente nel PGT di Milano, (Equalisation and the existing city in Milan PGT) p. 5; the text reads, and we fully agree: «The PGT allows a generalised densification of the existing city, with the chance to transfer the equalised volumes generated both by the transformation areas and by the consolidated city in a limitless way (but within the boundaries of implementation modes, with or without a preventive town planning tool or accepted qualification). Densification is subtle and selective in itself, it favours places in relations to context, accessibility and mobility systems. It cannot be generalised and can only, in my opinion, be planned in its functions: should not large urban functions, both public and private, be localised in relation with context inclinations, the chance for adequate mobility and essential sustainability parameters? Is residential use always desirable? On the contrary, the PGT promotes a process of undifferentiated densification, moreover indifferent

109

to context». 18 G. Boatti, Milano PGT: Privati Gestiscono Tutto (PGT Milan: private entities manage all) speech at the conference promoted by Italia Nostra La città venduta (Selling the city), Rome, 6th April 2011, available on line on the Eddyburg web site. 19 «An important part of our morals and of our life itself still sits in the area of the gift, obligation and, at the same time, freedom. Not everything, luckily, is already only classified in terms of purchase and sale. Things still have a sentimental value, besides their economic value, even supposing there is a simply economic value. There is something else besides mercantile morals». Cfr.: M. Mauss, Essai sur le don, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris. 20 DdP, All.2, pag.40. 21 OECD,Territorial Reviews. Milan, Italy (2006). 22 PTCP, Il fattore territorio nel sistema economico milanese (The territorial factor in the economic system of Milan), 2008. 23 OET, 2009 Report of Fondazione Fiera Milano. 24 Compare, for instance, the report Ecosistema Urbano (Urban ecosystem) - by Legambiente, Ambiente Italia and il Sole 24Ore - where Milan goes down in the ranking by 17 positions between 2009 (46°) and 2010 (63°); The indicators included in the Europe-

110

an Cities Monitor 2010, by Cushman & Wakefield, as well show that Milan, although advancing in the ranking of cities where an activity can potentially be located, does decline in the rankings wherever indicators assess objective elements of territorial competitiveness, going from 9th in 2009 to 10th in 2010. G. La Rocca, Il PGT di Milano è a rischio bolla quanto il mercato immobiliare! Più di 300mila unità in cerca di abitanti secondo i numeri di „scenari immobiliari“ e dell‘assessore Masseroli, http://www.immobilia-re.eu/il-pgtdi-milano-e-a-rischio-bolla-quanto-ilmercato-immobiliare/. See also the Research of the centre Scenari Immobiliari presented at the conference Il nuovo PGT: conseguenze e impatti sulla città e sul mercato immobiliare, December 1st 2010, promoted by AIM (Associazione Interessi Metropolitani). J. Jacobs, The death and life of great American cities, Penguin Books, London 1961. G. Bardet, Il tessuto urbano: nuovi metodi di analisi e di sintesi (The urban fabric: new methods for analysis and synthesis) in “Urbanistica”, a. XIX, n. 4, April-June 1950, pp. 20-34. G. De Carlo, Postfazione (Afterword), in M. Scavi, I. Romano, S. Guercio, A. Pillon, M. Robiglio, I. Toussaint, Avventure urbane. Progettare la città con gli abitanti (Urban adventures. Planning

the city with its inhabitants), Elèuthera, Milan 2002, p. 29 «Just think of the destruction caused by the management of attics after the Regional Law n. 15 of 1996». Cfr.: G. Consonni, Milano. Un’urbanistica senza regole come attacco alla convivenzan civile (Town Planning without rules, an attack to civic coehistence), in PGT di Milano. Conservare, rifare o correggere? Il parere di 20 urbanisti milanesi (in PGT Milan. Preserve, redo or correct? The opinion of 20 Town Planners in Milan), http://www.dpa. polimi.it 30 On this theme see: F. Vescovi, Il rinascimento urbano in Inghilterra. Lezioni di strategia progettuale tra sostenibilità e sviluppo economico (Urban renaissance in England. Lessons in project strategy between sustainability and economic development), Maggioli Editore, Sant’Arcangelo di Romagna 2011. 31 Documento Preliminare della Progettazione in Concorso internazionale di progettazione. Abitare a Milano,. Nuovi spazi urbani per gli insediamenti di edilizia sociale, Assessorato Sviluppo del territorio, Comune di Milano, Milan 2005, p. 6. On competitions, see also L. Montedoro, Abitare a Milano: nuovi spazi urbani per gli insediamenti di edilizia sociale (Abitare Milano: new urban spaces for social housing) in «QA24. Casa e città», Quaderni del Dipartimento di Proget-

tazione dell’Architettura del Politecnico di Milano, Araba Fenice, Cuneo June 2009, pp. 124-127. 32 As declared also by the president of Assimpredil, Claudio De Albertis, during the debate Esercizi di attuazione del PGT, held on May 24th 2010 at the Ordine degli Architetti, Pianificatori, Paesaggisti e Conservatori della Provincia di Milano in the framework of the initiative Architetti e PGT. 33 R. Assunto, Il paesaggio e l’estetica (Landscape and aesthetics), Giannini, Naples, 1973. 34 Reference is made here to decree n. 1444 dated April 4th 1968, stating that each citizen has the right to a minimum 18 square metres of public space at district level, 9 of which devoted to green areas, leisure and sports; such quantity raises to 15 square metres at the higher step of the territorial level. As Edoardo Salzan says: «The decree on standards […] has been accused of being quite rough and is actually much more schematic than the regulations adopted over the same years by other European countries. […] This notwithstanding, […] it was a blast: for the first time in drafting plans and in the management of the territory, a considerable quantity of areas had to be devoted to collective use». See: E. Salzano, L’Italia dal dopoguerra alla vertenza per la riforma urbanistica, in Id. Fondamenti di urbanistica, Laterza, Rome-Bari 2003, p. 140.

111

112

NAVIGLI WATERWAY SYSTEM COMPARISON OF MILAN AND VENICE WATERWAYS JANINE BALZEREIT

1 Th e Mi lan w ater w ay system

114

Milan was based on waterways similar to Venice. The history of Milan begins 600 years BC. The waterways surrounding Milan were built in 1157 and are named Navigli. IN THE EAR LY M IDDLE AG E M ILA N WA S A P OWE R FUL COM M ERCIA L C E N T E R . T H E CITY HA S GR OWN OUT OF A N ETWOR K OF CA N A LS . Parts of the Naviglio Grande, Naviglio Pavese and the docks of Darsena built in 1603 were the only re-

maining fractions of the old urban structure. In the course industrialization the best known canal system got more and more polluted by waste material. Therefore and because it was not used for the purpose of leading water to the old canals, the smaller lakes and the inner Navigli got filled up within 30 years. During the fascist dominance the smelling canals got covered. In 1969 the river bottom got cemented. At that time the cemented streets seemed to be innovative and forward looking.

2 N a v i gl i o G rande , Milan

115

Through the restructuring of the waterways, protests and criticism against the destruction of the waterways arose. Since the 1980s architect Empio Malara accompanies a transnational and EU supported project to save and reopen the old Navigli. Because of his work since 2006 it is again possible to ship the two big canals with touristic boats. But it is also impossible to ship the other canals, because of low bridges crossing them. According to Empio Malara THE NAVIG LI A R E IM PORTA N T N OT ON LY F ROM A R C H IT E CT UR A LLY POIN T OF VIE W B UT FR OM THE ECO N OM ICA L A N D TECHN ICA L S IDE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; A SYN T H E S IS OF A RT.

116

3 N a v i gl i o G rande , Milan

117

4 Navigl io Pavese, Milan

118

Empio Malara wanted to prevent that the history of the old waterways becomes forgotten. The waterways were used as an important route of transportation between Milan and Venice till the middle of the 20th century. T H E R E CO NST R U CT I O N O F T H E NAV I GL I AND T HE WH O L E NE T WO R K O F CA N A L S F R O M T H E P O VALLE Y TO V E NI C E S H O U L D CONC R E T I ZE D T I L L T HE E XP O I N MI L AN 2 0 1 5 .

119

5 Rio della sensa, Venice

120

As already indicated another city which is famous for its waterway system is the city of Venice. On first examination there is one common ground between Milanâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s Navigli and the canals in Venice. Not only Venice is known for its canals but also Milan. The difference is the way of using the waterways. In Venice they are used instead of streets and that is where the name lagoon city comes from. Like in Milan the canals were built in the 12th century for dewatering. The alleys just had connecting functions for pedestrians between the small houses. The same situation could be observed in Milan during the Renaissance. As mentioned before the waterways in Milan were covered in the 19th century. This also happens in parts of Venice at the same time, B E CAU S E O F T HE C H ANGE S IN IN FR AST R U CT U R E T H E WAT E R WAY S LO ST T HE I R I MP O R TA N C E I N MI L AN AS W E L L AS I N V E NI C E . The covered waterways got cemented and now were used by pedestrians in both cities whereas in Venice this was only the matter with short canals.

121

But there is one main difference between Venice and Milan. THE N AV IG LI IN M ILA N A R E B ORDERE D WIT H ST R E E T S ON B OTH S IDE S . H OWE VE R IN V EN ICE T H E H OUS E S A R E B UILT R IG H T ON THE CA N A LS . Therefor the houses in the lagoon city are only reachable by boat or gondolas. In the old lagoon city the waterways were not just used for transportation but for important connections among itself. As a consequence of the geographic location in the northwest Po-valley, the inhabitants in Milan were independent from the artificially formed waterways, because these houses are connected and accessed from the streets. THE REOP E N IN G OF T H E N AV IGLI IN M ILA N IS A LS O SUPPO RT E D B Y T H E EXP O 2 0 1 5 . As a result, the Expo and the historic importance of the waterways for Milan should be a touristic attraction.

122

6 Ca n a l G ra n de , Ve nice

123

124

NAVIGLI WATERWAY SYSTEM COMPARISON OF MILAN AND BERLIN WATERWAYS ALENA VECHTEROVA

1 Navigl io G rande, Milan

126

Both cities Milan and Berlin have got a long history of waterways and are inland cities. But there are a lot of differences between these two waterway systems as well. M ILA N IS A C ITY WIT H OUT A N AT UR A L WAT E R N E T WOR K .

In the past transport and irrigation routes were fed by the hinterland rivers Ticino, Adda and Lambro In Berlin, almost all waterways are natural. Milan and Berlin are trying to improve their water network, but in different ways.

2 L a n d w e h r kanal, Be rlin

127

Until today only five Navigli interlace the city of Milan (Naviglio Grande, Bereguardo, Pavese, Martesana and Paderno), with a total length of 163 km, but most of the city canals have been paved over. LOTS O F P R OJE CT S A N D A N A LYSE S H AVE B E E N M A DE FOR IM P R OVIN G THE AWA R E N E S S OF T H E N AV IGLI A R E A IN M ILA N A S A N IM P ORTA N T HISTORICA L A N D TOUR IST ATT R ACT ION . Furthermore many creative and innovative projects for the development of the waterway system were initiated by the Expo 2015. For the approaching EXPO in Milan 2015 the project â&#x20AC;&#x17E;Waterwaysâ&#x20AC;&#x153; is planned which focusses various issues from a hydrological and landscape point of view. The first step is an improvement of the irrigation network, Canal Villoresi and the construction of new Expo canals. Alongside the new canal, new pedestrian and bicycle paths will be built with the connection to extended green areas. The project is an element of regional redevelopment plans as landscape improvement of open areas, construction of network systems with using an integrated approach on various scales.

128

3 N a v i g l i o Pa v e se , Milan

129

4 Main Water w ays of Milan

130

EX P O CANAL I S A N E CE S S ARY E S S E NT I AL P R OJ E CT F O R T H E E X P O S IT E F U NCT I O NAL I TY. It offers water supply to the Expo site and secures the collection and recovery of rainwater runoff, which will discharge into the Navigli canals. The next important step will be to rationalize the functionality of irrigation services in the agricultural areas in the south of Milan and enhancing the environmental and hydrological meaning of Darsena port. Another project in this context is the N AVI GL I AQ UA F E ST I VAL . This project started in April 2013, and will conclude in May 2015, when the World Expo 2015 will open solemnly. Navigli Aqaua Festival wants to attract more tourists by photography and architecture workshops in collaboration with Columbia University in the city of New York, with a special connection to the Navigli area or manually manufacturing 2 km long scarf that will â&#x20AC;&#x153;protectâ&#x20AC;? the Naviglio Grande.

131

5 O be rbaum br idg e Osthafen, Ber lin

132

In Berlin, the development of the canal system can look back on several centuries of development. The first canal, called finow canal, was finished in 1620. The separation of Germany and isolation of West Berlin influenced all kinds of transport and also the waterways. In spite of the fact, they are not so easily transformable because they depend mostly on natural features.

Freight shipping started the settlement of Berlin in the past, and it was able to retain its importance against the arrival of new types of transportation road and rail, mainly in the last 150 years.

N EITHER E A ST N OR WE ST B ERLIN WA N T E D TO CLOS E T H E WAT E R N ETWOR K SYST E M .

Berlin is still known as a city on water. It is a paradise for water lovers and water sports. In Berlin, 23,500 boats and sport boats are stationed here. There are about 50,000 sailing boats and yachts for charter in berlin and Brandenburg together and a lot of opportunities in the city for boat tours. Berlin has got more bridges than Venice and 6,6 % of the city territory are water (Visit Berlin, n.d.).

For both city parts, water transport was very significant to be open to traffic. Today the waterways in Berlin are creating a compact network. This network is used for transport of large barges as for tourism and pleasure.

N OWADAY S , T HE AI M F O R WAT ER T R ANS P O RTAT I O N IS TO I NC R E AS E I T S ACC ES S I BI L I TY AND S I ZE PA R A ME T E R S F O R S H I P P I NG.

133

6 Navigl io G rande, Milan

134

IN T H E C I TY O F MI L AN T H E BU I LT- U P AR E AS N E A R T HE WAT E R WAY M O ST LY R E P R E S E NT ON E BU I L D I NG TY P E , OLD C R AF T ME N HO U S E S . In the city of Berlin, there is no special architectural type of houses alongside water routes. The whole city is marked with a difficult history, and the architecture is very heterogeneous here.

135

136

THE CONCEPTION OF THE MILAN EXPO SITE — FEEDING THE PLANET, ENERGY FOR LIFE ANDREA BÖRGER

1 Plan of the Ex po S ite

138

In 2015 the EXPO will be held according to the motto â&#x20AC;&#x153;FE ED I NG T H E P L ANE T, E N E R GY F O R L I F E â&#x20AC;&#x153;. The focus will lie on the globalized world. In this case, measures to fight hunger in the world, drinking water supply, as well as the safety and quality of food will play a very important role. Ecological aspects, education, science, technology, improved nutrition situations and recognition of traditional foods will get a new appearance. Fundamentally the EXPO shows country presentations which will have to deal with these important topics in their own way.

139

PROJECTS OF THE EXPO MILANO — The Teatro La Scala (was completely renovated in 2004). — The CityLife on the old fairground in the city center, planned with many new high-rise buildings, a city park and a museum with an international design. — Portello on the former factory ground of Alfa Romeo with a city park with many multi-purpose buildings such as homes, shops and tertiary sectors. — The World Jewellery Center near the city district Portello (introduces new buildings for the Italian jewellery industry). — The 120 hectares residential complex Santa Giulia in the south of the city. — The European Library for information culture on the site of the former railway station Porta Vittoria. — The new administrative center for the Lombardy region near the railway station Garibaldi. — The new city of fashion Cittá della Moda will be connected to Garibaldi

140

Piazza Repubblica with a new museum, service center and a secondary facility of a university. — The new headquarters of RCSRizzoli (in the north of the city, an 80 meters high building). — The cultural complex Bicocca. — The technological Pol Bovisa with a new polytechnic. — The residential and business complex on the former site Cascina Merlata. — The site in Sesto S. Giovanni with a new residential, business and park complex. — The abandoned plant site Carlo Erba in the city quarter Maciachini with a new park, with cultural institutions for activities, with a center for fitness and many other serviceareas. — And ultimately on the Biomedical Research Center IL CEBRA with medical stations and other modern additions (after the restoration this building will be among the most modern facilities in Europe).

2 Exp o Vi l l a ge Cascina Me rlat a

141

One famous project of the EXPO is City Life. THE AR E A OF C ITY LIF E M IL A N COM P R IS E S THE D IST R ICT A N D TRA N SF OR M AT ION OF THE T R A DIT ION A L EXHIB ITI ON C E N T E R OF F IERO M ILA N O C ITY. The site covers 170,000 square meters and schedules the creation of a park that will cover 50 % of the surface available, residential areas, structures of various services and the Museum of Contemporary Art. For the clothing industry in Milan it is very important, that even after the EXPO, fashion and consumer fairs will be held here again. Planned projects are Torre Isozaki (202 meters high), Torre Hadid (170 meters high) and Torre Libeskind (150 meters high). As the names suggest, they are named after their architects, like Artara Isozaki, Zaha Hadid and Daniel Libeskind.

142

3 C i t y L i f e M i l an

143

4 Re v it a lization of D ar zena

144

For the opening presentation of the EXPO, Milan is planning a tour of architectural and scenic attractions. The aim is to create a course for walking and relaxing but also for the interested Milanese. H E R E , T H E E L E ME NT O F WAT E R W I L L BE CO ME A FUN DAME NTAL ME AN O F DE S I GN W HI C H W I L L ACCO MPANY T H E PA S S E R BY NAT U R AL LY. The length of the waterways will be approximately 20 kilometers. They lead from the old harbor Darsena directly to the EXPO site. The additional lighting and multimedia systems which will guide visitors through the fairgrounds at night become very important. Concerning the EXPO, the lighting and multimedia systems are combined with an equally characteristic design means for addressing the resources and their necessity. The waterway will take up its trail at the locally connected harbor Darsena in the city center and guide visitors across dams to the Naviglio Canal with many historically places.

145

5 Aust rian Pavillon

146

The topics like water supply, the proper handling of foods, the technical state of the food production, the health and energy resources are hugely important in the 21st century. All these problems occupy more and more scientists and researcher around the world. In this context, the EXPO offers to bring a far reaching possibility to find solutions for the named problems. The fact that a lot of the raw materials which are used by us are finite, that the health is a priceless good and our living room planet earth must be protected is getting more and more crucial. The Swiss project â&#x20AC;&#x17E;Confooderatio Helveticaâ&#x20AC;&#x153; conducts a wordless presentation of the latest issue of food. With only 12 meter high wooden buildings which are filled with Swiss delicatessen the issue becomes figurative. The buildings are built in wood and glass.

climate of the Austrian forest. So, it remains to be seen if it will change in subsequent years by so many exciting topics. T H E TO P I C S L I K E WAT E R S U P P LY, T HE P R O P E R H A ND L I NG O F F O O D S , T H E T E C H NI CAL STAT E O F T H E F O O D P R O D U CT I O N, T H E H E ALT H AND E NE R GY R E S O U R C E S AR E HU GE LY IMP O RTANT I N T HE 2 1 ST C E NT U RY.

SO WE CA N S E E T H E STOR E D F OODS TH R OUG H T H E G LA S A N D HOW T H E Y B E COM E LESS B Y OUR CON S UM E . In the concept of the Austrian pavilion the theme of air will play a very special role. The exhibition area will be planted with dense trees from Austria, the center point is a pavilion to breathe. The precious good is the filling of the pavilions with the

147

148

PORTA NUOVA DARA TYBUSCH

1 Lo cat ion of Porta Nuova

150

The history of Porta Nuova starts in the 19th century, when the Italian government decided to rebuild the central station. First they removed the railway lines of station Piazza della Repubblica and reinstalled them in a new place. The new place should get replaced into the district Varesine. Station Porta Garibaldi arose in the 1960s. With the building of the new station, the transportation and infrastructural development was improved. Thereby the first step for the growth of the district of Porta Nuova was made.

P O R TA N U O VA FAC T S — Total area: 290,000 m² — Pedestrian ways: 160,000m² — Public parks: 90,000m² — Cultural space: 20,000 m2

A F TER A LON G P E R IOD OF URB A N DECAY, T H E DIST R ICT OF PORTA N UOVA IS N OW UN DERGO IN G A M A S S IVE R E N E WA L. It is located next to the exhibition place of the EXPO. Both regions Porta Nuova and the fair area for EXPO 2015 should be attracting points alongside the historical city center of Milan. Thereby the culture and infrastructure of the city should be supported and further developed.

151

2 Po rt a Nuova

152

Porta Nuova has one of the largest pedestrian zones in Italy with 160,000 m2. The designed bike paths are 5 km in total, and form a connection to the city center. Especially the roads which were interrupted for years have now been connected through pedestrian and bicycle paths. The public park, with a size of 90,000 m², integrates nature into the center of the „stone“-city of Milan. A L S O, E CO LO GI CAL AND S U STAI NABL E CON ST R U CT I O N, AND T H E E STABL I S HME NT O F IN N OVAT I V E T E C HNO LO G IE S AND U S E O F R E NE WA B LE ENE R GY S O U R C E S WAS IN FO C U S F O R T HE E NT I R E P R OJ E CT. All aspects such as setting up the photovoltaic panels, high-efficiency insulation, biodegradable and environmentally friendly building materials, the collection of rainwater for watering of public gardens have been successfully implemented.

153

In the new town district of Milan 20 skyscrapers are planned to be built, parks, cultural centers, a new metro station and underground garages. There are eight different areas of use: real estate, commercial areas, hotels and cultural centers as well as creative spaces with exhibition venues, including green areas and pedestrian zones. Especially the pedestrian system is in a concept of great importance. They have also tried to integrate many places as well as green spaces, squares, bridges and a large park, to produce a good connection to the city. The generously built office areas are a part of the project Porta Nuova. The area is flexible, separated and offers plenty of space for different sized companies, from large to small ones. One of the first buildings of the project that is already completed is a high-rise complex, the UniCredit Tower. The UniCredit Tower is located in the district Porta Nuova Garibaldi and was designd by Cesar Pelli. THE PORTA N UOVA PROJECT OFFE R S A COM PLET E LY N E W VIS ION OF FUT UR E LIFE . The examples of famous skyscrapers in New York City, Chicago, Vancouver, Paris, London and Barcelona are

154

what led to the idea of the residential area in Porta Nuova. Numerous high houses in an Italian way are to be built in this project. The focus of the concept is not only the human but also his connection to nature and environment, surrounded by greenery. The typical green for Milan green elements on balconies, terraces and roofs, are being developed in this project. The building typology includes five different types: Bosco, Aria, La Corte Verde di Corso Como (CVCC), Solaria and Solea. All buildings offer a breath-taking view, terraces, balconies as well as roof gardens.

3 Po rt a N u o v a Sky line

155

4 Bo sco Verticale

156

One of the most famous and exciting looking buildings of Porta Nuova is the residential complex Bosco Verticale. The complex consists of two separate buildings, each 110 and 80 meters high and has more than 50,000 mÂ˛ of living space and 10,000 mÂ˛ of forest area. T H IS I S AN I NNOVAT I V E P R OJ E CT T H AT CO MBI NE S UR BAN ST R U CT U R E AND NAT U R E . The two towers offer one of the best sights of the city and towards the Alps. The special features of the towers are their terraces with plants and trees. The terraces are planted with more than 1,000 different species of plants, including trees and shrubs that also are offering protection from the sun, noise and polluted city air. The residents of this building should have the opportunity to experience the change of seasons not only in front of the window, but also on their terraces. The contemporary architecture, with the desire to live in a natural ecosystem was a particular concern of this project. The planted facade also offers a natural and everchanging season facade. So Bosco Verticale not only improves the living and quality of life of the residents, but also reduces the environmental footprint.

157

The building La Corte Verde di Corso Como (CVCC) is situated between Via Vigano and the promenade, which are an extension of Corso Como. THE A RCH IT E CT UR E OF THE B U ILDIN G IS A M IX OF THE T R A DIT ION A L M ILA N ESE A R C H IT E CT UR E A N D M ODE R N AT M OS P H E R E OF PORTA N UOVA . The architectural design of the building provides a visual link between the adjacent districts and the Porta Nuova. CVCC has the best transport links into the center and yet offers enough privacy for the inhabitants in the heart of Porta Nuova. The depth of the building was to combine the advantage of the other towers, in as many types of flats as possible with different floor plans within. All apartments and lofts are equipped with terraces, gardens and roof gardens to imply an improved quality of living.

158

5 L a Co rt e Verde di Co rso Co mo

159

1 2 3 4 5 PROJECTS

162

NAVIGLI PROJECT DESIGN YU BAIYANG LU SHUANG YANG XIAOYIN WANG JUNHUI

Area st ructure

164

The area is located near the center of Milan. Currently there are several railways crossing it. By them, the city is divided into two parts. Nearby the site are two office buildings and a metro station in the north. A historic building in the west, a large public cemetery in the south. After analysis, we chose to contact both sides of the rails, so that the area can be formed as a whole. We also have considered the area location and the need for the city of Milan. We designed the area as a public green space with some residential buildings surrounding. We think that green is nature and the most concise thing in nature is the curved morphology of plants. Therefore, we did not only consider the urban texture but also added a curved pedestrian bridge along the rail. We made full use of ground- and rainwater in Milan and designed a water space along the railway, while retaining the main building in the base and reuse. We integrated the old buildings into the new design.

165

B u i l d i n g Text ure analysis

Tra ff i c a n a l y sis

166

G reen Function analysis

Water and br idg e analysis

D E S I G N A N A LY S I S AXES

RIVER

We extend roads into the area and designed the bridge across the railway, making the city texture more complete. Like this the area is divided into several sections.

Along the railway we have designed a water system. We designed the water space accompanying the railway with ground- and rainwater. The curved water space is confined by the man-made straight line of the rail way.

BUILDING In the east and west of the area we have designed a number of residential buildings. The buildings are designed not only considering the skyline but also in the scale of the built heritage of Milan. GREEN We designed green public areas which can be used by people of different ages to do sports.

BRIDGE At the same time we have designed a bridge which was accompanied by the water space. In the critical nodes (that is the relative area of the old building) we widened the bridge deck treatment adding restaurants, shops, sports functions in it and stay out of the gap which combined rail and green, to create a high-quality environment.

167

Co n c ep t i d ea

168

B r i d ge , w at er, gre e n, building

169

connection, nodes, function, traffic

170

171

172

CURING THE CITY SCAR OF MILAN ZHUOYA QU FABIAN RENTZSCH DASONG WANG

1 A scar that needs to be stitched

174

THE CONCEPT The site of Scalo Farini is currently nothing else but a closed up unused area that separates the city. Because it is a dangerous area due to old partially ramshackle building structures and high speed railway tracks there is no possibility to use it for public benefit at the moment. Also the site is completely surrounded by high fences that are preventing citizens from accessing it. By analyzing the site we found out that Scalo Farini makes a very hard cut through the city structure and

the site seems to be unrelated to the rest of the city and annexed the site. This is why we considered the existing circumstances as a big â&#x20AC;&#x153;woundâ&#x20AC;? of the city that needed to be healed. The most important principal in our solution is to reattach the area of Scalo Farini to the available building structure by using similar structures in the direction of the city and copy existing view axes as well as extending streets.

2 Th e c i t y s c ar

175

DESIGN PROCESS The purple axis is based on the city structure in the east side of the site. It started from Milan central train station and passing by a square and finally ends in our site. The red axis shows our concept of respecting ancient buildings in the city. It is based on the axis of the cemetery and connected to the street on the other side of the railway.

176

BUILDING STRUCTURE Layer 4: Plants Plants follow the landscape structure, in order to create a pleasant atmosphere

Layer 3: Buildings Buildings follow the basic structure

Layer 2: Green space Green space is totally considered as an active part in urban space.

Layer 1: Basic structure

177

Plan o f the site

178

179

We integrated two main axes into the site that are derived from the city structure. One reason is the extension of existing axes like it is mentioned before, the other reason is to connect previously important points to each other to give them significance once again. We planned four building areas in the outer part of the site in order to repair the existing structures. The rest of the area is planned as a park that goes from

182

east to west. There it makes a small detour towards the south and crosses the railways so that both sides will be connected and get a sense of cohesion and communication. The part in the north is strictly supporting the first main axis we dragged inside the site. On the city side it is copying the existing building structure to rebuild a connection to the city. On the park side it gets a different building structure to open the city towards the

park. The usage should be offices and retail in the ground/first floor and residential in the upper floors. The building part in the southeast is used purely for offices because of its proximity to the railways. It uses a different structure than the other areas. It has no direct connection to the city structures. The south part is used as office and residential complex in order to make it a vivid place. It becomes unique because

it is the tail end of the cemetery as well as the connection point to the second main axis of the whole site. The last part in the west of the site is also special. It is separated through the railways but seems as one connected area because both sides correlate with each other. This part has mixed use, too. Near the tracks office use is planned the parts are residential use.

183

I m p res s i o n s of t h e sit e

184

185

186

CONVERTING MILAN ALENA VECHTEROVA VERONICA JANCAYOVA YANG YICHEN

C lo sure of city str ucutre

Ne wly built connections to the city

188

N e w l y b u i l t st ruct ure

CONCEPT Scalo Farini is a huge unused space near the center of Milan. The location of this plot is very important because it is a junction point between Porta Nuova and the EXPO site. Scalo Farini was used as depot space in the past. At the moment the area is used by a post office and is enclosed with high fences. This area divides the city into two islands which are very badly connected. With our concept, we try to solve that situation and bring more green public spaces to the city. This plot

belongs to one of the green rays in Milan, too. At first we decided to enclose both islands with a block structure that is typical for the city. Then we refilled the plot with green spaces, but also with a new-built structure. For these connections we extended important existing streets of the city into our field and divided our plot into main functional fields. Our main aim was to connect existing islands not just with public green spaces but also with a building structure.

189

190

Concept Ex tentions of city streets Vertical ex tentions

Vertical ex tentions A ll main ex tended streets Other ex tended street

Pedestr ian paths Main roads Pu blic transportation system

191

Use o f building s

Sit e Plan / Building utilization

192

We created three different building parts divided by three different kinds of green public spaces. Building parts are divided into blocks that are enclosing a city, new kinds of multifunctional blocks and high-rise administration buildings. Different green spaces are located between these which will be used as parks, areas for relaxation or sports, public spaces for different events. We kept parts of old constructions that will be used as small commercial spaces in parks. Between building space and greenery we created special urban spaces that connect them and bring life to the field. Our urban spaces also will divide our new building areas from the old city. The different parts of our concept are connected by multifunctional pedestrian ways that will cross whole fields and all parts. This path will offer interesting views and changes of spaces in a short time. We created this line as an extension of existing streets in direction from Porta Nuova to the new Expo site. This path offers perfect views to both. It will be used as a multifunctional public space. It is a combination of pedestrian ways and cycling roads with green spaces in the middle, which can be used for resting or relaxing.

193

Co nce p t of usag e

194

195

196

PARCO DI MILANO ANDREA BÃ&#x2013;RGER JANINE BALZEREIT DARA TYBUSCH

An aly sis o f e nt rance s and axe s

G ree n sp ace /building st ruct ure s

198

CONCEPT The concept focuses on completing a park with different options for use. In this context it is important that only the cultivated planning area needs to be drivable. Planning the green area in the center of Milan must be a thoughtful decision. The majority of the city center and the buildings around are densely builtup, based on this fact the cityscape needs to get loosen up. There are two different districts in the planning area, which you can easily identify. The northern area is going to have a grid pattern of greens and a straight pathway between them. The main intention of this project is supporting outdoor activities. Both areas are separated by already existing rail tracks.

199

Sit e Plan

200

An avenue for pedestrians and bikers will be built in addition to those tracks. As the southern district is closer to the rail tracks, there is a necessity to plant trees on this side as well. In contrast to the northern part the greens are free for use. Furthermore it creates a visual axis of the surroundings for visitors. Taken as a whole there are three different districts, which build up the planning area with a total size of 65 ha. Each district will be surrounded by trees and privacy shields. Additionally there are going to be parallel paths to the greens. Every construction site looks like an intercalary to the general view, because of the alternate array.

201

Public w alkw ays

Exe mp lar y building type

202

I m p o rt a n t areas o f t h e building areas M a i n s t re e t De v el o p me nt /Se p e rat io n o f building areas B u i l d i n g areas I m p o rt a n t areas o f gre e n sp ace Pr i v at e g re e n sp ace s be t we e e n t h e buildin g areas B u i l d i n g st ruct ure s and t yp o lo gie s

203

1 2 3 4 5 APPENDIX

PICTURE CREDITS

5 View from Via Carlo Farini. Rentzsch, Fabian.

1 INTRODUCTION

2 WORKSHOP

B Y B E AT E NIEMANN 1 C. Morandi and A. Rolando. Rentzsch, Fabian. 2 The participating students in Milan. Niemann, Beate.

All images by Fabian Rentzsch.

3 PA P E R BY SEBASTIAN WEBER 1 Adam and Eve. In: Turer, p. 71

B Y M AY K E BÖTTCHER

2 “Hypnerotomachia Poliphili”. In: Grisebach, August, p. 13

1 1800, 1850, 1940. Kipar, Andreas In: Workshop Milan: Presentation Converting Milan

3 Noli me tangere. Dürer, Albrecht. Via https://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/File:D%C3%BCrer_-_Noli_ me_tangere.jpg [02.04.2014]

2 Skyline changes 2007-2010. Bosselmann, Peter. In: Simulating Urban Place: The Importance of Experience, Via http://www.berkeley.edu/ frameworks/2010/simulating-urban-place/ [06.12.2013] 3 Green Rays. Kipar, Andreas. Green Rays in Milan. In: Topos 64 Growing Cities 4 View down from Via Carlo Farini. Rentzsch, Fabian.

206

4 Map of Hyde Park of 1833. Via http://commons.wikimedia.org/ w i k i / F i l e : H y d e _ Pa r k _ L o n d o n _ from_1833_Schmollinger_map.jpg [02.04.2014] 5 Golden Gate Park, 1892. In: Cranz, Galen, p. 12

BY JANINE BALZEREIT

BY ALENA VECHTEROVA

1 The Milan waterway system. Via http://www.kunstdame.com/ wp-content/uploads/2012/06/ Navigli-Map-900.jpg [15.05.2014]

1 Naviglio Grande, Milan. Via https:// upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/4/4a/Navigli_di_Milano_ Naviglio_Grande02.jpg 15.05.2014]

2 Naviglio Grande, Milan. Via https://a0.muscache.com/ic/ p ic tu re s/ 129 2 2 2 3 0 /fc4 9 a 3 bd_ original.jpg?interpolation=lanczosnone&size=x_large&outputformat=progressive-jpeg&outputquality=70 [05.01.2015]

2 Landwehrkanal, Berlin. Via https:// u p l o a d . w i k i m e d i a . o rg / w i k i p e dia/commons/d/d4/Landwehrkanal_2005-06-24.jpg [05.01.2015]

3 Naviglio Grande, Milan. Via https://farm4.staticflickr. com/3600/3461977896_b94040b59c_o.jpg [15.05.2014] 4 Naviglio Pavese, Milan. Via http:// milano.lenuovemamme-it/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Naviglio_pavese_a_Milano.jpg [05.01.2015] 5 Rio della sensa, Venice. Via http:// upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/c/cf/Rio_della_sensa.JPG [15.05.2014] 6 Canal Grande, Venice. Via http:// famouswonders.com/wp-content/ uploads/2009/04/canals-of-venice. jpg [05.01.2015]

3 Naviglio Pavese, Milan. Via https:// upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/a/ac/Navigli_di_Milano_ Naviglio_Pavese01.jpg [05.01.2015] 4 Main Waterways of Milan. Via h t t p : / / w w w. e x p o 2 0 1 5 . o rg / c s / Expo/1392227103994/00_mapp a . j p g % 2 6 b l o b h ea d e r % 3 D i m age/jpg%20%26blobheadername1%3D-Content-Type%26blobheadervalue1%3Dimage/jpg [05.01.2015] 5 Oberbaum bridge near Osthafen, Berlin. Via https://www.flickr.com/ photos/claudecastor/14588529740/ [15.05.2014] 6 Naviglio Grande, Milan. Via http://ciapp.it/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/art-hotel-navigli-milano4447.jpg [05.01.2015]

207

BY ANDREA BÃ&#x2013;RGER

p d f / P O R TA % 2 0 N U O VA . p d f [15.05.2014]

1 Plan of the Expo Site. Via https:// de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_2015#/ media/File:130528_MSP_ EXPO2015_wiki.jpeg [05.01.2015]

2 Porta Nuova. Via www.porta-nuova.com/pdf/PORTA%20NUOVA.pdf [15.05.2014]

2 ExpoVillage Cascina Merlata. Via http://www.forumscenari.it/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Cascina-merlata-2.jpg [05.01.2015] 3 CityLife Milan. Via http://www. fabergiornale.it/wp-content/ uploads/2014/03/citylife.jpg [15.05.2014] 4 Revitalization of Darzena. Via h t t p : / / w w w. e x p o 2 0 1 5 . o rg / c s / ContentServer?c=Page&childoagename=EXPO%2FPage%2FEXPOLayoutContentPage&rendermode=preview&pagename=EXPOWrapper&cid=1392228742149 [05.01.2015] 5 Austrian Pavillon. Via http://www. archiscene.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Austria-Expo-Pavilion-penda-12-jpg [15.05.2015]

3 Porta Nuova Skyline. Via h t t p s : / / w w w . f l i c k r. c o m / p h o tos/90256396@N04/15102811416 [05.01.2015] 4 Bosco Verticale. Via www.porta-nuova.com/pdf/PORTA%20NUOVA.pdf [15.05.2014] 5 La Corte Verde di Corso Como. Via http://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5269/c1a0/e8e4/4e88/ a 0 0 0 / 0 4 3 a / l a r g e _ j p g / r e n d e r. jpg?1382662532 [05.01.2015]

4 PROJECTS B Y Y U B A I YA N G LU SHUANG YA N G X I A OY I N WANG JUNHUI All illustrations by the authors.

BY DARA TYBUSCH

B Y Z H U OYA Q U FA B I A N R E N TZ S C H DASONG WANG

1 Location of Porta Nuova. Via h t t p : / / w w w. p o r t a - n u o v a . c o m /

1 A scar that needs to be stitched. Via http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_1J

208

J Vy a v g 2 3 M / TG o 5 D C 2 v o k I / A A AAAAAAAPg/JdaKfTLjdZw/s1600/ stitches%2Bbw4.jpg [14.06.2014]

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Other illustrations by the authors.

1 INTRODUCTION

BY ALENA VECHTEROVA VERONICA JANCARYOVA YA N G Y I C H E N

B Y M AY K E BÖTTCHER

All illustrations by the authors.

Atti del Convegno (2008): Feeding the Planet, Energy for Life. International Scientific Committee of 37 members in Milan. Via http://www. expo2015.org/sites/default/files/ rich_text_editor/pagine_standard/ allegati/344521_two_projects_%20 that_milan_offers_to_the_world.pdf [08.12.2013]

THEME PHOTOGRAPHIES

Bruzzese, Antonella (2013): Strategies for Milan railway yards, Pdf-Presentation [15.10.2013]

All illustrations by the authors.

BY DARA TYBUSCH ANDREA BÖRGER JANINE BALZEREIT

All images of Milan by Beate Niemann. Photo of Politecnico by Davide Secco. Other images by Fabian Rentzsch.

Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. (2013): Milan. John Foot, Alberto Lecco. Via http://www.britannica.com/ EBcheckedtopic/382069/Milan [08.12.2013] Expo 2015 (2010): MASTERPLAN 2010-Milan. Via http://www. m i n e x . g o b . g t / M P C I / D a t a / M PCI/20110712160504091Proyeccion%20Expo%20Milan%202015. pdf [08.12.2013]

209

210

Global Site Plans - The Grid (2013): Good, Bad, and Ugly: The Battlefield of Milan‘s Urban Skyline. Via http:// www.sustainablecitiescollective. com/global-site-plans-grid/171931/ good-bad-and-ugly-battlefield-milan-s-urban-skyline [08.12.2013] Gore, Al (2007): Feeding the Planet, Energy for Life. International Scientific Committee of 37 members in Milan. Via http://www. expo2015.org/sites/default/files/ rich_text_editor/pagine_stand%20 ard/allegati/344521_two_projects_ that_milan_offers_to_the_world.pdf [08.12.2013] Guida di Milano Città (2013): The development of the Milan City. Via http://www.milantour.eu/history-of-milan/history-of-milan/ the-development-of-milan.html [08.12.2013] Kipar, Andreas (2008): Making milan a permeable city. In: Topos 64 Growing Cities, Callwey Verlag, pp. 44-49. Niemann, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Beate (2013): Converting Milan (the phenomenon of the Expo as urban generator), lecture source of Hochschule Wismar, University of Applied Sciences, Technology, Business and Design, Pdf-Presentation Sep. 2013, pp. 3.

2 PA P E R BY SEBASTIAN WEBER Chadwick, George (1966): The Park and the Town. Public Landscape in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Architectural Press, London. Cranz, Galen (1978): Changing Roles of Urban Parks. From Pleasure Garden to Open Space. In: Landscape Magazine, Summer 1978, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 9-18. (1979): The Useful and the Beautiful. Urban Parks in China. In: Landscape Magazine, 1979, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 3-10. Grisebach, August (1910): Der Garten. Eine Geschichte seiner künstlerischen Gestaltung. Klinkhardt&Biermann, Leipzig. Kaspar, Heidi (2012): Erlebnis Stadtpark. Nutzung und Wahrnehmung urbaner Grünräume. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. Kienast, Dieter (2002): Sehnsucht nach dem Paradies. In: Idem: Die Poetik des Gartens. Birkhäuser, Berlin. Mayer-Tasch, Peter Cornelius (2001):

211

Der Garten Eden. In: Sarkowicz, Hans (ed.): Die Geschichte der Gärten und Parks. Insel, Frankfurt a.M. Reinermann, Lothar (2005): Königliche Schöpfung, bürgerliche Nutzung und das Erholungsbedürfnis der städtischen Unterschichten. Londoner Parks im 19ten Jahrhundert. In: Schwarz, Angela (ed.): Der Park in der Metropole. Transcript, Bielefeld. Rosenberg, Elissa (1996): Public Works and Public Space: Rethinking the Urban Park. In: Journal of Architectural Education, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 89-103. Sennett, Richard (1994): Flesh and Stone. The Body and the City in Western Civilization. Faber and Faber, London. Shi, Mingzheng (1998): From Imperial Gardens to Public Parks. The Transformation of Urban Space in Early Twentieth-Century Beijing. In: Modern China, 24, 219-254. Turner, Tom (2011a): Asian Gardens. History, Beliefs and Design. Routledge, New York. (2011b): European Gardens. History, Philosophy and Design. Routledge, New York.

212

BY ALENA VECHTEROVA Bezirksamt Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf von Berlin (2011): Erneuerung der Uferbefestigung der Spree-Oder-Wasserstraße. Via http://www. berlin.de/ba-charlottenburg-wilmersdorf/aktuelles/pressemitteilungen/2011/pressemitteilung.200770. php [06.02.2014] Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung (2013): Sachstandsbericht Verkehrsprojekte Deutsche Einheit, Berlin. Via https://www.bmvi.de/SharedDocs/ DE/Anlage/VerkehrUndMobilitaet/ sachstandsbericht-verkehrsprojekte-deutsche-einheit-stand-juni-2014. pdf ?__blob=publicationFile [06.02.2014] Die Navigli (n.d.): The Cannels through Milan. Via http://www.milano24.ore.net/cityinfo/naviglio/ [06.02.2014] Dowd, Douglas F. (1961): The Economic Expansion of Lombardy, 1300-1500: A Study in Political Stimuli to Economic Change. In: The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 21, No. 2, Jun, pp. 143-160. Elkins, Dorothee; Elkins, Thomas Henry; Hofmeister, Burkhard (1988):

Berlin: The Spatial Structure of a Divided City, London and New York: Methuen.

www.emonfur.eu/public/pub_files/ Efuf/presentazioni/3_EXPO_WATERWAYS__Rossi_part_I.pdf [06.02.2014]

Ferrè, Carlo (2012): Navigli Golosi (Mouth-watering Waterways) and Navigarmangiando (Sailing and Eating): Two ways of experiencing wine, food and sustainable tourism. Via http://www.visitamilano.it/turismo_en/strada_abbazie/contributi/ consorzio_navigli.html [06.02.2014]

(2013b): Expo 2015 – Waterways project, part II. Via http://www.emonfur.eu/public/pub_files/Efuf/presentazioni/3_EXPO_WATERWAYS__ Rossi_part_II.pdf [06.02.2014]

Karwelat, Jürgen (1984) Passagen: Geschichte am Landwehrkanal. Berliner Geschichtswerkstatt, Berlin Landscape Interface Studio (2013): Milan`s FAN-Navigli Aqua Festival. Via https://landscapeiskingston.wordpress.com/2013/09/24/ milans-fan-navigli-acqua-festival [06.02.2014] Menzel, Thomas (2010): Berlin waterways and their history, In: Pianc Yearbook 2010, The World Association for Waterborne transport Infrastructure, Brussels, pp. 205-212. Repossi, Claudio (2012): Move for restoration of Locarno-Milan waterway. Via http://blog.inlandwaterwaysinternational.org/?p=360 [06.02.2014] Rossi, Anna (2013a): Expo 2015 – Waterways project, part I. Via http://

Santuari, Alceste (n.d.): The Navigli Lombardi Company: a case of inland waterways promoting tourism. Via http://www.wcc2014.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/The-Navigli-Lombardi-Company-a-case-of-inland-waterways-promoting-tourism. pdf [06.02.2014] Schmidt, Albert (n.d.): The Waterways & Canals of Milan. Via http://www. gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/ CanalsofMilan.pdf [06.02.2014] Visit Berlin (n.d.): Boat Tours. Via http://www.visitberlin.de/en/see/ city-tours/boat-tours [06.02.2014]

BY ANDREA BÖRGER EXPO 2015 Austria (2014): EXPO Milano 2015 to bring positive impetus for exports and tourism. Press message of the Austrian Federal Ministry of Economy, Family and

213

Youth. Via http://www.expoaustria. at/fileadmin/daten/Downloads/ Pressetext_ENGLISCH_13012014. pdf [06.02.2014]

bernerzeitung.ch/ausland/europa/ Wo-Mailand-Vendig-imitiert/story/31510214 [07.01.2014]

Millauer, Olaf (2014): The new skyline of Milan. Via http://www.milano24ore.de/sehenswueridkgeiten/ bauwerke/Skyline.php [06.02.2014]

BY DARA TYBUSCH

Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (2012): Switzerland‘s Participation at EXPO MILANO 2015 symbolised with an apple tree. Via https:// www.news.admin.ch/message/index.html?lang=en&msg-id=37538 [06.02.2014]

BY JANINE BALZEREIT Brauter, Michaela: Die Kanäle von Mailand. Via http://www.youttube.com/watch?-v=90Z-Yip7GUI [14.01.2014] Italia (2013a): Mailand. Via http://www. italia.it/de/italien-entdecken/lombardei/mailand.html [07.01.2014] (2013b): The Navigli: Milan by night. Via http://www.italia.it/en/media/ virtual-tours/virtual-tour.html?no_ cache=1&stuid=261 [07.01.2014] Saurer, Andrea (2013): Wo Mailand Venedig imitiert. Via http://www.

214

Brauter, Michaela (2013): Die Kanäle von Mailand. Via http://www.youttube.com/watch?-v=90Z-Yip7GUI [14.01.2014] La corte Verde di Corso Como (2014): CVCC. Via www.porta-nuova.com/pdf/CVCC.pdf [29.03.2014] Residenze Porta Nuova (2014a): Aira. Via http://www.porta-nuova.com/ pdf/ARIA.pdf [29.03.2014] (2014b): Solaria. Via www.porta-nuova.com/pdf/SOLARIA.pdf [29.04.2014] (2014c): Solea. Via www.porta-nuova.com/pdf/SOLEA.pdf [29.03.2014] (2014d): Bosco verticale. Via http:// www.porta-nuova.com/pdf/BOSCO. pdf [29.03.2014] Saurer, Andrea (2013): Wo Mailand Venedig imitiert. Via http://www. bernerzeitung.ch/ausland/europa/ Wo-Mailand-Vendig-imitiert/story/31510214 [07.01.2014]

215