2024 Baylor Science and Engineering Symposium

BAYLOR RESEARCH

EIGHTH ANNUAL SCIENCE and ENGINEERING SYMPOSIUM

TUESDAY, MAY 7 from 5:00 -7:00 P.M.

WEEKS SCIENCE BUILDING

Training students to think like scientists is the mission of Baylor Research. We understand that science is not about content or a body of facts that explain the natural world, but instead is a process that we use to generate and confirm new knowledge.

MOLECULAR

BIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT GENETICS LAB: Students are trained to ask basic questions about how life is regulated on genetic and epigenetic levels. Students are trained in the use of model and non-model genetic organisms to ask relevant questions affecting human health and disease. The laboratory is equipped for students to explore how life functions at a molecular level. Students can visualize subcellular structures on a fluorescence compound microscope, culture cells, tissues, and organisms in temperature-controlled incubators, and perform quantitative measurements on DNA, RNA, and protein in biological samples. Students are also trained to collect, analyze, and present quantitative data using data science, computational biology, bioinformatic, and data visualization techniques on very large genomic data sets generated using next-generation sequencing techniques.

ENGINEERING RESEARCH LAB: Students become well-versed in various engineering-related topics such as electronics, mechanical systems, and modeling/computational studies. With precision electronics equipment, students can further their understanding of embedded systems and how they can be used to control mechanical systems (mechatronics). In the Fabrication Lab space, custom 3D designs/prototypes can be realized with fabrication tools such as 3D printers, a CNC router, or a laser cutter. The lab also allows includes high performance computing systems for virtual reality/modeling capabilities.

ENVIRONMENTAL LAB: Students asks questions concerning the ecological and evolutionary processes shaping the interactions between organisms and their environments. This can be as fine as how symbiosis is mediated between hosts and microbes, or as broad as the effects of anthropogenic activities on our planet. Students in Environmental Research utilize an array of techniques in Molecular Biology, Data Science, GIS, and laboratory experiments to understand the intricate linkage of Biological systems for the sake of conserving our ecosystems.

SUSTAINABILITY RESEARCH LAB: Students learn about a range of sustainability issues including climate change, biodiversity, and water pollution. Students are encouraged to develop and test solutions to these challenges in the areas of solar energy, energy efficiency, sustainable agriculture, and environmental remediation. Students have access to an on-campus solar array, organic garden, electronics equipment, and advanced software. With a mix of field measurement, laboratory experiments, and computer simulations, students are trained to collect, analyze, and present findings.

WELCOME!

We would like to welcome families and friends to the annual Baylor School Science Symposium. This event is a culmination of the work produced by students engaged in Baylor Science Research. Students have been working for up to three years in the following fields: Biomedical, Engineering, Environmental, and Sustainability. Over 70 research projects are on display in addition to work done by our middle school and extra-curricular programs. Students and their advisors have spent countless hours producing this work and we could not be more proud of their efforts.

MEET THE BAYLOR RESEARCH TEAM

Dr. Ben Holt, Environmental : bholt@baylorschool.org

Dr. R. Antonio Herrera, Biomedical: raherrera@baylorschool.org

Nastassja Hagan, Sustainability: nhagan@baylorschool.org

Jesse Young, Science Department Chair: jyoung@baylorschool.org

Dr. Louie Elliott, Engineering: lelliott@baylorschool.org

RESEARCH 1: BIOMEDICAL

Tova Ajayi

UNDERSTANDING THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF ADDICTION THROUGH THE SCOPE OF PHOSPHODIESTERASE-4 AND DOPAMINE REGULATION

Addiction is a severe disease affecting many people in the world, leading to severe personal, economic, and other health concerns. Addiction is caused by compulsive use of a substance that creates pathological and physiological stress states and is linked to dopamine signaling in neurons. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter whose release and regulation are controlled by factors including cyclic AMP and phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4) activity. To study pde-4 function, we are using Caenorhabditis elegans, a roundworm nematode model organism with a simple nervous system and robust behaviors. This project aims to understand the molecular mechanism of addiction within the scope of dopamine regulation through the processes of pde-4. We plan to observe the effects of pde-4 mutation on the flow of neural signals. Similar experiments have shown shifts in swimming directions and even changes in body size and mating. The relationship between dopamine dependency and the reaction after withdrawal is essential to understanding addictive behaviors in humans.

Daniel

Bruce

IDENTIFYING THE STATE OF DNA ACCESSIBILITY DURING NEMATODE DEVELOPMENT

How DNA accessibility is regulated in the cell is a pressing question in biology. For a gene to be expressed, for example, requires that the DNA double helix is open and accessible to enzymes that produce new mRNA transcripts. This project will use the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans as a developmental genetic model organism to examine the state of DNA accessibility on genes important for development. C. elegans have four larval stages that are punctuated by molts before becoming reproductive adults. Many genes, including lin-28, are important for regulating the timing of development and their expression is switch-like, turning from on to off, and vice versa. Although we know the genes that are responsible for developmental timing, we do not know the state of DNA accessibility. Current methods infer the state of DNA accessibility by using RNA sequencing to identify when genes are transcribed and opened but we do not have a way to fact-check this. Our goal is to use sodium bisulfite to identify which segments of DNA are accessible during development. This project

will use DNA deep sequencing on the lin-28 gene in bisulfite-treated nuclei to find which segments are single-stranded showing that they are currently being transcribed during larval development.

Laney Frost

THE EFFECTS OF NUTRITION AND EXERCISE-INDUCED STRESS ON MUSCLE HEALTH AND MORPHOLOGY

Movement in animals is achieved through the essential function of muscles contracting and relaxing in the body. Over the lifetime of an animal, muscle health is a key factor in determining the quality of life by directly affecting behavior, mobility, and response to stimuli. In humans, nutrition and diet also affect muscle health by impacting how the muscles age. Understanding the link between nutrition, muscle health, and longevity is a critical gap in knowledge because if you do not have healthy muscles, and your body cannot function, then your quality of life will decline. The mitochondria are an important part of the muscle cells, they provide energy for the contractions and are aligned along muscle cell fibers. To study the effect of nutrition on muscle health deterioration, we are using the developmental genetic model organism, Caenorhabditis elegans. We have a strain of C. elegans roundworms that have muscle mitochondria labelled with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) that are easy to visualize using fluorescence microscopy. This project will examine how GFP-labelled body wall muscles are impacted by the quality of food fed to the nematodes. Our goal is to understand the genes that influence the effects on muscle health in adults to improve quality of life.

Amelie Johnson

CRISPR/CAS-9 GENOME EDITING OF THE JNK PATHWAY IN SEA SQUIRTS

During cancer and tumor formation, terminally developed and non-mitotic epithelial cells may detach, change morphology, and begin to divide rapidly during the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Several molecular pathways are known to regulate EMT, including the c-Jun terminal kinase (JNK) and other components of the MAP-kinase cascade. JNK is the terminal kinase for the transcription co-factor c-JUN and has been linked to EMT, cancer-drug resistance, and other cancer-related issues within humans. While this pathway shows strong promise as a target to investigate such issues, most JNK research focuses on other issues, such as neurodegenerative diseases. To investigate the role of JNK and signaling in development and by extension, tumorigenesis, this project will study nervous system

development in a genetic model organism for chordates, the tunicate sea squirt, or Ciona robusta. Our goal is to remove JNK function using genome editing via the CRISPR/Cas-9 system.We have found that JNK expression is elevated in neural progenitor cells, and expect that by deleting and mutating JNK, the nervous system will not grow properly. Our initial steps are to design guide RNAs to direct Cas-9 where to cut in the DNA genome and we aim to learn how JNK plays a neural development and the EMT transition in cancer.

Laya Shelton

EFFECTS OF TURMERIC ON AMYLOID BETA IN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

This study aims to investigate the potential effects of turmeric on Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) neurodegeneration in a genetic model organism, Caenorhabditis elegans. Turmeric is known for having anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in humans and has been suggested as a preventive measure against AD onset and progression. This project aims to expose the nematode C. elegans to turmeric powder during early development and to determine if there is an effect on the nervous system. We are using a transgenic strain of worms that expresses the human Amyloid Beta (Aβ) protein in their neurons. A hallmark of AD is the formation of plaques due to a Aβ protein aggregate formation and degeneration of neurons. Worms grown on plates containing turmeric powder will be examined for morphological and behavioral phenotypes. To assess the effects of Aβ accumulation, chemotaxis assays will be performed as well as other behavioral assays. Fluorescence miscopy will be used to visual and quantify the Aβ plaque in transgenic C. elegans to determine if turmeric exposure is protective. Image analysis will also be used to illustrate the difference in Aβ plaque accumulation between transgenic worms and the control animals. The results of this experiment could provide insights in potential neuroprotective effects against Alzheimer’s disease pathology.

Violet Simon

THE STUDY OF GERMLINE TUMORS GLD-1 MUTANTS TO DETERMINE THE CAUSE OF UNCONTROLLED CELL DIVISION

We would like to study how mutations in gld-1 in the roundworm nematode Caenorhabditis elegans lead to germline tumors during development and adulthood. C. elegans are a good model organism for studying tumor growth because they are easy to culture in the lab and are transparent. The aim of this project is to study how the germ line in the nematode changes during different stages of larval devel-

opment into adulthood. In particular, we are looking at GLD-1::GFP expression in the worm gonad and will characterize the gld-1 spatial and temporal expression using fluorescent microscopy. To count how many cells are dividing in the germline tumor, we propose to dissect the gonads out and use a DNA stain to look at the stages of cell division. If we examine gld-1::GFP animals under different stressful conditions, such as high or low temperature, we expect to see changes in the amount of cell division. We think that by studying the gld-1 mutant phenotype, we will be able to understand how the GLD-1 works to regulate cell division and cancer.

ADVANCED RESEARCH: BIOMEDICAL

Luciana Hemphill INVESTIGATING THE DISEASE MECHANISMS OF SANFILIPPO SYNDROME USING

TUNICATES AS A MODEL ORGANISM

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of the nullification of the SULF1 gene (the Tunicate sulfatase ortholog) on the easily mutable Ciona nervous system, using CRISPR. Effects of this modification in Ciona may indicate a universal importance for SULF1-coded enzymes and their orthologs. This study uses the CRISPR/Cas9 system to cut and nullify the protein-coding region of SULF1. The genetically modified DNA, once transformed into plasmids, is to be electroporated into Ciona embryos before observing the developmental effects of SULF1 removal. Absence of metamorphosis indicates that the SULF1 gene is requisite for larval neurological function. Ciona larvae use neurons to determine a suitable substrate to anchor onto during the transition from a free-swimming larva into a sessile filter feeding adult. If a larva is unable to identify a proper substrate, this indicates the loss of neuron function because of the mutation arising from genome editing, demonstrating the vitality of the SULF1 digestive enzyme across species with drastically different body plans.

Michelle Jiang CHEMICAL

ANALYSIS AND SPECIES IDENTIFICATION OF A BIOFLUORESCENT MILLIPEDE

Millipedes are the largest class in the Arthropod subfamily; Myriapoda consists of centipedes, millipedes, symphylans, and pauropods. Unlike most other arthropodal species, millipedes do not have external defense mechanisms like pinchers and stingers, instead they rely on their exoskeleton and irritating secretion for survival. They are a part of one of the most vital groups in ecology. As detritivores, their func-

tion in nature is to recycle nutrients from decaying plant matter into useable materials. Along the Tennessee River, there is an unknown species that produces a blush green “glow” under ultraviolet light. The actual causes and reasons for this species being fluorescent are unknown. Moreover, like most other millipedes, this species does not have any external or physical defense mechanisms, relying primarily on its tough exoskeleton and chemical secretions from the trunk of their body. In the Chattanooga river valley area, there are several millipede species, and we have focused on one that is found in rotting logs year-round, and that has biofluorescence under ultraviolet light. We aim to identify and characterize this species on a molecular level using genomic DNA extraction, PCR technology, and Sanger sequencing. Moreover, we aim to amplify part of the mitochondrial gene, cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COX1) and use this sequence to determine the exact species of millipede by comparing it to published millipede phylogenetic trees. Finally, we want to identify and categorize the fluorescent compounds and defense secretions, ultimately to better understand the greater relationship between this millipede and its environment.

Emily Beardsley

CHARACTERIZATION OF AXON BREAKAGE AND REGROWTH IN CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS

β-SPECTRIN MUTANTS

When motor neurons sustain damage, they must be adequately repaired to prevent causing further harm to the nervous system, with improper rehabilitation leading to impaired motor function. In this study, we use Caenorhabditis elegans roundworms to investigate how the Dorsal D (DD) neurons are broken and regenerated in animals with a β-Spectrin mutation, a crucial cytoskeletal constituent of neurons. We found that β-Spectrin mutant worms grown on standard plate media exhibit severe axon breaks in the DD neurons with different frequencies depending on their stage of development. We aim to test a method of stressing the nervous system of β-Spectrin mutants to quantify neuron regeneration and identify the genes influencing the process. To do this, we have begun swim stress tests on β-Spectrin mutant animals compared to wild-type animals that express the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) transgene in the DD neurons. By using fluorescence microscopy, we can observe the regrowth of GFP-labelled neurons after axon breaks and quantify the effects of variations that occur during nerve healing. Our initial findings indicate that β-spectrin plays a vital role in neuron strain resistance, and swimming can lead to neuron breakages. This research could aid in developing effective treatments to promote proper axon outgrowth and prevent further damage caused by incorrect axon guidance after injury.

Leya Alani

QUANTIFYING PUF-8 MUTANT TUMORS IN CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS

Reproductive cancer affects many people and can lead to fertility issues and death, so understanding how genes that prevent tumor formation function are vitally important. To get a better understanding of genes that may have a significant effect on tumor formation we use Caenorhabditis elegans, a roundworm nematode, as a model organism since they contain similar traits to humans. One such tumor suppressor, PUF-8, is a conserved member of the Pumilio protein family and normally prevents tumor formation by controlling cell division in the germline of the roundworm nematode, C. elegans. Similarly, in humans the absence of this gene has been proven to cause ovarian cancer. We aim to understand how PUF-8 loss leads to germline tumor formation in C. elegans gonads. Here, we observe the presence of germline tumors using the germline-specific fluorescent reporter, fkh-6, driving the expression of the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). C. elegans nematodes are amenable to genetic analysis because they have quick life cycles, are small, and have transparent bodies that allow us to observe internal structures and examine where the tumors grow. We have found that tumors grow in the spermatheca of puf8(-) C. elegans in animals. To quantify the size and cell number we visualized nuclei in fixed cells using the DNA stain, DAPI, in germlines dissected from puf-8 mutants or worms treated with puf-8 RNAi. Ultimately, we aim to understand what influences tumor formation in nematodes to better understand the role of Pumilio proteins in human reproductive cancer by using a candidate gene approach. Future work will examine how Pumilio interacting genes affect puf-8 mutant germline tumor size in C. elegans nematodes.

Molly Cope and Ella Grace Lazenby MOLECULAR GENETIC MECHANISMS OF EXTRACELLULAR

MATRIX FORMATION IN ORGAN FORMATION

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) is a group of heritable genetic disorders that produce mutations in proteins or enzymes that affect connective tissue. Different classifications of EDS can be characterized by joint hyper-mobility, skin hyper-extensibility, and tissue fragility. To understand the molecular mechanisms behind genetic mutations in diseases such as EDS, we aim to observe the potential effects of genes associated with EDS. Using common orthologs from our model organism, Caenorhabditis elegans, we can follow its impact on vulval morphogenesis. To do so, we used the sqv-2 ortholog for the gene B4GALT7-a gene found in various classifications of EDS, to be

crossed with a let-805 strain with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) to observe the effect it has on the vulval morphology of C. elegans. When performing the molecular epistasis to create a genetic cross, we must have a baseline understanding of the body morphology of our model organism, the mechanics of cellular biology, and how the two interact. After performing the genetic cross, we will observe the interaction between the sqv-2 mutant and the let-805::GFP expression from the control strain. This will provide a comprehensive understanding of how genes that regulate the extracellular matrix play a role in genetic disorders like EDS.

Claire Ellish

PARASITIC NEMATODES IN LUMINOUS MILLIPEDES

As a scientific community, we are constantly exploring how organisms interact with each other, specifically how parasites communicate with their host. In southeastern Tennessee, many diverse types of millipedes contain parasitic nematodes either in their gut or in their translucent legs. We are exploring the parasite and host relationship among nematodes and various millipedes around Baylor School Woods to see whether the relationship is positive or negative for the millipede. If the relationship is negative the nematode would be killing the millipede which is called a Pathogenic parasite but if the relationship is not harmful, they are Nonpathogenic parasites. However, the relationship between these organisms' environments is unknown at Baylor School. Our goal is to determine the species of nematodes present in the various luminous millipedes gathered and the prevalence of nematodes in each species of millipede. We will collect various millipede species from multiple locations on the campus, examine their limpid legs under a microscope, dissect the millipede, and grow the nematode until an adult. Ultimately, we will understand how host and parasite interactions affect the population of millipedes at the Baylor School.

Julia Gardner

THE EFFECT OF PARAQUAT ON -SYNUCLEIN AGGREGATE FORMATION IN A NEMATODE MODEL OF PARKINSON’S DISEASE

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the world today, with symptoms including tremors, slowness of movement, memory and thinking problems, and pain. While researchers have identified that its onset is triggered by genetic and environmental factors, the fundamental underlying causes of the disease are largely unknown. Exposure to environmental factors such

as metals, pesticides, and herbicides has been shown to influence the development of PD, but the molecular genetic mechanisms by which it impacts development are not fully known. The herbicide paraquat has been shown to increase the risk of PD in people exposed, and we aim to understand how this might occur on a molecular level. To determine the effect paraquat may have on the development of PD, we are using the roundworm nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, to test how herbicide exposure affects the formation of -synuclein protein aggregates. Increased aggregate formation in neurons is found in PD, and this study aims to identify genes that regulate this process. We quantify aggregate formation using worms that express a fluorescently tagged -synuclein in body wall muscle. Using this model, we also investigate the role of chaperone protein TOR-2 as a neuroprotective agent and its potential protection against paraquat-induced -synuclein aggregation. We hypothesize that when worms have mutations in familial PD genes as well as paraquat exposure, their -synuclein aggregation levels will be affected.

Edie Herndon

THE EFFECTS OF MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL STIMULATION ON MEMORY

Memory is an invaluable component of the definition of life because all organisms must be able to respond to their environment. Several substances are known to have effects on the quality of memory and learning in animals, including caffeine, which will be the focus of this study. To this end, we are using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism because of their short lifespan, predictable behavior, and invariant cell lineage. These nematodes exhibit a reversal response that we are studying through a tapping mechanism that initiates this behavior. In our research, we hope to discover the molecular mechanisms behind learning and identify the impacts of caffeine on these processes. Through these experiments, we hypothesize that caffeine exposure will elicit specific changes in behavior and learning. We also intend to identify the point of criticality for the concentration of caffeine that can be considered adversely harmful for C. elegans. Our study, in evaluating contextual learning caused by caffeine, will serve as evidence to the existence of habituation and robustness of learning in these organisms.

Reyna Park

THE ROLE OF SIR-2.2 IN THE MITOCHONDRIA AND ITS INVOLVEMENT IN DEVELOPMENT AND LONGEVITY

Learning the factors of why development and aging happens is crucial as it can eventually help lead people to living a more comfortable lifestyle in the future. For this research, aging is an important stage in life and to understand the complex processes, C. elegans are used as a model organism to study molecular mechanisms due to their short lifespan and simple body structure. We will specifically be looking at an organelle called the mitochondria. The mitochondria are necessary for survival because they are the cellular powerhouses that give energy for all biological processes, regulate metabolism, and carry out a wide range of other functions. In the mitochondria, there are a set of genes called sirtuins. Sirtuins regulate biological pathways in development, associated with longevity, and many factors that lead in the process of development or in some cases inhibit it. The C. elegans mitochondrial sirtuins, sir-2.2, are localized in the mitochondria which could serve as evidence to its contribution in lifespan. Severe mitochondrial dysfunction has consequences ranging from arrested development to shortening of lifespan. Our objective in this research is to further understand the functions of sir-2.2 and whether it influences development under stress. We want to see if stress inhibits or enhances the role of sir-2.2 on longevity and lifespan. It is said without the support of this gene, the C. elegans will have a shorter lifespan compared to the ones that do.

Addi Greene

EIDONOMY OF LOCAL UNIDENTIFIED BIOLUMINESCENT SPECIES OF MILLIPEDE

Millipedes are arthropods that live as detritivores, breaking down decaying plant matter on the forest floor. They have tough, “armor-like” segments along with cyanide secretion as defensive mechanisms because they don’t have alternative forms of defense like many other arthropods. We isolated an unknown millipede species from the samples collected on the campus of Baylor School in Chattanooga, Tennessee that grows under decaying longs. They are more frequently found closer to water and in damper areas. Typically, they would be found by uncovering the forest floor or by looking under the bark of decaying trees. To not disturb the natural order, overturned logs and things that were moved were returned to how they were previously. After collection, the millipede samples were brought back to the lab and housed in a tank that mimics the environment in which they were extracted from. Uniquely, this species can produce a bluish glow when

exposed to ultraviolet light, which not all species of millipedes can do. Under normal, white light the millipedes are normally black with orange specks along the dorsal surface. We have characterized the morphology of adults with their reproductive organs. Imaging of newly hatched juvenile millipedes has also been performed. Males have gonopods on the seventh segment and females have vulvae in between the second and third segments. These characterizations and observations are presented using scanning electron microscopy to produce high quality images to aid in the characterization of the species.

Augusta Smith

THE EFFECT OF DIET CHANGES ON NEUROLOGICAL FUNCTION IN NEMATODES

This study aims to examine the relationship between diet, stress, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Using the roundworm nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, as a genetic model organism, we seek to determine how diets that include high levels of glucose and artificial food coloring may affect overall nervous system health. Given that the modern human diet includes daily access to many processed foods that are high in sugar and contain food dyes, we are interested in the effect they may have on nervous system health throughout the C. elegans lifetime. Using fluorescent transgenes that allow us to visualize the health of dopaminergic neurons in worms, we can observe the effect diet has on neuron morphology and the behaviors that are governed by these cells. In worms, it has been shown that diet influences the health of the nervous system, and we expect that high glucose levels will lead to a decline in dopaminergic neuron function. This is similar to the drastic decline in quality-of-life humans with neurodegenerative disorders experience. This research is continued by investigating how neuron health is affected by the inclusion of artificial food dyes. Here, we report our preliminary findings on the effect of glucose and Red 40 on the nematode nervous system, which did not show the expected “turning off” effect of the neurons and instead showed a “clumping” along the processes. In the future this project will also look to identify the genes that regulate how dietary intake affects nervous system health.

Coralie Verville

THE EFFECTS OF MOUTHWASH ON THE ORAL MICROBIOME BACTERIA

The study of the oral microbiome is an expanding field of research and gaining more recognition. Maintaining a healthy oral microbiome is vital to improve health in the body overall. The proposed experimentation in this project pertains to collecting, isolating, and characterizing, the bacteria from the human mouth. The diverse microbiome of bacteria in the oral cavity has positive and negative benefits. A balanced healthy microbiome includes keeping you from getting sick, digesting food easier, and reducing inflammation in the mouth. Negative effects from an unbalanced oral microbiome are getting sick, developing gum disease, and bad breath. Analyzing the effect of mouthwash on the biodiversity of the oral microbiome is going to be studied in order to determine if mouthwash improves the balance of the oral microbiome or disrupts it. The experiment will take place over a period of two weeks, one control week with water and one using mouthwash. The bacteria would be obtained by collecting samples from the mouth and placed in a broth to grow. Once we have characterized the microbial biodiversity, we will gain insight into what bacteria survived the mouthwash and which did not. This will provide more information on what mouthwash does to our oral microbiome and how it effects health in the body overall.

Sean Yoshida

THE ROLE OF HOX GENES IN SEA SQUIRT METAMORPHOSIS AND REGENERATION

In the study of neural regeneration, Ciona presents a unique platform through the processes of neural genesis; this platform is a powerful tool for investigating the similar process of neural regeneration and allows researchers to make new efforts in analyzing the processes of recovering neural damages. Ciona, being an ascidian and a chordate, are also closely related to vertebrates. This means that Ciona shares physical properties and processes that are similar to, if not the same, as vertebrates, giving importance to genetic studies done on Ciona for other vertebrates like humans. This relation makes Ciona a good candidate for being a model organism in research pertaining to vertebrates. Specifically, Ciona’s unique life cycle presents an opportunity to study the process of neural genesis as the larval organism transitions into the adult form. What makes the life cycle of Ciona unique is the process of not only physical but also a nervous system metamorphosis that involves the complete restructuring and creation of a nervous system for the adult organism. This creation of a new nervous system is what allows us to observe the similar properties and processes of neural regeneration and is what makes Ciona a good model organism. In the case of this study, we plan to use CRIS-

PR/Cas9 technology to observe and identify the functions of genes like Irx.a (a homeobox-containing transcription factor) and their roles in neural genesis in Ciona. It is currently unknown how many genes play important roles in neural metamorphosis of Ciona, and we plan to quantify the developmental characteristics of modified Ciona to evaluate the roles and importance of the Irx.a Hox gene

THESIS RESEARCH: BIOMEDICAL

Abby Murchison

LINKING COLLAGEN MUTANT GENOTYPES TO BODY MORPHOLOGY IN CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS

Collagen comprises 25% of the dry protein weight in the human body; it is integral in the formation of bones, muscles, and connective tissues. Mutations in collagen genes are the cause of various human genetic disorders, such as Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS). EDS results in a variety of comorbidities affecting the elasticity of the skin and joints and can lead to severe conditions such as aortic dissection. In addition to the effects of haploinsufficiency, the formation of the collagen molecule could play a direct role in causing disease phenotypes; therefore, it is of utmost importance to understand the connection between genotype and phenotype during collagen assembly. This research aims to better understand the link between specific types of collagen mutations and molecular formations using the isolated collagen from dpy-7 mutants of the roundworm nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. C. elegans is a genetic model organism that allows us to study the effect of collagen mutations on fibril diameter as well as draw connections to the size of cuticle rings on adult worms. This is based on previous research measuring annuli periodicity on these same mutations. Additionally, this research has allowed us to explore questions regarding inconsistencies in basic anatomical knowledge of C. elegans. Better understanding the genomic cause of these differences will create a gateway to help develop treatment for these genetic disorders, which currently have no cures or effective ways to manage care.

Rachel Chen

TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECTS OF ATRAZINE ON CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS BROOD SIZE

Pesticides are utilized in agriculture to kill or ward off unwanted, parasitic organisms to either aid in the growth of the desired crop or inhibit the spread of invasive species. Unfortunately, broad spec-

trum pesticides that target multiple species often kill or accumulate in non-target organisms, resulting in unintended consequences that could affect non-parasitic organisms. Atrazine is a broad-spectrum herbicide that is toxic to the reproductive, immune, and nervous systems of biota and can cause unintended effects in other organisms, including the roundworm nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. In this experiment, C. elegans were exposed to atrazine to better understand its effects on brood size. Application of atrazine may play a role in the severity of effects, so we incorporated two methods of exposure in our experiments: fumigation and atrazine-infused plates. From previous experiments, we expected to see a decrease in the first-generation’s brood size with exposure to atrazine; however, whether these changes will last over multiple generations was unknown. When utilizing fumigation, there are two methods of exposure: dermal contact and ingestion. To eliminate one of the methods of exposure, we used experimental atrazine plates to monitor the effects of exclusively dermal contact with atrazine. With both methods, we observed a negative trend in brood size in the first generation. With pesticides being incorporated into 1-10% of water bodies, human over exposure to pesticides such as atrazine poses a major problem if the side effects are only noticed after generations.

Mazie Mitchem

ADVANCING INVASIVE SPECIES ANALYSIS OF BAMBOOS IN NORTH AMERICA USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DNA BARCODING

Invasive species disrupt nature: mussels clog waterways, toads predate endangered arthropods, vines valued for aesthetic qualities smother native shrubbery. Many anthropogenically introduced ‘alien’ species have become ‘invasive’ and have negative ecological effects. As the prevalence and severity of invasive species have grown, so have efforts to mitigate their effect on ecosystems. Tracking the expansion of an intruding species is incredibly slow and difficult due to the sheer scope of the territory covered and the unreliability of identifying areas of concern manually. These obstacles are particularly apparent in the analysis of bamboo, a diverse clade with species native to and others invasive to most continents, including 232 species currently classified as invasive to North America. The morphological diversity of bamboo obscures attempts to classify individual stands and evidence exists that their expansion may be accelerated by warming climates. This work presents an automated solution to both the scope and efficacy issues described: we use a machine learning algorithm and convolutional neural network (CNN) to detect

bamboo from Google Earth satellite images. After our CNN classified unique bamboo stands in our local area, we sampled leaves and used DNA barcoding to determine where the bamboo stands originated. Results indicate that invasive species of bamboo are more prevalent in highly populated and developed areas and show geographical distribution patterns consistent with anthropogenic habitation and land use. The quantification of the threat posed by bamboos in this study is an invaluable first step towards total understanding of and direct action against invasive species.

RESEARCH I: ENGINEERING

Alexander Bailey DEVELOPMENT

OF A ROBOTIC HAND UTILIZING

PROSTHETIC TECHNOLOGY

Prosthetic technology has had a similar format ever since its creation circa 1000 BCE, as a mummy with a toe made of wood and leather was found in Egypt. Until recently, prosthetics attachments had to be manually manipulated for use, including moving fingers with your own, pushing objects, to even lever mechanisms. Modern prosthetics often rely on brain activity to move, similar to how original body parts move. For example, when a brain sends an electrical signal to move a hand, robotic sensors pick up on this and act accordingly. Because of the lack of innovation in the field of prosthetics, the formula has been the same. I’m conducting my research on prosthetics as they are becoming topical in the scientific community. To determine the strengths and weaknesses of modern prosthetics, we bought a robotic hand. This hand allows me to study and test the workings of general mechanisms in the field of prosthetics. The hand featured four servos facing the same direction, these four controlled the fingers, and a servo at roughly a 100º angle, which controlled the thumb. There are custom metal pieces which ensure any one phalanx can move and fold inwards or outwards respectively, or as gauged from its command. This hand was important to my research, as seeing an example of a prosthetic hand helped me understand how they work. Modeling this hand, I created a tinkercad circuit which proved this is a reliable model.

Virginia Foster

USING THERMAL IMAGING ON A DRONE FOR HUMAN DETECTION IN NATURAL DISASTER ZONES

Natural disasters are one of the deadliest events to happen in the world. In 2023 over 95,000 civilians died from natural disasters. Civilians often die from not being found within a survivable amount of time and toxic chemicals left in the air. After disasters there are excess amounts of carbon monoxide, PAHs, and sulfur dioxide left in the air, being partly responsible for the poor health effects firefighters may get rescuing trapped civilians. The average search lasts 7-14 days depending on the size and scale of disaster. Limiting exposure time of the firefighters can reduce their chance of getting cardiovascular disease and allow them to focus time on the known places with trapped civilians. In this study I will be researching and testing the optimal way to decrease the time needed for the search and rescue period. Using a drone with an attached thermal imaging system would eliminate unnecessary exposure for the rescuers by having the drones discover all necessary places to search, and they would have the capability to venture into less accessible places. I plan to use machine learning to train the system how to identity humans by their heat signature, and to determine their locations. I plan to assess these systems by testing their abilities to locate humans in class, then eventually in a hide and seek representation of buried or unlocated humans. Limiting exposure and gaining a helping system for tracking civilians can save many lives and save many families the sorrow of losing a loved one.

Calen Hawk

THERMAL CAMOUFLAGE IN MILITARY APPLICATIONS

Throughout the history of camouflage, many various patterns and designs have been used to conceal and distort the shape of the human body. Camouflage not only provides the element of surprise, but it also keeps soldiers safe while they are deployed. Due to the advancements in technology, camouflage is less useful than it was eighty years ago. New advancements such as thermal imaging render traditional camouflage useless, and a true thermal camouflage has not yet become a staple in most military applications. In this study I will test various materials using thermal imaging. I will then record all the data and compare these materials, so I could have a base for testing the proposed thermal camouflage. One of the main approaches utilizes graphene layers and electricity, among many other required materials for a working thermal camouflage. The reason why I am doing this project is because there are not many thermal camouflages out there, and an inexpensive thermal camouflage would allow the military to mass

produce it for all soldiers instead of only a select few that ever use it. I expect to see various changes throughout materials under thermal imaging, and I suspect that materials with good thermal conductivity will be better materials to use in the camouflage, like graphene for example. The closer each material gets to successfully masking a heat signature, the more likely it is to being part of the final camouflage. This project aims to develop a cost-effective thermal camouflage solution accessible to all soldiers by testing various materials and exploring different approaches like graphene layers and electricity. Through experimentation and analysis, I hope to create a thermal camouflage that can effectively conceal a human heat signature.

Rowan Langston DESIGNING A BETTER SECURITY SYSTEM UTILIZING MACHINE LEARNING

According to the FBI, over 1.1 million burglaries took place in 2019, yet only 17% of homes have security systems in place. The visible presence of security systems greatly reduces risk of break-ins, but not all potential burglars are deterred by the presence of alarms or cameras. This is why security systems must be improved and implemented in more homes. My research goal is to develop a system that uses machine learning to detect potential criminals and determine their actions in real time. Actions that the program would consider to be criminal activity, like lockpicking, smashing windows, and kicking doors, can be triggers to send alerts to the homeowner that someone is trying to break into their home. The code is intended to use the movement of figures’ body parts and tools to accurately decide what action is taking place. The development of this program uses machine learning to train the program to determine different actions from each other. By using break-in footage, images of various relevant activities, and footage of people, the program will be able to recognize actions that it was shown in training and name them. The expected result of this project is that human figures can be determined from non-human figures and that simple actions can be determined and named by the program. In the future, after much testing and honing, the system will eventually be able to name what actions a person takes and what tools were used. This project is working towards a world that can stop crime and harm before it happens.

Jerry Ma

IMPLEMENTING VECTOR THRUST IN VERTICAL TAKEOFF AND LANDING

Vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) capability on commercial fixedwing aircraft has been a topic of research for many years. VTOL technology allows fixed-wing aircraft to take off and land vertically. The idea of VTOL flight was originally introduced to the militaries in both NATO and Warsaw Pact countries to get aircraft airborne quicker in the event of a war. Aircrafts such as the British Harrier and the Soviet YAK-38 demonstrated the possibilities of VTOL flight in fixed-wing aviation in the military. Despite its military usage, VTOL fixed-wing aircraft can benefit the civilian world. For instance, it can reduce the required space for runways and still cruise at the speed of a fixedwing aircraft. The proposed research addresses a gap in the problem of having stationary engines. Many medium-range VTOL drone projects and drones have stationary engines for VTOL flight. The problem with having stationary engines is that they create parasite drag while not in use mid-flight. Similar to the Do-31, the extra engines add weight to the airframe and reduce the payload. For example, Elroy Air’s Chaparral drone has twelve engines, eight of those are used for vertical takeoff and only four are used for forward propulsion. Instead of having a dozen engines, the airframe can be powered by two to four engines that provide both vertical and forward thrust. The research will require two steps to produce a small transport drone. Firstly, an engine with thrust vector abilities will be designed. This step requires materials such as gyros and a 50mm EDF engine. The engine will be tested on an existing RC plane. Then, the engine can be applied to an airframe designed for aerial transportation. The thrust-to-weight ratio of the aircraft and successful liftoff will aid in determining the performance enhancements.

Kristin Spykerman

SOLVING MATH WORD PROBLEMS WITH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Major breakthroughs in Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the past couple of years make the topic of Math Word Problem (MWP) solvers very important, as AI programs have had significantly lower success rates in relation to MWP’s than other tasks. In fact, a study at Stanford suggests that state of the art MWP’s are only about 36% accurate. Another attempt similar to the goal of my project, done by Stanford, is mathbot which converted MWP’s into algebraic problems. However, their maximum success rate was only 62%. In my project, I will seek to build a program that has the accuracy to replace human thought

when it comes to simple mathematical word problems. I plan on using python to build my program due to its versatility, easiness to learn, and proficiency with machine learning as well as data analysis. My goal for this program is for it to be accurate enough to be helpful as an aid in education. Once I develop a program capable of solving a dataset of 100 MWP with over 80% accuracy, I will then seek to add to the program so that it can explain the steps in solving these problems. My finished product will be an MWP solving program that aims to not only replace human thinking at an elementary level but also to aid in the learning of these mathematical concepts.

Henry Wang

DESIGN AND TESTING OF A TUNABLE ELECTROMAGNETIC SUSPENSION SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOBILES

Cars have become one of the most common modes of transportation in modern society. In most cars, coils and metal fluids are used as shock absorbers to increase comfort, stability, and overall safety. In a regular shock absorber, the variable mechanical dampening changes the firmness fairly quickly during car rides, but it is still limited by the speed of the mechanical action inside the shock itself. The goal of this project is to find a way to instantly change the dampening without relying on mechanical parts, and that is the benefit of the original design of this system where the pressure can be changed by a program built into the car instantly. With adjustable pressure, the car’s comfort can be applied for many different types of roads and different types of cars. In this newer concept of the design of a suspension system, the upper body of the car is suspended through the magnetic pressure of the suspension system. In my research, a single magnetic coil will cause a small delay when the ECU turns off the current and the damper loses its magnetic field. This is caused by a temporary electric current called an eddy current. To cancel out this current, two electromagnetic coils will be applied on the two ends of the system and will apply pressure to the opposite directions so that the eddy currents cancel out. This eliminates the delay and allows a quicker responding suspension system. Another discovery is that the material of the coil can vary the magnetic pressure significantly. Through experiments, we can find the ideal material for the design. These improvements can make the cars better for comfort, safety, or stability.

Bruin Webster

IMPLEMENTATION OF UAVS FOR MODULAR USE AND APPLICATIONS

Implementation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) for modular use and applications will allow for the future to be unlike we’ve ever seen before. While drones have been implemented in many areas already, they may not have been utilized to their full potential. Drones have been constructed to do specific jobs, such as agriculture, thermal imagery, law enforcement, and more, but modularity has been largely ignored, resulting in super costly multi-drone fleets when one may be able to do with something as simple as an ability to swap out parts. In this study I plan to construct first a method to have modular components and sensors attached to a UAV, depending on the task required. However, this small-scale idea would have the ability to show proof of concept and then allow for a more advanced UAV, capable of carrying more payload and sensors for more data gathering. This data will then show the gap in which UAV designers use in order to have more revenue, rather than making it more cost effective for completing many tasks instead of the one the drone was designed to do. In conclusion, this would allow a new era of data collection and implementation of a singular aircraft that could do it all, no matter what is thrown at it. In doing so, UAVs would be more available to civilians and business owners and transition our world into the future and beyond.

Maxon Brienza ENHANCING CAR COMMUNICATION

WITH RFID SENSORS

There is a growing need for efficient and reliable communication systems in modern vehicles. Current communication technologies like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth face challenges in maintaining connectivity in high-density traffic scenarios. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology offers a promising alternative due to its low power consumption, long-range capabilities, and ability to operate in adverse weather conditions. This study proposes a novel approach to integrating RFID sensors into vehicles, enabling them to communicate with nearby vehicles and infrastructure. An experimental setup will be designed consisting of RFID readers and chips installed in each vehicle, capable of exchanging information within a specified range. This setup will allow for testing the feasibility and effectiveness of RFIDbased communication in various traffic scenarios, including high-density traffic and adverse weather conditions, and to address the gap in knowledge regarding the use of RFID sensors for vehicle communication to provide insights into this technology's potential benefits. The expected results include improved communication range, reduced

latency, and increased reliability compared to existing technologies. The data collected from the experiments will be analyzed to evaluate the performance of the RFID-based communication system. The findings of this study could have significant implications for future research in the field of intelligent transportation systems, potentially leading to safer and more efficient traffic management strategies.

Grace Chen

DESIGNING AN AI-POWERED LIP HEALTH DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM

Lip health may not seem important to overall health, but if there is a problem in this area, people's mood will be greatly affected, so this small problem is also important. However, recognizing and addressing lip diseases presents many challenges. This study aims to use deep learning techniques to develop a model that can accurately identify and classify various lip conditions such as cheilitis, lip ulcers, and keratitis from images. Based on recent research in oral health and cancer detection, a convolutional neural network (CNN) centered image classification method is proposed. Through a comprehensive review of the literature on the application of deep learning in medical image analysis, especially in oral health and cancer diagnosis, the aim is to establish the feasibility and effectiveness of using CNN for lip condition analysis. By focusing on the ability of deep learning technology to detect and classify lip diseases, it is hoped that users will be able to better understand and manage their lip health. Early builds of the model will be built using Anaconda, TensorFlow, and Google Co-lab. This model may provide a reliable and accessible technique for early detection and intervention lip health, ultimately improving and enhancing overall lip wellness issues awareness.

William

Hubbard

IMPLEMENTING XENHARMONIC SUPPORT FOR A PYIN-BASED PITCH SHIFTING PROGRAM

Intercultural participation in music is significantly restricted due to the tonal limitations of many common instruments. For instance, it is impossible for a traditional guitarist to play any music that utilizes the Turkish Hicaz Makam or the Arabic Maqam Hijaz because the required tones are not present on the non-adjustable fretboard of a standard guitar. They would have to commit significant amounts of money and time to purchase and learn an instrument capable of playing these tones. While guitarists are certainly affected by this dilemma, instrumentalists across the world face the same problem. The purpose of this research project is to modify an existing pitch shifting program to give every instrument the capability to play the music of

other world cultures. This would be accomplished by implementing xenharmonic support to allow an instrument to play every tone. The autotune program in development lacks the ability to retune instruments to play music of other world cultures. Currently, this program is utilizing a PYIN-based pitch shifting algorithm through the Librosa library, a method that has been proven very effective for monophonic pitch correction. Although the current iteration of this program does not allow for live retuning, future efforts would be directed towards adding this capability. This would be accomplished by either adding live capability to the currently used program or modifying a separate pitch shifting program. Secondary goals include expanding this program’s functionality to enable it to accept other audio file formats in addition to WAV files. This program’s overall purpose is to equip musicians across the world with the capability to play the music of other cultures.

Rigdon King-Anderson THE DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW-COST TWO QUBIT NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE QUANTUM COMPUTER

Quantum computing is a burgeoning field in physics. As with any adolescent, quantum computing requires enormous expense to further its development. Thus, learning tools for quantum computing tend to be very expensive. The competitively priced Spin Q Gemini mini quantum computer will set an institution back $8000, a price that is untenable for many schools. Our goal is to build a low cost, semi-functional, two qubit Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) quantum computer. We hope to build our computer for a fraction of the price of the Gemini. Our goal is to thoroughly document the process of building the quantum computer from start to finish, providing easily available instructions on constructing and operating a small NMR quantum computer. We are aiming for implementation of the following single qubit gates: the Hadamard gate, the CNOT gate and the X, Y and Z rotation gates. In addition, we hope to implement at least one two qubit gate. We hope that this project will enable other schools to build their own quantum devices, improving upon our methodology along the way. Eventually, we hope for these changes to allow us to create a “quantum open-source community.” Such a community would provide the resources for anyone to learn how to build a quantum computer. This distribution would inevitably increase public awareness of quantum computing.

Brandon Oakes

DEVELOPMENT OF A MECHANICAL SHREDDER FOR A 3D PRINTER FILAMENT RECYCLING SYSTEM

In the recent boom of 3D printing, an increasing number of enthusiasts have 3D printers in their homes. For people such as these after initially buying a printer the recurring cost of 3D printer filament can be very expensive. At the same time over 5,000 tons of filament is wasted every year because of failed prints, supports, old prototypes, and more. There are a few companies and individuals who have tried to address this issue but the main problem they all face is initially turning print waste into smaller pellet-like pieces. There are more problems with these systems that I wish to solve like lowering the cost and decreasing the amount of microplastics and noxious fumes they produce. My long-term goal is to create a full system that can recycle 3D print waste back into usable filament. I am designing and fabricating two potential shredders as part of a full recycling system. Eventually, I will test both using real examples of 3D printer waste and choose a final design based on the cost and how well it makes consistently sized pieces. In the future, this could also be used to turn everyday plastics like bottles and containers into usable filaments. By making a system like this, hobbyists and businesses can save money and the planet by recycling 3D filament.

Will Oliver OPTIMIZING MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF 3D PRINTED PARTS THROUGH INFILL DESIGN

In the modern era 3D printers are all around us and are commonplace in all forms of engineering. Whether it’s building parts for a machine or printing small scale structures for testing purposes there is no question of the importance of 3D printing. One issue that has not been solved in the world of engineering with 3D printers is optimal nature of infill patterns. Infills are designs that support the interior of the structure being printed. Factors in infills such as density and design are frequently being updated in the scientific community. The density of an infill refers to the percentage that the object is filled. With 10% infill density having 10% volume filled and 100% being fully filled in. The design of the infill is also very important since different shapes dictate how the structure responds when pressure is applied. Different infill patterns have been studied with the purpose of finding an infill pattern with both cost affordability and significant structural resistance when pressure is applied. In this study I aim to improve the design and therefore performance of an infill pattern. I began by testing between three different infill patterns and then testing their

load barring capabilities and then improving upon the design chosen. I then improved on the strongest design. I believe that the redesigning of infill patterns can be vital to the scientific community in that it allows for print time and resource consumption reduction.

Grady Robbins MATERIAL EVALUATION AND PERFORMANCE TESTING OF 3D PRINTED PARTS

3D printing has been around since 1980, and it has come a long way. You can now print massive houses using a cement printer or you can print detailed objects. With all the new applications the 3D printer can be used for, the filament material will be the next thing to advance, and by testing the existing filament. The design I went with was a basic flange with a long connector and a wide base. When we crush it, I think the skinny side walls on the connector will break first. The final test will be three different flanges with each one made of different materials. The first will be regular PLA and this will be the weakest. The second with strong PLA this one will be stronger than the PLA but not as strong as the Carbon Fiber. And last with the Carbon Fiber with the greatest breaking point and therefore strength. I also think it will be able to hold two times the weight of the two others. This research will be helpful for other Baylor students to use the printer and find the best filament for their project.

Aiden Saadeh DEVELOPING TOOLS TO EXPEDITE FLIGHT SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

Developing flight simulator software is time consuming, complicated, and expensive. A facet of flight simulator development is the flight model which determines how an aircraft will fly. Creating a set of tools that simplifies and speeds up the process of creating a flight model for an aircraft would allow for quicker testing, reduced costs, and lower the barrier of entry into the simulation field. The saved time would allow more development for other parts of the simulation. This would be especially useful for smaller developers with prohibitive budgets or little development time. There are various other projects with similar goals. Aircraft Flight Physics Toolkit, Flight Kit: Arcade Flight Sim, and Silantro Flight Simulator are assets that aid in development of flight software. However, these each have issues such as prohibitive price, unrealistic simulation, difficult usage, and obsolescence. The goal of this research project is to maximize the accuracy of the tools by comparing simulated flight performance with actual flight performance. The project focuses on creating a set of tools for the Unity

game engine. Currently, there are two tools: a debug menu, a virtual joystick, and a tool that returns accurate lift force for an aircraft’s wings. However, the final product would have all the tools required to develop a basic flight simulator. This will be showcased by using the completed tools to fully develop a high-fidelity Cessna 172 aircraft.

Elizabeth Silva CREATING A CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK TO CLASSIFY SPIRAL AND ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES

Sky surveys have produced millions of images of galaxies, such as the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, which has produced over 900,000 images. The substantial number of these images makes manually classifying them nearly impossible. Machine learning, a subsection of artificial intelligence and computer science that focuses on processing data to identify and predict patterns, can provide an opportunity to classify these galaxy images with minimal human intervention. As more galaxy sky surveys are developed, the necessity for efficient, accurate machine learning systems to classify galaxies increases. However, creating a machine learning system that can accurately classify galaxies can be difficult since galaxies often possess complex features and characteristics which can be problematic. The goal of my research project is to create a convolutional neural network (CNN) that can differentiate between spiral and elliptical galaxies accurately even when complex qualities are present in the images. I plan to use the galaxy images from the SDSS data release 7 combined with the data from the Galaxy Zoo Project for training and testing data for the neural network. I am using the application TensorFlow through Google Research Colab to create the neural network. Based on the results of the neural network, I can further my research by adding another galaxy type to classify or creating another neural network to add to the classifying process to help improve the accuracy. My research can help deepen scientists’ understanding of galaxy morphology and creation.

Anna Stoddard

UTILIZING NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE ARCHITECTURE TO CONSTRUCT A SMALL-SCALE QUANTUM COMPUTER

Quantum computers are at the forefront of the current technological revolution. Chattanooga has been a leading city in technology since EPB’s fiber optic system, but its newest addition is the quantum computer at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. However, these computers remain largely inaccessible because of their steep price tag, limiting progress in this emerging field. Small-scale single to multiple qubit systems bring quantum computers out of highly controlled lab environments and into the hands of communities. We re-

searched many quantum architectures including photonics, trapped ion, and superconducting to arrive at nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) architecture. This architecture was first used as a chemistry procedure, NMR spectroscopy, to measure the contents of a solution. NMR quantum computers use radio frequencies to encode information in a half-spin solution, where entanglement can occur. Although NMR computers are not as scalable as superconducting computers, we plan to control qubits with this architecture and to determine the entanglement efficiencies of available half-spin solutions which range from trans-crotonic acid to acetone. When we determine the ideal solution, we will measure the effects that different radio frequencies have on the solution. When we progress to scaling and controlling qubits, we will design quantum gates that can encode more specific information onto the qubits. Our work with these small-scale systems could introduce affordable quantum computers to schools and communities, broadening the accessibility of this groundbreaking technology for educational and experimental purposes.

Eric Zheng DEVELOPMENT OF A CENTRAL UNWINDING SPOOL FOR UTILIZATION IN 2-DOF CABLE ACTUATED SYSTEMS

Many mechanical designs use cable-actuated systems to facilitate force transmission and motion using spools. Despite their widespread use, existing pulley designs can run off the side of the pod which adds components to the control of the system. This project aims to address this issue by developing a new two degree of freedom (DOF) pulley spool prototype by running string out of a center coaxially driven pod. By exploring this innovative approach, I aim to fill the gap in knowledge regarding optimized pulley designs and their impact on mechanical systems. In this project, I plan to design and fabricate a pulley spool prototype with enhanced features aimed at minimizing frictional losses. The design focuses on reducing friction between the spool and the supporting structure. The experimental approach involves design iterations, reviewing pre-existing control methods, and developing one that will fit the custom spool pods. The data collected will provide a comprehensive understanding of the prototype's performance under varying loads and operating conditions, for optimized pulley designs in real-world applications. The results from the initial prototype will be used to determine further design improvements which include how much friction is reduced and how well the center unwinding aspect of the pod works. The work from this project could improve the efficiency and usability of cable-actuated systems

ADVANCED RESEARCH: ENGINEERING

Redding Batt CREATING 3D PRINTED STRUCTURES FOR BONE CELL REGROWTH

Bone scaffolds are microstructures that are implanted in the body to allow new bone cells and tissue to grow after a bone has been infected or permanently damaged. Their main purpose is to keep the cells and tissue safe, and as the bone grows within, the bone scaffold will slowly biodegrade, so there is no need to remove the implant. The problem with current scaffold is how difficult they are to create, but having the ability to easily print them would streamline the process. This project centers around the design, fabrication, and testing of bone scaffolds. These scaffolds were created using Autodesk’s Fusion 360 which is a computer aided design (CAD) software. In Fusion 360, each structure was created using its design tools. Another tool that was used in Fusion was the stress and compression tests software that allowed for load analysis. After these tests, the structures were then printed with plastic PLA filament using an Ultimaker-S5 3D printer. The two structures that were created are the Schwarz P and basic design. Both structures were stress tested with a compression machine. The basic design had a higher strength to weight ratio. The final step was to create a preliminary model of a bone scaffold using the basic design.

Alisha

Chandra

BUILDING A CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK FOR AUTOMATED DIAGNOSIS OF AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION AND DIABETIC RETINOPATHY

Diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are two of the most prevalent eye diseases today: one in three of the 285 million adults with diabetes have diabetic retinopathy and 170 million adults across the globe are affected by either wet or dry AMD. Diabetic retinopathy is detected through the presence of microaneurysms, hemorrhages, and exudates which are abnormal masses of fluid and cells. Although there is no cure for either diabetic retinopathy or AMD, early diagnosis of these diseases can prevent their progression, and machine learning, a subset of artificial intelligence, is being increasingly used to expand access to diagnoses. The purpose of this project is to create a convolutional neural network (CNN), a type of deep learning model, to accurately diagnose diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, and differentiate between the two forms of macular degeneration if macular degeneration is diagnosed. Currently, the model is being built on a dataset of 20,000 images, using

a combination of publicly available images as well as ones that were obtained through an IRB from the charts of Southeastern Retina Associates. The CNN has reached an average accuracy level of 87 percent across all categories, with individual categories having diagnosis accuracies as high as 96 percent.

Logan Urbanski A VIRTUAL REALITY CALM ROOM TO COMPLEMENT EXPOSURE THERAPY

Virtual Reality (VR) is being increasingly used in the healthcare industry to better relieve stress and combat anxiety. In a method known as therapeutic VR, users wearing a VR headset experience a simulation designed to calm their mind. Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a long-lasting disorder in which a person has recurring thoughts/ behaviors that they feel compelled to repeat over and over. The most effective treatment for OCD is Exposure Therapy which is a sub therapy of Cognitive Behavior Therapy that exposes fears in tiny increments. One problem with this therapy is that patients cannot focus with the treatment or they get distracted during the therapy. Using VR may allow the patient to have a more controlled experience with less distractions in a safe space as the therapist leads the session. I have developed a virtual reality calm room using Unity software to assist therapists in treating OCD. The calm room contains a forest scene with an interactable wall, bowling pins and ball, a memory game, and a welcome sign. The interactable wall contains three breathing exercises: Wim Hoff method, Box breathing, and 4-7-8 breathing.

Benjamin Daniel

UTILIZING A WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK FOR THE MONITORING OF SURFACE CONDITIONS IN BODIES OF WATER

Water health is an important aspect of any natural environment. Even minute changes in a water ecosystem can result in the expulsion or death of endemic species. Measuring the quality of water in natural bodies can aid to discover previously unknown aspects of an aquatic community and address ecological events early on. In this study, I use a system of interconnected sensing nodes to take pH and Conductivity readings on the surface of the water. If readings fall above or below a certain level, a sample will be collected, and the node will stop reporting new readings. Thus far, both systems have been calibrated and combined on a single testbed. A new node with improved buoyancy has been designed, but not yet fabricated. Normal readings fall between 6-8 for pH, and 200-1000 µs for conductivity. I have collected and tested a small sample from the Baylor Lake to compare

with buffer solutions of known conductivity. The pH sensor has an effective range of between 4 and 10, and my conductivity sensor works on a range of 0-2000 µs. The priority of this year was to program my sensors to collect regular, accurate data. I hope to eventually program the node to visually map readings over the surface of the lake. This will be done using a global positioning system (GPS) to record the general location of readings, and data interpolation to visualize readings. My hope is that such networks can be used to monitor particularly sensitive environmental niches.

Tate Harrison

IMPROVING THE ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF ATTITUDE CONTROL SYSTEMS IN CUBE SATELLITES

A Cube Satellite, or CubeSat, is a cube with a side length of 10cm sent into Low Earth Orbit (LEO) to run tests in space. CubeSats often use attitude control systems to orient themselves in space and help them face a certain direction. The most common type of attitude control system uses reaction wheels, which are wheels that spin on certain axes of the CubeSat to turn it in the opposite direction. The CubeSat attitude control system worked with in this project uses reaction wheels in a testable environment to help contribute to the knowledge and research of CubeSat attitude control systems. Using a previously implemented air-bearing as well as wireless serial communication from an on-board IMU, real time CubeSat X, Y, and Z angle difference was read by an external computer running Megunolink software. The efficiency and effectiveness of reaction wheels with differing densities is then being compared to find the optimal material. Currently the PLA reaction wheel has been tested in place as the control group, and brass and stainless-steel wheels will be tested in the future. The PLA took about two minutes to converge to a point on each axis separately, so it's expected that the heavier, denser wheels will converge to the point in at least half the time. After work on the reaction wheel densities the project will move on to the construction of a moving reaction wheel with a changing moment of inertia with the goal of making the system more efficient.

Owen Rose

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF 3D PRINTED PLASTIC GEARS THROUGH MECHANICAL TESTING

3D printing has become a new way to create objects that you design with Computer Aided Design (CAD) software. Individual parts for machines and other projects can be designed and printed including gears. Gears have been evaluated in the past; however, gear tests

are typically done for metallic gears. To print cheap and viable gears that will have the durability to work in small projects or for prototype builds, a set of parameters from the 3D printer were chosen to be tested. Evaluating these parameters for the wear associated with said parameters will allow for someone to print out a gear using the least number of resources, time, and materials, while still serving the intended purpose. To evaluate these parameters for wear, a testing rig was built to produce an accelerated lifetime test using motors and sand to induce wear. Once run the gears will be imaged to compare the wear before and after the run and the area missing from the two images is taken to get a percentage of the gear that was lost to the test, either through compression or erosion. Knowing these parameters effect on the performance of the gears will make printing gears faster and cheaper for anyone looking to print gears with a 3D printer.

Sasha Smith

VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT DESIGNED FOR LEARNING WITH ADHD

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common mental disorders in the United States and most severely affects school aged children. As such, guidelines and parameters have been set in place by various agencies, most importantly the Unites States Department of Education (ED), requiring accommodations for students with ADHD to be made in both the classrooms and the teaching methods in public schools. While some of these laws create plans specialized to each individual child, recommendations are broad, and plans from one individual to another have massive crossover. Virtual Reality (VR) has presented itself as a promising tool in mental health research and treatment. Extensive research has provided its value and efficacy in treating mental disorders, as studies have shown that experiences in VR produce the same physiological response the user would have to those experiences in real life. VR’s highly controlled, manipulatable environment can emulate real life, however, unlike in real life, experiences in VR can be standardized and repeated. Thus, if one could recreate a classroom exactly as it would be in reality but in a virtual world, the user should have similar responses to the stimuli of both. In this study, I have taken published, pre-existing regulations and learned how to create a virtual environment using Unity and an Oculus headset. The goal of this project is to develop a virtual environment that is based on practices that are already recommended/implemented in a classroom for specialized learning for students with ADHD in the hope of preserving the positive effects of the learning techniques

Lars Renlund

REAL-TIME AUTONOMOUS DRIVING USING COMPUTER VISION, NEURAL NETWORKS, AND ADVANCED ALGORITHMS

In 2021, 3,464,231 fatalities occurred in the United States. Of these deaths, 46,980 were attributed to road accidents. A large majority of road accidents occur from human error in some form. In order to minimize the human error aspect, researchers have been developing autonomous car systems with the intention of replacing the human driver, and potentially reducing the number of accidents by over 90%. These systems, in their current iterations are far from perfect technologies, reducing accidents by 34%, with the most common errors occurring during “edge cases”. These edge cases often occur during car accidents or car accident avoidance and are a result from either not having the procedures in place, or from not having adequate training data for the model to take an evasive course of action. In order to improve the current accident avoidance of autonomous vehicles, I implemented a two-pronged approach that combines a powerful object, text, and motion detection Long Short Term Neural Network with a Convolutional Neural Network trained on professional driving data in order to create a driving software with a higher percentage of accident avoidance than presently available.

Finley Smith DEVELOPMENT OF IMAGE STABILIZATION FOR COMPLEX SYSTEMS

Video stabilization is required in a variety of contexts including both consumer and professional videography with numerous alternative algorithmic, optical, and mechanical solutions for video stabilization. Stabilization may be useful even while shooting still images and capturing long exposure durations with a handheld camera. The primary goal of this work was to see if a thermal camera could be used to detect greenhouse events from sources at high altitude, however with this part of the project complete my current goal is to design a code that will effectively stabilize a camera on autonomous vehicle. My current goal is to attach the camera to the electric car and take images from that car so I can use the stabilized code to create a clear video. Autonomous vehicles are the future of this world and new technology is needed to make this happen. Using this image stabilization code will help improve the future of autonomous vehicles and transportation systems.

Jack Champion

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF COMPLEX ENGINEERING SYSTEMS

The original goal of this work was to see if a thermal camera could be used to detect greenhouse events from sources at high altitude. The high altitude would be achieved from a cube satellite launched by NASA. I did the wiring and assembly for the satellite. When building a satellite many factors such as power and the extreme cold had to be dealt with, so I had to find the right parts to balance the small, allotted power while also finding parts that could handle the extreme temperatures. The second project involved an autonomous car. Autonomous cars are also a nascent field that has a lot of safety implications. I am developing an autonomous car from a Green Prix racecar chassis. I am doing the mechanical side and part of the code. This involves mounting cameras, a braking, and an acceleration system. I am using an Arduino to control a motor to brake when prompted by a keypress. Since we will also be racing the car next year, I have 3D printed prototypes for a steering wheel to use. I used Fusion 360 to model the wheel, and then I printed it out with an Ultimaker printer.

Oliver Nimon

CREATING AN INTERACTIVE HANDS-ON CLASSROOM IN VIRTUAL REALITY

Hands-on learning in education improves cognitive understanding, but for many subjects, it isn't feasible to implement. Virtual Reality (VR) is gaining popularity in healthcare, therapy, and education. VR allows users to interact with a 3D digital environment through sensor feedback. Using Unity Technologies, VR enables users to move around, expand, and deconstruct complex 3D models and study their components in a "virtual" hands-on way. In addition to providing a hands-on experience, the user can access component labels that allow them to learn each component's function simultaneously. This technology allows users to better understand the material by exploring realistic models like engines or animal cells. It also provides an innovative solution to the challenge of providing hands-on experiences for complex topics.

Hans Renlund

COST EFFECTIVE VR FORCE FEEDBACK HAPTIC GLOVES FOR TRACKING PHYSICAL AND VIRTUAL MOVEMENT

Haptic technology is the creation of artificial stimuli in virtual reality (VR) to establish a more immersive and realistic experience. A more immersive experience in virtual reality is significant, furthering the de-

velopment of this technology as it becomes more of a mainstay. One drawback to implementing haptic technology with virtual reality is affordability, with multiple haptic gloves being made for commercial use, not being accessible or affordable for personal use. This project aims to create an economically viable alternative through the usage of 3D printed and off the shelf components. Force feedback is a type of haptic feedback that uses physical resistance to simulate stimuli, creating resistance when interacting with virtual entities directly or indirectly. In the design process I created a force feedback, single finger prototype glove. I have fabricated the prototype and all the components required to apply force feedback and track movements of the glove.

Davis Dowling MULTI ASSAY TIMELAPSE WORM TRACKER FOR CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS

C. elegans are model organisms that are approximately one millimeter in length, which makes studying the behavior of these worms difficult without microscopy. Further, rigorous quantification of worm behavior requires a system that can monitor the worms over hours and even days. The goal of this project is to create a motorized gantry system for the microscope that allows for feedback tracking of worms within multiple plated assays. To date, a computer aided design (CAD) model of the proposed system has been developed in both Sketchup and Fusion360 (AutoDesk). This design uses a USB microscope and a stepper motor belt system. The final product uses six assays and a USB microscope controlled by a stepper motor and Arduino system to record high detail results for biomedical researchers.

MEASURING SCOPE 2 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS ON AN ACADEMIC CAMPUS

Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are the emissions that directly affect global warming. When reporting GHG emissions, organizations split them into three categories - Scope 1, 2 and 3 - based on the amount of control the organization has on reducing the emissions. This study calculated and analyzed Baylor School’s scope 2 emissions, which are defined as the emissions indirectly caused by the purchasing of energy. The study compared scope 2 emissions produced by Baylor School to other academic campuses, including similar-sized and larger universi-

Braxton Haberhern

ties, on an emissions per square foot basis. Also, the study identified ways to reduce scope 2 emissions, including improving the buildings' energy efficiency. As an example, this study evaluated the GHG emissions reduction and economic impacts of replacing fluorescent bulbs with more energy efficient Light Emitting Diodes (LED) bulbs in the science building. The study found that replacing the bulbs in the science building will reduce Baylor School’s overall electricity consumption and Scope 2 emissions by 1.5 to 2 percent and would have a payback period of approximately two years. In addition to this study, the next step would be evaluating replacing bulbs in other buildings on campus and identifying ways to reduce the emissions from air conditioning use, as it is another primary driver of Scope 2 emissions.

Pippa Hill EFFECTS OF SUNFLOWER CULTIVATION ON CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN SOIL

Soil represents a massive but often overlooked carbon store for the world ecosystem, containing more carbon than global vegetation and the atmosphere combined. Increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) content through more sustainable agricultural practices is a promising solution to counteract increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gases, the primary driver of climate change. This experiment aims to observe the effects of sustainable agricultural practices, including cover cropping, on carbon sequestration in the soil. This small-scale study will evaluate the soil health and crop yield impacts of an annual growing cycle including oilseed sunflower in the warm season and either cover crop or fallow ground in the cool season, with minimal use of fertilizer. The field results will be compared to simulated results from computer modeling, utilizing one of the SOC simulation models commonly used for carbon credit markets. Expected results are that the SOC content will decrease from the baseline number in the warm season in both plot sections, only to return to or exceed previous levels in the plot section that will have cover crops after regeneration during the fallow season. The simulation modeling will provide further insight into the continuous SOC storage patterns in this plot after the study concludes. The data collected in this experiment on soil carbon statistics and sunflower biomass will contribute to the relatively small quantity of long-term field data on SOC in a space where modeled results are typically used. This information could aid agriculturalists in increasing crop yields and winning more carbon credits on both a small scale and a large scale through extrapolation of crop yield data. Furthermore, this study is important to sustainability because it demonstrates the potential of sustainable agriculture to make a significant contribution to carbon removal from the atmosphere.

Lake Montgomery

OPTIMIZING THE PERFORMANCE OF THE 200 KW BAYLOR SOLAR ARRAY

In 2022, renewable energy comprised 21.5 percent of energy generated in the US. Solar energy, currently a small portion of power generation, is expected to grow substantially, with forecasts of over 500 GW of solar energy annual installations by 2030. With the growing usage of solar power, it is important to keep solar arrays functioning at full power, given the predicted life of solar arrays of 30 to 40 years. This study will analyze and seek to optimize the power production of a 200-kW solar array on the Baylor School campus. Data will be compiled through visual inspections, field measurements, and computer-based simulations. Field measurements will be conducted using an infrared camera to detect hotspots, and a clamp meter to measure current. Additionally, this study will simulate the effects of replacing broken panels and cleaning the soiling (dirt) off the panels. The results of this study will then be used to recommend improvements to increase and optimize power production of the array.

Curtis

Quinn

COMPARING SOLAR ARRAY DESIGN OPTIONS: 1-AXIS ROTATION VS FIXED-TILT

Driven by market and policy instruments supporting low-cost clean energy, solar energy installations have grown an average of 22% per year in the past 10 years in the U.S. Solar arrays are most commonly installed in a single position, known as fixed-tilt, or using a one-axis tracking system where the panels follow the path of the sun throughout the day. The choice between one-axis rotation vs fixed-tilt solar panels is typically based on location, size of the array, and cost. In this study, a model solar tracking system will be constructed, programmed, and used as a device measurement to gather field data for both variants of solar array designs to understand the relative voltage and expected energy production data for both types. This study aims to provide further comparison data by quantifying the characteristics of both types of solar panels in a lab-scale experiment in the Southeast US. The field data will be used to determine which yields the higher energy production in a set amount of time depending on which tracking algorithm is implemented: one that turns in a constant motion relative to the sun, and one that detects the sun’s light and adjusts to face perpendicularly. After the study, 1-axis rotation panels are expected to be superior to fixed-tilt panels in energy production. This research will inform the design decisions of small-scale solar arrays.

RESEARCH I: ENVIRONMENTAL

Helena García Nieto PHYLOGEOGRAPHIC AND CONTEMPORARY

DISTRIBUTION OF DACE (CHROSOMUS) IN THE UNITED STATES

The Southeastern United States is a biological hotspot for freshwater fishes, mussels, and amphibians. The diversity of this region can be explained by vicariance and dispersal, resulting in high species richness and endemism. The vicariance hypothesis that hydrological changes leading to reproductive isolation stemmed from glacial advancements. Alternatively, the dispersal hypothesis posits that the Eastern Highlands were the site of evolution for many species, followed by dispersal and subsequent isolation. We hypothesize that there was a single widespread species in the Southeast, but there has not been a database time-calibrated study. To address this, we will use mitochondrial genome sequencing and phylogenetic methods to reconstruct lineage and divergence for the Chrosomus genus. Furthermore, we will be sequencing the mitochondrial genome of the federally endangered Laurel Dace. In addition to answering questions regarding the evolutionary history of this group, we will additionally be identifying and designing mitochondrial regions for eDNA monitoring to facilitate ongoing monitoring of these imperiled minnows. This project has major implications, since it aims for the resolution of the phylogeographic relations of a federally endangered species, while explaining the reasons for potential changes in the rivers’ shapes in the Southeastern United States.

Caiden Sumner

REVISITING THE BIOGEOGRAPHY OF NOTROPIS LEUCIODUS USING DNA TECHNOLOGIES

The Tennessee Shiner, Notropis leuciodus, is a freshwater minnow species occurring in the Tennessee and Cumberland River drainages. Scientists' knowledge of the genetic divergence attributed to the reproductive isolation of this species has not been thoroughly investigated with DNA technologies, with the last investigation being with allozymes in 1992. In this study, the Tennessee Shiner will be examined to determine whether they have undergone cladogenesis through either dispersal or vicariance. Genetic samples taken from the pectoral fin will be used for DNA extraction process. Gene sequencing and the high resolving power of DNA will then be used to assess genetic diversity within and between sampling locations and phylogenetic dat-

ing methodologies to estimate ancestral species will be used to test for vicariance or dispersal. We hypothesize that the Tennessee Shiner populations will show evidence of genetic divergence consistent with allozyme results and show genetic divergence resembling vicariance. The results of this research will be relevant to all freshwater fauna, as understanding the ways and rates in which speciation occurs helps scientists understand how to conserve species and how diversity is maintained and established through ecological, geological, and evolutionary processes.

Gavin Boggs

WHAT DRIVES STRAIN LEVEL FILTERING OF THE AMPHIBIAN SKIN MICROBIOME? INVESTIGATING RELATIONSHIPS OF PSEUDOMONAS AND SALAMANDERS

Symbiosis is the outcome-independent association of two unlike species. This phenomenon spans many scales of magnitudes and is a common interaction between species. Symbiotic interactions facilitate the processes that aid the fitness of each individual. The importance of these interactions in driving evolution is evident as mitochondria in eukaryotic cells and plant specific pollinators (African Hawkmoth). This project aims to identify a symbiotic interaction between Pseudomonas inhabiting the skin of a salamander. In previous studies, Pseudomonas has been found to associate closely with host amphibians based on phylogenic differences between host-associated and environmentally-associated bacteria. Pseudomonas has also been identified as an inhibiting factor against the growth of lethal microbes associated with amphibian declines. In this study, we test for host-affinity using assays assessing growth in the presence of host peptides and genome sequencing to uncover potential genomic mechanisms facilitating affinity for from host-associated and environmentally isolated Pseudomonads. The results will be used as an initial investigation to determine whether the affinity of Pseudomonas found on hosts is driven by reciprocal selection, wide-ranging plasticity, or stochasticity.

Sydney Douglas CRYPTIC FILTERING OF SALAMANDER SKIN: DOES PH DRIVE PREFERENTIAL COLONIZATION AND PERSISTENCE?

Amphibian skin harbors a diverse community of micro-organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and protists, which play vital roles in host defense and disease prevention. The host skin microbiome is affected by an array of host and environmental factors. Recently, pH has been hypothesized as a structuring force in microbial communities but has

yet to be evaluated as a mechanism for explaining differentiation between hosts and environmental reservoirs. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between gray-tree frog skin pH and bacterial colonization patterns, with a focus on understanding whether these patterns can explain observed heterogeneity between frogs, other frogs, and their environment. My research intent is to contribute to a deeper comprehension of the intricate relationship between host physiology and microbial ecology in amphibian skin, with potential implications for conservation efforts and understanding host-microbe interactions across ecosystems. Samples of bacteria located on the skin microbiome will be collected from 30 individual gray tree frogs (Dryophytes versicolor) found on Baylor School’s campus, the pH of the frog skin will be tested using a Hanna Halo Wireless pH meter. Then the bacteria are to be cultured on R2A agar plates of 3 different pH levels. Next, the DNA will be extracted using the Promega DNA Purification Kit, amplified using PCR, then sequenced using Sanger sequencing. Lastly, phenotypic assays will be conducted at three different pH levels. This project is significant to the understanding of symbiosis, especially of the frog skin microbiome and how pH affects it.

Sophia

Glover

WHAT ARE THE PREDICTORS OF AMPHIBIAN SUCCESS IN DEGRADED STREAMS?

Competition within species is expected to be higher than competition between species due to similar niche requirements. However, rather than exclusion, intra-trait variation can be an important buffer against natural selection by allowing variation in changing environments and also promoting co-existence within species. Semi-aquatic salamanders in Southern Appalachia exist in high densities and are oftentimes the dominant vertebrate predator in low-order streams. Black-bellied salamanders are known for territorial and aggressive behaviors, in which larger individuals tend to occupy the more favorable habitat. However, the mechanisms leading to the co-existence of similar-sized individuals have rarely been investigated. In this study, we seek to quantify the intra-trait variation of Black-bellied salamanders to understand the predictors of amphibian success in degraded streams. We used exploration and foraging assays to quantify salamander ‘boldness’, and then used a mesocosm study to determine competitive outcomes between salamander pairs from similar and different canopy-exposed habitats. The results of this study provide a meaningful initial step in understanding the populational trajectories of salamanders in a changing world.

Gabriel Costilow

OUTCOMES OF SECONDARY CONTACT IN THE EURYCEA BISLINEATA COMPLEX

The greater Chattanooga area and Cumberland Plateau harbors three distinct lineages of the Eurycea bislineata complex (Eurycea cf. wilderae, Eurycea aquatica, and Eurycea cirrigera) that reflect phylogeographic patterns of ancient rivers. Through river capture events, allopatric lineages now occur in sympatry due to the erosion of isolating barriers, creating a zone of secondary contact. The outcomes of secondary contact can be hybridization, competitive exclusion, sympatry through ecology (character displacement), or sympatry through reproductive isolation. In this project, we will investigate microhabitat utilization and niche space in replicate contact zones. Each of these sites will possess lineages with distinct morphological features (lineage C+F and lineage M) that allow for identification. We will select sites along Signal Mountain ranging from Middle and Suck Creek to Soddy Daisy and Possum Creek. Sites will be selected using citizen science observations with photos. Once distributions are documented, transects will be established and microhabitat utilization will be quantified through replicate surveys.

Hunter Shaw

INVESTIGATING THE PREVALENCE OF HYBRIDIZATION IN PLETHODON SALAMANDERS

Hybridization between closely related species is a common phenomenon and can make it difficult to apply species definitions. This study seeks to measure secondary contact and establish ranges for three species of salamanders of the genus Plethodon native to the Unicoi mountains of Tennessee and North Carolina. Populations of Plethodon salamanders live in very close proximity, making it possible closely related species have extensive hybridization with differing fitness than parental species. The physical similarities between species can make them hard to differentiate, so the goal is to determine the areas of inhabitance and hybrid zones of Plethodon salamanders. Tail tips will be collected from individuals of each of the three species in the Bald River Gorge Wilderness, the Citico Creek Wilderness, and the Cherokee National Forest. DNA sequencing using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA markers and phylogenic analyses will then be completed to further determine the areas in which secondary contact may occur between species. The objective of this project is to gain a better understanding of the genetic makeup of Tellico salamanders and the inhabitance and hybridization zones of Plethodon salamanders in the mountainous areas of Tennessee and North Carolina.

ADVANCED RESEARCH: ENVIRONMENTAL

Molly Kate Dickson and Ava McCoy

IMPLEMENTATION OF AN EDNA PROGRAM TO MONITOR THE ENDANGERED LAUREL DACE (CHROSOMUS SAYLORI)

The Southeastern United States boasts the highest freshwater diversity in the temperate world, containing over 550 species of fish. Anthropogenic activities have led to the decline and imperilment of freshwater fishes, particularly endemic species with narrow distribution and strict habitat requirements. The Laurel Dace (Chrosomus saylori) previously occupied eight streams in three systems, but recent surveys have documented declines or possible extirpation at all sites. eDNA provides a non-invasive alternative to traditional sampling methodologies and can be effective in detecting small species in difficult-to-sample habitats. Additionally, metabarcoding of local fish communities can be informative for identifying candidate reintroduction sites. To aid in ongoing conservation efforts, our study implements a two-pronged approach using standard metabarcoding and probe-based qPCR assays to potentially detect new, or elusive populations of Laurel Dace while additionally characterizing fish communities on Walden Ridge. We first attempted to validate methodologies using controlled and unknown samples. Preliminary results show consistency with field sampling, and we hope to expand our eDNA program to other sites in the future. Our results hope to highlight the utility of eDNA programs for monitoring and surveying aquatic organisms, particularly those with high conservation priority.

Harper Kelly

MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION AND MICROPLASTIC ACCUMULATION IN ASIAN CLAMS (CORBICULA FLUMINEA) ALONG THE TENNESSEE RIVER

Anthropogenic activities are linked to a worldwide decline in the quality and condition of freshwater ecosystems. Two of these pervasive threats come in the form of microplastic pollution and invasive species stemming from a global homogenization of biodiversity. One of the most notorious freshwater invaders, the Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea), has become established worldwide, outcompeting native species and disrupting ecosystem function. Genetic analyses have proven useful for tracing invasive species, but lineage description has yet to be carried out Asian clams found in the Tennessee River. Furthermore, while clams have been hypothesized to serve as bioindicators of microplastic pollution in lentic habitats, investigations of

the relationship between microplastic bioaccumulated in clams, sediment, and water are currently lacking. We seek to address this gap by comparing the abundance of microplastics in Asian clams to the surrounding environment in urbanized portions of the Tennessee River, while also providing lineage reconstruction of Asian clam invasion in the southeastern United States. The results of this study provide lineage-level clarity for Asian clams in the Tennessee River while also evaluating their proficiency to serve as bioindicators of microplastic pollution in lotic systems.

Meghan Royal SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF MEIOFAUNA IN THE TENNESSEE RIVER

Meiofauna are small-sized organisms that persist in multiple different environments across the globe, including freshwater and benthic communities. As a result, meiofauna are valuable bioindicators of environmental change. However, the biodiversity and distribution of freshwater meiofauna remain poorly resolved. While meiofauna are helpful, they are hard to sample, and laboratory identification is time consuming. Recent advancements in High Throughput Sequencing targeting meiofaunal genes has been proposed as a more efficient strategy for bio monitoring of meiofauna. This study seeks to identify the spatial distribution of meiofauna along an urbanized portion of the Tennessee River. Furthermore, this study seeks to address how the extensive damming of waterways can act as a barrier of gene flow. Sediment and water meiofauna samples were collected at nine locations along the Tennessee River to see if there is a difference in biodiversity pertaining to where the samples are located. High Throughput Sequencing (HTS) of the 18S and CO1 regions was carried out to amplify the DNA and results that each primer provides will be compared. Now, the study is focusing on how abiotic variables, such as conductivity, dissolved oxygen, oxidation-reduction potential, pH, temperature, total dissolved solids, and turbidity, and response variables such as richness, community composition, phylogenetic diversity, and UniFrac phylogenetic diversity contribute to diversity and community composition. Finally, to assess the extent to which dams act as potential barriers to meiofaunal gene flow, the study will use an AMOVA on broadly distributed taxa to reveal population differentiation. The results link the relationship of abiotic variables to biodiversity and assess how meiofauna can serve as a bio indicator of anthropogenic changes in freshwater environments.

David Wang

THE QUANTIFICATION OF SULFAMETHOXAZOLE RESISTANCE GENE (sul1) IN THE TENNESSEE RIVER

Advancements in medical technology, specifically the development of antibiotics, have revolutionized patient care and enhanced quality of life over the last century. However, antibiotic resistance has become a growing concern given the widespread use of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture. The relationship between pathogenic bacteria and antibiotics is an evolutionary arms race in which bacterial infections become more difficult to treat once resistance is acquired, rendering traditional antibiotics ineffective. Wastewater treatment plants have been hypothesized to serve as reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant genes, with horizontal gene transfer allowing for the rapid spread of antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) in bacterial communities. Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is a commonly used antibiotic with a well-documented history of resistant genes. In this study, we assess the prevalence of SMX resistance in the Tennessee River upstream and downstream of a wastewater treatment plant. We use 16S rRNA metabarcoding to characterize bacterial communities and then assess the prevalence of ARG in a common resistance gene, sul1. The results of this study will identify the prevalence of SMX resistance in the Tennessee River while also implementing a campaign targeting responsible antibiotic use and disposal in Chattanooga.

THESIS RESEARCH: ENVIRONMENTAL

Luke

Thompson

TRENDS IN DUCK SEX RATIOS OF TWENTY SPECIES IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA

RA Fisher and Carl Düsing are known for seminal works in understanding the evolutionary mechanisms of adult sex ratios. Negative frequency-dependent selection could promote the stable maintenance of approximately 1:1 male-to-female ratios. However, many populations exhibit skewed ratios, particularly those in need of conservation. In North American ducks, offspring ratios are approximately equal, but adult sex ratios tend to be male-skewed. Furthermore, many species have not been recently, if ever, assessed. Here, we use banding data to estimate the sex ratio of 28 duck species in eastern North America. After standardization, preliminary results suggest variable sex ratios with some evidence of higher male skewness in diving ducks. We hope to expand our investigation in the future to assess temporal variation in ratios in the context of species trends to understand the potential interactions between population declines and skewed sex ratios.

MIDDLE SCHOOL SCIENCE SHOWCASE

EIGHTH GRADE ANIMAL ADAPTATION AND EVOLUTION

In the study of evolution through the process of natural selection, students were asked to choose an animal and analyze its variations and adaptations. Students were also asked to compare their chosen animal with close taxonomic relatives to show how new species might develop and change over time.

SEVENTH GRADE ELECTRIC HOUSES

In the study of electricity and magnetism, students were asked to create a house out of a shoebox, decorate it, and then wire it with a power source, switches, and LED lights. The project demonstrates various components of electricity including series and parallel circuits, and the relationship between voltage, resistance, and current using Ohm’s law.

SIXTH GRADE PLATE TECTONICS AND VOLCANOES

Following their plate tectonics lab, sixth-grade students researched a volcano to build. The project included the realistic looks and surroundings of the volcano, how it formed under the earth's surface, and the volcano's general eruption information.

Thank you to our incredible judges for their time and support of Baylor Research.

Omar Abdul-Rahman, MD

Chief of the Division of Medical Genetics

Department of Pediatrics

Weill Cornell Medicine and New YorkPresbyterian Komansky Children’s Hospital

David Aborn, Ph.D. Professor

Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental Science

University of Tennessee at Chattanooga

Katie Anderson Founder

K2A2 Consulting

Joy Buongiorno Senior Editor

Springer Nature Group

David Graham Senior Engineer

Dan Brown and Associates

Mark Hagan

Biofuels and Energy Expert Independent Consultant

Kim Hayen

Science Instructor

Heritage High School

Seth Little

Reintroduction Assistant

Tennessee Aquarium Conservation Institute

Mike Mallen, Esq. ’80 Environmental Lawyer Retired

Gretchen Potts, Ph.D. Professor and Head

Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental Science

University of Tennessee at Chattanooga

Sarah Robbins ’01 Principal Planner, Office of Sustainability

City of Chattanooga

DJ Shelton ’99 Senior Manager, Solar Development Lightsourcebp

Jocelyn Stalker Spatial Ecologist

Tennessee Aquarium Conservation Institute

J Brad Stephenson, PG ’85 Environmental Consultant

Tennessee Department of Environmental Conservation

Christian Swartzbaugh

Freshwater Ecologist

Odum School of Ecology University of Georgia

Cecelia Wigal Professor

College of Engineering and Computer Science

University of Tennessee at Chattanooga

Baylor Research would like to thank the Weeks Family Their generosity makes this celebration of hard-earned accomplishments in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics possible.