2ยบ Bachilerato. Unit 2
GENERAL POINTS: Structure
They work with the main verb to add extra meaning to a sentence: obligation, permission, possibility … We put an infinitive without TO after most modal verbs (but not ought to) you shouldn’t smoke. he must get up early. *But: Students ought to study harder. They do not take – S in 3rd. person singular: It may rain, he can dance. They do not use do / does to form negative, interrogative or short answers: May I come in ? Of course! you may. They only have one form. Therefore, to express different tenses sometimes we need other verbs with similar meanings: He is only five, and he can speak German but in the future he will be able to speak German, French & English.
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Many modal verbs have several different meanings, depending on their context. Let’s see some of them:
Ability Ability and and permission permission
can
could
be able to
be allowed to
Ability and permission Ability in the present e.g. Can you play the piano?
can
I can’t come on Friday Permission in the present e.g. Can I leave the room?
could
Ability in the past e.g. He could swim when he was five Permission in the Past
e.g. In summer, we could go out till late at nights. Ability Be
Be
able to
allowed to
Used in the future or tenses Can doesn’t have e.g. Jack will be able to come next week Permission in other tenses e.g. I’ve never been allowed to get up late
http://esl.about.com/library/quiz/blgrquiz_canbeable.htm
Let’s try this Match A-F with 1-6 a. Ability (present)
1 We weren’t allowed to wear trainers
b. Ability (Present Perfect)
2. Could the teacher hear you?
c. Ability (Past)
3. Can I come in, please?
d. Permission (present)
4. I’ve never been able to do Maths.
e. Permission (present Perfect)
5. I can speak English.
f. Permission (past)
6. The’ve been alowed to leave.
Now do exercises 1A and B on page 22 in your textbook.
may
might
can
could
must
when you feel sure something is true (almost 100% certainty)
must
(opposite of can’t) e.g. The tennis match must be over by now. (I’m sure it is). possibility or uncertainty
may
(a good possibility of being true) e.g. There may be a cure for AIDS within the next ten years. possibility or uncertainty
might
(a good possibility of being true)
e.g. There might be a cure for AIDS within the next ten years.
possibility or uncertainty to express a
could
possibility which is one of many. e.g. He could be the one for you!
can’t
when you feel sure something is not possible (opposite of must) e.g. The tennis match can’t be over yet. (I’m sure it isn’t).
We use may, may not, might, might not and could to imply present or future Possibility : It might rain. I could pass the exam. he may come late.
We use can’t when we believe or guess something is impossible: It can’t be true.
We use must and can’t when we make a logical deduction : He must be very rich, he’s got his own plane. That house can’t be very cheap, it’s got two floors and a garden.
Modals and humour:
He must be the groom. He can’t be the groom He must be the godfather.
He can’t be the groom He can’t be the godfather.
One of them must be the groom One of them may be the godfather.
Modals and humour:
Now do exercises 2A and B on page 22 in your textbook
must
have to
need
should
ought to
had better
obligation, strong suggestion e.g. All the students must do the exam
must necessity, personal feelings
e.g. I haven’t spoken to Liz for ages. I must give her a call. prohibition (negative order) Mustn’t
e.g. You mustn’t leave the table until you have finished your dinner.
necessity, impersonal, not for personal feelings, but for a rule or situation. If you
Have to
are unsure whether to use must or have to, it is usually safer to use have to. e.g. I have to get up early tomorrow to catch the train to the office.
as a normal verb
need
e.g. Do you need me to help you? We need to find a solution to this problem not necessary to do something .
needn’t
Lack of obligation e.g. You needn’t come to the party if you don’t want to.
Should Ought to
suggestion, advice, opinion (can use ought to) e.g. You should have more driving lessons before you take the test. You shouldn’t watch so much television strong advice (less used than should)
had better
e.g. You’d better do the washing up now. e.g. I’d better not go out tonight, because I have to get up early tomorrow.
Now ty the following exercise
Necessary? Not necessary?
must needn’t needn’t should have to should have to
A bit of humour
Differences between Can’t and Have to Now do exercises 3A and B on page 22 in your textbook
Exercise: You are facing a busy day, which is full of commitments. Write a brief summary of your obligations, choices and alternatives for the day looking at your notes (notes have been done for you). Modal verbs "must", "have to", "can", "should", "ought to", "need“. Phone Richard. Very important. Lunch with the Browns. Boring as usual. Buy a rail ticket. A day off tomorrow. Take Charlotte to the airport. Courtesy gesture. Have dinner with my uncle. Did not make it last time. Return home by six. Expect a telephone call.
•I must / have to phone Richard. •I should have lunch with the Browns. •I have to buy a rail ticket. •I should take Charlotte to the airport. •I must have dinner with my uncle. •I have to / need to return home by six.
Write each sport under the correct heading
To play •Football •Cricket •Rugby •Tennis •Basketball •Volleyball
To go •Cycling •Fishing •Walking •Sailing •Swimming •Skiing •Jogging
To do •Judo •Ballet •Aerobics •Gymnastics •Yoga •Weight-lifting
Read these sentences and guess the sport • To play you must have two teams. • You mustn’t kick an opponent. • You can pass the ball to other players in your team. • To score a goal you must put the ball in the goal. • You can touch the ball with your head. •You must have eleven players on each team. • You mustn’t touch the ball with you hand, except for one player in each team.
Try to guess which sport each sentence refers to OBLIGATION TO DO SOMETHING
PROHIBITION TO DO SOMETHING
PERMISSION TO DO SOMETHING
•You must wear special clothes. •You must have 5 players in each team. •You must go to a Gym. •You must use a helmet. •You must use a stick.
•You mustn’t do it on highways. •You mustn’t wear boots. •You mustn’t touch the wal with your feet.
•You can do it in the country. •You can do it with music. •You can touch the wall with your hands.. •You can use a cap and a scarf.
Now work in groups and secretly think of a sport. Write some rules like the previous ones and see if the rest of the class can guess.
Let’s do some exercises:
Ted's flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours. He________be must exhausted after such a long flight (must/can/had better) The book is optional. My professor said we could read it if we needed extra Don’t have to read it if we don't want (mustn’t/can’t /don’t credit. But we ____________ have to) couldn’t hear the speaker because the crowd was cheering so loudly Susan ________ (might not/ couldn’t/ can’t) Must be The television isn't working. It ____________ damaged during the move (can be/must be / must) Can you hold your breath for more than a minute? Kate: ________ Jack: No, I can't (might you / are you able/ can you) don't have to You _______________be rich to be a success. Some of the most successful people I know haven't got a penny to their name. (can’t/shouldn´t /don't have to) I've redone this math problem at least twenty times, but my answer is wrong must according to the answer key. The answer in the book ____________ be wrong! (must/should/have to)
Let’s try again:
couldn't do the job if you didn't speak Japanese fluently. You ________ (won't be able to /can/ couldn't) You ___________ worry so much. It doesn't do you any good. Either shouldn't you get the job, or you don't. (shouldn't /can’t/ don't have to) have to be kidding! That can't be true (should / have to / You ________ ought to ) You ________ leave the table once you have finished your meal and may politely excused yourself (may / might / would) had better You ____________ take along some cash. The restaurant may not accept credit cards. (had better/has to /can)
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We can use some modal verbs with HAVE + Past Participle to talk about past events. Let’s see:
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Speculating about the Past: Modals for deduction
Speculating about the Past: Modals for deduction When you are almost 100 percent certain that something was possible, use must have or had to have.
When you are less certain, use may have, might have, or could have.
He got a very good mark Speculation He must have studied hard She can’t find her keys. Speculation She may have lost them. She could have lost them
This is a very thick book.. When you are almost 100 percent Speculation certain that something was You can’t have read it. impossible, use can’t have .
Exercise: Match situations 1-7 with explanations A-G 1. Ivan is very upset
A. He must have been on a diet.
2. I can’t hear anything from Rosie’s bedroom.
B. They can’t have understood it.
3. The students have been in the jungle for a week.
C. He must have hurt his foot.
4. Our teacher looks slimmer.
D. She might have forgotten the time.
5. Hannah is late home.
E. He must have had some bad news.
6. The children were watching a film in Japanese.
F. They can’t have eaten a proper meal.
7. Jake can’t walk properly.
G. She might have fallen asleep.
Perfect modals for advice
We use should have + pp to give an opinion about past events, even though it is now too late:
He shouldn’t have cheated in the exam.
He should have studied harder
We use shouldn’ t have + pp to express regret or criticism about past events:
Now do exercises 4ª and B on page 23 in your textbook
Exercises: 1. Choose the correct alternative
11‘I‘Igot got95% 95%ininmy myhistory historyexam. exam. ' ''It'Itmight mighthave have//can't can'thave havebeen beenvery verydifficult!' difficult!' 22'Everywhere 'Everywhereisisvery verywet. wet. ' ''It'Itmust musthave have//can't can'thave haverained rainedininthe thenight.' night.' 33‘I‘Isaw sawyour yourbrother brotherinintown townthis thismorning. morning. ' ''You 'Youmight mighthave have//can't can'thave haveseen seenhim himbecause becausehe's he'saway awaythis thisweek.' week.' 44‘I‘Iphoned phonedyou youlast lastnight nightbut butthere therewas wasno noreply. reply. ' '‘I‘Imight mighthave have//can't can'thave havebeen beenininthe thebathroom.' bathroom.' 55'Have 'Haveyou youfinished finishedyour yourhomework?' homework?' 'No, 'No,I Imight mighthave have//should shouldhave havedone doneititbut butI Ihaven't haven'thad hadtime.' time.' 66'Angelo 'Angelostopped stoppedseeing seeingMaría Maríaafter afteraaweek. week. ' ''He 'Hemight mighthave have//can't can'thave havereally reallyliked likedher herthen.' then.'
Exercises: 2. Complete the sentences with the perfect form of the modals 'Where's 'Where'sAdela?’ Adela?’ ‘She ‘She must musthave haveleft left
(must (must/ /leave) leave)because becauseher hercar carisn't isn'toutside.‘ outside.‘
11'Have 'Haveyou youheard? heard?Oliver Oliverpassed passedhis hismaths mathsexam. exam.
can’t have done ' ''He (can't 'He__________________ __________________ (can't/ /do). do).He Hedidn't didn'tdo doany anywork!' work!' 22'Where's 'Where'sElena? Elena?She's She'sreally reallylate. late.
might have missed (might ' ''She 'She__________________ __________________ (might/ /miss) miss)the thebus.' bus.' 33'Poor 'PoorMaría. María.She Shefeels feelssick. sick.
could have eaten (could ' ''She 'She__________________ __________________ (could/ /eat) eat)something somethingbad.' bad.' 44'My 'Mybrother brotherisis13 13tomorrow.' tomorrow.'
must have been born (must 'So 'Sohe he_____________________ _____________________ (must/ /be) be)born borninin1997. 1997. 55'Where 'Whereare aremy mykeys?' keys?'
can’t have lost 'You (can't 'You__________________ __________________ (can't/ /lose) lose)them. them.They Theywere wereininyour yourhand handaaminute minute ago.' ago.' 66 'Oh 'Ohno. no.I’ve I’vegone gonethe thewrong wrongway. way.
should have taken (should 'You 'You__________________ __________________ (should/ /take) take)the thelast lastturning.‘ turning.‘
Exercises: 3. Now write logical deductions for the following situations: Two months ago a newly married couple moved next door.However, last night you heard terrible noises at 2 in the morning there.
Deduction: They must have had a party.
1. _____________________________________
They may have had an argument. 2. _____________________________________ A burglar might have entered the house 3. _____________________________________
Exercises: 3. Now write logical deductions for the following situations: You were driving to work yesterday morning and surprisingly you saw your manager sitting on the pavement crying.
Deduction: He may have lost his wallet.
1. _____________________________________
He must have had an accident 2. _____________________________________ He can’t have received good news. 3. _____________________________________
Exercises: 3. Now write logical deductions for the following situations: You hadn’t seen your childhood friend for 6 years but yesterday you ran into him on the street.He was wearing a sweatshirt that had Harvard University written on it.
Deduction: He must have got a degree.
1. _____________________________________
He may have become a university proffesor 2. _____________________________________ He can’t have become a shop assistant. 3. _____________________________________
Exercises: 3. Now write logical deductions for the following situations: Last night you went to a party to your friend’s house.When you came back home late at night,you realized that the door was wide open.
Deduction: A burglar must have broken into my house.
1. _____________________________________
My husband may have already arrived 2. _____________________________________ I can’t have forgotten to lock the door. 3. _____________________________________
Exercises: 4. Last summer John went on holiday and he had very bad luck. Write what they should or shouldn’t have done
He should have carried less things. He shouldn’t have taken so many things.
Exercises: 4. Last summer John went on holiday and he had very bad luck. Write what they should or shouldn’t have done
He should have gone to a peaceful beach. He shouldn’t have gone to a tourist resort.
Exercises: 4. Last summer John went on holiday and he had very bad luck. Write what they should or shouldn’t have done
He should have gone to the police station. He shouldn’t have been so careless.
Web Web links links • http://www.englishpage.com/modals/interactivemodal7.htm • http://www.englishpage.com/modals/interactivemodal4.htm • http://www.english4all.pro.br/L4.htm • http://www.english4all.pro.br/LEpastmodals.htm • http://www.autoenglish.org/modalverbs.htm