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(administrator of a smaller division) and lurah (village head). In the modern press, Javanese words, italicised if they are felt to be unassimilated, are frequently used to achieve some particular effect. Often the use of these words adds an informal tone and some, while widely used, are still felt to be non-standard, or at least distinctly Javanese, by most people. For instance, bocah (young child) is used instead of anak — Javanese distinguishes bocak (child, young person) from anak (child, offspring), although there is no sign that the distinction is felt to be necessary by non-Javanese. Other examples include cilik for kecil (young, little), ngotot, based on otot (muscle), also borrowed from Javanese, instead of bersikeras (persist, be obstinate) and kangen instead of rindu (long for). It is probable that in many cases Javanese journalists are unaware that a particular word is not Indonesian, but also frequently they choose Javanese words because they do not know an Indonesian equivalent. A number of interjections and discourse particles from Javanese are now common in colloquial speech through use by Javanese, such as the expressions of surprise kok and lho. Javanese has influenced Indonesian phonology in numerous ways, including the introduction of the mid-central schwa vowel in final closed syllables. Malay words with /a/ in the final closed syllable often have cognates in Javanese with the schwa vowel /∂/. Javanese tend to pronounce such words with /∂/ in Indonesian; for instance, saying dalem for traditional Malay dalam (inside) and asem instead of asam (sour). Earlier borrowings from Javanese tended to be pronounced with /a/ by nonJavanese speakers, as in pecal from Javanese pecel (kind of salad with peanut sauce). However, /∂/ is now common among many non-Javanese, although this is not necessarily the case in traditional Malay-speaking areas. In more recent borrowings from Javanese, the mid-central schwa vowel appears to have been immediately accepted and a form with /a/ does not occur, as with pilek (have a cold), sumber (source) and kangen (long for). The use of the verbal suffix -ken instead of the Malay -kan by many Javanese is strongly condemned by language purists (see p. 139). Javanese, along with Dutch, has introduced many consonant clusters to Indonesian, including clusters of three consonants, such as njl in anjlok (plummet), mbr in ambruk (collapse) and mbl in gamblang (clear; blatant). Javanese has influenced modern Indonesian grammar in various ways and this influence is increasing in some cases. The tendency is for these forms to be used by Javanese in colloquial speech and for this to