''livre noir'' sur le système de propagande de Ben Ali

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Yves Brissette Luc Dupont

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Z.A.B.Ali, bâtisseur de la Tunisie moderne

2008

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Tunisie, porte ouverte sur la modernitĂŠ

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. & ) ' 4& ' % " 0% " )/ = "D! < A % " a ) & ( ! X " < " 0F ' % ) . & ? " # 1 + 1 2008 ( T/ & & & D &/ ' ! A"# = + .O / h 1Y . @ ' a ) & b # = ( @ '! L 8 =

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. < 4 % / 6 " '&" = ' < 0 & ' ' ! ! 1 .(D) - )%) ) = F 84


- )%) ' )J +1 F )% < % ( ! 6 " / 0 - ) " !O E" +)& (O% ? 1 =+ (2002 – ." ? K) " ! 1 9 &)F . ! ,1 . G & ! -/ ' < + ) L Q # J 1? ) < % & O "8 K) O 1 " "8 ) ? " & < ' ? < ' Q ! ."8 O0 (K & " "8 1 6 "

1 ( 0 ' O ?J / 2002 ) '< 1 ? ,1 G & " O O 1" ?+ <& " & " D) = @ + ' " ' ) ' 1 O ? O 9 &)F . ! ." " & & O HK) OD . 1 Q ! ? < 8 K ATCE ( K – 1997) < ' 1 1K . P ( ! 6 ' 3 " – 1999 – 1998 – 1996) ' 1 O 1K (.. 2003 – 2000 ' )J +1 F )%K O < . % (.. 2002 – 2001 – 2000 # = & ) & W K T! ' ' )J +1 + )%K ( 1 ,) . 1 & O HK) & q +T K . KH) % & .' )J +1 . < 4 % < O + & O HK) 6& 0O . ?1K ' & 3 p 0%&

D = V L K) + & O + 2010 % 19 - < K g J ! 1 : D) 1 H)" () ) J ."0 %)J ' -K/ K : (/'$ / ) $ N0 $ (15 .ATCE ' ( % & , ? < ( + V<& >O 85


V <L 1 ' g 1 (K) 2004 % ( 1 9 % 4 + ( 6 L 6 (?O < & & 3 " ' 1 1K < % 6 . % - + @ O& # $ HK) " + &" ?+& - <L +& ! 1 01 ) ." ? )" . + K 4& . O%L V * % ' + ) / 9 G 9 (16 : ( 29 8# N RCD '" +

' +& & 1 > ! "N & # & " = @ < % ,KH (O% 1 ) < % C& (& ( 0 % & & F & )< O ? < % – < % ,H 4 % = ' C ! / , ' ) / – < % % + % ' & ? < 1 4 % 8" " & V " % – " " , O ' % . & 1 – ; 6 & . ? <K ? F ?/ < % I 4 & ' , ! ' 1 (... , : ("La Presse" ) 3 ! (17 ( @ H) "8 &< 8 " 0 % = 2006 ) O 1 X & % J ( ! " & ) ' 4& O ! " 0 &@ ,1 . & O HK) 6 !, O . K) . 9 +K : ( * M 7 R + ) = * U (18 " 1 " % ! + +1 = 1 X . % . + O' K @ $" &+ D " () ) " !& &" &1 & ! U0%) X ATCE D = " ) ? " 2010 ) - 6 8" "8 0 %) "

. . ?@ (& % % ) , <? ! O' > 86


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' & ' $80 ) F & )< O'B 6 O 0 1 X F & )< & (O% ' ) ( 0 ) K!P # $ 5 " * I 7 ( 6 = ( O ! = A ! D $' 0 ) ' ,1 Q ! & HK) K) 9 1 9 GJ ' = @ VO < ' & ( 1 &/ ' ! F & )< O' L "@ O 6 .4 + ?K 87


: (" &" & M ) * G (21 ! F "&" L () ! 6 O 0 + ( 1 X 0 1986 ) 0: < % ( 9 ) ! F =K)& h 1 & ! ")L W 6) " ? ) " ! 1 1988 ) " 0 O 1 " & F O F . + O 8 O 4 % 1988 ." & / &" ' &! < J 2000 ) + )\ X ( O !K & O D = @ O% ( > 1@ X '&" K $V,6) < & 1& ' & / 1 ? & V < +& ." % ! & K)%" 1 & ! & = "

: ("F " " ) / (22 ( & ' ! (K) 6 O 0 > K . < , X )% CK = )\ (K) ( 1 9 % ! $ + ( O% & < . \ 4 4 & K + ) ; 6 & ? < % " K " %& " & ) &" '! X ( = 9 0% ()K! 8" H) & =H1 # $ J 9 ) & " ) 1 " ' 6 <& O 3 = 1 V < / e ' . +& ! 1 01 < ' F : (ATCEQ ' 0 ) " 0 (23 O ( &6F / 1 ) ) 0, K P & . X K ' <K )K & O 6 , ! .) ! h 1 ATCE ! & / 1 @ . ?, A"# = ' ) K ' O 1 K 4 &)%F . ?, 4 a & 0 %)@ ) & , ! 4 = Kh& O < a & ; )@ % O% " <&K)1" )/ a & B& , ! : ) O 6 0, K .(" 0% " )/ 88


( & + . ?1 $( ) "N & # & " & =H1 X ' L'O & !) . & ) ' < ; / +& =)& & (& ! & .(" '&" Z\ & O J & 6 . & + . ! ATCE ' 8 % = 2009 ) % 1 L 1 X

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. & 6 ) ( 1 ?1 ) % DQ 2008 . & D &+ J . K . J '

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# % ) Q !& D) D 0O L ' ! 5 6 O P < '

.( & K 6& + &L + & D! , & & D (O% X & < ' & J 4/ 1 O 1 O . O % 1 6F A"# 9 U . 1 + 4 " ) " . & ! 6 (x Q\&) ." ? K) " ! 1 . !O 1 O 6 ; 6 ? < . !O 1 8 K 91


: ("La Presse" %& ,1 ) / " (31 & L ( ) K +& ' ) ' ,1 < %& d ? X & O D O ' . < & -K T! ( O% HK) I ' E O & (& K ,1 . K) . P ! & . & ) ' < &/ ' A 6 3 " ' ) " '&" E ( 6) ' (,/ 8" 1 O < 8 )O P ! & O D ?/ ' ) 8" 2007 8 15 = @ 12 ' & \ & +<) .( J O (K) 3 " ' $ % 6 K ! 4 ' < m ,1 X < % h 1& 0 %)J D & = @ 2010 & & 20 ' & O 1

(1) ATCE " ) ? O " ' $ 3 O O . K) . P ?1& ( 0 \ & + ) ,& ( /@ 9 ) K & ) ATCE () & . K 9 %@ D) . !&K ?<! < ' ,1 1K \ ' C! ( , . 1O & +K < O ' () ! ATCE = @ J .O & O D O ' . < & "# . K ' 3000 / 8" J & < P ?1 =K+ 2008 . X J (O% (K) K @ $ )O D,) ' & & 6 D && +<) ' <& 3 " ' O & C + ! & % & . P "# ?1 " / 0 - ) " !O O' ( & : ( /9 ) ! ' /9- (32 ! ( L ,L "N & # & " = @ & ! (O% 2002 & ) 12 () 0 \ H< ( D) = ( G" )L ' (K) ()O A % ' O&@ (# & ) ., + D) OD Q ! ' &6 O ?& 92


P 4 / 0, 1 h& @ O ! F " " ) & D) " )/) " " ) 4 " # ?1 ' & ' !" ) & H)F ! ' hO 1 )+ &/ ' ( ? 6 8" ( +& "7 ."D) & + H) ' ! K 6O O < $ ! < & < J - J + F & )< # . ! = O !"' = G A & H) 9 " D) : + * 7 (33 . . < % 8" ,) X X " " X " )F " X "8 O ") ) -L1L O <& X ("Le Temps" – " 6 g & " – "> O " X " & g &O " X "g & " ) ") & < + ) D) "BBC" )+ ! ." & < #F " % 1992 . . ) ATCE 4 ' <

' ' ! " '&" D ' &)%F J 4 2004 ) O . & 6 ) " '&" I & ) ' " F

1 O L &6 ) ' O ' ! ! $(1999 ) . & 6 ) <& & ) 9 ) ( % & &01 0! )%K P @ ' < %K & & & % @ + & K 1 2004 ) O . & 6 ) I K " '&" ) .9 K) "# <& J . " LA O = . + & ) O " / 0 - ) " !O "3 & '& " ?/ O " &)%F ) & " O 1 " "8 D 6" "' '& " .' )J +1 ' E O 93


: (34 % & ' ( * " # + , ) ! " #

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: (" ' " /9 L ) /" 5 ! (38 .ATCE 4 ' < $ <O % X & O HK) 4O T h 1 . + +1 0 %)@ = 5 1 X K) O O . 1 J 8 O <K La ) H)! AL0 &T " '&" & + 4 4 1 U \/ O 1 < % &01 ... -O K + ' % 4 . 1 " & < " )/ , > % 2007 8 , X F 5 6& ATCE 4 & ,K <& D) 9 0 . 1

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p , 1 & . T) ( + 6 ' D) 4 + + ) ) ,& 9 %K = 1 $' ) , "Le Figaro" "LibĂŠration" .D) ' F % .1 (<? <& ' A < & ' ' "Le Soir" ! % & 1 1997 ) O 1 " ' C & + "# ' ! $" '&" K- = @ ( ?) ? < " 1 '& & " " & / &" % 6 ' PK 0 "8 ."J.A" K % 1 O 6 ? < E" + ) & , 3 ") ( + . K ' "N & # & " = @ O% 1 O& ' ^ ' " F L $V < ) LA # 8" ./ ' K ( ) .g , B 6 "# . <& ". " ! J & . 6 O + 7 O% . ) ( /@ !1& ; 6 ' ? <

() $ & O J " ) O 1 " = @ 2008 & ( O + 8" < H) ( ! / D > ( , 6 K & ( ' ' ! $( ! ) & ) , ) & K 6 ' () ! & HK) . ! ) & D) , F & )< ' < & K " " '&" % Le " Z%& + Z! " '&" Z & 6Z ) Z1 Z6 "La Tunisie, La dÊrive de l’extrême gauche" () ) "Temps " / 0 - ) " !O ( (% % ) & France 24 ?,& ?1 ! .D) . 1 4/ ' HK) ' ( 4 + @ (K) 3 " ' "(K & # & " 4 ATCE 4 ' < "Le soleil" %& 2005 & ! 19 7 & " '&" H) 1 & Le Canada doit Êviter tunisien" ' ) .1 (QuebecZ& ) )!

+ & O = ATCEZ < 4 ,K \ "de cautionner le rĂŠgime . O O F . < ' () ! <& O4\ L 8 96


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)/ = " / 0 - ) " !O A ?1 a ) & ( &! @ X > & < < ' F % " ( ? ?, " 0% " J = @ ( O% ! + ) $" <K 6 ( # ' +)) 1 g / " / 0 " !O K6 9 % & O D . K6 # % " !1 " ,/ D) O " ( ! ( + @ !,K ( O " / 0 - ) " !O HK,1 - + @ ' +, 0 ' h1& (K) 1? . & h 1 $(& % .". , ( ' / ' - < % ( <L : /0 7 , (47 "g &O " = @ = ) O "Jeune Afrique" K % & ,1L

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102


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! & & D J " ) O 1 " 4 2007 % ( & % ' #O 6K . H1 V<&& AO 6F "# ! F &O 0 ! O # ' ! F &O 4 ' <K

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&6F O # = ' O +K 1 $'O L

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107


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1 % " ! & ! ' O & ) & 9 ?+ ."9 O 3 K, "Z& " & # J "Z& " ) " , " O <& A D O O' ( G ) K . < ,T & ! = A ' 6 & 3 " 1 A"# = 8K" ! 1 (? .( + M \ /0 2 K 1979 * ) / $ (57 ( ' ;5 : 6 O 0 @ 1 < % ( ' O&@ ( 1 9 % X & < 1K " " ) K K &K 1K " , ( )

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&! !& =)& ATCEZ& < <K & < %K 1O &

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) ) - 39 0 % ' <K "# ' & + =K+ , ? < O ? .2009 : (/9 ) $ (63 = 1 . + ' < & + & ATCE , 0%) X $ O 1K ' < " 0% " ?, 1? , , ? < (" ) & 6" ,1 ) ) < "' ) ! " K % <% & K,! ! . # J 1 ! 8 K +K @ # L ' ! - 48 ( / 8O & + = ATCE , ( 6 H) O 1 X .2009 ) ) : ( 9 ) / - (64 = 1 . + ' < & + & ATCE , .0%) .1 2009 ) + 44) " 0% " ?, 1? , , ? < .(" ) ) & O 1 " ,1O - @ / $ * $ K/9 ) / 7 (65 : ("D$2 N0" $ 5%N + $ 0 /0 #

? < = 1 . + ' < & + & ATCE , 0%) - @ .1 2009 ) + 51) " 0% " ?, 1? , , .(" ) ) & O 1 " ,1O / $ * $ K/9 ) / * (66 *$ L $ K"T M A " / # " #

: (2010 /50 K - 8# $ N ? < = 1 . + ' < & + & ATCE , 0%) ' E K) "# <% & ,K ! ' ! " 0% " ?, 1? , , . + ' < O ! $" <)/F " )& )T 3 O 6 . + .(2009 ) + 36) , 6 . 9 ? B& ) K .K % -1O & . T) 113


/ $ * $ K/9 ) / E $ (67 : ( # ? < = 1 . + ' < & + & ATCE , 0%) ) + 24) , 6L . 9 ? B& ) 1 & . T) , .(2009 : (M 7 /9 ) * G (68 + 320) & + & 1K . + ' < ATCE , 0%) = + " 0% " )/ a & = ) (2009 ) 1 4 ' <K & 3 " ... ' , ' ? < H a & . + 6" "b @" "8 < , " ' -K C ' & ! ' ! AO <T .) ! 8" 8 +K # ! $" ! O 1 " " / K % ) "' ' ! " % > 1 <% & & + & -K T! ! . # J 1 ) -1 > 1 <% & (" ) & K 6" Z ) < ) ! 6 & 1J ) %F ' 1 C = - J & & .D) & /@ 8" ". 1K ' 0 ) K " !) ' & ! 2009 ) 0%) X "7 K ) '&" ! "- < " ) )&K J ( ? .(" ; %" ) )&K ! A ? 8" 48 ( / & + = ATCE , ( 6 H) 2009 ) O 1 X

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( F & H) ) + I K14 ( % , ) 8 " ! K15 (' 1 ) # & # & K16 (' ) ) 1 &1 K17 (' ) ! 1 ) I '& ) K18 : B + H) ' E / &6) ' ! 1996 ) ' + &? 4/ ) 1 = O . + 5 ) G 6 ' D) ' 0 < B& 3 " $D) ' )J +1 . 1 4? O ? 3 "): ) . ) % ' ) ' / +1 9 ) HK) ) % = @ ) ! 'O < O' THU1 L ' + C & !1& ) <& +1 ! 4/ 1996 ) & . & 6 ) 6 0 & ( K 1 - 6 6 " '&" H) : 2009 2004 1999 . ) < K O ; 1 & – 8 &< & 1 – 8 < 0 0< & (1 .' , & % & T)_ L : ; – 1 ) % – 1 &1 – & % % – ! 0 (2 . & 0 +1 1 : '& 0) . ! . 0 & D) 'O L % , ") (3 : K)& – 7 K & K) – D # K – ' - (4 . . @ D = )

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. < < 0 ' D ' L : ) ) ? (6 5 6 : % / - ) – A % & ' g – % 1 I (7 . 0 & -1 @ 7 ? – 1 & ' ; – % , ") – 8 &< 1 (8 – &1 – # & # & – '& 0) – . O 1 P – < # 5 1 ' )! & & 1 .O ' 1 .... 8 K" ! ' ! ) ' O 1 ' < %K ' # & & < . O P =

.( ) . 20.000 1% * 8 * 5 * # /0 % 0 * 1 21 6 78 0 * 1 A8 (StĂŠ Ben Duran) '& - & (1 (" < " %) ) 1 (2 (" " %) 1 1 & (3 (ATCE < D ) ) ? (4 (ATCE) )6 1 (5 ("21 D) " )/ ) 8 1 (6 ("' J " %) 0 0 %) 1 (7 (80, a ) ,1 ) 8 1& , (8 (" # %" "@) - ; 1 & (9 (" &6 " %) # '& - & (10 (4 % & & - ! ) 1 '& 8 1 (11 ("7 D) " )/ ) & 8 , 1 (12 ( ) 0, P < D ) 80/ & ? (13 121


("3 0 " "@) & ' ) (14 (" < " %) ) 1 (15 (" & " "@) / , (16 ( ^ < ) 8 ' g (17 (" & &6 " "I " %) % 1 I (18 ( + "J ) 8 < ' 0 (19 ( ) - F 0! ) ' < / 8 1 (20 (" La Presse " %) ) ) (21 ( ) "J ) 8 (22 ("h 1 " %) 8 % 0 0< & (23 (" & < " % ) ) % % & (24 ! 1 (25 ( ) "J P < D ) 8 < / (26 (' D % ) 8 &1 (27 ("L’Economiste Maghrebin") 8 8 # (28 (9 &)Y + D) ! < D ) 8 1 (29 ("' & " %) +) (30 (" La Presse " %) ) # (31 (" ) 0 " "@ ) ' ! (32 ("H1 " % ) !& & (33 (ATCE) I =, (34 (80, ) ,1 ) (35 (" 1 " %) 8 0 %) (36

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1% * 8 * * # /0 % 0 * 1 21 6 78 0 * 1 ,9 ("I " %) ) '&

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(" " %) + - P &

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1% * D 0 /0 * 2 /0 ATCE - , % C E + /0 * # F G /0 ' / ' 1 ( # J 1? ) < % D $ 1 ) &1 (1 (2 ! ' (3 ( 1 ) . O 1 P (4 ' '& > # (5 & +< (6 8 & ' @ (7 0 '& D (8 0 0 0 (9 b ) (10 8 8 (11 ( 1 ) 8 " ! (12 (D && + ) N - 6 & (13 (' )J +1 < ) $V /) 6 6 ' % (14 ( ) !) Valentin Mbougueng (15 ( ) ,& + ) 4 % )) DesirĂŠe Belaiche Haddad (16 123


/0 * ' & * M E * # /0 & % * ATCE 1 ' 5 7 " G

: ("M ' " ) = ' * I K/ * & (1 & H1 "La Presse" <& & " < " ( % 4& 4+

. < J ' & < % ) 6 O O & VO < ) < % . & + & D) & : ( "< a " ) G ' (2 + G = " '&" H) 1 & % @ + O . ) X ) $ &< ! < + " () ) " % & O " '&" & % ( . + # $"D) F . 1 ." # O0 : = @ )+ 4/ ' D) . ) " " '& = " ) 0 &J K % ' 2008 ' % . 6 X . K D) & 2008 D & < > ) = @ & ) & . 0K O . < ATCE 8" ". O 1K ' 0 ) K " ' )<& ! B& .? X ."' - " ) K ! ,1 (,K & < P +<) & ) & ATCE ' & D) . 0 X ) & ) & ) & 0 . O%L 2008 D .2008 ("Arabies" ) Julien Hawari (3 - 300 A / @ ! "Arabies" ( % =K+ . ) 124


" %)" ( % 4 0 5 6 ' () ! & F & )< .O = 1 ( () < H) ( 4 ( ) % ) D) & .D) & 8 @ ) 8 % 5 6 4/ 1 & % J + "Arabies Trends" ( % . ) D h 1 4 " '&" D) ' )J +1 . 1 50 > !" 6 1 ! 5 6 , . ! $( % 0 &

9 )& D) < % )K K 6 "Z& ( . + # = & ) A" & $" )K =+ +1 1 ' = ) % % ' ! 4 0 ATCE 4 )K & . ! &/ ' & A 0 O + + ! F . 6 " '&" D & & % J ( + & "Julien Hawari" 0 .2009 ) & 6 )J ( 1 & ) & : (FIJ , * - 9 * 9 M ) / - ' (4 "D + E "Z& 2007 D ( O ! $" '&"Z 9 F ' X !K "# & ' 8" ,) & ! E % FIJ &/ ' ( 9 ) ( %& ( ) ) " '&" D "D + E " O < (K) .' A % (,/ ! & 3O 1K ' ) ' ,1 & +) ) K H) ' X .". " <& & +K) ) , O 5K + <& 3 " ? . 6K ' 4 1K . ' % > % X -/ 0 0< & < < & ,1O . O < % J ' ? H) = " 1 " .) ! )< 1 1 D) ) .. < ( &)%F O ()! L < ( / !& / ! O / X .D) H) 6 : ,/ = CK & K 125


: (": 4 " " 0$ 3 - C " ) 1 ' (5

.,K $ & D H) H D) ' & % @ O % -/ X ' 0 +< " () ) " '&" 1 & ! % 6 K ! ' & ." , < & & ) ' 4& > !" = ATCE .& X . /@ - & ,! , ! " 2006 ) ) , O &/ ' K \ ?/ + +1 . % X

:Z& -95 " / < a ) & ) G , & K+ • ' O 1& ' <, ) ' O / ' ? @ h 1 $"J 8; L O'B "> " , 1 1) . ! 5 6 6 / < ,K) ' @ " 9 + = @ / < ,K) 4 & + O 1 "' 1 O " ( H) 4 / 9 + ) %F ' . % . KH) 01 ' V & () 8 / 1 4 O ( 0L 3, A % / 9 "4)<) 1" @ ) ? I .O ? / $( ..((< & ()06 (< 0 & ,K) . ! & I &/ ' & ) ATCE . ) & ? . , 6 & / • .( - 240 e & 4 & ) ,& &% g 1 B& 2006 & 6 ATCE & . K X ) = @ 2000 ) ' D) /@ = 1 = ?/ < +1 8" ) , 9 ?+ > & H 3 " 2003 ,O ' <) & / 8" ? 4 ' K "9 " & + ,) " . <? _ T " & < " K % ! F & )< O (K) (& < 2003–2000 , ' /@ / & 1 K)! 1999 ) ") D) ) = = @ 1 2004 ) /@ / & ' ) ! O / .2009 126


/J / & ' ) ! & & = & D / "# . O 3 6 D) & + '! K) G !" , ' )<& &G ' 2007 % ATCEZ < D . O& X

, 6 , = 9 F 5 6 = 1 + K) (&% & .& T ) , . ( + 3 " " & < " % ' G .) ! $D) . ) ") &% . 9 F 5 6& . +& &% . ) 6O = & ? & 9 I "# 5 6 = 1 G .) ! : $ E 7"# /@ O O' ' 1 D) +L ! 8 6K , & &% 9 F . 1 )O 4 & 0 % 9 F 5 6 I) HK) 1 = 1 : / 7"# &1 O'B (D) < O PL !) " & < " K % , &% & 8 % &% ) ) + K 1 O P h 1B& T+ K . < < D ' (O% K 6& + 1 )C & X D " ) % % & " ' +) 3 " (" ) ? ") ATCEZ - 500 ( / O3 = . O 1 K) " & < " % 1 & A % D) -/ CK / / < . O ' ' 1 &" 4 6 $; / / 4 . / < % ' ' F D % = " 4 0O "4)<) 1" / & & 3 " " & . & ! J F & 6 , " & O 4 < "4)<) 1" ,1 ' ! + D,) X % : 0 0 " ! ) = & + & ( "0 0 " / < ." ?/ 127


4 O < ) ) 4 / = K) ! X - 300 A / e & & 5 6 & 1 C K) $D) & 6 . ) ) A"# A K . 6 4 % . ) D,) 1 F & )< X . ,K) E / O56 ' " ) D) < % =+ "4)<) 1" K % 4K : ! , $ ) ) - 249 / O < J ' 1& : . < J 1 ) ) - 192 X ." % D) " 4 ' < / , ' C ) ) - 30 X . P = ? , . ! 6 ) ) - 27 X . < : ("Le Figaro Magazine" ) Michel Olivier (6 "Michel Olivier "m # O ATCE E. . ?1& X 1 K % AO < K- @ " '&"Z ) = # O 8 O +! A0 &T & D O 6 1 & % @ ( O 4 ( / IK , L 8 D = (& ! ( ) ) , < K!,L D = A / + 1& ( / O \ D = " & / &" / 7 D = ; / +& . & +& ( / O C L .(' D = + ( / "* 2 " 9 M K/% Z ' ) 2 2 ' (7 : (* ? < 0 V<& # + ; 6 & ? < . 1 O X . & 6 O T ; 6 & ,6 8 !O 1 . 9 O @ K) = ) . ) , 128


+1 . 1 4/ 1 & + ) V (K) ATCE X . & 1 ' % & + ) ( &/ & +L $D) & ' )J % ( / O < (K) $ 0 O X & & D) , @ ? O / ! J ' Q + e & & < J & O ' '! L 8 & + & 3 " ' " " = ()! h 1 ) ) - 220

) )! L ' " < ' 1 K T! ' /0 ' J " % / - ) " " &1 " " ) '& " "D & ' # &" % & D ' E . ?, 1 & ) 9 # G .( & +L ( H) : ("Afrique Asie" ) ' (8 (&& D) g %) O' > # & D ' 9 F ' -/ ' E O DO 1 # & D & . & + >PO ! 8 = ( 1 4 ' Q ! & + O D) . 0 %)@ ( V < + A ) 3 " ' $ = D) = 1 & D O & «A.A» K % > 1@ - G IK K ."D) (% O G 8" %O $ '&" ) )

! " '&" D) 1 . K, . + O U W) .1987 & ) 7 <& . 0 %)J . ATCE ' & 2009 ) . & 6 ) & ) & 6 ) - 43 4& O $D) / " '&" g %) 1 6 K, ( K % . 6 = < ' & - 6 . O0 D) & .%O < "# ' " 1 0 %)@ ATCE ' & O 0 & O ) @ . ) , ' - 6 & 3 !F . % & . +K < & < 129


! K % ' ;t < 4& @ ATCE E. . g / C 3 8 $() ? "2009 X '&" & 6 ) a ) & ! ; @ ! . 7 9 K 1 ! & & O HK) 4 ! ) < " <) % " > & & J ! & O D O ( ) . O ' < . % .ATCE &/ ' ' ( g +L Q ! )& O1 L " E " K! /9 ) 7 (9 9 N $ M " &" 5 + : ( D % /0 0%) ATCE & & ) ' 4& ' < > !" & ) & X ." +< & ... D) " ! ATCE .) / $ & D ' '"B& $ ! ; # X

. < 0 .K ! "# ' 6 ) - :(/ 5 * /0 M K/ b 579L M 7) + 0 * (10 0%) ATCE & & ) ' 4& ' < > !" & ) & X ." '& ! 4 % " ! ATCE .) / $ & D ' '"B& $ ! ; # X

. < 0 .K ! "# ' 6 ) - : (! /9 ) Z (11 ( & & & $" X F ! ... 8 1 D) " ! 0%) . 1 +)K 6 J ATCE . K6 6 ( +,) = 6 ) 2000 7 K) ' -K P V < 6 ) 1000 &K @ 5K) =

.( +,) = <& 130


D) ! &! , & L0 &T % ! IK+T)

0 &@ 0 . % 1 & T G % ) 8 ! ) " K " D) & .+K+1 . 1 J " '& ' & < ' 0"Z 8 0 0< < 4 % 9 )& <K ! > 1 1 . ' <K / ) & 9 @ / ) + X F ! 0 0< " '&" % 0 &@ = @ ?@ ' ? . : ("France 3" /9 ) Christian Molard (12 " ) ? " ATCE E. . ' < & O 2007 . 1 9 %@ ( !@ (& 1J ( + D) = @ AP 1 h 1 3 "): & J D " ) 1 " ' & () & &6@ O ' ()O ? ' '! &+ "Fr3" )/ a & 5 6& D = D K!" 9 % + ) ( % D) 1 !1 ?,& .+K+1 . 1 %K) ! = 0 ! = @ ( & . 6 .& " . & @ 3 "! " '& ' & < ' 0" D O & / ."' F ' & 1 ) )J ' ?K # J ! O 1 O (& ! !" 1) (, ? &/ ' & % " ) O 1 " + .(( @ : ( 7 "C E " 9 ) A # A (13 . & H) -/ = 4 D) & ! 1 H) ) . + O 2007 ) ." '&" H) H L ( +& + O5) 'O ? ) < 1 & D = @ > # & + # $" '&" D / .1 D) .+K+1 . 0 %)J & ."= F " ( , 1 = A ) ' 131


" ? < &)"Z + = O ! "' " , 1 & + ) "# = A ! & & D '" / ." & " & D) ( .<) . O : (/ / .) '- !2 c (14 & 6 ' . 6 , > , ATCE 4 ' <

. ) )& J 1 = " '&" H) 1 & % @ . + )& 9 ) . O T/ 1 % ) O1 & > %

& (<K < & $ ) - 41 Z& < & ; < - ) 0 1 = ! (% - 5 6& ,!K O + 1 . % : ("Valeurs Actuelles" + ) FrĂŠderic Pons

(15

'&" H) D) A % & ,/ & < % A"# ."

( &G ' & <L ATCEZ& # 1 D K 2007 ) ATCE e & "' " % ' F . O / 8O 1 1 + 0 %)@

= @ ) = @ . & %J )T ' D = % ATCE . K,! / . ,O 9 F 1 ' ' ) ' ) ' P

' 0 " ) V 1 " & F ' & %J & .3 "): (" Jeune Afrique " ' ) Danielle B. Yahmed (16 . + )& "J.A" t + 8 J O & 2007 ) O X : = )K ,K 5 6 "# O / $ H) . K, . 1 8O 1 D) 1 5 6 K- 0 %)@ 132


. % ' J 50 > !" 1 5 6 K- 0 %)@ ' 4& 20 8 !" 1 1, 100 5 6 0 %)@ . & ) .D) 1 5 6 0 %)@ 0 H) 0 = @ 9 J ()C ' Q ! ) ' E ) .D) 1 & % @ . + )& D Q /F = ) . O 4 K % - G 5 6 G .k% , 8 , ()C ' # ) +K+1 > &! . 0 %)^ & .( #9 O / & .< ' % & O : & +L 3 " ' ! ? ) ) ' 1.370 = @ < J / 4 - 670Z& + 2007 ) &/ % & 4 .) ! 1 '

.( ) 1000 ' "J.A" < . P . ! 1 , ?

- 156 ' ? ) - 312 # / ) , T!&) 6 ) 2000 = @ .( ) ) - 140 +&) Tunis Air 4 ' <K > = < .( ) - 70 ' ?

' & 8K" ! ' % <& 0 %)@ = ATCE 3000 9 ) / 4 $"La Tunisie d’aujourd’hui" 2005 ) % (

6 ) 3000 9 ) / ATCEZ & (K) $( - 75) ! ' 6 ) ' = ) + F , ! 4 0 + ( 6 ) ! ' . < . O P 133


: ("Afrique Magazine" 5 ) 2 (17 ' 3 " $ & +L \& ' <K - ! ATCE = g / $2007 ) X : 6 . % ' J 50 > !K" 1 5 6 K- ) 3 4 & ) ' 4& 20 > !K" 1 5 6 K- ) . 0 %)J O #F O % ' 1 6 1 ATCEZ . & O D O . + . ) 1 5 6 K- ) K 4 )F 0 %)@ # K % < . ! ! ) - 236 # / ) 0 & ATCE 0 & + . @ ! ÂŤA.MÂť K % , ( ) - 400 ' .2009 ) & 6 ) 1 D ) X : (/ & * / 0 M 7) Antoine SfeĂŻr (18 Tunisie, terre de " ". / , & $D) " () ) & !

)K & + & i @ ( O .9 % ! # $"paradoxes -K P K! / $ ) & % / F & 3 " 4 " K " ") D) ! $" ) D) + 1 ' O? # " '&" D O ' " = 1 #: - F V<& . + ) " = (& ! 6 ' O D) (L<&K 8K" % K + K . 6 , D) ."' O ' F 6 O % < ' () ! & ! @ ! ( ATCE O'

.) /\ ! $D) & % ) O 8 + ) = O 1) ( % & 4% .( O 6 ) ) & O0 ! ' 6 ) 2000 134


+ ! 2009 ) " '&" D & 6 ) 1 6

La Tunisie, rempart contre la dĂŠferlante " () ) ) ÂŤLe FigaroÂť %&

. & O D O . & + & ( ("intĂŠgriste dans la rĂŠgion : (" Daily star " 9 + K/ ) (19 +1 . 1 4? 1 & . + ) ( , 1 & )" ) ? < B& ) . + ) & ' D) & ' )J ." ' = D) 0 % 1 D ATCE . O% (&1 % ' ,1 + ( @ ( /@ ( +) - & ,! . & ) ' 4& . 0 %)J - 6 1 . + +1 9 %J & . + ) ' O 1 = , 1 P 4 ,K O

' - !K = (< ,K O ! $ O ) K 1 ' ? 4 D) 1 ( +& .) / . & + . 0 %)J D O% & % @ . + ) .D) A ? ATCE ( O 8 + , 1O . ) O0 @ & ' ) 50 <& D) ! ' ( hO 1 " 1 & " < % ." " <& 6 + e & @ 1& ATCE 4 ) < & + ! % 4K . ) - 50 : ( " AE " + ) & (20 % @ ' ( &L ) + +1 = O 1 (,/ ( & AO ) ! 8" " '&" D / H D) & ." #F " % = ( 0 %)@ 135


M K " G &" " + ) 7 (21 : (* *

." '&" H) ) = 5 1 ATCE 4 ' < - 400 ( / @ ! = 1 & + . ) . + O )& 2009 ) ( 1 6 " '&" . ! " & " % & O D 1 & % @ ' ( " '&" D ' # 2009 . =K+ .. && D) , "/ ' + " + ) * - ! (22 : (* D) = 1 . ) & . + ) ' ( ) ATCEZ K! .. O % &6 . ! . / & )& A9 , ! " '&"

& ' ) ' ,+ 8 . + )& (& 1 ' O& ( % 4 0 Z< <& ATCE 0 @ & +L " & < D + " % .D) & "Z& ( < % & + 2003 & D) = @ 0 6 (,O C ' O& % 6 ! < D " ) ? ' a K > = " & < D + " % V < . & <O 6 O& O O ! ! & # 6 6C 0%1 6 = @ (# & ) ., 4 . & <O A"# " & ) ? O LAU U / . &! . & 8 1 4 0 & g O 4+ ' . 1 Q ! (K) .3 "& 0 \ / $ ? 1 136


: ( 5 " $ " 5 9 ) ' * 0 (23 & D O . & + & 6 ' IO%& . + Q ! 4 O < ATCE A O / 8 @ & +L 3 " . % 4 % . K % , : ( 5 " " 5 ) $ (24 ) . & 6 ) I K &+ " '& ' & < ' 0" . ( K % . 1, & E 6 D O 1 - 6 ' 2004 D ' . < = 9 )& "N & # & " &/ ' A ! O $2001 . & : (" " 5 K E 9 ) * (25 ' , ! " ) ATCE ' & <L ) . 0 & 4K 8 @ O ! & + K % a Tunis Air 4 ' < / , – Tunis Air $ 0O @ +& K % 4K ! (... ) ) - 30 ( / H) 6 / ' + ' # 90% 6 & & + + # . & O : 29 "N & # & " = @ ( O% ! 1 . O ? & < O !&K D & < % 9 + (K) 2010 h& 4 ,1 & ) & France 24 TV5 )/ MontÊcalo .1 / X & < a 6 ! = MontÊcalo !&K @ 4 ' <K : I , D) = @ 0 9 6F "# =

$ F & )< ( % ATCE > K6 ' = & < A < > & / &+ % +) = @ VO <K () .& .3 " 137


: ÂŤ The international Herald Tribune Âť 9 (26 C 1) O% . K, . + . ) X .1& 1 J g " 1 K- ) & ' $D) & % )

! " ( ? + $"1987 & ) 7 ") !1 H) 5 6 <& D) J O " ( ? 6: " ) ... " 1 a & - ! 8 & < E + @ . + A"# - H & ? + & D ' . < & X . & ! 6 1 &/ ' O + 0 ! !8 9 K! / .) Guy Mettan (27 : (G * + M G /0

/ $ & H) 4O T . + ) ATCE 4 ' < 2009 8 , 6 5 7 & 8 + )& J "# / La Tribune de " , 1 4/ = "L’AGEFI" , 1 "# < $D) = / +1 . H) V<& 1 ( "Genève (( + & 9 % 1) D) ' 6 , G . % & 1 . H) " O' , ? $". ) ! J 1 G O % . 0 %)@ a ) .++1" ." ,/ 0O 1 + ) HT D) = 1 O : ( 9 ) * ' (28 4& 15 > !" & ) & ART , 6 ATCE .% ) ( 6 0 ! O "' & +< &" < " ! % ) & 'O ? $ & ) ' ." '&" . 0 %)@ 0 &T 4/ =

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' +& ' 0 ' Q ! 3 4O % "8 1K " P & ) & 139


A + 8K" 6 > 1 I ? 3 " "8 !K & " " K,H #0" . P g " '&" D O : ! ANB )/ 4 ' <K (2 m ) ,1 , B& )+ = & &6F ) - H X 3 " $ & &6F +, 1 P 1 . & = @ H) . ? ! & ) 8 1K K 6 ( % - & $"b# O < F " ) ,1 = 6 O : H1 ) $3 "): ' "@ D) ANN O0G & 7 D) ' - ! "# = + & ! ANB )/ @ . / .(( +)Z . && !" ,1 /@ . +,) 1 & A L )+ = Kh& & 8 1 a ) & 0 %)B& g O X

-/ . + O #F 1 V < "D & ' # &" J D) -/ I ? 4 &)%F & ) J & 6 O < 8 O O 4 ? ?+ ' G ! & J ' ? < = O ' 'K! L .& &) 6 ' % 6 ? < 0 V<& 9 6 ' D) @ O < % & 0 %)@ ' a ) & O' < 4 "# $ H) 01F ' 6 & . ! (1 + 8" . / (K & ANB =K ATCE ; )@ : + $ M 5 b7 5 (32 500 = 8 1 Paleya O ) & ! 0 %)B& /

." H . '& ' & < ' 0" () ) & D 1 1, : (/ 0 M 7 /9 ) François Becet (33 & ! 2009 ) . & 6 ) & ) & -K ATCE 4 ' < &  la Tunisie, porte ouverte sur la modernitʝ () ) & O HK) I 140


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K!" = & O D O ()O ! " &O 6 " .) ! . & 6 ) ."8 G & % )" / g %)& ( J ( @ J <& 0 .< + % K) A"# G = & ) O ' 6 ' 'K! % 4? = < D O & +K) L / ' ! = < 6 ' ! 6 4? ' ,1 <& ' 'O ! "g & " ,1O " % '& ' , " # L

0 &/ ' 0 < J ) 1 ) & K . + < O & 6 ) P + & +K) Q 1 = @ ? ) 8O P # K . ) 229


1 = @ F 8" ,)K ! & ") 0 .< ! ) 0, K P 4& " < " ,1 < ( 1 ."8 G & % )" / = @ ) 8 O 4O %K H1 & +K) 8" ,)K ! & <& HK) 1 6 V GF (, H + & A ,)\ + + 1O O 1 = 8 ) +K 1 $' +& ! 1 01 . 1 <? O A @ % & O + : " '&" D = Ug\ T /T $ ? + ' ,1 <& & ) ) / , & & +K) ! Q 1 O @ 1 '! L " ) 0" ,1 # 4& O & % d' ? ) ) C& % 1 ) L(L& + \ " ) O 1 " 3 "): 4 % < ' F O ) ) + ( & +K) ! ' + = @ 8O PL ' ()C ' ( , 6 .( O '! L % ! 6 ) ) P O A )

+K 1 ' 6) L O % +< O O @ ' ? O ' = $ % ) P J % ! ' ! ' ' ) +& 4O %K 1 ' ' 6) = 0 ! K ' K . % ) 1 0, "J P 9 &)Y + D) . ) K Q 1 " '&" D 6 / "# % )" & +) 8 K , ! # ! 1 O 8K" ! # 1 < / & ' / & < % .) ! ' <& "8 G & / <& 9 ?+ !" 6 & ? .) ! % & .1) ' <& $ ? 0 & +) h<& 4 % 4 C ' ' ) ' < % L&L h1& # % & +K) - # O # ' O' IO? = @ 1 1 ' O O h 1 O % ' ' ,1O <O ' ' ! - # # 8O % ! & 1 A"# - H ' ? 230


! "# # * + $% ! #& ' ( ' ' ) + , - . / . 0 ! % 0 . $ '1 2 /3 3# . 0 43 $ + / 6 7 '0 ' ' '/ . & 8 0 # 3 9 3 & (2008 = 3) . : 3 /; # ! " 8 - * @ A B ( - " 3/ =' / " 4 9 (2009 = 3)

'7D * % 3 " " - .0 "= C 3" # 3 @ A " A 3 " * 4 3 F '' " ' $, +" 3 E 1 = G 3 H '#! " % " " 3 -1 ' - " C # I % # " $J ! $J $) 4 3 % 0 K J + * # 3 E $ 3 L 2 ( #3 3 & = 3 : / #3 F 83 $ FJ %3 $ # B ( L A ' / 1 .B1

N A 3& '# $ 4 3 % 0 O L ' ' K J $ E7 E # E $ E 03 #3 =J %3 E $ '# =J %3 E $ G 2 P 2 # & E 2 " JF '# L ' '# E $ .1 ' P- 9 ' / # E - 2 ! #& 7$ 8 # 2009 8 15 ') +. 0 % $ L 7 ' *! F ) 0 .( # 3 Q. L ! . 1' 2 ! * 2 C B ( L' ' 8 $ " JF 8# ' JF : .B1 # 3 E $ .A '( . ' .B1 E $ .-! 7 (1 8 2 / ! # 3 / 8 % ' B ( . % 0 231


+ < & +K) . = % ' PK 0 O (2 . % V ,K K+1 ' ) ! & + < & +K) . # % "J 0, K O P O < (3 .' ) < <? HK) & ) & ) J & +K) . ) V <K (4 ( 1L ' Q ! % I & +L $ O < % . # 0+ < % G = 8 8 ' ) ! (5 . K 1) ' ,1 > <& L . K, I 8" ,)K ! 9 ? 4 % + ? (6 . ) Q ! - 6 O 0 ATCE : = D) & 2009 2 "8 ?6 %) " ." K " %& + A ) , 6 ) & ? 1 9 + @ ' .)X 0% 4/ ) " %1 , " 4) +1 0 0< J 1 " 1 ' ' & 0%1 <& . 0)& ) = @ < = ' F &/ ' A &%@ O $' )J .( O 1 8 )O # + V < ,1 ) + ' & +K) 4) .2009 8 4 % &L .) ! K D) ,1 . O 1 . & +K) 8" ,)K ! O ? UGTT C (7 : "# O'B " O !& & " ) & K < ATCEZ K!" 1 1) A 8K" +& UGTT ' " % O & "Z& K \ 6F 232


' ,1 & +) P 9 @ O /" (K) ("H1 " % !" - ? ! ."2009 & ! 28 7 & A + O ' H ) ' 8" ' ) K ' &+ % 3 ' " K 1K < ' F ' D,) KH) - K ) ! @ 1 &)% @ 4 ' < ." !K " & K O & +K) = !1 %# K K- 1 0 & ) +K H )\ ' ! $ "K,) . % ?6J + \ '! L (K) O 6 $ % ) 1 O' } & 6 9 % 8" . + ( & < 6 ) & +K) ! 3 / M 7 $ & d ' / M 7 1 ' 9 7 ( : M L W6 ) & +K) ! 1 ) P + <& 2009 . 4 (& % & & "8 G & % )" (O 8" 2008 ,) % 13 % ! K % K & -K ! 0 6 4 U +W $ HK) % B& 3 " HK) ' (& + ( 1 - ) O% 6 @ . < ( < & % @ ' ! < =K 1 O ( + . P ' &) & +K) ! = @ 0 .< "# : K () "8 G & % )" ! ' 1 O # 2009 - 100 A / e & & ' ,1 ' & 0kK ) (1 . ) . ) - 150 A / e & & & +K) (2 < % +& O & +) .0% ' ,1 . & V<& (3 – . ) ) & & – ?,6) . , < & - # 6 6 +)) + +1 '

(... & +K) )! 4 <, 233


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& ! I & O < " 6 1 " = # , 1) V ! ( % ' O ' & +) ' ! & % .( K!" O5) = ()O + /0 / # ' ' M E : KH) % ) L & ) K J ?K "W 6K \ < 8 ! H) . )\ @ . O P ) ' ? . O 1 1 H / @ < 9 ?, h , O0 &6F & J ) /O ?1 ?K O A"# g %) O : 'p ( @ .1 < ' % .A ) A = ) 6 ' : 6 (1 "# 4 ) PT 6 ' : D - /0 * ' 6 (2 . /O . F Q ! . ! J . 1 <& } A"# " '&" H) O /

0 # O T O 6 0 % & J - ,% K + A & ' !& ' K! L ( O 6 I O < J ) 6 O % & J ' C& ' !O 1 ' " ' ,1 % & O ' (ATCE 3 1 & % & T"K,)T ) .( 6 O 0 3 1 & % & T"K,)T ) 1 !K" & = 6 $ ) -1O . K /

O " " " % &6 " "I O " "' J " "h 1 " % - 0 ( K ' & g ' ( O +T & J ?K ' O # $ & J g ?, 0 1)\ <K . +1 ") + HK) 4 -1O 6 = .% / 6 . )+ 234


+O - )< % 4& .% )\ h 1 $ O = @ " '&" ) < . V<& 8 @ & +L K- / 6F .-1O A"# 1 F : I "5 M & (& ) % & < . & 6 ) 1991 ) ")L . 1 ATCE . / ' O 6 O ? ( K # H .0 & 1994 #F . 9 / + ) ( 6 O ? O% J " O W ! ' 1F V<& <K U9 ' ) 6! 6 ' # O , & . 1 A"# . ... J 9 L ' O 5 K) ' - !K 4 $ K &/ 1 = @ E +)\ ' ? < 3O 1 0 / ) /@ # H Q ! 4 K .; 6 : & O ! &,L ". !" F 1991 ) ' J , 1 a X . 1 ? - 4 )% " ! ' ? < V<& = @ / # -1O V<&& K & ! ' ) X ' ? < O -1 V<& ., " G ) & " & ! 0 0< & " ,1 "+ F " & O5 6 / $ < ' OD ( @ 4 3 " "' J " % 1 ' ! ") "8 % ' 6} ' ,1O V<& () =K+ / $"D K) Q ! " "h 1 " % ) #@ = @ - 1/ + O ( %< ' . &

. K" 4 & < & K ) 6 & ' ? < ' ' / +1 "# O'B 9 ?+ = @ K . 1 1? V<& 9 % G , $= ) 1 K &! % L ( + \ !1& ' ! 0 % 235


. + 8 O 1 ' ,1O '! / 6 ) E0 8F G . 9 +< ' K . J HK) 6& V_ < . 9 ? @ G K . + ' / G 5O1, & H1 . + A"# O' O +L & V Y ! 1 %K 5 K) K ! A" & ' < V<& -K T! K) 0# % / O @ -1O . . K)& ' # 1 & -1O D) 6 ) 4 % . !O 1 = O ( K ) > 1@ = K6 ' ,1 I = < O ! ; 6 & .. ) )F . 1, = T) ' ! + = & +< . ?, : " 4 * 9- L : & ( )

. / " - " % & - !,* 01 ! . * 2 3 3 4 56 2* - ! " 7 !* /' ! . 7 $ * %,* ! / 86 /** 7 ' !, 9 3 ! : ; 3 < 8 6 /* 7 ! + % & 6 = %,* ! , > ." !*? 0

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X " /0 L " X " " X " & " X "' , " X " ) 6 " X " ,) . 1 " X " "/ O " X " ?&" X "' + ) . 1 " X " # 4 &" X "' & O0 " X "- % F " !F a " X " ! ' F " X ". 9 " X " ,6 - #F " X " &6 . G" X " # & &<K " ... "' ! !O " X ". ) 1 " X " & 6 ) F " X " KH 1 " X " ) &% 238


( & 8" K 6 4&K . )/ - .) ! ) . 1 D,)

)/ " 0% " " ) 1 " . )/ G = O ." K + " - ; F G 2 M & (M 6 " &L ! ! 5 ) G ' ,1 9 P# T- 1 - 0K "! ' EO K ,1O ) . / 6F I? O # )O <L . % I < & ! O' & & + . ' & >C) ?/ ) 1 ' K ' K ATCE 6 O 0 . <& : & -4& F B

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&< 4 $ ) ' % 4/ 1 . ) )F = A ) + & & 4 !1 L1 ' ' 1 ) ' ' ) ?+ < % 6 ' &6 . K) (2005 D 2) V ' & @ &<K ? 1 D) & & !1 ?/ O' = @ J . !" ' & @ < % 8" ,)K ! EO , '

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$ . ) < K 6 " <)/F " ) ( $' ? < ' A ! : ) & ' . + & > 1@ & ) 8 % ' ! () ! = A O O + (1 .3 " " ) " V G + O O 1 = @ 3 " 0 % $ +1 "O . , & L( W <) m' + (2

" K ( / ' ! !C 4 $" )% " K " " " ,K & ( , (, = + 0 &6! 1K F & ( , H " ) " 4 & # J . % 4 O & " ) " ' A )K! & O 1 6 ' ' ) ' @ + G ' " ? K) " ! 1 +1 F % & + # %K 4 . + 1 & & 3 " @ " ? K) " ! 1 D (,K ! / . ) O (& ;O0 A ' "K " 0 O 1 " " )& 1 " ? ( . % ) , . & 6 ( + 6 ' ) , 9 % ! $ & ) . ! 1 ' ,) ( .. O 6 " / O " O F & )< & ;O0 O (K) + .. + 9 K) 4 1 "K ' h1 & & (, h + (3 A . O ' %6 "D &" ()&@ O' ( 9 % 4& + (4 (& 1 O 9 K) <% ? ' 1 "K ' h1& & ) 1 .( + = )% 9 1 = @ 1 " 'B Middle East On-line 4/ 1 > 6 % ' K) )O & ) K ? < = @ . + )\ 2008 ) (O% " K) = / a ) & L + , $ & a & D &< / L3 . !1 a ) & H ) 303


' 'O & +& H1 " ? K) " ! 1 = %# )< O' ! +& ! 1 01 4 ?/ O' 1991 ) - !\ (K) ( 6 ! 1 A"# O'@ & $ L ! 1 = \ p%U# U%U# O & L H)& K < 1 & . K 6 K + K D,)& 1991 ) & +)\ 1 . K 6 .1987 ) +& ' % 16 6O P ATCE ' K!" + J D,) 7 & "D & ' # &" J & , # K F & O )< O' 9 % + 2008 ( O& 8" " ) " ' ! ( K+ & ( J 2008 ' % 15 K < " & 0% " )/ = @ & = K . 1 K ' ( '

4% K A O @ $ & +) . 1 O > O 6 ! 1 )C& D!< .) ! ( 1 O' ( K!" 1) " ) " K! / $(,/ O& . HK) 4 +, & & 4+ ' ' . & 1 ' " & " -/ - ' & % @ < O H ) ' ! () ! DO & ' # &" ^ ( &G ' &\ < " & 0% " )+ ( 1 @ ) K !1 ."D & ' # &" > (, # / 3 D) = @ < : H1

< ' () ! 8 , 0 % ' " K) 1 " ' ! O & < . <K 9 @ 6 ' 3 " ( V&+ 9 + @ ' D) = @ ( <? = @ ( D) & ( 1 ) AO ? b ,K ) 4+ () b ,K K-! O' h 1 $ % 3 " ( < 4 8 " 6K 1 , K- 9 +&B& ' / K)@ () & ,< & ( 0 ( ) A ) + +1 H =K 1 F & )< & +K < ?+ / 4 (% ) O 8" K D,) # ) +& + HK) 6 - H K .(" & ! " V <

304


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( % F & )< O ? @ 1 O' 4/ 2003 ) . ? h& " O " O 6 ( "J ( & & AO ? 8 ! .Mecca Cola E ? @ "' < ,H " @ .)O 1 + @ "J A"# ) / < ATCE .< "# 8 & < O D % % "Michel Boyon" ' < ' K- @ O ! 4 / / ( & 8" # (CSA) ) 6 % O ) 2007 8 ( @ (O%L ! &/ , 6 = &O < O &1 ' ! , 6 = $" O " "J h& Kh& D F ( 1 <& ) , ' ) + 6 ( "@ 6 ' A O < "@ Kh& - + @ 6 ' K " CSA D % ' ' ! $ "J "@ 9 @ <& 2007 & & 2 (Med-Fm) D & " O " Med-" 4 h& O + .) ! ' <& ! Kh& K 1 "Radio Soleil" ."Fm .ATCE &/ ' 3 1K "# & O D O ' 1 ' ' !

0 = @ & ! D) & < , . O% > 6 % ' X 8 =K+ F & )< ' ! 6 ' , / & % 6 ' P Q ! = D) & ( / = 5 1 < ' . . < ' 305


โ ซ ู ุง ุง ู โ ฌ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


0 / & 1 ) & ' & O D O = @ . & K <& O + + J : 2010 % 14 6O P 1 )K 6 O 2003 ) ( O 8" < . , 1C& (+ +

6"Z& ( & / , 6 = 8 ! < =, & & ! < ' .". ! " (+ + 1 / < &)% <

.' F ". ! .A , 0 % % ) O &/ ' () .0%L1 6K ! ' )1T I

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


' () ! O " & ! " V < $ & K) & : 3 " ( V&+ 9 + @ ' D) = @ < ' () ! 8 , 0 % ( 1 ) AO ? b ,K ) & < . <K 9 @ 6 ' $ % 3 " ( < 4 ( <? = @ ( D) & 9 +&B& ' / K)@ () & ,< & ( 0 4+ () b ,K K-! O' h 1 =K 1 F & )< & +K < ?+ / 8 " 6K 1 , K- D,) # ) +& + HK) 6 - H K ( ) A ) + +1 H .(" K) 1 " V < 4 (% ) O 8" K : "8 1 O 1 " (5 / K F 4 )% ) 20Z& & G ( !1 O 1986 )

. +) = @ , & 'O 1

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308


$ ("/ % " ' /0 / - * X ) . ! 4 &C& ( <) & . + & " <)/F " ) ( : ) # J 6) & )K O . & $" 0 O 1 " 4 1 F %K (1 & 6 . < O "3 & " ' ,) , 1 . +, & ' # & ) , . O h1& 4 $ ) & & # @ . ' ' % # & & # 6 ' "D !" < & # J & # & ( / (2 ) O O > 6F "# ( O ' <& $ ) ( V & .' O & A % ' C ( J #O ' ! " " J . & 6 4 () < (3 ( P 6 ' ( < !1& & & ) , + . !O 1 & . +& O ) F ,) % 23 7 & O # ) , "g & " % ( K O 1 ) , + = A & < & 2006 O & ) K 6 O 0 ) K)& 1 ": () ) + K &6 "# ) K " K " % . +) " . & 6 < .2006 ,) % 25 O # ( O ' (& + O O ( , (O&1 ( 0 ) (4 ' D) ( ) 6 D && A + @ ) , . & 6 &/ & + & # G ' " ' ? < E & F ' % 6 6 309


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