Identifying key generators of street activities by Avani Chauhan by Avani Chauhan

IDENTIFYING KEY GENERATORS OF STREET ACTIVITIES AND ELEMENTS Case of Chor bazaar, Mumbai Submitted By Avani Chauhan Guided By Prof. Jaydeep Bhagat

IDENTIFYING KEY GENERATORS OF STREET ACTIVITIES AND ELEMENTS Case of Chor bazaar, Mumbai

Submitted By Avani Chauhan 15bar04

Institute of Architecture & Planning Nirma University Ahmedabad 382481

5May 2020 Institute of Architecture & Planning, Nirma University

Approval The following study is hereby approved as a creditable work on the subject carried out and presented in the manner, sufficiently satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as a pre-requisite towards the degree of Bachelor of Architecture for which it has been submitted. It is to be understood that by this approval, the undersigned does not endorse or approve the statements made, opinions expressed or conclusion drawn therein, but approves the study only for the purpose for which it has been submitted and satisfies him/her to the requirements laid down in the academic program. Thesis Title : Identifying key generators of street activities and element-Case of Chor bazaar, Mumbai Student Name : Avani Chauhan Roll Number : 15bar04 Date : 20th July, 2020

Prof. Jaydeep Bhagat Guide & Professor, I/c Academic Co-ordinator Institute of Architecture & Planning, Nirma University, Ahmedabad Prof. Vinay Shah Professor & Thesis Incharge, Institute of Architecture & Planning, Nirma University, Ahmedabad Prof. Utpal Sharma Director, Institute of Architecture & Planning, Nirma University, Ahmedabad

Declaration I, Avani Chauhan, 15BAR04, give an undertaking that this research thesis entitled â&#x20AC;&#x153;Identifying key generators of street activities and elements- Case of Chor bazaar, Mumbaiâ&#x20AC;? submitted by me, towards partial fulfilment for the Degree of Bachelor of Architecture at Institute of Architecture and Planning, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, contains no material that has been submitted or awarded for any degree or diploma in any university/school/institution to the best of my knowledge. It is a primary work carried out by me and I give assurance that no attempt of plagiarism has been made. It contains no material that is previously published or written, except where reference has been made. I understand that in the event of any similarity found subsequently with any published work or any dissertation work elsewhere; I would be responsible. This research thesis includes findings based on literature review, study of existing scientific papers, other research works, expert interviews, documentation, surveys, discussions and my own interpretations.

Date: 20th July, 2020 Name : Avani Chauhan Roll number : 15bar04 Institute of Architecture and Planning, Nirma University, Ahmedabad

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am thankful to the Institute of architecture and planning, Nirma University for giving me the opportunity to work on a research thesis. Firstly I would like to express my gratitude towards Prof. Jaydeep Bhagat, for guiding me in the thesis. I value and respect your opinion and the time you have spent helping me. I am especially thankful to my family for always being there for me and motivating me In addition to all, I would like to appreciate my friends for constant support and giving genuine guidance and constructive criticism all the time.

IDENTIFYING KEY GENERATORS OF STREET ACTIVITIES AND ELEMENTS Case of Chor Bazaar, Mumbai

Submitted By Avani Chauhan 15bar04

Guide Prof. Jaydeep Bhagat 2020

15BAR04 Avani Chauhan

IDENTIFYING KEY GENERATORS OF STREET ACTIVITIES AND ELEMENTS Case of Chor Bazaar, Mumbai

Abstract Keywords Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Selection of study area 1.3 Historical background 1.4 Aim 1.5 Objectives 1.6 Research questions 1.7 Scope of research 1.8 Methodology 1.9 Research Structure

Chapter 2: UNDERSTANDING ACTIVITY AND STREET ELEMENT 2.1 Literature review 2.2 Understanding of activities and its typess 2.3 Understanding of elements 2.4 Analysis framework

Chapter 3: STUDY AREA 3.1 Location of site 3.2 On-site mapping plan 3.3 Existing Plan 3.4 Elevations 3.5 Activity Mapping

Chapter 4: ANALYSIS OF GENERATORS OF ACTIVITIES 4.1 Street users 4.2 Analysis for understanding generators of activities 4.2.1 Street as an activity generator 4.2.2 Node as an activity generator 4.2.3 Mixed use as an actvity generator 4.2.4 Street width as an actvity generator 4.2.5 Special artifacts as an actvity generator 4.2.6 Nature of shops as an activity generator 4.2.7 Awning as an activity generator 4.2.8 Entrance as an activity generator 4.2.9 Flooring as an activity generator 4.2.10 Parking as an activity generator 4.3 Types of activities 4.4 Criteria for analysis and understanding activities Chapter 5: CONCLUSION 5.1 Conclusion 5.2 Findings Chapter 6: REFRENCES 6.1 References

List of Tables Table 1.1 Table 1.8.1 Table 1.9.1 Table 2.2.1 Table 2.3.1 Table 2.3.2 Table 2.4.2 Table 2.4.2 Table 2.4.3 Table 4.3.1 Table 4.3.2 Table 4.3.3 Table 4.4.1 Table 4.4.2

Goods sold in the market Goods sold in the market Research structure Quality of physical enviornmentource: life between buildings by Jan Ghel Relationship between elements and activities Understanding livebility on streets Understanding analysis Relationship between aspects Analysis framework Types of activity Types of activity Types of activity Criteras for analysis and understanding types of activities Criteras for analysis and understanding types of activities

List of figures All the figures and diagrams are made by author except those mentioned bellow Figure 1.1.1 source- #CHORBAZAARMUMBAI Figure 1.1.2 source- Urdu markaz Figure1.1.3: Old market Source: https://www.mumbai77.com/city/3133/attractions/chor-bazaar-thieves-market/ 15

ABSTRACT A street is made up of different activities which are mainly outdoor activities like sitting on benches, vending, pedestrian, passing, etc. The study analyses forces which help in initiating the on-street activities that shape the street, culture, and experience adding to that helps to understand the factors which influence these activities with a number of conditions is the main subject of the study. These activities categorized as necessary, optional, and social on the broader concept which helps in understanding the activities, its nature, and their interdependence to the elements of the street. Basically, necessary activities are the mandatory activities which are inevitable and will happen in any conditions while optional activities are not compulsory and leisure activities and social activities are the resultant activities. For the further analysis of Chor bazaar, Mumbai was selected as the case study to work on.

Keywords Street activities, Elements, Generators, Interdependency

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Selection of study area 1.3 Historical background 1.4 Aim 1.5 Objectives 1.6 Research questions 1.7 Scope of research 1.8 Methodology 1.9 Research Structure

Chapter 1 : Intoduction

Introduction In India, streets have always played a complex role in the overall fabric of the city. Apart from serving the basic role of acting as a connection between two places or just as transition, the street itself served numerous functions which served the daily needs of the residents. A variety of activities make up a functional urban environment in spite of the apparent visual confusion. Streets capture more about India than any other setting. Life on the street is all about the different activities happening on varying degrees. The urban core areas in any city are the oldest areas, where mixed land use and occupations and specific characteristics are found. These areas are high in heritage value in terms of architecture, have a predominant historic and cultural-religious influence and very vibrant communities of different backgrounds. Chor bazaar is an old antique market, near Bhendi Bazaar in south Mumbai. They showcase different activities daily which include hawkers and vendors coming from different area and selling their goods, shops extending to the street so the pedestrians could get attracted to the goods sold by them so in this area streets itself become their shops and somehow encroachment on the streets happen which then later activities for the shops like loading-unloading takes place due to the bazaar area. The exercises continually change for the duration of the day. The chor bazaar is effectively isolated into three-four significant classes. These range from recycled sellers. washing garments, scrap market to old fashioned shops. These are the significant perpetual kinds of business sectors which exist in the entire market. CHOR BAZAAR

CLOTH

FURNITURE

ANTIQUES

SPARE PARTS

Table 1.1Goods sold in the market For the duration of the day, a few little sellers please the road to set up their shops and spill themselves onto the streets. This is something which is extremely transitional in nature and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s in consistent motion. Additionally, on Fridays, the fundamental market is closed and there is a Jumma showcase which sets up in the city. It basically bargains in recycled garments to all the regular things. The size of each shop is little. Hence, the stock is totally put away inside the shop and once business begins, they spill the stock out and about and begin to work with it. The antique market significantly keeps their showcases on the streets. In this way, they expand nearly by covering the 1/third of the street and it normally makes a visual association which can prompt more footfall. The market is a significant center in the city as they are separating the item to its individual components and sending those components back to make something helpful out of it. For instance, everything is separated and arranged into different typologies. Like an Umbrella would be separated to its component which ranges from the steel bars, springs to texture. These are on the other hand sent to businesses in Pune/Nashik and so on which bargains explicitly in reusing of explicit components and afterward they are additionally handled. Accordingly, Chor bazaar is renowned for its antique market which has created after some time yet this market stands apart because of its reusing exercises and selling of recycled merchandise. 20

Selection of study area To understand the objective of the research, to study street elements and activities on the street. The street selected is in Mumbai Chor bazaar namely mutton street. It is a narrow street surrounded by mosques and buildings from old traditional times with many temporary and informal structures. Thus, it provides a very different experience of street life than designed street life. It is a very old street with the oldest antique market in India consisting of mixed land use typology. Streets are an integral part of this area as they are always busy and full of activities taking place over the whole area. The users range from school going children to people working in the shops to delivery agents to buyers. One can spot tourists often on this street.

Historical background There are a lot of layers in the history of Chor bazaar which is the city’s flea market. This place is closely knitted with shops located between Sardar road and grant road. As one moves forward through the streets

Figure 1.1.1 source- #CHORBAZAARMUMBAI

Figure 1.1.2 source- Urdu markaz

Figure1.1.3: Old market Source: https://www.mumbai77.com/ city/3133/attractions/chor-bazaarthieves-market/

the narrow lanes one comes across vendors and shops selling antiques, furniture, old items, posters, clothes anything, and everything. The shops are the heritage of Mumbai’s urban life. It is said if you have something which is stolen in Mumbai you will surely find it in Chor bazaar. It is the country’s largest flea market and famous for used goods from lights to other antiques. Everything is available here. The market is 150 years old and was called a short bazaar as it belonged to a lot of vendors making noises and all hustle. Such many different stories and linked to the Chor bazaar name. According to an anecdote, it is said the British mispronounced Shor (noise) as Chor (thief), and then with the years this market sourced stolen goods. Another tale about the name is how Queen Victoria’s things like violin and other things were missing and later were found to be on sale in this market. Regardless of all the stolen goods make their way to this market. This bazaar is located on the margin of the mainstream markets. It has rich colonial heritage buildings with buildings revived in the othic style. During the 1940s and 1950s when the partition took place. Muslim families sold or gave away the goods and commodities to other Muslim families and moved to Pakistan. It is also said the bazaar was called four bazaar as there are four types of goods sold in the market and with the time the four changes to chor and now it is known as chor bazaar. The Chor bazaar having mainly Muslim merchants would have got a hold on these goods. Chor bazaar became the place where people sold all the belongings before the partition. The shop of Chor bazaar is open from 11:00 am to 7:30 pm every day except for Friday due to Juma prayer but it is on Friday as it has Juma market which has all the stolen goods 21

Aim The major aims of this study are to understand human activities in the street of Chor bazaar by identifying the generators of activities, elements of street, and interdependence between them.

Objective/s The study incorporates an understanding of Mutton street which is a mixed-use area with varied activities happening at the same time. The set of objectives are as follows: • • • • •

To understand generators of street activities To understand the types of activities and how they are co-related to elements of the street. To identify the elements of the street which helps in the functioning of the street. To document the present conditions, daily practices, activities, and use of outdoor spaces. To understand interdependency and the relationship of the area. -Occupation-religious -Residential- commercial -Human-Physical Structures -Activities-Elements of street

Research Questions addressed in the paper

• How does interdependence help in functioning of streets? • How specific activities are instrumental in characterizing the streets of Chor bazaar?

Scope of the Research The thesis is primarily focused on the understanding of outdoor activities of the mutton street, analysis based on what are the generators of the activities and this study does not deal with the indoor activities.

Research Methodology The research is based upon understanding activities and finding generators by the case of Chor Bazaar, Mumbai. The methods and techniques involved in the research were to gather on-site information.

Data collection: The collection of data has been divided into two parts: • Primary source • Secondary data Primary Source: On-site data collection, Observation, and documentation of the study area which is influenced by the constants of the study in relation to the objectives that are as follows: • Present site conditions. • Activities taking place throughout the day. Secondary data: This is mainly dependent on the literature and further the literature which are in form of books are reviewed and theoretical data has to be gathered and summarized that would help to maximize the understanding of the study which had to be undertaken. To understand the types of activities following literature were studied • Life between building • Traditional street activities in Kuala Lumpur city center • Behavioural observation of human stationary and sustained activities in pedestrian priority streets of Johor Bahru To understand the types of elements this literature was studied • Achieving continuity and consistency in urban environment: The importance of building attributes and street elements To understand methods used in collection of data onsite • How to study public life? By Jen Ghel

Documentation : The site observation was mainly directed towards the on-street activities happening on foe how long which manner by how many people and mainly which all the activities from what time to what time • Photographic documentation- This is a very important tool to document as these servers as proof for the investigation undertaken. • Sketching- This could be a way to document the data which is important and taken forward a quick sketch on site helps to capture all the movement and details happening on site.

Methods: The research methodology includes these many methods as explained below which would help to document the on-site data and also observe it: Test walks: Taking a walk while observing the surrounding life can be more or less systematic, but the aim is that the observer has a chance to notice problems and potentials for city life on a given route. Observer walks in important routes, noting waiting time, understanding possible hindrances and diversions on the way Population information • Groups- example: No of houses. • Social structures List of activities and segregation further Looking for traces- Human activity often leaves traces such as litter in the streets, dirt patches on grass, etc., which gives the observer information about city life. These traces can be registered through counting, photographing, or mapping. Indirect observation. Tracking- In order to observe people’s movements over a large area or for a longer time, observers can discreetly follow people without their knowing it or follow someone who knows and agrees to be followed and observed. This is also called shadowing. Registering the order. Tracing-People’s movements inside or crossing a limited space can be drawn as lines of movement on a plan of the area being studied. • Walking sequence and time. • Which entrances are mostly used? Mapping- sitting or standing with the exact no. of people. Activities, people, places for staying, and much more can be plotted in, which is drawn as symbols on a plan of an area being studied to mark the number and type of activities and where they take place. This is also called behavioral mapping. Counting- Counting is a widely used tool in public life studies. In principle, everything can be counted, which provides numbers for making comparisons before and after, between different geographic areas or over time. E.g. number of people including gender division. Keeping a diary- Keeping a diary can register details and nuances about the interaction between public life and space, noting observations that can later be categorized and/or quantified. (Ghel, how to study public life, 2013) It is important to ask questions and divide the variety of data or activities to gather the required information: • How many use it? • Who uses it? • Which public space do they use? 24

â&#x20AC;˘ For how long is it used? â&#x20AC;˘ What do they use it for? These methods have been derived from the book on how to study public life by Jen Gehl. The methodology includes looking for secondary data which is mainly focused on book life between buildings by Jen Ghel and other kinds of literature heightened in the paper.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Primary data

Data Collection

Secondary data

Site analysis

Mutton Street, Chor bazaar Study of street actvivities

Literature Review

Methods

Life between

Mapping Counting

How to

Tracking

Traditional street activities in Kuala

Tracing PhotograAnalysis Identifying generaTypes of activities Conclusion Table 1.8.1-Goods sold in the market

Research structure

The research structure consists of phases of work what is to be done when and what are the steps taken on a similar time frame with the help of techniques so this is the structure which it would help to form the study and help to get the willing results as follows:

Table 1.9.1- Research structure

Introduction The main part which considers the approaches and gives the understanding of the historical background and sheds light upon the aim and objectives of the study explains methods and methodologies of how to go about further This becomes main aim of the research Literature understanding To understand the components od what are the aspects of the study. ROle of activities and elements in the study this helps to make a basic argument for the study and also helps in the data collection of the research Case selection The selection of the is to be done on the basis if how vibrant the street activities are and how vibrant how lively the street is. So chor bazaar being an old traditional area formed on its own understanding over the years is a relevant case ti undergo the study Analysis framework This comprises of methods to find the answers to the main research questions. How to go about and in which directions and what could be the necessary steps to be taken to reach the expected results Conclusion The main summing up part of the research which talks about how the research went and what are the results of the study.

Chapter 2 2.1 Literature review 2.2 Understanding activities and its types 2.3 Understanding elements 2.4 Analysis framework

Chapter 2 :

UNDERSTANDING STREET ACTIVITY AND ELEMENTS 29

LITERATURE STUDY Traditional street activities in Kuala Lumpur city center Problems and issues discussed in the paper: The development has impacted streets which act as public streets mainly traditional streets. These streets have a sense of enclosure and in the process of modification that goes missing, the height is not human scale and space are more exposed to extreme weather conditions like rain A street’s role as a set of human activities is replaced by shopping centers, original communities are replaced by new communities with different activities and lifestyles which affect the place character. The paper mainly focuses on the elements of the street from visitor and user point of view which are as below • Street activities • Physical character • Circulation • Heritage of street Street activities This element is divided into 2 parts: Formal and informal activities in which formal mainly include activities inside the building and informal include activities outside the building and future distinguished in the more focused area Physical character Physical character attracts the street associated with its use. Street character is reflected by building use for business activities on streets. Non-physical is associated with the presence of people; a high density of users occurs in high street enclosures and stalls along the street. Heritage of street It is divided into 2 main elements physical and activity The physical aspect is associated with types of shophouses that display architectural style and its appearance. Activity aspects with a local social activity associated with inherited business and are important for the street. Circulation and parking Visitors are attracted by public transportation as well as the continuity of the walkway. On-street parking is also an important element in the functioning of the street. The study is mainly divided into tangible and intangible aspects of the streets (Ja’afar, 2012) 30

Summary The paper talks about the problems in the traditinal streets and the main elements that are part of the street which are important characters of the street . The elements studied in the paper could be studied further in the street taken as a case for detailed study in the analysis and documentation part of the research.

Behavioral observation of human stationery and sustained activities in pedestrian priority streets of Johor Bahru The paper mainly concerns pedestrian streets and the activities happening on the street. So basically, street deals with functional, social, and leisure activities. Socializing and 2 major street functions and streets for circulation to reach different destinations and interactions in terms of meeting shopping and gathering. Human activities classification: â&#x20AC;˘ Stationery and sustained activities â&#x20AC;˘ Lingering activities â&#x20AC;˘ Social activities Stationery and sustained activities: There are defined as standing, sitting or lying down in one place in the outdoor for more than 15 seconds Lingering activities:These are those involving a person to move around on street within 50-60 feet stretch length for more than 15 seconds. These types of activities need to be observed through the observation Social activities:These activities involve 2 or more people engaged in stationery and sustained or lingering activities and interacting with each other either actively or passively. (Ghahramanpouri, January 2012) Summary The paper is focused on the activities and therefore represents three main types of activity based on the action and behavior of the individual or the group, which may be human in movement or human when stationery this set of classification could be a way of seeing the activities and its typology and further could be understood based on the study of the area search to understand the activities

Life between buildings by Jan Ghel The mix outdoor activities are one factor influences the activities to a varying degree and in many different ways. To simplify outdoor activities in public spaces can be divided into 3 categories: • Necessary activities • Optional activities • Social activities Necessary Activities: The activities which are compulsory, involve greater or lesser degree requirement of participation like going to school or to work, shopping etc mainly the everyday task. Optional activities: Pursuits are participated in if. Wish to do so-time and places make it possible. E.g. Taking, walking to get a breath of fresh air. Social Activities: These are resultant activities because in nearly all instances they evolve from activities linked to the other two categories. Develop connection with the other activities because people are in same space, meet, pass by one another or are mainly with view. (Ghel, Life between buildings : using public space, 1971) What is life between buildings? “First life, then spaces, then buildings-the other way never works”-Jan Ghel According to Jan Ghel life between buildings is a lot more than just pedestrian traffic or recreational or social activities. It is made by range of activities, which combined to make community spaces in cities and residential area more meaningful and attractive. Need for contact Opportunities for meetings and daily activities in the public place of city area enable one space to be among see and hear others to experience other to experience other people functioning in various situation. Contacts play important role in life between buildings. A person we have often met on the street becomes a person we know. People come where people are. Life between buildings offers opportunity to be with others in a relaxed and undemanding way. (Ghel, Life between buildings : using public space, 1971) Summary The book written by Jen ghel is very important as it mainly talks about the life between buildings and what are the main components of the life between buildings for example as explained need for the contact and its importance and the understanding and types of activities which could be taken as reference for the thesis to be work further and come up with the analysis for the case of the street selected. As the book the importance of contacts could also be observed.

Achieving continuity and consistency in urban environment: The importance of building attributes and street elements This study focuses on continuity and consistency in urban areas. Elements and characters impact a lot on the street. Scale rhythm and materials Scale- Scale is concerned with the dimension of building in relation to human height. A building is whether human scale or not is understood when compared with surroundings. The scale is also a tool asses’ elements like windows, door, and other structural materials Rhythm- Composition and size of components of building façade mainly based on repetition. Rhythm mainly includes solids to voids in the façade exposure of fenestrations. Materials: Materials are mainly important for visual appearance, color, texture and façade treatment, etc. Materials establish differentiation. Local material can give a space a sense of unity in traditional areas which in new development helps it to integrate with existing structures. Street and streetscape From earlier the main aim is to create user-friendly necessary and desired urban activities. Street designing has improved from then to now. Kevin Lynch talks about the street as they play an important role in the image of the city. Jacobs said public spaces occupy 30% of land in the urban areas, he also added that streets contain characteristics that can give a city a distinctive form and image. Street proportions and enclosure Street proportions are mainly associated with the width and length of the street. buildings and the streets are the same subjects to proportions. The width and height of elements such as window and door also are related to the overall proportion of buildings. It is another factor determined between height of the building and the width of the street. Façade details including door, window, arcades and balconies Façade plays an important role in the character of the street as it is the main constituent and visually exposed. The overall character of the street depends on the facade of buildings and not on streetscapes and physical elements. Street furniture and soft landscapes The street furniture includes hardscape, soft scape, light poles, traffic signals, CCTV cameras, bollards, boundary walls, railing, fountains, bus shelter etc. Street furniture are the main indicator of urban space, soft landscapes are a decisive element in creating character and identity. Trees and other vegetation express changing seasons and legibility. The landscape also often plays an important aesthetic. In the street, trees work as an enclosure or a pause space. The continuity and consistency of place Continuity refers to a sense of belonging where things have a routine and regularity of continuity, constancy, and permeance. (Abbasiasbagha, January 2013) Summary The elements discussed in paper could be used further for the study and these elements could be then assessed for in the site too.

Table 2.1.1- Literature Review

focus

Achieving continuity and Street elements Consistency in urban environment :The importance of building attributes and street elements

How to study public life? – Jan Methods Gehl spaces

study

Life between buildings- Jan Types of activity, Gehl Importance of contact

Title and Researcher

The paper has discussed about the scale rhythm, street scape, materials etc as the elements of street and how it impacts the character of street

public This book explains the methods to study public life which are listed as Counting, Mapping, Test walks, photography, Keeping diary, etc. Here there are few listed question which would also be helpful while understanding the street.

The book explains the different types of outdoor activities into 3 types • Necessary • Optional • Social

Summary

The elements discussed in paper could be used further for the study and these elements could be then assessed for in the site too.

The methods discussed in the books could be the tool in understanding and documenting the street for the thesis to study this area.

The outdoor activities are then used in the thesis basically for the analysis in which the activities observed and classifies are put into the relevant category for the further study.

learnings

This paper discusses the elements of street which are elaborated for the understanding of the street. The elements which are listed as below: • Street activities • Physical character • Circulation • Heritage of street

Traditional street activities in Elements of street Kuala Lumpur city centre

Summary In this paper the activities are classified in the different type of categories: • Stationery and sustained activities • Lingering activities • Social activities

focus

Behavioural observation of Types of activities human stationary and sustained activities in pedestrian priority streets of Johor Bahru

Title and Researcher

The elements which are discussed in the paper could be used further for the study of the street and could be modified according to the understanding and how the area is as the character of the place differs from each other. So it is possible that the characters in the street shown in the paper

These category of classification of activities gives different type of perspective for the study.

learnings

UNDERSTANDING ACTIVITIES AND ITS TYPES Human activities are the actions performed by the human due to certain reasons and the study here is concerned with the outdoor activities which are basically divided into main three categories as shown here: • Necessary activities • Optional activities • Social activities Necessary Activities: The activities which are compulsory, involve greater or lesser degree requirements of participation like going to school or to work, shopping etc mainly the everyday task. These activities involve a greater or lesser degree to participate • Takes place in all the conditions. • It is a necessity and can’t be avoided in any circumstances. • Everyday tasks E.g. Walk to shop. Sit to supervise etc. Optional activities: Pursuits are participated in if. Wish to do so-time and places to make it possible. • time and place make it possible • takes place in good conditions E.g. Stroll, sit to read or relax, Taking, walking to get a breath of fresh air. etc. Social Activities: These are resultant activities because in nearly all instances they evolve from activities linked to the other two categories. Develop a connection with the other activities because people are in the same space, meet, pass by one another, or are mainly with the view. Social activities occur spontaneously as a direct consequence of people moving about and being in the same space. This implies that social activities are indirectly supported whenever necessary and optional activities are given better conditions in public spaces Characters of social activities vary depending on the context. Residential streets, near the school, near the place of work, where there are limited people with common interests and because people know each other if for no other reason than that they often see one another. These activities are concerned with the presence in public spaces and are mostly evolved from necessary and optional. These activities take place whenever necessary and optional activities are given better conditions in public spaces. E.g. Children at play, greetings, conversation, communal activities of various kinds etc. When the outdoor environment is not favorable only necessary activities take place as they are unavoidable.

Quality of physical enviornment Poor

Good

Necessary activity

Optional activity

Social activity

Table 2.2.1 - Quality of physical enviornment Source: life between buildings by Jan Ghel

The above graphical presentation talks about how the physical environment is responsible for the activities to occur and how much it affects the activities So necessary activities donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t get affected at all by the physical environment they will happen in any circumstances and with the same flow Optional activities mainly get affected if the environment is poor and if the environment is good they would occur at a larger degree Social activities being resultant activities of both optional and necessary they would occur less if the human involvement is less and they would occur more if human involvement is more so the degree of occurrence of social activity depends on the other 2 types of activities.

UNDERSTANDING STREET ELEMENTS

What are the street elements? The elements or parts of the streets which make the street are known as street elements. The list of few street elements are as follows: • Parking • Entrance • Shading • Material and levels • Pathways • Edges • Cycling track • landscape Parking- the paring which is done on street becomes an important element of the street parking done individually or in a group becomes street elements. Shading- The shaded area becomes a very important part of the street as they can be used when there it is hot shade could be due to tree, awning, building height, etc. Street furniture and signage- These are a very important part of the street as people would use them and they are for the people for example bench for sitting, light post, etc. Materials and level- These are used to mark the area and boundaries between the street or maybe the ownership also used to give a visual contrast to the street. Pathway- The pathways are a vital element of the street and most used for the pedestrian movement and gives a sense of safety. Edges - The street edges are the part of the street which makes the boundary between the private space and the public space of the street. Cycling track- The part of the street which has been dedicated to the cycling and used for cycling is cycling track Facade- The facade plays a very important role in the visual and physical characteristics of the street. The overall character shaped according to the facade treatment of the street. landscape -This element does not only help street in aesthetic purpose but also creates a pause and sense of legibility in the street.

STREET ELEMENTS

ACTIVITIES

Pathway

People walking on the

Benches

Seating for humans

Cycling track

Used for cycling

Parking

Used for by parking

Edge

Used for by hawkers

Awning

Creates shade for people to sit

Table 2.3.1 - Relationship between elements and activities Street elements are directly related to the activities happening on the street As it is made for the user to enhance their livability on street and mainly for the user experience. The street in the Indian context is not only used for walking but they have many layers of activities happening at the same time and these activities are very important in characterizing the streets. The street elements are basically made for humans and the with the activities the human enhances the street so this is how the interrelationship between them works.

STREET

STREET ELEMENTS

LIVEBILITY ON STREETS

ACTIVITIES

Table 2.3.2 - Understanding livebility on streets

Analysis framework

Generators Activities

Elements

The activities are to be documented and further analyzed for finding out what are the generators of the activities and how elements help in initiating the activities on the street

Table 2.4.2 - Understanding analysis •

Once the mapping and documentation of the street are done the activities are categorized into

the typology of activities according to the observations and data collected from the site. • Further, after understanding in which group the respective activities lie. • Identifying the generators of the activities which helps in initiating the activities. • How the generator is interdependent or correlated to the elements of the street.

Understanding activity and elements

Literature review

Slection of street

Case of chor bazaar

Finding key generators of activities

Analysis

Table 2.4.2 - Relationship between aspects

The analysis is done to understand what are the key generators which would trigger the activities on street and also what are the driving factors helping in the generation of activities that would give resultant activities. Once the resultant activities are achieved they would be further examined into which typology of activity would the activity fall under that is Necessary, Optional and Social activities and the reasons for why they are in which category and what is the relationship between them after this is done the results will lead to the inference of the study and also will help to know what are the major findings of the research.

Table 2.4.3 - Analysis framework

Chapter 3: STUDY AREA 3.1 Location of site 3.2 On-site mapping plan 3.3 Existing Plan 3.4 Elevations 3.5 Activity Mapping

Chapter 3 : STUDY AREA 43

Figure 3.1.1

THE STUDY AREA

Figure 3.1.2 Main roads

Existing boundary Existing Internal blocks New Development Temporary blocks Encroachments

Figure 3.1.3 Neighbourhood plan

KHARTANK ROAD

MUTTON STREET

NUBULLA ROAD NUBULLA ROAD Figure 3.2.1 Street plan Types of activities observed • Standing-30 • Stitting-60 • Interaction- 10-15 groups of 3-4 people • Eating- 5 in group of 3 -5 people

Figure 3.2.2 On site mapping plan • • • • •

Buying-20 Laying-3 Reading-5 Walking-70 Hawkers-10

Chor bazaar is near bazaars which help to attract buyers and people who are interested in buying. This gives more scope to the generation of activities. These bazaars are very important at the city level so the crowd is also very much buyer-oriented.

The bazaar is surrounded by main roads like: -Mohmmad Ali Road -Grant Road -M.S.Ali Road -Sardar Patel road These are some important roads which help in attracting crowds: -Mohammad Ali road- This road is famous for its Ramadan celebration as the road hustle and bustle with the food every evening. -Grant road- It is one of the oldest roads of Mumbai and is dominated by the Hindus, Muslim, Parsi, and Irani. -M.S.Ali Road- This road is famous for its spillover from the shops and temporary vendors. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s very difficult for even an ambulance to pass by due to encroachment. -Sardar Patel Road- This is also a major road of the precinct also most crowded too. The street selected for the study is mutton street which is one of the oldest antique market in the India. Mixed use typology is the land use of the street. Why is the street called mutton street? The street is named after the goat meat and fish market which is now part of null bazaar being one of the oldest lanes it was unpaved and some sheds made out of wood now is flourished with one of the largest antique markets of the country.

Types of shops Antique shopsMetal shops

Number of shops

Furniture shops

Spareparts shops 3

Miscellaneous

Table 3.1.1 - Number of shops

Figure 3.3.1 Existing plan

STREET PLAN

Figure 3.3.2 Existing elevation A

ELEVATION A

Figure 3.3.3 Existing elevation B

ELEVATION B

Figure 3.5.1

Figure 3.5.7 54

Figure 3.5.2

Figure 3.5.8

Figure 3.5.9

Figure 3.5.10

ACTIVITY MAP-

Figure 3.5.4

Figure 3.5.5

Figure 3.5.6 E

Figure 3.5.3

Figure 3.5.11

Figure 3.5.12 55

Chapter 4 4.1 Street users 4.2 Analysis for understanding generators of activities 4.2.1 Street as an activity generator 4.2.2 Node as an activity generator 4.2.3 Mixed use as an actvity generator 4.2.4 Street width as an actvity generator 4.2.5 Special artifacts as an actvity generator 4.2.6 Nature of shops as an activity generator 4.2.7 Awning as an activity generator 4.2.8 Entrance as an activity generator 4.2.9 Flooring as an activity generator 4.2.10 Parking as an activity generator 4.3 Types of activities 4.4 Critereas for analysis

Chapter 4: ANALYSIS OF GENERATORS OF ACTIVITIES 57

MAIN USERS OF THE STREET

The users of street are way diverse in nature the street has been used by school going kids to the shopkeepers, pedestrian, hawkers and many more but to understand the main user which helps in characterizing the activities are as follows: • Shopkeeper • Hawkers • Pedestrian • Buyer • Tourist The users are interconnected or interdependent on each other for the activity generation as for example the shopkeeper sitting outside interacts with the other shopkeeper, pedestrian passing by, hawker moving around and the tourist who has come to visit the area, So in the same manner the activities takes place with the involvement of more than one user there are certain individual activities also taking place but these activities have more occurrence of social engagement and also how the interaction as the activity takes place which is moreover social activity.

The below mentioned are the interdependent user foer the activities as explained: Hawker- Pedestrians While walking on the street most of the time people stops at the hawkers and they buy things or interact with the hawkers. Pedestrian-Shopkeepers While walking pedestrians interact which the shopkeepers as the shopkeepers sit outside shops. Shopkeeper – Buyer They have a direct relationship between buy and selling in which interaction becomes very important. Hawker-Shopkeeper As hawkers pass by the street and shopkeepers sit on the street the interaction mostly happens between them. Pedestrian-Buyer These pair has minimal contact in person but they are interconnected and buyer is also a type of pedetrian while observing Tourist-Buyer/Pedestrians/Hawkers/Shopkeepers Tourist here is mainly for observing and seeing the area so they try and interact with everyone. So hereby it shows that how the users are interdependent on each other for social activity and interaction.

Table 3.1.1 - Interdependency between users of street

KHARTANK ROAD

MUTTON STREET

As the street is the most reachable part for the user it is very important and all the main activities revolve around the street which makes the street very important and lively.

NUBULLA ROAD

Figure 4.2.1.1 The street is the main spine Mostly all the activities take place on the street and make the street lively. All the shops open up on the street-facing each other and entries to mosques and residences are also from the 60

Figure 4.2.1.2 Types of goods sold in shops The variety of goods sold in this street attracts different types of people. It is like varieties are the main charm to market the goods and impress people.

STREET CHARACTER As an activity generator

KHARTANK ROAD

Figure 4.2.1.3 Institute or religious buildings in the street The street is flourished with two religious institutes which makes the street more lively as people come to visit these mosques and also they are generators of the activities.

MUTTON STREET

MUTTON STREET NUBULLA ROAD

KHARTANK ROAD

NUBULLA ROAD

Figure 4.2.1.3 Hawkers and temporary structure Hawkers are easily accessible to all and they also play a vital role in keeping the street activity as they help in generating activities like buying and selling, interaction. 61

KHARTANK ROAD

MUTTON STREET NUBULLA ROAD

Figure 4.2.2.1

Figure 4.2.2.2

NODE AS LOCATION As an activity generator

• Pan shop being at the corner is the attraction to the near by shopkeepers and also for the visitors. • The location plays important role in the initiating the activity. • If the same pan shop was inside the street people would not get as attracted as they are now. • There are few other hawkers to beside the pan shop that also becomes important to attract people here.

Figure 4.2.2.4 Diagram showing pan shop being attraction

The street is a mixed-use combination of shops and residence there is mixed of activities â&#x20AC;˘ The area being mixed land use it allows a lot of variety of activities like: o Hawkers selling fruits and vegetables o Kids going to school and coming back o Ladies interacting on the street

Children are seen roaming around as the area is mixed-used, the street becomes play space for the children

KHARTANK ROAD

Figure 4.2.3.1

MUTTON STREET

Figure 4.2.3.2 The street also becomes an interactive space for the ladies

NUBULLA ROAD

Figure 4.2.3.3 The vendor interaction with the shopkeeper

MIXED USE As an activity generator The area being mixed-use market the residents do not need to travel much and the basic necessity is available in the proximity only.

Figure 4.2.3.5 Kids with mother stoping on there way from school to home to see the special artifacts sold on the street, As there are mixed-use such activities takes Figure 4.2.3.4 Diagram showing proximity for necessity

Figure 4.2.3.6 Elevation

Figure 4.2.4.2 On-Street Parking

• The width of the street limits the nature of a few activities. For example, the shops open up on the street, and the street itself becomes the place of showcasing the elements and antiques sold in the shops. • There is on-street parking done on the street and then there is a place for the pedestrians. • The activities like loading-unloading take place on street. • The hawkers move through the street and Figure 4.2.4.3 Shops opening on street leads to encroachment

Figure 4.2.4.1 Street character

Figure 4.2.4.4 There is loading- unloading happening on the street which is

STREET WIDTH As an activity generator

Figure 4.2.4.5 On-street parking creates a bottleneck on the street which leads to pedestrian movement on the

Figure 4.2.4.8 There is a haphazard movement of pedestrian and hawkers on the street

Figure 4.2.4.6 The road width decreases due to encroachment also gives

Figure 4.2.4.7 Vehicular movement

Figure 4.2.4.9 Street plan

KHARTANK ROAD

MUTTON STREET NUBULLA ROAD

Figure 4.2.5.2 Special artifacts as an attraction

Figure 4.2.5.1 Street Plan â&#x20AC;˘ The street is flourished with vendors and shops selling antiques, furniture, old items, posters, clothes so these items are displayed on the street which initiates activities like: o Pause while walking- As the person walks, he/she gets attracted by the antiques and stops to see. o Interaction- People keen to know more about the antiques 68

SPECIAL ARTIFACTS As generator of street activities

Figure 4.2.5.3 Tourist gets attracted due to all the unique and special artifacts which leads to interaction between shopkeeper and the tourists also they interact among themselves

Figure 4.2.5.4 Shopkeepers sit outside as they want to attract the buyers and which initiate interaction between shopkeepers and also between the buyers and the sellers.

Figure 4.2.5.5 Pedestrians stopping by while walking as they get attracted to the artifacts which makes creates a pause on the street.

The area being a market there are a lot of activities which are triggered by shops: o Loading and unloading due to furniture shops o Goods kept on the street for display. o Shopkeepers sitting outside to invite buyers and also the sizes of shops are smaller and full of goods.

Figure 4.2.6.1 loading and unlaoding as street activity The shopkeepers from other shops helps in loading and unloading which leads to interaction between the shopkeepers

NATURE OF SHOPS As generator of street activities

KHARTANK ROAD

MUTTON STREET NUBULLA ROAD

Figure 4.2.6.2 Street plan

Figure 4.2.6.3 Display on street As the area has mainly antique shops so the street is used as display similarly there are furniture and metal shops too which also uses the street as a display. Also, the sizes of shops are so small that the shopkeepers need to spillover the shops on the street and he sits on the street to invite buyers.

Figure 4.2.7.1

Figure 4.2.7.2

Figure 4.2.7.3

AWNING As generator of street activities KHARTANK ROAD

MUTTON STREET NUBULLA ROAD

Figure 4.2.7.7

Figure 4.2.7.4

Figure 4.2.7.5

Figure 4.2.7.6 73

KHARTANK ROAD

MUTTON STREET

Figure 4.2.8.1 Entrance to residence The Entrance of the residence is used as a pause space for the visitors as there are no seating spaces where people could sit. NUBULLA ROAD

Figure 4.2.8.4 Street plan

Figure 4.2.8.2 Entrance to residence Hawkers stand in front of the residence entrance as the residents while passing by would stop and buy stuff from him. Figure 4.2.8.3 Entrance to residence

ENTRANCE

As generator of street activities

Space in front of the entrance to the mosque has been used as a shop for selling antiques that generate activities similar to the shops in the market.

Figure 4.2.8.5 Entrance to mosque

Gated residence front used as storage where shopkeeper put all their things.

Figure 4.2.8.6 Entrance to residence

Entrance to mosques becomes interaction space for the visitors and people going in coming out of the mosque. Figure 4.2.8.7 Entrance to mosque

The projection creates shading for the residence entry which lets people stand under the shade

Entrance to being very important element it helps in the generation of many activities like : • Pause space for visitor • Shaded space for people to stand • Interaction space for people • Hawker selling things

Figure 4.2.9.1 Demarkation of spaces 76

Shops Semi public space

Public space Semi public space

Shops

FLOORING

As generator of street activities

Figure 4.2.9.2 A minor difference in level and use of different materials shows that the place belongs to the shopkeeper which is used to display the special artifacts and other items.

Figure 4.2.9.3 Level and change are materials demarked as the private property of the shopkeeper that means the shop, there is a change in material and change in activity too the shop becomes space, where the goods to be sold, are kept and a visitor could see more.

Public space- which belongs to no one and all the activities like pedestrian movement, parking, loading-unloading, hawkers movement takes place. Semi-public- The place which is under actually a part of the street but is now been encroached by the shopkeepers and has become space of display and this is demarked by a slight change in the level and also change of materials. Private- The shops comes under the ownership of the shopkeeper and that is demarcated as the private property of the shopkeeper.

Figure 4.2.10.2 The parked vehicle becomes the pause space for the visitors while walking.

Figure 4.2.10.1 Street plan showing parking

Figure 4.2.10.5 On-street parking doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t come under anyoneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ownership so the activities like gargling, sleeping, etc take place.

PARKING

As generator of street activities

Figure 4.2.10.3 The vehicle parked is used as a space of display which becomes an attraction to visitors and they stop while walking through the street.

Figure 4.2.10.4 Parked vehicles become interaction space for the street users.

Types of activities

Necessary Activity

Optional Activity

Vehicles pause

Interaction

Buying and Selling Table 4.3.1 - Types of activity

HIGH

MODERATE

TYPE OF ACTIVITIES

Social Activity

Rationale

Vehicles pause because there must be a necessity to stop for maybe asking address or buy. So that is a necessary activity so if they stop willingly without any certain reason it becomes optional and while a pause the interaction takes place which is a social activity.

As people gather there is the interaction between them that is a social activity and the people gathered may have the necessity or they could have gathered due to the will which is a form of optional activity.

Buying and selling become necessary activities there is a very lesser degree of optional type of activity involved and due to the process of buying and selling there is also social type of activity taking place.

LOW

Types of activities

Necessary Activity

Optional Activity

Kids coming back from school

Hawker movement on street

Ladies intreaction HIGH Table 4.3.2 - Types of activity

MODERATE

Social Activity

Rationale

Kids going and coming back from the school becomes necessary activity as it is inevitable in any condition.

Hawker moving on the street is a necessity and due to the hawker movement people buy and sell that also comes into necessary activity and interaction takes place due to this is a social activity

The mixed-use area has ladies interaction as a social activity and ladies move around due to the necessity to buy things or maybe willingly to stroll which is an optional activity.

LOW

Activity

Necessary Activity

Optional Activity

Pedestrian movement on street

Loading and unloading on street

Shopkeeper interaction on street HIGH Table 4.3.3- Types of activity

MODERATE

Social Activity

Rationale

The pedestrian movement on the area is due to the necessity to buy things and some people stroll to see the place which is optional and due to the same, the interaction takes place which is social activity.

The loading-unloading takes place due to the furniture and metal shops which is a necessity and due to this activity interaction takes place which comes under the social activity.

Shopkeepers sitting outside their shops is a necessity as that helps them in selling goods and while sitting out they interact which is a social type of activity.

LOW

Types of activities

Necessary Activity

Optional Activity

Interaction between buyer and shopkeeper

Tourist in the street

Pause while walking Table 4.3.4- Types of activity

HIGH

MODERATE

Social Activity

Rationale

As a buyer wants to buy things there is an interaction that is social that takes place which leads to buying and selling which is a necessity.

Tourists roaming around the street are the optional activity and due to curiosity, they interact with the people which results in social activity.

Pause while walking is an optional activity as the person wants to stop and observe the special artifacts and due to which interaction between the shopkeeper and the person takes place which is social activity.

LOW

Table 4.4.1- Criteras for analysis and understanding types of activities

Table 4.4.2- Criteras for analysis and understanding types of activities

Chapter 5 5.1 Conclusion 5.2 Findings

Chapter 5 : CONCLUSION 93

CONCLUSION The traditional areas are potential and with the time they start getting congested as the design intent and the user intent changes. As the study demonstrated the detailed study of activities in this area was important to understand how the traditional area work through the day and the layers of activities taking place throughout the day with the different types of activities and varying degree of engagement with the users of the street. There are generators of all the activities and no activities happen on its own. The range of activities takes place with the diversity ion them. There are many other factors which helps in activity generation and other activities and let them flow. For e.g. The nature of shops being a key generator generates activity of loading and unloading and the resultant activity that is loading and unloading also helps in generation of other activities with the interdependency of other key generators or factors so loading and unloading initiated interaction between shopkeeper and also the vehicles parked on street takes away major part of the street so there is interaction related to that too. The types of activities also play a very vital role in understanding the activities in-depth. The three types of activities have there own reasons for being the type of activity they are and they the relationship between them For e.g. Shopkeeper sitting outside is a necessary activity but once he is outside the activities like interaction takes place which is a social type of activity. The main focus of the study was to understand how the activities are generated? What are the types of activities? and how are the elements responsible for the generation of activities further the study was conducted by the analytical framework by site observation, literature reviews, and then putting them together on-site. The study could be summed up by 3 main aspects: Activities observations on site Types of activities Activities observed on site

Types of activities

Generators of activities

Activities are essential part of the open space. To sum up the street activities are the main part of the strret and main reason for making the street lively and they lead our attention to the user part of the street.

Generators

Nature of shops

Special Artifacts

Other factors helps in generating activities

The shops being small in size it becomes difficult to accommodate all the inventory and the shopkeeper also in the shops which lead to shopkeeper sitting on

Shopkeepers sit outside to invite visitors and also work as a marketing strategy.

AWNING

Shade creates a favorable environment for the shopkeeper to sit out. As observed there could be more than one generator that triggers the activities and makes activities more happening. Nature of shops and special artifacts forces shopkeeper to sit outside and elements which

Resultant Activities

Bulling and selling takes place on the street as the shopkeeper is there to help

Shopkeepers interacting with each other

Shopkeeper sitting outside

Visitors stopping by to interact with the shopkeeper This is how interdependency in the case of generators work there is 2 variable which makes the activity necessity and the one other variable giving it the opportunity to flourish and gives the opportunity to social activities.

Generators

Other factors helps in generating activities

Nature of shops

As the market has furniture shops it has loading-un-

Street Width

Street width gets affected as the street is acquired by the vehicles used in loading-unloading and other activities get affected due to the

As there are shops that need goods and delivery like furniture so their loading-unloading vehicles come in and so the street width gets affected by the same so they are the activity of loading-unloading is guided mainly by the nature of shops and street width as a generator is how it further triggers other activities.

Resultant Activities

Other shopkeepers helping in loading-unloading

Loading-unloading as major activity

Pause on street, vehicle pause as the street is occupied by the loading-un-

The major activity is the loading-unloading happening on the street which further results in interaction while loading-unloading Interaction with other shopkeepers or visitors

100

• Special artifacts - Width of street - Nature of shops • As the shopkeeper sits on the street he helps in the loading-unloading taking place on the street so there is a kind of relationship between the generators.

• Awning- Special artifacts - Width of street - Nature of shops • The shopkeeper sitting outside interacts with the pedestrian and hawkers as there is awning the environment becomes favorable to sit out and social activity takes place.

• Mixed use - street width - Nature of shops • As the hawker movement takes place there is the interaction between hawker and pedestrian(maybe residents.

• Special artifacts - Width of street • The pedestrian stops by to see the artifacts and interacts with the shopkeeper If there was no shopkeeper present the activity wouldn’t have happened the same way.

• Mixed use - Width of street - Special artifacts - Nature of shops • As the area is mixed-use and the shopkeeper sits on the street they interact with residents and buying-selling also takes place.

• Awning - Width of street • Awning lets the pedestrians walk in shade as there is no dedicated pathway space which also gets triggered by the street width.

• Street width - Nature of shops • Loading-unloading occupies the main part of the street so this also affects the pedestrian movement as well as parking on-street

Findings The main result or the finding from the study was that the generators of the activities are interdependent; they are somehow connected and that is how the activities flow. The methods used to gather the data and then further analysed gave the results that are shown here in the form of the sequence of how the activities are interdependent or interrelated. The activities may or may not happen without interdependence in a traditional area where there are many layers of activities happening there the interdependence becomes a very important aspect for the generation of activities.

101

Chapter 6 6.1 References

102

Chapter 6 : REFERENCES 103

REFERENCES

(n.d.). Retrieved from https://nacto.org/publication/urban-street-design-guide/street-design-elements/ (n.d.). Retrieved from https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/a-history-of-chor-bazaar-mumbaislargest-flea-market-in-1-minute/ (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/thedevilindarkness/urban-essay (n.d.). Retrieved from com/city/3133/attractions/chor-bazaar-thieves-market/ (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.mumbai77.com/city/3133/attractions/chor-bazaar-thieves-market/ https://www.mumbai77. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-mutton-street-chorbazar-5308997/ .S, A. A. (FEBRUARY, 2014). URBAN PEDESTRIAN STREET SPACE: Pedestrian spatial continuity in diverse street. Dar es salaam . Ghahramanpouri, A. (January 2012). Behavioural Observation of Human Stationary and Sustained Activities in Pedestrian Priority Streets of Johor Bahru. Journal of Construction in Developing Countries 17(2):105-116. Ghel, J. (1971). Life between buildings : using public space. New york: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Ghel, J. (2013). how to study public life. Washington, DC: Island Press. Jaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;afar, N. H. (2012). TRADITIONAL STREET ACTIVITIES IN KUALA LUMPUR CITY. Malaysia. : UniversityPublications.net. Jung, J. (2012-2013). URBAN STREETSCAPE. Delft University of Technology. Noor Mazin Ghazi a, *. (n.d.). Toward liveable commercial streets: A case study of Al-Karada inner street. Heliyon. prakash, G. (2010). Mumbai Fables. Mumbai: Princeton University Press. Riya, C. (n.d.). Street and people. issuu.

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