Andrew Smith | Design & Computation Portfolio | 2021 by Andrew Smith

Architecture // Design // Computation

ANDREW SMITH PORTFOLIO

Selected Works

CONTENTS

01 // Performance_Venue

02 // Parametric_Program

03 // Laminar_Timber

04 // Echo_Pavilion

05 // Hacking_Fracking

Design + Delivery of a Complex Structural Glass & Plaster Facade

Visualizing Stadium Programs and Their Adjacencies

Structural Optimization Strategies for Laminar Timber

Parametric Topological Analysis and Manipulation

Proposed Adaptive Reuse of Hydraulic Fracturing Infrastructure

2017-2021

01 Performance_Venue Design + Delivery of a Complex Structural Glass & Plaster Skin Hollywood Park Performance Venue, Inglewood, CA Project Roles: Jr. Designer // 3D Modeling // 2D/3D Documentation Team (exterior design): Lance Evans, Manzer Mirkar, Zac Potts The Hollywood Park Performance Venue represents the first built work in my professional career. The project is a 6,000 seat performing arts venue built adjacent to Sofi Stadium, and under the stadium’s roof canopy. Throughout the design process, the project team navigated a complex series of constraints, set in place to ensure the Performance Venue worked operationally, logistically, aesthetically, and environmentally with the adjacent stadium and entertainment district. It was important to the design team to constantly understand the Performance Venue as both it’s own unique architecture, as well as being an integral part situated in a larger composition. Due to issues with phasing, the design and construction of the HWPPV would need to occur after the construction of a roof canopy overhead, and after an architectural language had already been established for the adjacent Sofi Stadium, who’s design and construction preceded the HWPPV by over a year. My role on this project was as a junior designer. Working alongside the project’s senior designers and project architects. My dayto-day work on the project spanned almost three years and includes both the early concept sketches as well as the latest construction change-orders. Primarily during my time on the project I was specifically tasked with the 3D sculpting, 3D iteration, rationalization, rendering, and final documentation of the exterior portions of the building. Due to the complexity of facade’s geometry, most of this work was executed parametrically.

01_Performance_Venue

Formal Design Concept

Canopy

01 The massing of the performance venue is embedded into the surrounding landscape

in an effort to minimize it’s visible impact on the surrounding community, as well as minimizing total above ground construction. Likewise, the building’s unique massing was a formal product of closely designing within the tight geometric constraints of the roof above, as well as the adjacent public plaza. 02 Due to the complex topographical nature the Performance Venue’s context, as well as the projects embedded nature, access into t building occurs from multiple locations, at multiple levels. The project requires pedestria access in some form, from all it’s sides, With it’s primary facade being only accessible through the adjacent public plaza. 03 The interior organization of the performance ven allows it’s lobbies, concessions, and restrooms to serve as a pre-function, or overflow spa for the venue itself, and just as easily for the public plaza to it’s north. An un-interrupted view from interior to exterior is achieved between the plaza and pre-function spaces by implementing a monumental sweeping curtain wall of structural fin glazing. This further creates an atmosphere that the pre-function spaces belong to both the exterior and interior. 04 One of the main design challenges with this venue, is it’s integrated nature to the nearby stadium, and canopy overhead. Every element on the project is intended to cohere and complement with these elements in order to create a beautiful and timeless composition of parts.

Canopy

PV Sofi Stadium

Existing Canopy Edge

“Building a Ship in a Bottle” The Hollywood Park performance Venue is one of three architectural elements that make up the centerpiece of the LA Stadium and Entertainment District. The building’s unique massing was a formal product of closely designing within the tight geometric constraints of the roof above, as well as the adjacent public plaza. At a smaller scale, the formal language and material palette of the Performance Venue is intended to match that of the stadium, such that the two distinct buildings aesthetically become one. Unlike the stadium, which maintains a mostly wide separation from the canopy above, the performance venue comes within seismic-minimum distances of the roof. That is to say, because the overhead canopy and performance venue are structurally independent, they each move independently during a seismic event. A carefully calculated lateral separation delineates the upper boundaries of the project’s architecture. Regardless of this separation, it is easy to mistake the two for being connected, the Performance venue almost appears as a grand abutment for the canopy overhead.

Existing ETFE Roof Edge

2017-2021

of the an

nue, ace

a. Design options for the North Facade Glazing and Plaster b. Process Iterations of design surfaces for the whole exterior facade c1. Reference curves in Rhino that drive parametric facade GH definition. The entire North facade is composed of multiple tangential trimmed cones c2. GH input sliders that control several variables of the facade model d. GH definition responsible for transmitting model geometry into Revit This definition utilizes Rhino.Inside Beta to link Rhino and Revit. e. Snapshot of BIM model of exterior facade and consultant overlays

01_Performance_Venue a. Early elevational sketch of PV within the context of the larger roof canopy b. Aerial construction photo of the PV within its context c1. Rendering of Northeast corner c2. BIM Model of Northeast corner c3. Construction photo of Northeast corner c4. Construction photo highlighting the proximity of the roof parapet to the existing roof canopy c5. Construction photo North Facade Framing

c6. Construction photo of multiple ‘peeling’ conical plaster surfaces d. Construction photo of North facade from under curving balcony e1. Framing subcontractor plans with many sections e2. Framing subcontractor sections e3. Curtain wall subcontractor floor plan e4. Curtain wall subcontractor North elevation

2017-2021

EMICAL + FLAG STORAGE ROOM

CLUBHOUSE STAFF - WOMEN CONTRACTED SECURITY OFFICE

02_Parametric_Program

SENIOR MANAGER;SUPERVISOR / DIRECTOR

SENIOR MANAGER

SUPERVISOR / DIRECTOR

CENTRAL EQUIPMENT STORAGE ROOM

STORAGE / SUPPLY ROOM / GUN LOCKER

BREAK ROOM

HOMEPLATE CLUB / (V-)VIP CLUB

FIELD LEVEL TOILETS

POLICE / FIRE OFFICE CONFERENCE ROOMS

STORAGE

LAUNDRY ROOM HOMEPLATE FIELD CLUB KITCHEN

PHOTO / DIGITAL STORAGE ROOM

GAME DAY STAFF SUPERVISOR OFFICE

EQUIPMENT / UNIFORM STORAGE ROOM

ROOF CONTROL ADMINISTRATION

VISITING DINING VISITING ROOM VIDEO ROOM VIISITING DUGOUT CLUB VISITING MEETING ROOM

BREA EM

COMMON BRIEFING / DININ ROOM

USHER SUPERVISOR'S ROOM

AMP ROOM

GENERAL OFFICE VIISITING DUGOUT CLUB SEATS

PHOTO / DIGITAL ROOM

VISITING MANAGER

VISITING SHOE CLEANING ROOM

VISITING TOILET / SHOWER AREA

W ROOM AV SHOP & GAME DAY DISPLAY STORAGE

DAS

VISITING BATTING / PITCHING TUNNELS

VISITING PLAYER'S LOUNGE BALL ROOM

TOILET VISITING MLB AUTHENTICATOR'S ROOM

VISITING DUGOUT TOILET

AV STORAGE ROOMS

DBTV SET FOR PRE / POST-GAME BROADCAST

DUGOUT TUNNEL / EQUIPMENT ROOM

VISITING TRAINING / TAPING ROOM

NETWORK AUX BOOTHS

VISITING TRUNK STORAGE ROOM

VISITING TRAINER'S WORK AREA

VISITING TRAINING STAFF - MEN

VISITING HYDRO-THERAPY ROOM

DUGOUT TOILET

VISITING EXAM ROOM H. BAT SWING AREA

RACK ROOM

VISITING MLB DRUG TESTING ROOM

VISITING DUGOUT TUNNEL / EQUIPMENT ROOM EXAM ROOM / WEATHER-RADAR ROOM

ROBO ROOM VISITING CLUBHOUSE STAFF MEN

VISITING FAMILY LOUNGE

AUXILLIARY T BULLPEN TOILET ROOM

W BREAK ROOM

VISITING CLUBHOUSE MANAGER'S OFFICE

VISITING RECEPTION / LOBBY / SECURITY

VISITING BULLPEN TOILET ROOMVISITING STORAGE ROOM BULLPEN STRETCHING WARM UP AREA

VISITING LAUNDRY ROOM

STORAGE ROOM

MASCOT LOCKER R

VISITING COACHES

VISITING EQUIPMENT STORAGE ROOM

VISITING TRAVELING SECRETARY VISITING TRAINING STAFF WOMEN

VISITING BULLPEN

AUXILI

VISITING DUGOUT

VISITING MASSAGE ROOM LOCKER ROOM VISITING WEIGHT / VISITING EXERCISE ROOM

MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT

MECHANICS / HVAC

METAL SHOP

WAREHOUSE STAFF CORRALS

LOCKSMITH

F & B STAFF

DUMPSTERS

DOCK TOILET

PLAN & COMPUTER ROOM RECEIVING

MAIL PROCESSING ROOM

MATERIALS / PARTS STORAGE

OPS MANAGER

PLUMBING

HK. WASH BAY

TRASH COMPACTORS

SUB AIR ROOM

TRAINING STAFF

GROUNDSKEEPING SHOP / EQUIPMENT ROOM / BIN AREAS

LOADING DOCK MARSHALLING

PRESS DINING / WARMING KITCHEN

TRAINING STAFF WORK ROOM

MEDIA RELATIONS STAFF WORK ROOM

UMP. LOCKER ROOM

PRESS WORK AREA / IN-GAME F&B ROOM UMP. LAUNDRY ROOM

MANAGER'S OFFICE SM.

MANAGER'S OFFICE LRG.

X-RAY ROOM

UMP. OFFICE

NATIONAL BROADCA PARKING

PRESS WORK AREA

UMP. TRUNK STORAGE ROOM STADIUM MAINTENANCE HEAD TRAINER'S OFFICE STORAGE ROOMS

MAIN CONCESSIONS & PREMIUM KITCHEN

MEDICAL SUPPLY ROOM

HOME GM BOX

CONTRACTED CLEANING CREW HOLDING + LAUNDRY

LOUNGE / KITCHENETTE

WAREHOUSE MANAGER

RETAIL WAREHOUSE

HOUSEKEEPING STORAGE ROOM

GK. WASH BAY

ADMIN

PURCHASING CLERK

ELECTRICIANS

GROUNDSKEEPING WORKSTATIONS

LOADING DOCK BATTING OFFICE CAGE STORAGE

MAIL ROOM VEHICLE MECHANIC SHOP

ASST. GROUNDSKEEPING OFFICE

ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANTS

SHIPPING & RECEIVING

GENERAL MAINTENANCE / CARPENTRY

HEAD GROUNDSKEEPING

ASSISTANT WAREHOUSE MANAGER

PURCHASING DEPARTMENT

RECYCLING BINS / BALERS

PAINT SHOP

DRAG ROOM

EXAM ROOMS

VISITOR GM BOX

UMP. TOILET / SHOWER AREA

BALLPARK OPS BOX

WRITING PRESS AREA

UMP. LOUNGE / KITCHENETTE

ENG TRUCKS

PALLE CU

2019-2020

02 Parametric_Program Visualizing Stadium Programs and Their Adjacencies HKS Sports Research & Process Initiative Project Roles: Solo Research Initiative The following work explores the automation and visualization of diagramming complex building program data with the help of Rhino+Grasshopper+Excel. It seeks to question and evolve the architectural industry standard of manually tracking and diagramming program data. This work also reveals how formatting program data in a standard fashion can enable architects to utilize other interdisciplinary tools such as a bioinformatics platform like Cytoscape to visualize the complex networks of data that underpin the programming and space planning effort of large architectural projects like stadiums, hospitals, and airports. The following work begins with a precedent study into visualizing complex data sets with regard to Statcast batted ball events, and applies this thinking to a programming effort for a major league baseball stadium competition.

02_Parametric_Program

PRECEDENT This body of work begins with a question that was posed by the design director of the Sports practice at HKS during a competition to design a new MLB ballpark in Arizona. “Can we define a stadium form based on the collective trajectories of batted baseballs?” For any other sport, this would likely be an impossible task without a specific effort to collect data on game-piece (ie. Football, basketball) metrics such as x,y,z position, velocity, and vectors of travel. Fortunately, Baseball is -- and has always been a sport defined by statistics largely due to the relatively slow pace of the game, making record keeping a critical aspect of the game since the beginning of Major League Baseball. Baseball has over 100 recognized statistics, as well as countless informal metrics like TAC or “Total Adjusted Clutch”, which evaluate a player’s ability to perform when a player is in an objectively stressful situation such as a close scoring game that may lead to elimination from a playoff or World Series game. Beginning in 2014, a system of high accuracy cameras, and Doppler radar monitors, later named Statcast, began being installed at ballparks across the United States. Statcast provided consistent player performance data to the Sports Analytics staff that accompanied most Major League teams. These systems tracked and logged data associated with ball speed, position, and acceleration among other things. In 2016 MLB Network TV, as a paid feature, began visualizing the live stream of data that Statcast collected as a type of HUD over-top their live broadcast (See fig. a). Later in 2017, the MLB publicly released their archive of Statcast data through their website at baseballsavant.mlb. com. At this time, the public is allowed to query this archive of data and download datasets in a CSV format. Data can be acquired as far back as 2014, and can be focused around a number of criteria including Player Name, Team Name, Event Date, Year, and even by Ballpark (See fig b).

This publicly available Statcast data was crucial to this question of visualizing batted ball trajectories. Likewise, this exercise was integral to much of the parametric work I have done with regards to inputing, sorting, visualizing, and outputting .csv data. with Rhino, Grasshopper, and Excel. Specifically for this exercise, Statcast data was queried for four of the major league’s strongest batters. For the most accurate results two of these payers are left hand dominant, and two right hand dominant. After inputting this .csv data into Grasshopper, a formula for calculating baseball trajectories was recreated with GH math components. This formula was based upon the “Ball Trajectory Calculator” project by the U of Illinois physics department (See fig. c). Using this formula as the basis of our trajectory calculator, it was apparent which Statcast statistics would be relevant to this effort of visualizing accurate ball trajectories. These stats included:

hcx = x hit coordinate of final ball position relative to batter (to calculate hit distance) hcy = y hit coordinate of final ball position relative to batter (to calculate hit distance) spin_rate = revolutions per minute of batted ball vx0 = exit velocity of batted ball in x axis vy0 = exit velocity of batted ball in y axis vz0 = exit velocity of batted ball in z axis launch_speed = apparent initial speed of batted ball launch_angle = angle of batted ball in xz plane launch_dir = angle of batted ball in xy plane The formatting of Statcast data into a clean table would be the impetus for later explorations into applying the principals of this exercise towards the problem of visualizing, diagramming, storing, and even comparing building program data in a consistent way across varying projects. a. Statcast Game-play field cameras and ESPN visualizations b. Statcast stat query interface. baseballsavant.com c. Statcast .csv data type legend d. .csv dataset used to generate ball trajectories

2019-2020

e. -

velocity

ACCURACY

Paul Goldschmidt

Aaron Judge

Stacey Peralta

Statcast Batted Ball Events

Data (Statcast)

1:1 Visualization

1.) Initial 2.)The Excel DataProgram Structure

Diagram

exercise, like work manyflow others, tegral to the to

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“Can we define a stadium form based on the collective trajectories of batted baseballs?” 3.) Data Entry

2.) Data Structure 3.) Excel Data Entry

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Going forward, it wasexcel inData from the initial PROJECT ATTRIBUTES | PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION

PROJECT ATTRIBUTES | PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION

PRESS & MEDIA SPECTATOR TEAM FACILITIES OPERATIONS / SUPPORT F&B / RETAIL

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PRESS & MEDIA SPECTATOR TEAM FACILITIES OPERATIONS / SUPPORT F&B / RETAIL

was

USER GROUP

DEPARTMENT

SUB-DEPARTMENT

LEVEL

REGION

SPACE

ROOM

These 1:1 trajectories were used by the design team as one of our critical “overlays” during the 3D sculpting of the seating bowl and roof structure. Not only was this visualization useful to the design team -- the client for this competition was also incredibly responsive to seeing his teams analytical performance being utilized in the design of their future home and found our diagrams very clear (See fig. f). Further explorations were done using this tool in regards to the idea of designing a ballpark that could promote the performance of a specific team over their opponents.

APPLICATION TO PROGRAM

Building Program

his

After a series of refinements, batted ball trajectories were being calculated and visualized to a degree of accuracy that met and even exceeded the needs of the exercise using Rhino+GH (See fig. e). In an effort to confirm the accuracy of these results, a series of short tests were conducted to compare the theoretical ball trajectories with real life game footage. While perhaps not the most empirical, real game batting events were visually compared with trajectories that were generated by Statcast data from the very same game. Because each batted ball event is tagged with data points like Player Name, Inning, Ball Number, it was easy to visualize the exact trajectory of a specific play prior to watching the play occur. In the specific event of a home run, typically the broadcast cameras will film the ball landing in the stands. This home run footage was exceedingly helpful in confirming that the trajectory calculations were often within feet of the real, observed condition.

Data from the initial excel Yes, but the data needs to exist, and be formatted in such a way that it can be effecprogram was manually sorttively sorted and managed within a parametric process. So If it is possible for these ed into a new, tabular data types of 1:1 visualizations to inform our building shape with the right data, could the structure. Although more same process be applied to building program data? In a presentation to the larger difficult to read for the huSports sector leadership at HKS, this idea was proposed, and was awarded hours eye, the data structure toman be dedicated towards an effort to test if the task of program diagrams could be was ideal for generating, graphically improved and automated. Figures g. and h. roughly model the thinking and transmitting dataof program data like the Statcast data, what types of 1:1 behind this inquiry. IfCSV we think to Grasshopper in real time. to provide greater clarity, understanding, an intent to visualizations could be generated the design team during the programming phase of a project? What tools could do this most effectively from a computation and aesthetic perspective? The first step in answering these questions involved re0imagining the format of a building program as a clean table of information with clear hierarchies and sorting attributes (See fig. i1 & i2)

e. GH definition for calculating batted ball trajectories by based on .csv statcast datasets . f. Elevation and Plan diagrams of the visualized ball trajectories. including isometric view with velocity color overlay. g. Three degrees of data representation for Statcast batted ball data h. Three degrees of data representation for building program data i1. Ballpark Program from client. Ideal for human eye. Not ideal as GH input. i2. Ballpark Program formatted as clean table. Ideal for GH input. 8

02_Parametric_Program

Borrowing from the standard Taxonomic Rank, a taxonomy was applied to each element of a standard building program. Starting with the smallest element (in this 4.)were GH Data Structure 5.) Abstract Visualization case the room), seven levels identified to help define programmatic organization.

CSV data was With the7larger While it’s easily possible toThe addreal-time and remove levels from this taxonomy, these levels framework carefully the unpacked and receives from constructed, are the most common in programs Sports sector clients (See fig.the a). focus of Using the ball trajectory exercise precedent, each room (like eachthis batted ball event) sorted as using Bumblebee, exercise shifted to gen- a. would occupy a row in theand dataC#. set.With Subsequently, be described by spatial and the dataeach in room coulderating abstract an infinite number of attributes that would populate the columns of the dataset. For Grasshopper, 2D and 3D geadjacency diagrams that organizational purposes, the first seven columns of attributes wouldwere be each rooms ometry could be populated, well removed from the associated upper levels within the established taxonomy followed by other attributes labeled, and manipulated rigidity that typical adjacenoutlined in the program like area, adjacencies, adjacency priorities, equipment needs, in virtually any imaginable cy diagrams often posses. etc. For this study, even room descriptions were given their own columns so that the way. design team could query for descriptive keywords like “secure” and “well lit”.

6.) Flexibility Because the data driving these diagrams is being delivered in real time from excel, constant fluctuations typical to the programming phase of projects were not an issue. Diagrams would update instantly as excel data was revised.

DIAGRAMMING While the visualization opportunities for such data are essentially limitless, this project concluded with two workflows using both Rhino+Grasshopper, Cytoscape (a tool 4.) GH Dataand Structure for visualizing molecular networks) to generate diagrams as part of a set of compeThe real-time CSV data was tition deliverables. The Rhino+Grasshopper workflow involved developing a series of carefully unpacked and sorting “clusters” that would input unfiltered CSV data and map it into a data tree sorted using Bumblebee, with user-specified attributes defining each level of the data tree’s depth. Subsequent and Withattribute the data(column) in sorting clusters could then apply this same map to anyC#. specified Grasshopper, 2D and 3Dthe geand allow for that data to influence geometry, text, and color elements within larger GH definition. A mixture of found plugins, and basic c# components allowed for ometry could be populated, exploitative diagram styles using circle packing, box packing, and recursive subdivision labeled, and manipulated to more abstractly represent programmatic qualities and adjacencies. These abstract in virtually any imaginable diagrams were given greater fidelity when attributes like region, level, and adjacency way. could be used to organize 1:1 scale rectangles around a prospective baseball field. Figure f illustrates a series of diagrams presented to the client of this competition comparing the theoretical organization and footprint of the service level of their ballpark if it were configured with an even distribution of program around the service tunnel versus a biased distribution around the loading dock. It is studies like these that begin to prove the fidelity with which data can inform how we as architects think about the c. design and organization of space and experience.

CONCLUSION As architects and designers in a field quickly adopting computational processes to analyze, optimize, and visualize the most complex facets of our service, it is important to apply our critical thinking to all portions of the project delivery process from conception to construction. This is especially true for projects at the scale of a stadium where even the process of programming, involves thousands of discrete and interdependent decisions. The work outlined in this brief has gained approval from the Sports sector at HKS for ongoing development, and is the subject of a “Research Incubator” initiative that partners myself with other members of the firm who can help in its development. Studies into the effectiveness of other tools like Cytoscape, for more complex network visualization are ongoing. d. a. A “MacroDataSorter” cluster is used to assign specific program attributes (i.e user group, or room area) to a specific branch depth for visualization portions of the GH definition. b. A “MicroDataSorter” cluster sorts specific attribute data to align with the structure of the “MacroDataSorter” data tree. c1. First adjacency diagram generated with Rhino+GH workflow. c2. Later iteration adjacency diagram using rectangle a packing algorithm d. Vector graphic output of program adjacency network using Cytoscape.

5.) Abstract Visualization b. With the larger framework

6.) Flexibility

constructed, the focus of

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this exercise shifted to gen-

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2019-2020 e. Later version of program diagramming GH definition f. Diagram series of different program distributions

PROJECT ATTRIBUTES | PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION

Centralized Distribution

DISTRIBUTED PROGRAM

De-Centralized Distribution

PROJECT ATTRIBUTES | PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION

ASYMMETRICAL PROGRAM

LOADING DOCK

PROJECT ATTRIBUTES | PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION

PRESS & MEDIA SPECTATOR TEAM FACILITIES OPERATIONS / SUPPORT F&B / RETAIL

PROJECT ATTRIBUTES | PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION

PROJECT ATTRIBUTES | PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION MAINTENANCE

GROUNDSKEEPING HOUSEKEEPING

CENTRAL SECURITY FACILITIES WAREHOUSE

GROUNDSKEEPING

AV FACILITIES MAINTENANCE BULLPENS

CENTRAL SECURITY FACILITIES

AV FACILITIES

BULLPENS

DUGOUT CLUBS

M.E.P

WAREHOUSE

CLUBHOUSE

HOUSEKEEPING

FIELD LEVEL MEDIA PRESS & MEDIA SPECTATOR TEAM FACILITIES OPERATIONS / SUPPORT F&B / RETAIL

M.E.P

VISITING CLUBHOUSE HOME PLATE CLUB & SUITES

PROJECT ATTRIBUTES | PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION

CLUBHOUSE PRESS & MEDIA FIELD LEVEL MEDIA SPECTATOR TEAM FACILITIES OPERATIONS / SUPPORT F&B / RETAIL PROJECT ATTRIBUTES | PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION MAINTENANCE

GROUNDSKEEPING HOUSEKEEPING

CENTRAL SECURITY FACILITIES WAREHOUSE

VISITING CLUBHOUSE HOME PLATE CLUB & SUITES

GROUNDSKEEPING

AV FACILITIES MAINTENANCE BULLPENS

CENTRAL SECURITY FACILITIES

AV FACILITIES

BULLPENS

DUGOUT CLUBS

M.E.P

WAREHOUSE

CLUBHOUSE

HOUSEKEEPING

FIELD LEVEL MEDIA PRESS & MEDIA SPECTATOR TEAM FACILITIES OPERATIONS / SUPPORT F&B / RETAIL

M.E.P

CONNECTIONS VISITING CLUBHOUSE HOME PLATE CLUB & SUITES

PRESS & MEDIA SPECTATOR TEAM FACILITIES OPERATIONS / SUPPORT F&B / RETAIL

CLUBHOUSE FIELD LEVEL MEDIA CONNECTIONS VISITING CLUBHOUSE HOME PLATE CLUB & SUITES

2018

03 Laminar_Timber Structural Optimization Strategies for Laminar Timber ACADIA 2018 Workshop, Mexico City, MX Project Roles : Attendee (Individual and Team Exercises) Team : 6 Attendees & 5 Mentors // Thornton Tomasetti // HKS This collection of work was the result of a three day workshop as apart of, and preceding the 2018 ACADIA conference in Mexico City. The focus of this workshop was in teaching both the structural mechanics and architectural principals unique to, and shared between reciprocal frame and gridshell structures, as well as methods of generating, relaxing, and optimizing finite element models of both structural systems using Rhino+Grasshopper and Revit+Dynamo. The workflows taught were based upon those often used by the mentors in their own professional practice as structural engineers and architects. 1.5 days of instruction and computational design was followed by 1.5 days of fabrication wherein a group generated computational model was used to fabricate two long-span, self supporting structures, built from with locally acquired wood laminate. The final prototypes were on display for the remainder of the conference.

03_Laminar_Timber

a. b. c. d.

1972 Olympic Stadium, Munich, Germany // Alison Grace Martin // Principals of Weaving Centre Pompidou-Metz Museum, Metz, France // Shigeru Ban // Timber Lattice 1958 Palazzetto dello Sport, Rome, Italy // Pier Luigi Nervi // Integration of Form and Structure 1972 Olympic Stadium, Munich, Germany // Frie Otto // Tensile Membrane Structure

2018-2019 1.

Material Responsive Design Model

Structure Optimization Workflow Design workflows were presented to the participants demonstrating methods of mesh relaxation. These structural optimization strategies were taught in both Rhino+Grasshopper and Revit+Dynamo. Interoperability between both platforms was also tested as part of a curriculum that focused on the importance of collaboration between architecture and engineering practices. Member and element stress testing and sizing optimization was executed using Karamba and Kangaroo. Specifically, Karamba’s optimize cross-section feature, as well as deflection and element stress analysis was used to inform when and where laminations in the wood furring strips of our prototype would be needed to avoid fractures in the material. Member size and patterns were tested against one another to find a desirable balance and aesthetic in the individual and group models.

a1. plan deflection diagram of reciprocal/lattice structure a2. elevational deflection diagram of reciprocal/lattice structure b. detail of optimized, laminar, cross-sections based on deflection data c1. plan deflection diagram of gridshell structure c2. elevational deflection diagram of gridshell structure d. perspective detail of variable cross-section conditions e. process vignettes of optimization iterations and deflection studies f. process vignettes of relaxation, optimization iterations, and deflection studies

03_Laminar_Timber

Prototyping Thin flexible furring strips were acquired as an ideal material (given budget and context) to explore fabricating woven/lattice like frames and gridshells. Various connection types were explored as part of the one and half day fabrication period using easily acquired plastic ties and wood screws. Methods of lamination, de-lamination, and pre-stressing were employed to impose and/or counteract curvature in the members as well as avoid stress fractures and breaks in the members. Real life bending tests influenced the parametric model used for the final fabrication. a1. Material Pile a2. Connection Details & Bending Tests a3. Sectional Diagram with Curvature Graph Overlay b. Reciprocal Long Span Prototype c. Gridshell Prototype d. Process Vignette

2018

2020

04 Echo_Pavilion Parametric Topological Analysis and Manipulation Barangaroo Pier Pavilion, Sydney, AU Project Roles : Design and Production Team : Solo with oversight from design principals The Barangaroo Pier Pavilion competition asked entrants to propose a prominent covered public space that would serve as a visually iconic landmark, designed to accommodate a broad range of programmed events while also offering a protective space to dwell and contemplate 365 days of the year. The conceptual narrative for this proposal emerged out of interest in the cultural significance of storytelling as it relates to both indigenous and immigrated Australians. Storytelling is the oldest of oral arts and has been one of humanities great unifiers. The passing on of tradition, ancestry, journeys, accomplishments, fable and fact links generations together, defines cultures, inspires inhabitants and travelers, both indigenous and imported. It is an important part of a shared community experience and the notion of assembly for the purposes of knowledge transfer and entertainment. Memories are relived. New stories are created for the future. Engaging with these oral traditions teach us who we were, where we came from, and how we should relate to each other. Barangaroo has its own unique story as a place to congregate and engage with the water. Building on this storytelling continuum and reinforcing the idea of a gathering place accessible by all on the harbor front, has been the underlying genesis for our Echo Pavilion at Barangaroo concept – an open chamber to capture and reflect story, and to momentarily get lost in memory. This is also an opportunity to deliver a trigger point to reconnect with the water and provide a space whereby we can fulfill an innate desire to leave our mark in physical space and time, etching a special place in our own consciousness.

04_Echo_Pavilion

There is a metaphoric nod to the water to reinforce the pavilion’s symbiotic relations between water, land and people. The concept aims for a simple built form that conveys artistically, and poetically, the notion of storytelling. Its aims to elevate the spirit in its simplicity and sense of movement and flight on the harbor front. It adds a small but significant destination along the coastline. a. Aborigional artwork depicting concentric quadrilateral lines b. caustic reflection patterns of daylight under a bridge c. boat sail d. pre-historic Australian Aborigional hand stencil

2020

01 The profile of the site perimeter initiates the formal response of the Echo Pavilion. An elevated surface serves to protect an important line of sight to the harbor. The proposed canopy surface is selectively punctured to let in sunlight, and provide visitors with an indoor/outdoor experience.

SYDNEY HARBOR

SIT

ND AR Y

Opposing corners of the canopy descend down to meet the platform, while each adjacent corner rises upwards. The resulting anticlastic,opposing curvature strengthens the canopies shell and protects visitors against harsh South winds.

Finally, The ground plane below the canopy is activated by razor thin reflection pool, that fills and drains in rhythm with the harbor’s tide. The reflections on the water’s surface entwine a visitor’s experience with both water and sky.

04_Echo_Pavilion

Primary Design Option This Diagram illustrates the series of sectional transformations influenced by the analysis mapping exercises. Sections occur at an interval of 1m.

Engaged Edge Alternative Option This Diagram illustrates the series of sectional transformations influenced by the analysis mapping exercises. Sections occur at an interval of 1m. This alternative option includes a transformation to the southern edge of the canopy that allows for more contact with the ground.

2020

Analysis Mapping During the iterative phase of this competition, several performative criteria of the surface’s topology were analyzed, and subsequently visualized in three dimensions as well as in several two dimensional maps. In these simplified 2D maps performance data could be easily illustrated, and helped inform further computational transformations. An experimental CMYK palette was exported as a way to graphically compare four datasets at once. Overlay effects in adobe photoshop allowed for many ways to compare and contrast results.

a. = area compression = area expansion

a. Flattened UV Map (minimizing compression and expansion) b. Quad Map (maintaining 1:1 edge lengths) c. Square Map d. CMYK Square Map

1. Gaussian Curvature 2. Shell Deflection (Karamba) 3. Z Height 4. Summer Sunlight Hours w/ Incidence (Honeybee)

Sun Hours

Curvature

Deflection

÷ Rib Twist Map

Z Height

(Aesthetic) Solid Edges

Z Height

Rib Depth Map

Transformation Mapping The initial analysis maps were overlaid in photoshop and manipulated as raster graphics. Overlay, Histogram Curves, Warp, and Gaussian Blur were the most helpful operations for adjustment of the canopy fenestration. To avoid excessive warping, areas of more intense Gaussian surface curvature were intended to have minimal to no twisting of the canopy’s ribs. On the contrary, areas that received the majority of direct solar exposure (Dec, Jan, Feb, Mar.) were desired to maximize twisting in order to provide increased shade during the afternoon hours. In this case, the Sun Hours and Curvature datasets were divided into one another to produce the final Rib Twist Map.

Rib Width Map

Using this same logic, Karamba’s Shell Deflection, and a Z height map were added with one another to produce the Rib Depth Map. An aesthetic decision for the ribs to butt at the edges of the Pavilion’s design surface was added against the Z height map to drive the variation in the ribs’ widths.

x z

04_Echo_Pavilion

Material St

With storytelling the Echo Pavilion architecture to t time. Earthy ton hues, metaphori Steel and copper structure and fin recyclability. Rec infinitely recycle embodied energ

Event Spac

a. North perspective rendering wih minor Copper patina b. East perspective highlighting the reflective ground plane, and potential for unique photographic moments. c. West perspective imagining the appearance of a fully oxidized copper patina; naturally, this would take many years to fully oxidize without artificial treatment.

Transformative and a new story illumination tha point of the Wu form that has be physical constra allow for a range for both passive contemplate wh

2020

torytelling

g and the passage of time central to the theme of n, a finish material of recycled copper allows the tell it’s own story as the copper ages and patinas over nes of fresh copper will evolve to develop blue-green ically telling a story of a journey from land to sea. r were chosen to compose the majority of the canopy nish (respectively) for their renowned resiliency and cycled copper and steel retain their quality, can be ed (without downcycling), and at a 90% reduction of gy compared to their new production.

at night, the Pavilion embraces a new context, y. Its charge as a visual beacon is reinforced with at transitions with the seasons, anchoring the end ulugul Walk alley of trees. Lighting will accentuate a een shaped by the various visual opportunities and aints offered by its location. Whilst event overlays will e of programming options, the Pavilion remains open e and active engagement and a place to dwell and hen not in event mode.

2020

05 Hacking_Fracking Proposed Adaptive Reuse of Hydraulic Fracturing Infrastructure Water and Human Settlements Exhibition // 2021 Venice Biennale Project Roles: Collaborator and Graphic Production Lead Team: Ryan Griffin (Partner) Hacking Fracking is a call to arms for the statewide re-purpose of Texas’ network of hydraulic fracturing wells. The ambition of Hacking Fracking is help solve three systemic problems facing the state’s hydrology: Aquifer depletion, worsening hydraulic extremes (droughts & floods), and wide-spread hydraulic fracturing by the oil and gas industry. This project exploits numerous technical similarities between hydraulic fracturing wells and aquifer injection/recharge wells in order to propose how we can and must re-purpose Texas’ 430,000+ active and abandoned fracking wells into a decentralized state-wide aquifer storage, filtration, recovery, and groundwater quality monitoring network. Hacking Fracking challenges our cultural attitude regarding the way we choose to interface with groundwater through the proposed deployment of an open-source gas-well conversion device. It’s appearance, a metaphorical nod to the drilling derricks that once littered Texas’ landscape, each Hac-A-Frac unit is a functioning memorial to the state’s past ecological damage, as well as a functional beacon of our progress towards it’s recovery. The outcome of this project is a network of environmentally delicate mechanisms, built from the remains of a destructive gas drilling industry, that provides both resilience against Texas’ hydraulic extremes (flood and drought), as well as an awareness of the otherwise invisible hydrology beneath our feet.

05_Hacking_Fracking

= Gas & Oil Wells = Trinity Watershed

Environmental Issues of Fracking

Texas Commission on Environmental Quality

Barnett Shale and The Trinity Watershed

Gas & Oil Well Distribution

The State of Texas is home to more than 120,000 active natural gas wells -- three times more than any other gas producing state. While many of these wells are scattered across rural landscapes, the largest shale play in the state, the Barnett field, has much of its densest gas reserves below Dallas/Fort Worth.

The core of the Barnett shale play lies immediately west of the city of Dallas. The Barnett shale core is the largest gas producer in Texas, and made up 31% of Texas’ natural gas production in 2007*. A majority of the core lies within the Trinity River Watershed, and beneath the Trinity Aquifer.

The obvious purpose of water storage is to reduce the possibility of extreme water scarcity during long periods without rainfall. Increasing water storage helps to stifle the negative impacts that a serious wet or dry season can have on a city. Reservoirs not only collect and store water for future use, but they retain surface runoff to prevent downstream flooding as well. Utilizing our empty aquifers as a vessel for water storage has all these benefits, without the need for large surface level construction.

Texas is home to the largest reserves of natural gas in the U.S. In addition, Texas lacks the otherwise ubiquitous regulation and legislation that hinders natural gas production in other states. For these reasons, since the 1980’s, Texas has been ground zero for the contemporary practice of hydraulic fracturing (Fracking). The process of Fracking involves drilling wells into dense, underground shale formations & using high pressured water to fracture rock, releasing otherwise unattainable natural gas.

The overlapping nature between watershed, aquifer, and shale gas presents increased risk and complexity to the hydraulic situation of the Dallas/Fort Worth area. Surface water, ground water, and natural gas -- once separated by thick layers of impermeable geology, have been sewn together by over a century of well drilling. It is too late to continue thinking of these resources as discrete elements.

Suburban Sprawl in North Texas For the purpose of understanding how the Trinity Aquifer recharges, it's profile in plan is partitioned into confined and unconfined regions. In a confined region, the aquifer lies under impermeable rock and cannot be recharged from the surface. In the unconfined region, surface water can permeate unabated into the Aquifer. Traditional methods of artificial aquifer recharge typically include recharge basins, and injection wells. Recharge basins are cheaper to construct, but occupy large amounts of surface land, and only work properly when situated over an unconfined region where water can freely flow underground. Injection wells however, require little area to construct and can be drilled through impermeable layers of rock, allowing the recharge of confined aquifers.

FASTEST GROWING CITIES IN THE US 2017-2019

2020

*Based on data provided by the Texas Water Development Board 2016 Aquifer Report

Surplus

Drought 2020

2070 Introduction of Artificial Aquifer Storage Surplus

1.856 TRILLION M³

-300m

Drought 2020

2070

= Aquifer Depletion

Texas Drought Index

Hydraulic Extremes

Aquifer Depletion

Predicted Water Scarcity

The Texas Water Development Board has monitored and identified significant water level decline in wells across the state. Total water level declines in the state range from less than 15m to more than 300'*. The largest water level declines are in the Trinity Aquifer, focused in the Dallas/Forth Worth Area.

Dallas/Fort Wort was the fastest growing metropolitan area in the U.S per capita in the previous decade. The Texas Water Development Board has predicted that it must account for an additional 2 trillion m² of annual water demand by 2070*. This demand is equal to the capacity of Dallas’ largest reservoir.

Groundwater flowed just below the surface throughout the state of Texas before the state saw settlement. Beginning in the late 1800’s -- prolific well drilling, and the heavy reliance on ground water quickly depleted statewide aquifer levels. While some aquifers are geologically predisposed to recharge quickly, others like the Trinity Aquifer are mostly confined by impermeable rock and take much longer to recharge. Heavy use of the aquifer coupled with a slow recharge rate has left the Trinity aquifer the most depleted in the state.

Following the growth of the Dallas/Forth Worth area in the mid 1900’s, municipalities could no longer rely on groundwater to support growing populations. Surface water, typically in the form of man-made reservoirs, accounts for 99% of all municipal water in DFW today*. As populations increase throughout Texas, the state continues to engineer increasing large reservoirs. This is an efficient, but unsustainable solution to the systemic growth of the area’s water needs.

*Texas Water Development Board

Suburbs Worsen Downstream Flooding

1986

North Texas, like much of the world, is climatically prone to both extreme droughts, as well as extreme flooding. The unstable nature of these hydraulic extremes places undue stress on Dallas' civil infrastructure. Millions of dollars are spent each year to maintain Dallas' network of flood control levees and reservoirs. The obvious purpose of water storage is to reduce the possibility of extreme water scarcity during long periods without rainfall. Increasing water storage helps to stifle the negative impacts that a serious wet or dry season can have on a city.

DALLAS BOUND RUNOFF

DALLAS

2018

v 05_Hacking_Fracking

*Based on data provided by the Texas Water Development Board 2016 Aquifer Report

Surplus

Drought 2020

2070 Introduction of Artificial Aquifer Storage Surplus

-300m

Drought 2020

2070

= Aquifer Depletion

Texas Drought Index

Hydraulic Extremes

Aquifer Depletion

Fracking Well Design

Due to the similarity in which they function, Hydraulic Injection/ Extraction wells are constructed using the exact same boring standards as hydraulic fracturing wells for gas and oil mining.At the center of every ASR plant is an injection and extraction well. These are typically 12-24” diameter steel-walled boring holes that penetrate the deep underground aquifers. Following the growth of the Dallas/Forth Worth area in the mid 1900’s, municipalities could no longer rely on groundwater to support growing populations. Surface water, typically in the form of man-made reservoirs, accounts for 99% of all municipal water in DFW today*. As populations increase throughout Texas, the state continues to engineer increasing large reservoirs. This is an efficient, but unsustainable solution to the systemic growth of the area’s water needs. *Texas Water Development Board

Flooding in Dallas North Texas, like much of the world, is climatically prone to both extreme droughts, as well as extreme flooding. The unstable nature of these hydraulic extremes places undue stress on Dallas' civil infrastructure. Millions of dollars are spent each year to maintain Dallas' network of flood control levees and reservoirs. The obvious purpose of water storage is to reduce the possibility of extreme water scarcity during long periods without rainfall. Increasing water storage helps to stifle the negative impacts that a serious wet or dry season can have on a city.

2020

= Unconfined = Confined

Aquifer Impermeability

Historic Aquifer Levels

For the purpose of understanding how the Trinity Aquifer recharges, it's profile in plan is partitioned into confined and unconfined regions. In a confined region, the aquifer lies under impermeable rock and cannot be recharged from the surface. In the unconfined region, surface water can permeate unabated into the Aquifer.

Traditional methods of artificial aquifer recharge typically include recharge basins, and injection wells. Recharge basins are cheaper to construct, but occupy large amounts of surface land, and only work properly when situated over an unconfined region where water can freely flow underground. Injection wells however, require little area to construct and can be drilled through impermeable layers of rock, allowing the recharge of confined aquifers. Unfortunately, recharge wells are expensive to construct, and require that injected water meet high standards of potability prior to injection.

Texas Water Development Board monitoring of water wells throughout the state has identified areas of water level declines in the state’s aquifers range from less than 50feet to more then 1,000 feet. The largest water level declines are in the Trinity Aquifer, focused in the Dallas Fort Worth and Waco areas. See figure above. One hundred years ago wells in much of the Trinity Aquifer flowed at the surface. Releasing so much artesian pressure that most ceased to flow by the mid 1910’s.

Methods of Aquifer Storage and Recovery Aquifer storage and recovery, or ASR, is the process of injecting or pumping treated water into an underground aquifer, where it is stored so that it can be used at a later time. In some locations, water can be directed to natural recharge zones instead of mechanically injected. During times of plenty, extra water can be stored underground so that it can be used during drought or other similar circumstances. The supply source for ASR can be surface water from rivers, treated wastewater, groundwater from other aquifers, or even captured stormwater runoff. When done carefully and coupled with water conservation, ASR can be one of the more environmentally-friendly forms of new water supply. ASR costs include large, ongoing energy expenses and significant infrastructure costs. However, ASR can help communities avoid many of the financial and ecological costs, including significant evaporative water losses, associated with new With reasonable restrictions on when water is allowed to be taken from its source and injected underground, ASR can be a reliable water supply strategy that minimizes evaporation for Texas’ hotter, drier future. It can also help communities prepare for drought by “banking” water for later use. reservoirs. When a community invests in ASR, they can offset the need for more environmentallydestructive water supply projects like reservoirs. ASR has better water retention than reservoirs, which lose an immense amount of water to evaporation. Water that evaporates is wasted, leaving less water for human use and less water in streams and rivers for wildlife.

WELL SURFACE WATER

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

INJECTION

EXTRACTION

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

CONSUMER PERMEABLE EARTH IMPERMEABLE EARTH

STORED WATER

DEPLETED AQUIFER

A series of stackable, modula energy to a generator at the traditional wind turbines, these rot to install, stackab vertical axis

ROTOR ASSEMBLY MODULE

05_Hacking_Fracking

ROTOR BLADES Maximize Surface Area Polished Steel Reflects Sky

ELEC. CONDUIT Data and Power to Lighting & Meteorological Sensors

INDICATION LIGHT Allows Broadcast of Data

ROTOR SPOKE Transfers Rotational Torque to Aluminum Construction

DRIVE SH Transpor Armature

GENERATOR MODULE A 5kW electric VAC generator converts the combined rotational forces of the many rotor assemblies into storable electricity that powers the unit. This generator allows the unit to function both on and off grid by prioritizing the flow of electrical current to an on-board battery bank, with a capacity of 30 kWh.

PROTECT Powder C

STATOR C Continuo

Additionally generated electricity can be output back into a user's municipal power grid as 240v VAC Split Phase current. A single rotator shaft can drive up to three parallel generators if geared correctly.

DRIVE SH

BEARING

ARMATU Rotates w Current i

END BEL

DRIVE SH

OUTPUT VAC Outp Max 5100

To Surface

FLO

AT F W W O

ar rotor assemblies supply rotational base of each Hac-a-Frac unit. Unlike tor assemblies are designed as easy ble modules, intended to comprise a s solution to harnessing wind energy. The polished metal construction is ntended to reflect each Hac-a Frac's surroundings in order to partially camouflage each unit during daytime.

o Shaft

HAFT rts Rotational Forces to e from Rotors

2020

Models of Aquifer Storage & Recovery FRACKING WELL SCHEMATIC

Deployment Process

A Hack-a-Frac is delivered to the rural site of a capped fracking well. Once the unit is connected and secured in place, the well cap can be opened, and the unit may now interface with the well and it’s contents. It is suggested that time is allowed for the Hack-a-Frac to draw leftover drilling waste to the surface for on-site basin storage prior to engaging the aquifer.

INJECTION WELL SCHEMATIC THE STATE OF TEXAS HAS 120,000+ ACTIVE AND 300,000+ ABANDONED NATURAL GAS WELLS.

EACH WELL CONSUMES AN AVERAGE OF 16,000m3 OF WATER DURING CONSTRUCTION

Step 2.)

WIND POWER

EXTRACTION SURFACE WATER

WETLAND TREATMENT

Step 1.)

WETLAND TREATMENT

INJECTION

Surface basins are expanded to collect runoff.

CONSUMER PERMEABLE EARTH IMPERMEABLE EARTH

STORED WATER

DEPLETED AQUIFER

Existing Model of Aquifer Storage/Recovery: LARGE PRODUCTION LARGE FOOTPRINT

CITY POWER

SURFACE WATER

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

INJECTION

EXTRACTION

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

CONSUMER PERMEABLE EARTH IMPERMEABLE EARTH

STORED WATER

DEPLETED AQUIFER BEDROCK

Hack-a-Frack Model of Aquifer Storage/Recovery: SMALL PRODUCTION SMALL FOOTPRINT

Step 3.) Phyto-remediative vegetation is introduced to the basin and given time to grow. These wetlands will remediate water before and after storage.

WIND POWER

EXTRACTION SURFACE WATER

WETLAND TREATMENT

INJECTION

WETLAND TREATMENT

CONSUMER PERMEABLE EARTH IMPERMEABLE EARTH

STORED WATER

DEPLETED AQUIFER BEDROCK

TIVE SHELL Coated Steel

Step 4.) Give time for initial waste water to remediate.

COILS ous Spun Iron-Core Wire

HAFT BEARINGS

G FRAME

Step 5.)

URE with Drive Shaft to Induce Electric in Stator Coils

Once the initial waste water is remediated, a steel cap must be installed in the well to permanently cap the unneeded deeper portion of the well.

HAFT GEARBOX

Step 6.) Perforating the steel walls of the existing bore-hole allows Hack-a-Frac to access the aquifer as intended. Over time the Hacka-Frac and it’s surrounding wetlands can prove to be vital elements to future urban development.

T CONDUIT put to Battery Cells 0 watts / 240V

Rendering of wetland park as a result of long term deployment of units. Locations and density of units in the image above is based off a real location in Roanoak, TX.

FLOW OF WATER

CONCRETE FOUNDATION PIER The first step in the installation of a Hac-a-Frac requires the installation of a foundation pier similar to the most typical construction of a residential foundation wall.

SURFACE INTERFACE A series of radially oriented pumps allow the Hac-a-Frac unit to interface with its surroundings. How these pumps operate is at the discretion of the user. Potential uses include the input of remediated surface water for the purpose of Aquifer recharge or the output of extracted groundwater for agricultural or household needs. Multiple input/output interfaces allow the simultaneous handling of water flow.

-0.939M m3 -1.571M m3

+2.005M m3

+4.092M m

0.102M m3 -0.737M m3

PRODUCTION CASING

12 - 24" Diameter .375" steel borehole casing. Additional casings added for reinforcement at borehole surface.

23 mg/L (TSS) +2.878M m3

PERFORATED CASING Perforations in the borehole casing allow the free osmosis of water. A perforation gun typically used in the fracking process can easily add perforations to solid sections of pipe. Perforation into aquifers is only to occur following the installation of an engineered concrete cap.

TO TRINITY AQUIFER

PRODUCED WATER

FLOW O

TO NATURAL GAS

F WATER

Following the abandonment of the natural gas well, reclamation of produced (polluted) water, and the installation of an engineered containment cap, perforations must be added through the steel borehole casing in order for the Hac-a-Frac unit to interface with groundwater reserves. A two way flow of water is regulated from a series of digitally controlled hydraulic pumps contained in the chassis of the Hac-a-Frac unit.

-1.304M m

2020

In our current environment, the individual is unable to create a significant positive impact on their community’s groundwater. However, the oil and gas industry have incredible agency to destroy the quality of that same groundwater. Until now, it is only at the industrial scale that it’s feasible to access groundwater below Texas’ surface.

+1.495M m3

+0.425M m3 -1.265M m

+2.557M m3 +4.205M m3

+1.453M m3

-2.004M m3

+4.994M m3 +2.254M m3

43 mg/L (TSS) 320 ppm NaCl -0.997M m3

86.2 mg/L (TSS) 198 ppm NaCl +1.492M m3

32 mg/L (TSS) 210 ppm NaCl +2.878M m3

+3.050M m3

Image Credits

01 // Performance_Venue

pg. 6 - b. THJV Construction. Site Aerial . Inglewood, 11 Oct. 2020

02 // Parametric_Program

pg. 7 - a. MLB TV. The Physics of Baseball, Alan M. Nathan, 2011, base ball.physics.illinois.edu/statcast.html. pg.7 - a. Dachman, Jason. Sports Video, Sports Video Group, 28 Mar. 2019, www.sportsvideo.org/new/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/ ESPN-Statcast-Hitter-HotZones.jpg. pg.8 - g. Bats and Stats, 14 May 2019, batsandstats.com/2019/05/14/statcast-school-barrels/.

03 // Laminar_Timber

pg. 13 - a. Art The Science, Julia Krolik, 29 Nov. 2017, artthescience.com/ blog/2017/11/29/creators-alison-grace-martin/. pg. 13 - b. InExhibit, RICCARDO BIANCHINI, 3 Nov. 2019, www.inexhibit. com/mymuseum/centre-pompidou-metz/. pg 13 - c. Co Ro., Rome, www.corojewels.com/pier-luigi-nervis-pala zzetto-dello-sport-rome/. pg 13 - d. Janzen, Kyle. Wordpress, 25 Mar. 2015, kylejanzen.wordpress. com/2012/03/13/frei-otto-olympic-stadium-1972/.

04 // Echo_Pavilion

pg. 19 - a. Plunkett, Ian. Japingka Aborigional Art, 2018, japingkaaborigi nalart.com/emergence-of-aboriginal-art/. pg. 19 - b. Australian Sailing Muesum, David Payne, 4 Dec. 2017, www.sea. museum/2017/12/04/australian-sailing. pg. 19 - c. Nicky Skye Meanderings -- Blogspot, 3 May 2016, nickyskye. blogspot.com/2016/05/webs-of-light-on-and-in-water.html. pg. 19 - d. Deano. Deano’s World Travels, 19 Nov. 2012, deanoworldtrav els.wordpress.com/2012/11/19/grampians-aboriginal-rock-art/.

05 // Hacking_Fracking

pg. 25 - Map showing Odessa Texas . Google Earth, earth.google.com/web/ pg. 27 - Map showing McKinny Texas . Google Earth, earth.google.com/web/ pg. 27 - Map showing Dallas Texas . Google Earth, earth.google.com/web/ pg. 27 - Stone, Les. Greanpeace USA, www.greenpeace.org/usa/global-warming/ issues/fracking/. pg. 28 - Bryant, Vernon. The Dallas Morning News, Tom Steele, Lewisville, 24 July 2020, www.dallasnews.com/news/2020/07/24/dallas-fire-rescue-recovers- body-from-lake-ray-hubbard/. pg. 28 - Map showing Dallas Texas . Google Earth, earth.google.com/web/ pg. 29 - Pool, Smiley M. The Dallas Morning News, Michael Granberry, Dallas, 1 Sept. 2017, www.dallasnews.com/news/texas/2017/09/01/in-the-wake-of-harvey- dallasites-are-asking-could-catastrophic-floods-happen-here-yes/. pg. 29 - Precision Irrigation Systems, North Texas, www.precisionirrigationsystems. com/dallas-flooding/. pg. 30 - CAP. WITH FLOODS AND DROUGHTS INCREASING, COMMUNITIES TAKE A NEW LOOK AT STORING WATER UNDERGROUND, Ensia, Phoenix, 11 June 2019, ensia.com/features/groundwater-recharge-aquifer-water-storage/. pg. 30 - State Of Washington Department of Ecology. Environmental Science En gineering Magazine, Ken Hugo, 9 Aug. 2016, esemag.com/water/groundwa ter-storage-and-recovery-becoming-increasingly-important/.