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ATLANTIS april 2007 time space relations - From the editos

from the editors cristina ampatzidou

This issue attracted an unexpectedly big amount of contributions. Apparently the theme about time-space relations in the context of globalization is becoming one of the main questions asked by architects and urbanists, either in practice or in the academic circles. The different approaches of the people contributing in this issue is itself a result of this new social condition of global integration.

We tried to maintain a more coherent composition of articles and we were glad to continue our part devoted to education in our faculty with the second semester of the urbanism master and happily received a reaction on our theme by VIA Eindhoven.

The city is now days more easily related to money flows, internet, instant communications than it is with a certain form or typology. The increased complexity in time-space relations should serve as a motive for new modes of comprehension and reaction to an Urban that is much more that the sum of its parts For the coming issue we expect even more reactions to our statement. The “act small, think big� moto of this year’s board, could easily be a wish for the future of Atlantis: a small magazine stimulating a big discussion on urbanism.

contents - time space relations 2007 april ATLANTIS

CONTENTS

02 Christina Ampatzidou From the Editors 03 Contents 04 Erwin Stoffer From the Board 05 Polis

06 Deborah Hauptman Transformations in the Nowhere

of the Now-here 10 Wael Salah Fahmi Heterotopian Urbanism and Virtual

Cyber Diffusion 14 Monique Suksmaningsih Photoreport Sarajevo 18 Jeroen van Schaick Changing Times-Changing Cities 25 Bas Oerlemans Greetings from Eindhoven 26 Sofia Paisios The Aesthetic of Movement 34 Education in the Mirror 38 Judith van Hees Structuren voor Globalisatie 42 Ina Klaasen About the relation between Spatial Planning and Urban and Regional design 46 Urbanism week 46 Agenda 49 Call for submissions 50 Polis partners

ATLANTIS april 2007 time space relations - FROM THE BOARD

from the board erwin stoffer

A new Atlantis where urbanism is discussed. Thanks editorial board!

Let me start with the preparations of our trips of this year which are in full course. In May we hope to go to the German harbours, Hamburg and Bremen. A relaxed trip organized by Polis to one of our neighbouring countries.

Thisis only a counterpart of the large trip to Iran in July, with a full and busy program. In preparation of this trip, an exhibition is organized in April, certainly appropriate to visit in the blokkenhal of the faculty.

The last two months several speakers, people from practice and tutors of the department Urbanism gave lunch lectures about the theme ‘Act small, think big’: projects and ideas from the city to the street in several scales. One of the targets of Polis this year is to improve student’s and tutor’s acquaintance and with this activity that was certainly succeeded.

This year we have also the target to strengthen the cooperation with the department of Urbanism. The lunch lectures are a result of that already, but the Atlantis can furnish a contribution too. We have the intention to make the last edition of Atlantis this year an education special, with many reflections, studies and a view on and over the Urbanism education here at the faculty. We think it’s better that you as practice members also have more knowledge of the current state of education. It may open the discussion between practice and education on the platform of Urbanism.

Besides, do you look once in a while on Polis’ website, www.bk.polis.tudelft.nl? For us,it is an important communication tool. Here you find all activities, subscription forms and a description of our year theme. Practice members, here you can also post internships or graduationprojects, just e-mail us, so we can place it on our tab internships Finally I want tot extend a word of thanks to all the enthusiastic students and tutors for all the work they have done the last months! If you want to become an active member and to participate in one of the commissions or the board for next year, send an e-mail to polis@bk.tudelft.nl or visit us at kab. 9.51.

POLIS - time space relations 2007 april ATLANTIS

Polis,

PLATFORM FOR URBANISM

History

Polis was founded by professors and students of the department of Urbanism in the Faculty of Architecture Delft in October 1989. Owed to the forces of changes in education it was obvious that the wish to reinforce and improve the quality of Urbanism education led to the founding of Polis. In addition, an important objective of Polis is to create a favourable atmosphere in which the interaction of education, science and practice is intense.

Urbanism

Urbanism is energetic, following and guiding. Urbanism is subject to changes in society and discussions. As a practising Urbanist, it is important to take cognizance of these changes and to take up a position in society. This means for science as well.

In doing so, the Urbanist fully is able to project his or her view on society.

Urbanist Platform

To determine positions for Urbanists in practice and in science, Polis created a platform. Urbanists are encouraged to enter this platform through displaying various activities such as excursions, lectures, debates, symposia or contests. The periodical Atlantis plays an important role in this. It gives a survey of all those activities, and, moreover, it acts as a medium for discussions.

Consultation

Polis is the link between science and practice. Polis is guarding contacts with various Urbanist representatives. And Polis is guarding the quality of Urbanism education by conferring with several parties in the Faculty of Architecture. Practice and science are tested in the consultations.

Consultations with related organizations both in and outside the faculty are being held to reinforce the basis of Polis.

Polis Trust

The Polis Trust was founded by Polis Urbanism Platform to support financially individual and small-scale initiatives which flow from the daily practice in Urbanism or science.

Please contact Polis to make an application. The members of the Polis Trust are: Roy Bijhouwer, Quadrat Urbanist, office for Urbanism, Architecture and Landscape Design, Esther Heemskerk, Polis vice-president and Urbanism student, Miranda Reitsma, editor “Stedenbouw en Ruimtelijke Ordening” magazine, Maarten Schmitt, The Hague Urban Planner, Thom Wolf, Dura Bouw Amsterdam adjunct director.

Gifts are more than welcome by giro 8522358, stating “Polis Trust”.

ATLANTIS april 2007 Space Time relations - transformations in the nowhere of the now-here

Transformations in

nowhere of the Now-Here the

Deborah Hauptmann In the mid 19th century Charles Baudelaire offered an observation on the meaning of modernity, writing: ‘(b)y Modernity I mean the ephemeral, the fugitive, the contingent, the half of art whose other half is the eternal and the immutable.’ (‘The Painter of Modern Life’, 1863) With this notable passage we understand modernity’s submergence into purity, into the timeless and unchanging; and simultaneously an immersion with the impure, with the transient and the fleeting.

In his writings on Paris, Baudelaire continuously stressed the fleeting and the contingent, the effects of mass culture; while modern artist and architects sought further for the timeless and the immutable. Further still, for the fullness of the present in the fleet footed transgressions of the passing moment. This ‘moment’ was later to be multiplied, if not reified, in modernity’s postwar period. I am recalling now the dream of an absolute immediacy, an immediacy, in fact, set to re(dis)place the Absolute presence of a theological past, and thus determined future.

Modern art and architecture shows itself in passing from the material to the non-material and it has been argued that modern art progressed from abstract expressionism and minimalism on its way to its own erasure, its own purification through the self-effacement yet self-actualization in conceptual art. In other words, to the Hegelian ‘end of art’. Immediacy, however, has within it the quality of collapsing

the classical distinction between object and subject, between body and mind; a collapse that remained problematic during the period surrounding the first turn of modernity. The nature of this problematic revolved around the self-referential quality of abstraction as it at once set its gaze to the future yet all the while seeking its presence in the tangibility of the ‘real’. The modern discourse had to move through Kant, it had to absorb the sensorial in the sentient, to take in the transcendental ideal or reject it completely in its search for a new form of universal oneness. In short, it had to get beyond its previously held modes of representation. Of course it was Nietzsche who proclaimed the death of the transcendent creator and announced the birth of the creative subject, and so too the relation between image and reality became ever the more transgressed.

Walter Benjamin brought forward a seminal insight, writing: ‘During long periods of history, the mode of human sense perception changes with humanity’s entire mode of existence. The manner in which human sense perception is organized, the medium in which it is accomplished, is determined not only by nature but by historical circumstances as well.’ (‘The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction’, 1935) Of course Benjamin was writing on the social effects of cinematic production, and with this he clearly saw the potential of technology (as historical circumstance) to substantively alter previously conceived body / mind relationships. In

transformations in the nowhere of the now-here - space time relations 2007 April ATLANTIS

fact, the significance of sense perception is here understood as radically ontological, as accounting for an entire ‘mode of existence’.

By this we are to understand that technological developments should not be considered as merely passive (elective or supplemental) objective tools invented and deployed by man, but as active (non-discretionary and fundamental) and subjectively transformative advances.

During this period of transition (between tradition and progress) technology had introduced what Deleuze elaborates as the cinematographic ‘movement image’ which opens up the scientific discourse on time to the arts in the form of the ‘time-image’, a concept he advances with reference to the work of Henri Bergson. (Cinema 1, 1983 & Cinema II, 1985 respectively) Here we must understand that there was much more to this notion of time than the cinematic advance into mass culture. Much more than theoretical physics speculative spatialization of time. There was an actualizing of time in the phenomenon of speed and the technologies of communication which first manifested themselves with the evidential violence of the WWI. ‘Really the composition of this war, 1914 – 1918, was not the composition of all previous wars, the composition was not a composition in which there was one man in the center surrounded by a lot of other men but a composition that had neither a beginning nor an end, a composition of which one corner was as important as another corner, in fact the composition of cubism.’ (Gertrude Stein, ‘Picasso, 1939)

Nowhere better than in architecture can one find the possibilities of new spirituality tied hand in hand with technologies progressive (social) dream set against technologies new found potential for mass destruction. It is here that modernity’s new experience of time challenged previously conceived notions on the perception of space. While the crystalline structure of modernism found expression in the purification of the façade, it was left to the post war generation to completely eradicate all reference to depth, which few of its predecessors could have fathomed. In the climate of recovery, technology advanced beyond the actuating reality of the war machine to the virtuality of communications technologies. The transition from knowledge to information, however, did not come free of intellectual crisis. Computers were first to be seen as depersonalizing knowledge for the sake of the market good at the cost of all previously held forms of representation as well as non-representational forms of reality.

Heralding the loss of the humanist subject and its ideals of knowledge as self-constituting.

Computer technologies were seen as both a tool and a cultural transformer; again, as altering our ‘modes of existence’. Like Foucault’s theory of the Panopticon, these new technologies might be understood as emanating from out of ‘disciplinary societies’; the differential shift occurring only between political and economic illusory forms of democratic emancipation. Both the computer (Lyotard’s ‘cognitive regime of phrases’) and the Panopticon (Foucault’s ‘regime of truth’)

ATLANTIS april 2007 Space Time relations - transformations in the nowhere of the now-here

exemplify mechanisms that both function as devices created by man for the ‘use of man’, as well as machines for inscribing and programming emergent forms of social reality: thus a new teleology emerged.

It has been said that the so called postmodern period is marked by the advent of computer technologies. Technologies which need not capture the ‘ephemeral, the fugitive, the contingent’. Baudelaire wrote primarily of Paris, never naming the city, fleeting movements, captured spaces of affect, moments of indeterminacy. Could Baudelaire have imagined with his vision of the arcades, with the slow pace of the flâneur, the turn to a complete commodification of art, of culture? He was not even certain that his work had found an audience, certainly he never envisaged his words scattered across the globe, read by almost the entire intellectually literate of the Western world. Victor Hugo saw that mass production (and dispersed distribution) of the written word would culminate in spatial (not textual) displacement.

In fact, it would lead, as he foresaw it, to the death of the city, to the loss of meaning in architecture, to architectures role as chronicler of social history. While Benjamin foresaw that mass media would result in a dispersed population of not only readers but ‘writers’; it, nonetheless, took centuries of ‘historical circumstance’ to make the sustained move from the visual dominance or ocular-centrism of the enlightenment project to the textual dominance of language based computer

technologies. Lyotard explicates this all very clearly in his Postmodern Condition of 1979; yet it is arguable that this is well preceded by Bob Venturi’s 1966 publication of Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture, which ushered in postmodernism as a clearly defined mode of cultural production. Although, not yet ‘an entire mode of existence’.

There was, of course a dark side and a light side to popular culture – not the ‘rightside and the wrong-side’ of the existentialist search – still, the ‘shock of the new’ was felt. Image culture of the 60’s can be seen as a flattened plane, the two dimensional screen of the photographic surface, the architectural façade as the viewing plane on which information could be applied as, for instance, with Venturi’s billboards (billding-board). Here however the information was still contextually inscribed, meant to be read as advertisement (a term which once also included the function of public-notice before being consumed in the consumption of omnipresent commerce). The relation between the object and its referent was meant to be indistinguishable, more simply, it was unmediated. Meaning that the so called ‘images’, due to the economic necessity of readability, were culturally coded with what should be understood as a return to a figuration which had been abandoned by modernist abstraction (whether transcendent or immanent). And with this we have the long familiar critique of architecture’s postmodernism as fragmentary, conflated, not critical yet elated; in short – the un-mediated without the immediate.

transformations in the nowhere of the now-here - space time relations 2007 April ATLANTIS

Forcing, as it did, not a new form of spiritual submersion; but its very opposite, a secular (and figural) emergence, an externalizing as opposed to internalizing of the emerging post modern subject.

This high capitalist architecture of image led the way for the emerging phenomenon of what would be commonly referred to as ‘event society’, following, or rejecting, as it did, Guy Debord’s (and the Situationist International) ‘Society of Spectacle’. The techno image of OMA’s Kunst und Medienzentrum, Karlsruhe, Germany (89-92) began to transform this static form of decoration into a viewing screen which took precedent more from the cinematic, the dynamic, now the viewing plane on which ‘real time’ information could actually flow.

Utilizing, as it did, decades of lexical coding; codified through the cultural currency of mass accessed television viewing. The image here and now fleeting (even when the image/ object itself was immobile) and accessible to specific forms of perceptivity given, as such, by new ‘modes of experience’ through historically determined conditions and generating a surface which was a potentially three, and ostensibly four, dimensional field.

Already, this use of technology to augment the architectural project, if not continue to determine it theoretically, was staging itself well past the two dimensional decorative surfaces of earlier postmodern architecture.

Nevertheless, as McLuhan reminds us - the medium is the message – and with this, the lexicon had already clearly shifted from one of

(‘meaningful’) depth to (‘superficial’) surface.

It would take decades for the discourse to recover the semblance of significance in the manifold of multiplicity, singularity, and the virtual field. Emerging from the reductive, reflexive surface was a highly advanced topographical surface, it was to be anything but a flattening out of space upon a static or denatured field.

It is arguable that we are still immersed within the figuratively absent, formally present mass of modern consciousness. Yet the modern subject, his/her ‘mode of existence’, has moved from the transcendence of the here to immanence of the now and so has been qualitatively transformed. What is called for is a complete rethinking of the image; or with W.J.T. Mitchell, we may wish to take seriously the spatio-temporal challenge posed in the title of his recent book, in the question:

What do pictures want?

10 ATLANTIS april 2007 Space Time relations - Heterotopian Urbanism and Virtual Cyber Diffusion

Heterotopian Urbanism Virtual Cyber Diffusion

&

A Spatio-Temporal Perspective Wael Salah Fahmi

(Super)modernity and Time-Space Compression As information technologies continue to develop with heterotopias of mobile communications and supermodern spatiality (Augé 1995), we attend to a process of cultural change and emergence of spaces of identity influenced by forces of global capitalism (Jameson 1991). Augé (1995) portrays the increasingly fleeting and fragmented nature of supermodernity as a disappearance of place, suggesting that non-places are the real measure of our time, with these including spaces of transit and temporal occupation as well as spaces of telepresence. While such sites and their placeless experiences proliferate, they cannot be defined as outside social relations, history or identity. Functioning as signs rather than places, bland shopping malls, indistinguishable airports, transit and informational spaces, gated communities and theme parks have become eloquent geographical media and expressions of a new global cultural economy of space. “ Capitalist hegemony over space puts the aesthetics of place very much back on the agenda . The construction of such places, the fashioning of some localized aesthetic image, allows the construction of some limited and limiting sense of identity in the midst of a collapse of imploding spatialities” (Harvey 1989 p. 303).

Multimedia technologies and new communication systems radically transform space and time (Castells 1996), as localities become disembodied from their cultural, historical, geographic meaning, and reintegrated into functional networks, inducing a space of flows that substitutes for a space of places. Representation of urban semiotics, as vehicles for production and distribution of signs, compresses time and space under late capitalism (Harvey 1989), producing multifunctional hybrid spaces (Figure1). “ Innovations dedicated to the removal of spatial barriers have been of immense significance in the history of capitalism, turning that history into a very geographical affairthe railroad and the telegraph, the automobile, radio and telephone, the jet aircraft and television, and the recent telecommunications revolution are cases in point “ (Harvey 1989, p. 232).

The heterogeneity and complexity of spatiality and every day experience is connected to the increasing transnational mobility of people, opening up possibilities for recasting meaning in work and in leisure, (Lash and Urry 1994). De Certeau (1984) referred to a heterotopian state of being as “traveling incarceration; immobile inside the train, seeing immobile things slip by”. Such extra-discursive heterotopias could lead to unpacking of the epistemological and logical factors relating to imagery and semiotics (Fahmi 2006), whilst implying navigation into transit (in-between)

Heterotopian Urbanism and Virtual Cyber Diffusion - space time relations 2007 april ATLANTIS 11

space, as an ‘other’ place (Fahmi 2005). Such transit spaces reduce physical interaction to a remote gaze, generating representational methods and narrative systems (Fahmi 2003; 2004), as people perform various roles to (re)construct their urban imageries as conjuring up of various impressions in the mind, visual, auditory, verbal, textual, or of a notational, or symbolic score (Liddament 2000).

Transit spaces provide the possibility of a more situational or flexible location of the self, giving place experience a phantasmagoric character wherein the global and local become inextricably intertwined, with the boundaries between virtuality and reality being blurred (Fahmi 2003) .

ing abstraction, people are confronted with increasing cultural content of flows , commodification of postmodern place, fragmentation of spatial experience, globalisation of local culture and invention of nostalgic representation of the past for contemporary consumption.

“ Heterotopias juxtapose in a single real place several spaces, several sites that are in themselves incompatible” (Foucault 1986, p. 25).

In late capitalist societies, cities and their new strategic transnational geographies constitute part of the infrastructure for global domains as they bypass national states (Sassen 1991) .

The intersection of local and global (glocal) spatio-temporal (dis)orders, has produced unbundled spatialities, regarded as transnational process of partly de-nationalised temporalities (Sassen 2000). The local now transacts directly with the global, the global installs itself in locals and the global is itself constituted through a multiplicity of locals (Sassen 2003), enabling the emergence of new spaces of identity (glocal spatiality ((Dovey 1999).

Time-space compression marked the emergence a geography of nowhere, where landscapes are marked by erosion of boundaries and reference points, with universal placelessness and release from gravity. Under late capitalism, compression of time and space has created a situation where people as consumers overcome spatial barriers with shifting time horizons (Harvey 1989). In this process, one is incapable of demarcating the limits of ones’ own body, as the rapidity of time annihilates the barriers of space, with endless processal flux and arbitrary dimensions of space. In the information age the dominant form of social time is what Castells (1996) calls timeless time, “the annihilation and manipulation of time by electronically managed global capital markets”. What this tends to generate is a cocoon-like existence, predicated upon aesthetic gratification, (re)presenting an isolated state of being cosseted from reality and locked into some dream-world of the postmodern contemporary life In a world of ever-faster change and grow-

“ Spaces of very different worlds seem to collapse upon each other, much as the world’s commodities are assembled in the supermarket and all manner of sub-cultures get juxtaposed in the contemporary city. …. and all the divergent spaces of the world are assembled nightly as a collage of images upon the television screen” (Harvey, 1989 p. 302).

Virtuality and Online Spatiality Contemporary technologies are expanding cities through systems of soft architectures of digital media and hard architectures of physical infrastructures (Beckmann 1998). The icons that comprise this new landscape of difference are mediated constructs that are mirrored endlessly over computer networks, home pages, televised imagery, advertising campaigns. Telepresence, as portals to the net, produced by mobile computers, palm

12 ATLANTIS april 2007 Space Time relations - Heterotopian Urbanism and Virtual Cyber Diffusion

tops, computer connections on trains and aircrafts, imprints on urban landscapes a newlyemerging cultural reorganisation of space (Terkenli 2002). Places do not disappear, but their logic and meaning become absorbed in the network, with cyber space and telepresence signaling a loss of place-identity .

As past decades have seen the rise of a new society of the image, global companies, through sales and branding, have developed “a new niche of fluxus community based on image -consumption of the architecture of postmodern commercial take-away�. The global reach of multimedia networks saturates world screens with a homogenous stream of images and flows, operating on a surface that is ephemeral and mediated. Cultural difference is absorbed in a fragmented and dislocated screen world, with an intense uniformity being produced via the rigorous programming that commercial interests demand . The interweaving of simulacra in daily life brings together different worlds (of commodities) in the same space and time, amplified with the accouterments of telecommunications; faxes, modems, mobile phones, beepers. The ever -expanding, continuously on-call individual, becomes another kind of interface, forever screening and filtering the plethora of inputs and information that absorb his or her private space and time. This is closely relevant to the debate between poststructuralists and critical theorists regarding ontological and epistemological matters of individualism versus collectivism and localism versus globalism . Seeing and the poststructuralist framework dominated by the mediated image, is replaced by being, and the supposedly unmediated experience of immersion.

The exchange between the individual and electronic media is discursively represented as the achievement of a polymorphous, heterogeneous subjectivity, a liquid identity, a

post-human freed from the bonds of the autonomous subject. Cyber experience occurs more contemporaneously, as flows of data, eliding the distinction between the screen and its viewer, thus elaborating the metaphor of virtual space. One is in cyberspace, as a navigator, blurring the gap between signifier and signified, viewer and viewed, real and representation. In this context, the hinge between cyber and space conveniently slides between ontology and postmodern body-as-text (Fahmi 2001).

Urban Futures between Virtuality and Reality Today, in a post-industrial age, technologies of communication and computation, realtime connectivity and interface, represent an ever-accelerating world (Beckmann 1998). As the post-physical city represents interfaces to the net, the appearance of solid permanent buildings is challenged by virtual representation of abstract systems (electronic images) . We tend to operate in topographies where virtuality is interwoven into real urban life,

whilst increasingly relocating daily activities to digital spaces and inserting digital capacities within the human body (cyborgs) (Sassen 2003) . As based on appeals to ontology rather than epistemology, to authentic being rather than mediated seeing, virtuality rhetorically expands ever outwards, encompassing an infinity of spaces, times, mythologies, and modes of transcendence. Zelner (1999) illustrated that in (re)(de) construction of the virtual and the real, everyday experience is mirrored in another reality, between the virtual urbanity of the information machine and the actual urbanity of the city, calling

Heterotopian Urbanism and Virtual Cyber Diffusion - space time relations 2007 april ATLANTIS 13

into play the possibility of a coterminous and dialectic merging of very real city of bricks and a conceptually experienced city of bits (Mitchell 1996).

Indeed, the purported real-virtual dialectics are akin to oscillating forces in a shifting field, existing through and across each other. An architecture capable of addressing and choreographing the dance between the doubled worlds of the realvirtual is (re)presented through multimedia domains, producing a more robust hybrid urban experience with spaces of

animated potentials and realities. Virtual spaces are concerned with being elsewhere and being other in an evolutionary way, in the same powerful conflation of reality and virtuality. Cyberspace, with its emphasis on the future, re-enacts the nihilistic logic of early futurism in so far as the fulfillment of its visionary dreams are necessarily deferred to a time that one can never witness.

Dr. Wael Salah Fahmi is an Associate Professor of Urbanism in Helwan University, Cairo. He is also the founder and Principal of a Virtual Urban studio (Incubator) UDERS (Urban Design Experimental Research Studio), which introduces experimentation with hybrid interfaces of urban diagrams and sequences of digital photo images, video stills and documentaries, creating alternative forms of architectural production and representations. Some experimental digital video productions were already presented at VIDEOPOLIS 2005 in Padova, Italy, including the video experiment ‘Transit’ and ‘City of Pixels’.

14 ATLANTIS april 2007 time space realtions - sarajevo PHOTO REPORT

Sarajevo, a city of approximately 602,500 inhabitants and 142 square kilometers, is considered as the oldest and one of the most culturally important cities in the Balkans, with predominantly Bosnian Muslims. The city has developed along the Miljacka river banks from east to west, in the valley of mountains, and in the center of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Many international events had shaped the city’s contemporary urban fabric. During the Great Turkish War in 1697, Sarajevo was burned to the ground. She was also the site of the event that triggered World War I, followed by the Nazi Germany invasion and bombardment in 1941. Sarajevo continually grew as an important regional industrial center in 1945, after she was liberated by former president Tito. The peak of the city growth occurred in the early 1980s, marked by the 1984 winter Olympic host. For the coming years afterwards, Sarajevo underwent the longest siege in modern military history during the Bosnian war. The last war brought segregation in the social and cultural infrastructure of the city up until now. The evidences of the wars are remained in the present. Today, Sarajevo is recovering its economical function and urban life, and adjusting to the postwar reality.1 Being post-socialist city for a long period and after years of wars, the city economy is being reconstructed, focusing mainly in administration, large manufacturing, and strong tourism based industry. Her unique location in the valley between mountains shapes the city into compact urban intensity along the river spine.

The longitudinal urban growth which shaped by geographical position, is highly depending on arterial highway running east-west, connecting the city with the rest of the country. The narrow streets and the lack of parking area especially in the old city, causes major problems in infrastructure and traffic congestion. Public transport is currently running along the contours towards east-west direction, making connection throughout the old and new city.

Photo report

SARAJEVO Monique Suksmaningsih

The stages of the city development which is reflected in the different periods, from Ottoman architecture to Austria-Hungarian to socialist architecture and modern era, shaped in unique adaptive culture along the spine. Social, economical, and cultural activities within the cityscape, however, take place on limited urban fabric in comparison to the length of the city, whilst the urban intensity is walled by low rise housings on the north and southern part of the city. • 1 www.wikipedia.com The pictures were taken last fall, on workshop trip to Sarajevo,

by M. Suksmaningsih.

NEW sarajevo ORLEANS PHOTO PHOTOREPORT REPORT- -EAT time THE space LANDSCAPE relations 20072007 JANUARY april ATLANTIS 15

Miljacja river

Shopping street, Old Sarajevo

National library

Islamic architecture

16 ATLANTIS april 2007 time space realtions - sarajevo PHOTO REPORT

Main connection through Old Sarajevo

Austrian architecture

Lack of parking space problem

Informal market under the highway

Islamic cemetery

New Sarajevo

sarajevo PHOTO REPORT - time space relations 2007 april ATLANTIS 17

Infrastructure connection passing through the hill

Housing on the hill

Wooden minarets

Housings on the hill, many are illegal

Piramida Mjeseca

1

18 ATLANTIS april 2007 time space relations - changing times_changing cities

Jeroen van Schaick

Changing times – changing cities

On changing constructions of time in relation to space

Introduction

Acceleration in time and space

In the field of urbanism, technology driven societal trends are often described in terms of ‘speed’, ‘acceleration’, ‘annihilation of the barriers of space’, ‘erosion of place into space’. These terms incorporate both a spatial and a temporal component. However, new technologies, both mobility technologies and ICTs, do not simply tend to accelerate society and annihilate space. The effects to the daily lives of people are unevenly distributed over different individuals, groups, places, geographies, cities and nations. This article investigates complexities in and uncertainties related to societal processes effected by the introduction of new technologies. First, this article looks at technology driven societal processes from the perspective of new technologies. Second, it will focus on daily life. Subsequently these two perspectives are translated into four major technology driven societal trends, including nuances of uneven geographical and social distribution. Based on the investigation of these main trends, the article concludes with challenges for an urbanism that takes into account time as much as space.

It is not a new idea that societies are changing due to the introduction of new technologies.

Neither is the thought that the world is getting smaller and the friction of space is decreasing due to increasing possibilities to limit travel times by using faster modes of transport (see fig. 1). Since the industrial revolution and the introduction of both rail and car, this process of acceleration in physical mobility of people, information and goods has differentiated and has in itself accelerated (see e.g. Boelens 2005). Many people in the world do not experience or cannot participate in this acceleration. Furthermore, acceleration takes place on different scales (see fig.2). Moreover, to understand the complexity of societal processes in relation to new technologies, the concept acceleration needs to be regarded as nothing more than a starting point to describe more complex societal processes related to the daily life of individuals and the transformation of cities and urban regions. To grasp the complexity of effects of introducing new technologies one can start with taking two perspectives on what is happening: technology and people.

Fig. 1 The acceleration of voyages in France over a period of 200 years by Emile Cheysson (1888)

changing times_changing cities - time space relations 2007 april ATLANTIS 19

Societal trends from the perspective of new technologies The introduction of new technologies is an important factor in societal trends.

However, urbanism cannot claim a trackrecord in understanding and anticipating on new technologies (Dupuy 1991). Although an understanding of the impact of the introduction of new technologies in the past is also very relevant (see Dupuy 2000), this article limits itself to the introduction of new transport technologies and ICTs in the last 3 decades. Janelle and Gillespie (2004) distinguish in that context between the four societal processes time-space convergence, time-space compression, human extensibility and trackability. The first two are later discussed as major trends. The trend of increasing individual and collective trackability through mobile technologies and location based services (LBS) are expected to have significant impact on the use of urban space and on the way time-space use is researched (see e.g. the Senseable City Project at MIT – http://senseable.mit.edu).

How this effect will manifest itself is largely unknown (Drewe 2003) - as are most effects on urban space of the introduction of ICTs , since they constitute complex interactions of both direct and indirect effects (see Rooij 2005: 35). Extensibility is the possibility of - virtually - being at two places at one time through the use of ICTs. It is interesting to develop this basic principle from the field

Fig.2 Scales and basic rhythms of time in daily life. Source: Drewe 2004

of time-geography where the impossibility to be in two places was taken as starting point to develop a conceptual framework for modelling human activity patterns based on constraints (Hagerstrand 1970).

Kwan (2000) has developed this principle using the concept extensibility, showing the multiscalar and polysynchronised structures of urban life after the introduction of technologies for telecommunication. Phones (also mobile of course) and internet are the two most frequently used contemporary tools to increase ones personal extensibility.

For cities, extensibility results in both more synchronised action over large geographical distances (through realtime communication) and new demands for face-to-face contacts (compare Engelsdorp-Gastelaars 2007).

Societal trends from the perspective of daily life of people After introducing the perspective of new technologies, this article now focuses the attention to the daily life of people. The apparent break-down of traditional timestructures is very important when looking at societal trends from this angle. Time structures and changes in time structures are very much culturally and geographically dependent. For example, time is structured differently on the equator than in areas with colder climates. The main references for this article are Western societies in moderate

20 ATLANTIS april 2007 time space relations - changing times_changing cities

climates, although one cannot claim validity of the descriptions for all Western societies with moderate climates. Time structures work on specific, interrelated time scales, which are related to day-night rhythms, but also religious rhythms and other social, natural or cultural rhythms (compare the time scales of fig.2 with your own experience). Strong spatial and temporal markers around which daily life has been structured traditionally - such as the home, the factory, Sundays, nights and seasons - are becoming less important or are developing new meanings. This shift is partly due to larger potential individual accessibility spaces (see Kwan and Weber 2003) in light of mobility technologies and to the introduction of ‘comfort’ technologies such as running water, central heating, electric light, internet, etc. Non-technological factors (e.g. financial budgets or changing household structures), though, are at least equally important. This destructuring of daily life has been said to cause “temporal instability” (Drewe 2004).

However, its effect on the vulnerability of excluded groups seems to be underreported.

Still, people have to sleep and eat, so it is unrealistic to speak of total ‘arhtythmia’ (see Lefebvre 2004). Literature on the trends in contemporary changes of daily life does not agree on what is happening exactly. Despite this uncertainty about technology driven societal processes, the literatures seems to agree on three effects on daily life of people (or are they causes?): diversification, individualisation and asynchonisation. One can discuss if the resulting pressure on daily life and the increasing number of choices is a negative or positive side of these processes and for which people this is valid at all (see for elaboration and overviews DATAR 2001 and SCP 2003).

To understand the described complexity of time and space and the interplay between

societal processes in relation to contemporary urbanism, we need to take a next step.

The remainder of the article focuses the discussion on some major trends, which encompass both developed perspectives. The inherent complexity of both the technological perspective and the people-based perspective is translated into four technology driven societal processes within, through and for which contemporary urbanism should be prepared to develop spatial plans and designs.

Thus it might be possible to integrate - in urbanism – different strands of knowledge on the various effects of introducing new technologies in society. The vocabulary depends strongly on geographical and sociological literature. People working in the field of urbanism have to be conscious of the background of this vocabulary since it easy to use and even to abuse language in a field based on imagery rather focusing on space than on time, such as urbanism (compare Klaasen 2005). To translate from and find analogies in this vocabulary for the world of companies, logistics and economy is also a challenge too large for this article (compare Muilerman 2001).

Major trends and its exceptions Looking at the effects of new technologies on the relation between time and space, one can distinguish some major trends. The four major trends described in this article are timespace compression, time-space convergence, time-space flexibilisation and time-space individualisation. Because these terms are often replaced wrongly for one another , we go a bit deeper into the meaning of each trend below. The list of four, developed here, is not exhaustive in describing all implications and whole complex nature of the processes.

Nor can this list be regarded as enveloping all possible technology driven societal processes.

changing times_changing cities - time space relations 2007 april ATLANTIS 21

Moreover, the trends are not simply applicable to all societies or all people and places in a particular society. Every trend knows its exception to the rule. Sometimes we can even question if the exception is the rule, but that it has failed to penetrate mainstream thinking the way the popular term has (see e.g. timespace flexibilisation).

Time-space compression Time–space compression has to do with the seemingly increasing pressure of activities in the daily lives of urban households (compare SCP 2003). The analogy of limited time to take part in activities with decreasing turnover times of money and goods in contemporary economies seems logical (compare Harvey 1990). However, not everyone is becoming a busier person. Both through conscious choice and through unwilling exclusion of certain groups of people, time-space compression is deflated at times. On the one hand the nature of, the technological possibilities to organise and the choice of activities diversifies, while on the other hand the risk of exclusion and with that the chance of deprivation for urban households increases.

Time–space convergence While the concept time-space compression expresses the effects for individuals or individual households, time–space convergence has to do directly with the development of transport and communication technology. While temporal distances seem to collapse onto specific places by diminishing travel times, the spatial dimensions of urban systems can be regarded to be enlarging, since the potential space for people to explore activities is larger with the same amount of time available. The speeding up of our

Fig. 3 The distortion of Europe from geographical space (1st map) to travel times over the High Speed Rail Network showing the time-space convergence in the period from 1993 (2nd map) and in 2020 (3rd map). Source: Spiekermann and Wegener (1994)

22 ATLANTIS april 2007 time space relations - changing times_changing cities

Fig. 4 A cartogram of the Netherlands using travel times from Utrecht. Source: Reuser & Schenk (2000) De HST in Nederland, NAi

(1) Information and Communication Technologies, e.g. telephone, email, internet, mobile phones, PDAs, etc.

(2) An often mistake made on expected effects of ICTs is that the introduction of internet and email would result in lower physical mobility of people.

Research has since proven that although people do tele-work this has led to unexpected new patterns of mobility (see e.g. Reisen 1997) (3) Especially the concepts time-space compression and time-space convergence are often confused (4) Remind that there is a difference in visualizing (1) the difference between geographic space and a cartogram (distortion of space) based on travel times, and (2) the changes in travel times over a period of time. Only the latter concerns the process of time-space convergence.

changing times_changing cities - time space relations 2007 april ATLANTIS 23

means of transport and communication has seemingly lead to an increased accessibility of places and shrinking of the world. However, work on time-space compression (in particular visualisations ) often suffers from a centre-ofthe-world-perspective (compare fig. 3) or is limited to very specific technical systems (see fig.4). Furthermore, it is often the case that not the vehicle within the transportation system becomes so much faster, but that spatial connectivity increases (e.g. the expansion of the high speed rail network). Waiting times, such as those at airports, or pre- and aftertransport times (i.e. intermodal connectivity) at the same time undermine time-space convergence effects. Another critical note has to be that this time-space convergence works selectively for groups, but also for spaces, due to financial and social-cultural constraints.

As such the examination of and attempt to prevent exclusion is an integral part of researching time-space convergence.

Time-space flexibilisation Time-space flexibilisation potentially has a large impact on urban life. The changing nature and role of time-space markers is related to the influence of ICTs in daily life in combination with the increased availability of services over time and space. Flexibilisation is not a process inevitably concluding in a footloose society. As with space, time is both declustering and reclustering simultaneously (compare Boelens 2005). Flexibilisation takes place on both the level of individual peoples lives and the level of functional structures of cities. On the level of daily life of individuals it refers to shifting relations between work time and leisure time; simultaneous trends are found of decreasing and increasing working hours in contemporary society (SCP 2003). The flexibilisation of working hours and working places, but also the pressure to

work beyond regular hours can be related to competition between companies in different time zones around the world. In addition, companies and public authorities seem to feel pressured to compete for customers or to deliver services at ‘new’ days and hours of the week. Flexibilisation creates a tension between freedom of choice and pressure to participate. On the level of functional urban structures flexibilisation refers to the spatial conditions for multimodal trips, the availability of services in the vicinity of work places and transfer points in public transport, but also to the development of peripheral shopping centres only reachable by flexible households with cars.

Time-space individualisation Time-space individualisation refers to the increased possibilities for people to diversify their activity patterns on both a daily basis or divergent from their social-culturally dependent context and habits. Still today, people are alive to tell about travelling for days from Drenthe in the east of the Netherlands to Den Haag. A number of siginifcant factors influencing individualisation of time and space can be signalled: overall increased prosperity in western societies (but also a polarisation between rich and poor), the increased participation of women on the labour market, the shift from traditional household configurations to more single households and double-income-households with and without kids. The freedom of movement given by, but also dependence on cars plays an important role in diversification of activity patterns. A last factor to bring forward here is the increased availability of information on places one would never have thought of to go some decades ago. Of course we are all indidviduals – instead of resulting in complete chaos, time-space individualisation goes

24 ATLANTIS april 2007 time space relations - changing times_changing cities

along with the declustering and reclustering of times and spaces, addressed earlier in this article. This makes it still relevant for urban design and planning.

Points of departure for timeoriented urbanism Concluding this article, three statements are posed to the reader. Can we think of an urbanism that takes into account time as much as it takes space? Can we do that by simultaneously respecting the existence of the technology driven societal trends described in this article and not jumping on the horse of acceleration too easily, as suggested in the first part of this article? Can a technological perspective indeed come together with a people-based perspective? The following challenges are a starting point for discussion: • The changing nature of accessibility of places and infrastructures related to the unequal ditribution of flexibilisation and speed requires a shift from a morphologically oriented urbanism to a network-oriented urbanism.

• The changing position of the individual in chains of activities bound together by ICTs requires a return to, but also critical reflection upon the question “What about People in Regional Science?” as posed

by Törsten Hagerstrand (1970).

• The changing nature of the accumulated flows of information, people and goods on the physical infrastructures of urban systems requires urbanists to relate knowledge from economic geography and sociology to strategical, design-oriented spatial thinking to contribute what they can in creating the spatial conditions for inclusion, in particular of vulnerable groups.

Boelens, L. (2005). Fluviology - a new approach of spatial planning. Inaugural Lecture. Utrecht, University of Utrecht.

DATAR (2001) Temps & territoire, prospective et experiméntations, Groupe de prospective no. 6, Paris Drewe (2003) ICT and Urban Form – Old Dogma, New Tricks. Delft, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology.

Drewe, P. (2004). What About Time in Urban Planning and Design in the ICT age? Delft, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology.

Dupuy, G. (1991). L’Urbanisme des Reseaux - Théories et Méthodes. Paris, Armand Colin Éditeurs.

Dupuy (2000) A revised History of Network Urbanism. In: OASE 53 Netwerkstedenbouw Nijmegen. Sun Publishers Engelsdorp Gastelaars, R. van & D. Hamers (2007) De nieuwe stad. Stedelijke centra als brandpunten van interactie. Rotterdam/Den Haag: NAi Uitgevers/RPB. Hagerstrand, T. (1970). What about people in Regional Science? Ninth European Congress of The Regional Science Association Copenhagen ’69, Copenhagen, Regional Science Association.

Harvey, D. (1990). The Condition of Post-Modernity. Oxford, Blackwell.

Janelle, D. G. and A. Gillespie (2004). “Space-time constructs for linking information and communication technologies with issues in sustainable transportation.”

Transport Reviews 24(6): 665-677.

Klaasen, I.T. (2005). Putting Time in the Picture. In: Hulsbergen, E.D. Klaasen, I.T. and I. Kriens (2005) Shifting Sense: Looking Back to the Future in Spatial Planning.. Amsterdam, Techne Press.

Kwan, M.-P. (2000) Human Extensibility and Individual Accessibility in Cyberspace: A Multi-Scale Representation Using GIS. IN Donald Janelle and David Hodge, eds., Information, Place, and Cyberspace: Issues in Accessibility, Ch.14, 241-256. Berlin, Springer-Verlag.

Kwan, M.-P., and J. Weber (2003) Individual Accessibility Revisited: The Implications of Changing Urban Form and Human Spatial Behavior. Geographical Analysis 35: 341-353.

Lefebvre, H. (2004). Rhythmanalysis: Space, time, and everyday life. London: Continuum.

Muilerman, G.J. (2001) Time-based logistics, an analysis of the relevance, causes and impacts. PhD Thesis, TRAIL Research School/Delft University Press, Delft.

Reisen, F. van (1997), ‘Ruim baan door telewerken?: effecten van flexibele werkvormen op ruimtelijke ordening en mobiliteit als gevolg van veranderend tijdruimtegedrag’. Proefschrift. KNAG Utrecht/ Faculteit Bouwkunde, Delft. NGS 226 Publicatiebureau Bouwkunde, Delft Reuser, B. & Schenk, M. (2000) Het Gelaagde Land – Het Aanzien van Nederland in 2030. In: Frieling, D., Eijking, B. & Tisma, A. (2000) Deltametropool – Tijd als Instrument van Ordening. De Architectonische Interventie. Delft, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology Rooij, R. (2005) The Mobile City – The Planning and design of the Network City from a mobility point of view. PhD thesis, T2005/1, February 2005, TRAIL Thesis Series, The Netherlands SCP (Sociaal Cultureel Planbureau; 2003). De Meerkeuzemaatschappij - Facetten van de temporele organisatie van verplichtingen en voorzieningen. Den Haag, Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau.

Spiekermann, K., Wegener, M. (1994): The Shrinking Continent: New Time Space Maps of Europe. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 21, 653-673

Eindhoven wouldn’t have grown big without the establishment of Philips in the city. What began as a small light bulb factory, resulted in many industrial estates and districts with houses especially meant for Philips-employees.

Philips became a known brand all around the world so when Philips started to move its production to other countries because of lower salary- and production costs during the 90’s, buildings in Eindhoven became empty.

More and more divisions left Eindhoven, at the top there was the movement of the head office to Amsterdam.

Not a good decision as seen through the eyes of many Eindhoven inhabitants.

The city misses the presence of Philips. As a result the identity ‘Eindhoven: city of Philips’ became weaker.

Now the city wants to place itself back on the map as city of technology. With the slogan ‘Eindhoven: city of technology’ the city tries to attract more companies of technology. This seems to be a success, looking for example to the success of the High Tech Campus (best company-park of the Netherlands of 2006). On this campus the remained Philips-divisions are working together with new companies of technology, sharing expensive laboratories. The whole meaning of the campus is to stimulate knowledge exchange between the different companies.

Eindhoven invests on its image of technology and creates an attracting climate for companies of technology.

As a result more companies of the technology-sector are moving to Eindhoven. Eindhoven Airport is growing strongly, since many companies of technology are often world-players.

In a national framework Eindhoven wants to be established as ‘Brainport’. Eindhoven has formed cooperation with the cities Aken and Leuven, also cities with a University of Technology. This cooperation leads to the so called ‘knowledge-triangle’. Eindhoven changes from a city to a network-city.

Also in its province Eindhoven is part of a network-city: a cooperation between the municipalities of Breda, Tilburg, Den Bosch and Eindhoven has lead to ‘Brabantstad’, a counterpart of the Randstad. It’s the idea of dealing together with problems, to achieve more.

In my eyes the creation of an identity and the formation of network-cities is a reaction of Eindhoven to globalization. Eindhoven wants to distinguish itself from other cities, but at the same time she wants to compete more strongly with other cities in the country and the world, by working together with cities in the region. These processes don’t only take place in Eindhoven, but in cities in the whole world.

In our education Eindhoven is always an actual topic. The concept of a network-city has been mentioned in various lectures, even as another result of globalization: the network-society. Contacts between people are becoming more fleeting, internet partly has taken over the role of the social life.

In the education also has been paid attention to the identity of Eindhoven. Good example of this is the cooperation between the TU Eindhoven and the municipality of Eindhoven, in the form of the graduation atelier E+. The intention of this atelier is that graduation projects will form an added value for the city of Eindhoven, and at the same time will strengthen the identity of the city.

Globalization is an actual topic, and I think it will remain one. Maybe it would be a good idea to have this topic as the next theme within VIA Stedebouw!

BAS OERLEMANS

www.viastedebouw.nl

Globalization… a process which has its influence on every city in the world. Also on ‘our’ city Eindhoven!

Greetings from Eindhoven

greetings from eindhoven _ time space relations 2007 april ATLANTIS 25

26

ATLANTIS april 2007 time space relations - the aesthetic of movement

the aesthetic of movement sofia Paisios

The aim of this project is to understand how we perceive our surroundings and in particular the manner in which different urban environment influence our perception and our every day life.

instances Catharijnebaan Utrecht

defining perception

using vision as a tool to analyse perception (perception as receptive activity)

Perception is a structure, through which we know the world by actively and intentionally collecting information, constituted also by social and cultural structures that are embedded to our personality and our intentions.

The perceptual activity can be defined as a mental and a physical structure since it contains the immediate environment, our mental abilities and our lived body as a link between them.

The retinal image is the link between the immediate environment and the perceiver. This tool illustrates the relation between vision and perception while one moves in the city by the use of a visual vocabulary.

The analysis starts with the traditional city of Utrecht and the product of the analysis are small movies.

In these movies the visual parts start to express their textual differences: The data that are going to be used for the visual analysis are the photographs.These photographs are analysed to basic visual elements: edges, main orientations (vertical , horizontal, diagonal), and illumination,shadows and surfaces.

the aesthetic of movement - time space relations 2007 april ATLANTIS

conclusion about vision and perception: perception as a receptive activity

defining motion

defining place

Two main problems arise when using vision to explain perception: First vision is subjective. Secondly we don’t have to see a place in order to go there: vision can takes us to the next corner but perception can take us everywhere. The common structure between perceiver -already embedded to the world - and world -made for us to perceive- enables us to extend our knowledge and actions beyond the confinements of senses.

Motion is the key that enables the lift of something mental-perception from a collection of objects that is physical – environment.

We perceive our urban environment through our acquaintance with places, by moving in and between them.

Motion animates the immediate environment and enables the activation of our sense organs.

Place is a figure. The central idea of Gestalt theory is used to form the place: like the figure-background relation, elements gather and form the place that stands out from the background, for us to perceive it. The deconstruction of the spatial structure reveals the individual elements, the sub-regions of the figure place. The formation of place, doesn’t delete the elements, on the contrary they exist in a meaningful context.

Because a place is actual and particular, it cannot exist in isolation. Places established relations through movement on the road network. Again by following the gestalt principle, places gather and form the urban figure that stands out from the higher wholes, city, region, world. This background enables them to coexist in a context as meaningful individual elements. This nesting of places is perceived and used in our everyday life: when we are moving between places and when we are naming places.

conclusion about perception and motion, perception as a sensefull activity

Motion facilitates the perception of place and its urban context. Motion like vision, is subject to our intentions but it’s also subordinate to the formation of the urban environment. Motion is an active negotiation between our intentions, our body and place., but it’s also subordinate to the formation of the urban environment. Motion is an active negotiation between our intentions, our body and place.

Thus perception of urban environment can be studied directly by the structure of urban movement networks, which reveal both, the structure of the urban environment and the structure of our perception.

perceptual analysis: connecting names via the mobility network Randstad : layers

Randstad : layers

Randstad : layers

urban cores - highways

urban cores - highways

urban cores - highways urban satellites - national roads

urban satellites - national roads

smaller settlements

10km

10km

10km

AMSTERDAM

AMSTERDAM

AMSTERDAM ALMERE

ALMERE

ALMERE HAARLEM

HAARLEM

HUIZEN

HOOFDDORP

HOOFDDORP

BUSSUM HLLEGOM

HILVERSUM

AMERSFOORT

HILVERSUM

NIEUWVENNEP

AMERSFOORT

LAREN

AALSMEER NOORDWIJK

BREUKELEN KATWIJK

UTRECHT

OOGSTQEEST

UTRECHT ZEIST

LEIDEN

ALPHEN AAN DEN RIJN

LEIDEN

ZOETERMEER

IJSSELSTEIN

NIEUWEGEIN DELFT

ROTTERDAM CAPELLEAANDEIJSSEL

SCHIEDAM

HOOGVLIET

NIEUWEGEIN

GOUDA

GOUDA DELFT

ZEIST

HOUTEN

HOUTEN ZOETERMEER

ROTTERDAM

DEBILT

BODEGRAVEN

DEN HAAG

DEN HAAG

SOEST

UTRECHT

NIEUWKOOP

WOERDEN

WOERDEN

DEN HAAG

AMERSFOORT BAARN

MIDRECHT

LISSE

ROTTERDAM

We perceive the urban structure by using it, by using the roads, which establish relations between the different places.

For this analysis places-names are connected via the road network. At each path the lines are counted. The number of lines is the width of the red lines at the final diagram.

The thicker the red lines are, the most used is the road.

NIEUWERKERK

CAPELLEAANDEIJSSEL SCHIEDAM

HOOGVLIET

BARENDRECHT

We can also distinguish three different layers: Highways that accomodate the Big cities “urban core”.

National roads that accomodate the smaller cities “urban satellites”.

Local roads that accomodate the smaller setllements.

Inside the urban settlements this network is more densed, outside is more lax.

Connecting names at Ranstad scale:

The paths that are most used and accommodate the major of the flows at this scale, are the highways.

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ATLANTIS april 2007 time space relations - the aesthetic of movement

connecting names at Utrecht

The analysis begin at Utrecht , a traditional city. In Utrecht we observe that the most used roads are located at the center of the city (10km). At the overal area (20km) the city of Utrecht is clearly defined from the peripheral road and some entrances to the city.

At the case of a locality (700m) we see that roads of local importance (paths between local places) coexist spatially with roads important in previous scales (small map on the left).

connecting names at Utrecht 20km

connecting names at Utrecht 10km

Utrecht local centers

neighborhood types Utrecht: flow inside the neighborhood

locality in Utrecht (700m) : superposition of flows

the aesthetic of movement - time space relations 2007 april ATLANTIS

connecting names at Almere 20 km

connecting names at Almere

In order to compare these conclusions Almere , a contemporary city is also researced.At the overall area (20km) we are still in a metropolitan scale, and the formation of the settlements is a tree structure. For Almere (10km) we can make a similar observation as at Utrecht (20km): srtong peripheries between the center and the suburbs and even between the neighborhoods (Almere 5 km). At the case of a local area in Almere (700m ) the local roads and city roads are again located adjacent to each other, but they are separated spatially: there is no connection, even when they cross each other, they are located in a different level.

connecting names at Almere 10 km connecting names at Almere 5 km

neighborhood types Almere:f low outside or peripheral

locality in Almere (700m) : flows adjacent, not related

Almere local centers

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ATLANTIS april 2007 time space relations - the aesthetic of movement

different layers of mobility and functions:

layers in Utrecht :

metropolitan - national layer , city - regional layer , local layer

the different neighborhoods are related to each other and related to the overall city movements as well.

The city network interconnects the different layers and makes Utrecht a coherent city.

the aesthetic of movement - time space relations 2007 april ATLANTIS

layers Almere:

synekism: interconnecting urban elements at Almere

The city or the metropolitan networks are not related with the local centers.

There is no relation between the local centers with each other; the “network” of neighborhoods is fragmented.

There is no interconnection superposition of layers of mobility and city network is not the link between the metropolitan, city and local layers.

Because of the decision to create a maximum efficient urban environment , urban elements in Almere don’t interconnect.

But it’s exactly this interconnection of urban elements that create a multiplicity that makes the urban environment live and understandable. It’s the existence of a connective matrix of local relations and city relations.

Interconnection at city scale

In order to create, between the local centers, continuity in space and make them visible from the city network, the bus lanes are going to be used as car roads.

This plan is going to be realized in phases.

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ATLANTIS april 2007 time space relations - the aesthetic of movement

interconnection at local scale:

As a design example, the area North of Filmwijk, is choosen. Although the spatial configuration don’t facilitate any connection between the two localities and the city highway, some first attempts of local centrality are timidly realized. new road connections

superposition of mobility layers - new functions

intensities - perceptual anchor points - forms that host the new functions knitting the urban fabric

corner infills

square - neighborhood center

The Deltametropolis the aesthetic afterof the movement RPB report - time - EAT space THE LANDSCAPE relations 2007 2007april JANUARY ATLANTIS ATLANTIS 33

in this project two different urban environments were analyzed: Utrecht, a city of historical transformations, of interconnected layers, that creates diversified perceptual experiences, freedom of choice, and surprise.

We observe a spatial configuration more societal, which evolves through the years and now hosts our contemporary lives, enabling a live everyday life. Cities where one can live, work, go out, cities built for internal circulation. This affects the spatial configuration of the city but at the same time affects the overall urban environment.

In Almere we observe a city in its beginning, of segregation of spatial elements that create a not easy to understand and to use urban environment. We can trace its beginning at logic of demand and supply, economically based and efficient. This city is based on the ability and necessity of commuting, and creates totally different spatial relations and dependencies, from the lower scale, between the neighborhoods, to the metropolitan scale, between Almere and the other urban settlements. Someone would expect that this type of environments is easier to understand and perceive.

But as we see in the analysis the logic of an efficient transportation system, logic of a geometrical pattern of a neighborhood isn’t affecting the way we relate to our environment.

The urban environment is homogenous, with no differentiation and like it tends to be the everyday life of the people living there.

Space and society are intimately correlated: the spatial setting of the city influence society. If we want to evolve as society we must enable this to happen in our social space, in our cities.

34 ATLANTIS APRIL 2007 TIME SPACE RELATIONS - EDUCATION IN THE MIRROR

education in the

MIŃ?ROR Msc2_urbanism Master 1 of urbanism was dealing with the scale of the Netherlands, ending up with a final design of a chosen area. For me it’s a logic and good step to switch master 2 to a lower scale, starting with comparing different parks with different groups. The general concept of collecting information in a short amount of time and producing an atlas for me is a good thing, because during the design phase you need to sustain the idea.

Dirk Verhagen, Msc 4 Network City

The 2 essays, we made during the Msc2, where not necessarily linked to the project. To bring the design projects to a higher level it could help to relate these essays to the project. It could also help you with the preparation of the graduation project, where you have to link your essay with the project and integrate this with a final booklet. The topics of the visualization course took too much time. Therefore, comparing with Msc1, little time was left for the project. Less assignments or assignments related to the project could help to improve the project.

The project of master 2 looks like master 1 in terms of practical insights and developing strategically skills. Another approach, like the Msc3 project is to divide the project in 8 weeks of theoretical approach, ending with 8 weeks of designing. Creating a theoretical framework, which is also necessary for the graduation project, could be worthwhile for the Msc2 project!

EDUCATION IN THE MIRROR - TIME SPACE RELATIONS 2007 APRIL ATLANTIS 35

Msc 2 was for me a very differentiating and enrichment semester, but why is this not Msc1? In the first trimester we analyzed eight city parks in Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague on the park functionality. This gives you different handles to test the functionality of public spaces. Which means you work with several project members to produce an analyze rapport. I learned a lot of the position of the park in the city and also for not being afraid to build in and along the park.

In the second trimester my first choice was Vila Urbana. But eventually I have chosen for Urban Design because I wanted to occupy with urban design instead of making an architectonic design. The information about the directions in the faculty is in my opinion not good enough. They should show some examples of the project you will work on so you will get a better insight of the course.

The assignment of Urban Design was again about city parks, this time the Zuiderpark in Rotterdam. I though it was the same project but fortunately we were free to define our own design task. This has given me surprising starting points for making a more targeted analyze. The main project task was how to improve the position and gain maximum of the Zuiderpark? There were different approaches like reconstruct the park edges, making a link with new city boulevards or making a stronger identity like a City garden park or a World sport park.

Parallel on the project there were several basic courses for urban design. Urban history and urban theory gives you a new vision on the history of Holland, the theory lectures has given different subjects and solutions which is now going on in the practice of urban design. For these courses essays has to been written, which was pleasant to get more experience of theoretical research. Further we had Visualization techniques, some students already had several lessons in the past so there was a big gap in quality of visualization among the students. For me it was the first time getting practice in visualization so it was very interesting learning more about drawing and presentation techniques. The expectations from the teachers were very high, so we spend lots of time on this course. They say it was about technique but I think that they also assessed the beauty of your drawing.

That was a pity because that’s why you spend too much time on this course.

Like I said before, I think that this semester is more in its place in the Msc 1, because for the most people this semester is the first real substantive meeting with urban design. The lessons of Msc 2 have exactly the scales and courses you expect and desire from urban design and are very important as basic principles for this discipline. I even think that for some architects regional planning deters them to study further in urban design and get back to architecture. That’s a pity for the urban design department, because it has got so much in it. There is always something interesting to study inside the profession of urban design. That’s why I follow urban design with lots of enthusiastic interest.

Arjan van der Mispel, Msc3 Urban Design.

36 ATLANTIS APRIL 2007 TIME SPACE RELATIONS - EDUCATION IN THE MIRROR

A: Frank, can you condense your specification at the faculty?

F: I work for the Chair of Urban Design, as the associate of Henco Bekkering. He is professor of Urban Design. The function is about management, education (teaching) and research. In research I am involved in international research projects like connectedcities.eu and Spatial Metro. Currently I am busy with the so-called ‘self-studie’ for MidTerm review of the Departments research.

A: What is your position in the Msc2?

F: Right now I am responsible for the coordination of MSc 2 Urbanism and I am teaching in some courses. I try to optimize the different courses, in MSc 2, as a whole to work together. This is not that easy in the MSc 2 because the current MSc2 courses are what was left after the curriculum was reshuffled once too many.

A: I experienced that we learned in MSc 2 the basics for MSc 1, like the visualization, the history course and writing essays. For me it’s so strange that the department switched the MSc 1 with MSc 2.

So what is your idea of the structure as a whole?

F: Some years ago we got as a department the request to synchronize our free choice to the free choice of Architecture and other departments. At that time the free choices where spread over the MSc 1, 2 and 3. Because of that it was difficult for students from other tracks enroll in these courses. For the Urbanism students it was difficult to try the electives of other tracks, faculties or universities.

The Director of Education (then: Prof. Kees van Weeren) asked if we could concentrate all the free choices in one quarter. We where not allowed to concentrate the free choice in MSc 1. The general opinion was that you can only benefit from free choice when you had some solid ground. In other words: the school wants you to finish three quarters (1,5 semester) first.

For some reason it was difficult to break up the MSc2. The department decided to keep that semester more or less as it was, but move it to the first semester. The first semester then became the second semester. The original MSc1 design courses became electives, next to all other electives. What was left were courses like visualization, the history course and writing essays.

Well, that is the situation we have today. It explains why the basics or in the second semester. I do not say it’s logical. May be we should forget about the division in MSc1 and a MSc2 and approach it just as four quarters and move the basics back to where they belong: to the first quarter.

A: The main course of the MSc 2 exists of the park analyzing, for me an eye-opener how to deal with city parks. Why is chosen for a park instead of an urbanized area?

F: The course is about an urban park and it is not about designing a park. The park is approached as a condition in an urban area to see what you can do with it in urban planning. We want you to be aware what a park does in a city. What you learn in the course is for instance about size. Is a park with this size in this part of the city part a good thing, or will a smaller park do? Is a park necessary in that area or is there space for densification?

These topics are really relevant if you look to the current reconstruction of cities. The municipality of Rotterdam for example has decided that until the year of 2020 it will build all the housing they need, about 56.000 houses, within the border of the existing city. And than you have to ask yourself two important questions: - Where do we find the space to build this, where do all these houses fit?

- What are the quality elements of the city, where do the people would like to live? Maybe there is space available at the Maasvlakte, but nobody wants to live in the Maasvlakte. City centres, parks, transit hubs could be positive factors for creating possibilities for high densities.

That is what’s on the agenda of the city planners the coming time. Yes we could also look at other

FRANK van der HOEVEN interviewed by ARJEN SPIJKERMAN

M

u

EDUCATION IN THE MIRROR - TIME SPACE RELATIONS 2007 APRIL ATLANTIS 37

design questions. But as a coordinator of the MSc2 I notice that the students are positive about the course than it is not logical to interfere. It is a good running formula. But the course is also for us a learning process. Once we know enough about how parks work, we can do similar analyses for example in station areas or postwar districts.

A: Are you satisfied with the output of the MSc 2?

F: You can look at two points; - What is the quality of the current students and their final products? The last two groups where better than the first groups, probably because the course is getting more structured.

- What is the profile from outside the TU Delft? How will for Erasmus students look at it? Coming from outside I think the MSc2 will work fine. Students will get some basic knowledge and they can choose the free choice package they like.

But I still think there is some mix-up between MSc 2 and MSc 1. But I am reluctant to suggest changes right now because the MSc1 will now be reshuffled. We should first see what the new structure of the MSc 1 will be and than try to connect MSc 2 to it.

A: Every half year there is a variation of hbo students and international students, TU bachelors are spread over the year. Can you subscribe the differences between these two groups?

F: In the MSc 2 the big influx of students takes place in February. This is because of the international students. In September the influx is small and is mostly. Although all course are in English you will find design classes are thought in Dutch when all students are Dutch: HBO students and TU Bachelors.

But in February the students are more diverse. We deal with four groups; Erasmus, International students, HBO and TU Bachelors. The international students are very committed. Their parents have high expectations and often paid a small fortune. And… their visa expire after two years. The Erasmus students are sometimes not ambitious at all. Some of them seem to be here for the partying. The Dutch will have to complete all the courses but they are not in a hurry. All these groups have a different background and level. This becomes especially apparent in the visualization course. International and Erasmus students tend to have much more training in the use of traditional media.

A: I want to make a short link to the transition between the MSc 2 and 3, what do you think of this transition? My opinion is a lack of information during the end of MSc 2 to the MSc 3 F: I think you could use the free choice packages to bridge them. You can use packages like globalization or urban design to get already an idea what the design studios are about. Afterwards you will know if it is something for you or not. But you need more information in an earlier process. Students are now forced to make choices between urban transformation and urban landscapes. And lots of students still don’t know the differences between the labs.

Right now I am working on an information brochure, to show what the MSc 2 is about, which we could use for our own students and those of other tracks and universities. Other semester could take up similar initiatives.

But then again we also are going to change the MSc 3. The MSc 3 now exists of urban transformation and urban landscapes. It used to be 3 of them; Urban compositions, Delta design and urban transformations. And when I am correct the next semester it is going to be one. Urban transformation, where urban design is a part from, is finally working right now. The groups at this time are doing a better job than previous groups. How that works out after you go through the next reshuffle you never know.

A: Thanks!

F: You’re welcome

Msc2

urbanism

Judith van Hees

Structuren voor Globalisatie

38 ATLANTIS APRIL 2007 TIME SPACE RELATIONS - STRUCTUREN VOOR GLOBALISATIE

In het debat over globalisering wordt de nadruk gelegd op de veranderende beleving van tijd en ruimte. Er wordt gedebatteerd over een nieuw soort maatschappij en de positie van het individu. De impact van globalisatie is zo onoverzichtelijk dat er in de debatten vaak met iets van angst over gesproken wordt. De angst voor de (karakteristieke) armoede van het individu*1 staat centraal in een wereld die welhaast technocratisch wordt. Het realiteitsgehalte van deze veronderstelling vergroot wanneer we de vernieuwing van de globalisatie als een aparte/nieuwe wereld zien. In deze, welhaast moderne*2 zoektocht, wordt voorbij gegaan aan een bepaald duurzaamheidperspectief. De netwerken zijn onlosmakelijk verbonden en afhankelijk van elkaar alleen mist er een ‘interface’ die de extreme schaalsprong van globalisatie kan overbruggen en de samenhang vorm kan geven.

Door de versnelling van communicatie - en mobiliteitsnetwerken is een nieuw netwerk ontstaan dat qua ruimtelijke en tijdsdimensies alle oude netwerken ver achter zich laat.

De verschillen zijn zo groot dat er sprake is van een polarisering tussen de plaatsgebonden, cultureel/politieke plekken waar geografie en nabijheid een grote rol spelen en de niet plaatsgebonden, schaalloze, virtuele, snel veranderende en marktgeoriënteerde globalisatie. Deze kenmerken problematiseren de relaties op ruimtelijk, sociaal, cultureel en economisch vlak. In Nederland versterkt decentralisatie de kleinschaligheid van politieke en stedelijke processen waardoor de spanning vergroot. De intrinsieke kenmerken van ons politieke systeem en het globale netwerk spel-

en op zo verschillende schaalniveaus dat we kunnen spreken van een vacuüm. Globalisatie trekt de netwerken als het ware op een hoger schaalniveau terwijl de politieke begrenzingen de netwerken nog steeds opknippen in beheersbare onderdelen.

De onmacht om de globale processen te verbinden met lokale structuren ontwikkelt een soort onbegrip en verlies van controle over de ruimte. De dynamiek van een gezonde economie trekt weg naar plekken waar minder regels zijn en nieuwe regels welkom zijn. Het gevaar schuilt hierin dat in het proces van globalisatie de ruimte tegelijk als proeflab (tijdelijke opstellingen) en expositieruimte (andere omgeving voor nieuw product) wordt gebruikt. Bedrijventerreinen zijn een voorbeeld van extensief gebruik en een negatieve kwaliteitsontwikkeling maar ook historische plekken in de binnenstad worden ontdaan van hun gebruikswaarde en ingezet puur om hun etalerende functie. In beide gevallen wordt er tijdelijk gebruik gemaakt van een ruimte of een structuur zonder de intentie om een duurzame ontwikkeling te starten. Zorgvuldig gereguleerde ruimte komt onder druk te staan van processen waar we geen grip op hebben. Nieuwe ontwikkelingen worden daardoor eerder als ballast gezien dan een mogelijkheid om bestaande structuren te completeren; nieuwe dynamiek en economische ontwikkeling in te zetten voor een kwalitatieve, duurzame ontwikkeling van bestaande netwerken en structuren.

In de dagelijkse praktijk van een stedebouwkundige betekent dit dat stedelijke proces-

STRUCTUREN VOOR GLOBALISATIE - TIME SPACE RELATIONS 2007 APRIL ATLANTIS 39

sen waarmee ontworpen wordt op een heel ander schaalniveau georganiseerd worden. Om in een planvorming te anticiperen op stedelijke processen die de politieke grenzen in Nederland overstijgen zullen we veel meer moeten voorsorteren op de structurele kenmerken van programma’s en de verenigbaarheid met bestaande ruimtelijke, sociale en economische netwerken. Kwaliteit wordt ontwikkeld waar de programmatische en ruimtelijke kenmerken elkaar versterken. In een recent advies (sept. 2006) van BVR adviseurs aan de gemeente Rotterdam over de vormgeving van de stadsvisie 2030 is een analyse gemaakt van de afstemming tussen (ruimtelijke) structuren en nieuwe opgaven. In de analyse is geconcludeerd dat de samenhang tussen de projecten nog onvoldoende benut werd. Om de kansen van deze benadering te verbeelden zijn enkele voorbeeldprojecten ontwikkeld. Vanuit de kernbeslissing van de gemeente om een aantrekkelijke woonstad te creÍren *3 is een vergelijking gemaakt met andere steden om te onderzoeken welke ruimtelijke structuren de kwaliteit van groen en ontspanning kunnen verbinden aan de stad.

Gouden randjes van de randstad

40 ATLANTIS APRIL 2007 TIME SPACE RELATIONS - STRUCTUREN VOOR GLOBALISATIE

Opvallend is dat de kwalitatieve dragers van de Randstad bestaan uit ruimtelijke structuren die de schaal van de stad overstijgen.

Zo is de Oude Rijn een belangrijke structuurdrager voor Leiden en steunt Amsterdam op de verbindende kwaliteiten van de Amstel. Om in een voorbeeldproject de kwaliteit van een grootschalige groenstructuur aan alle lagen en functies van de stad te verbinden is gekozen voor de ‘Schie-ontwikkeling’. De Schie raakt aan opgaven als de Science port, Van Nelle fabriek, Het Park, de Lloyd pier, woningbouwopgave Overschie/Spangen en de wateropgave.

Voorbeeldproject Schie-ontwikkeling

Door de slimme verknoping van opgaven en structuren is geprobeerd om de structuur van de stad als geheel te versterken.

De kenmerken die de ‘kleuring’ of mogelijk gebruik en ontwikkeling van een structuur bepalen worden weergegeven in schema1. De mate van verknoping met andere netwerken, mobiliteit, verblijfskwaliteit en nabijheid van andere functies zijn kenmerken die vooral in het ‘oude’, plaatsgebonden systeem essentieel zijn.

In het proces van globalisering verandert de waardering van kenmerken omdat de economie van andere aspecten afhankelijk is. Nieuwe kenmerken zijn bijvoorbeeld snelheid in communicatie en de grote mate van spreiding van het netwerk. Door deze verandering zullen de bestaande netwerken gaan reorganiseren, de nieuwe laag van globalisatie biedt kenmerken die voorheen ondenkbaar waren.

Toch blijven deze netwerken ‘zweven’ wanneer er geen ruimtelijke vertaling aan gegeven wordt. De hotspots zijn een goed voorbeeld van een samenwerking tussen ruimtelijke en digitale netwerken. Op plekken waar de verblijfskwaliteit hoog kristalliseert het digitale

STRUCTUREN VOOR GLOBALISATIE - TIME SPACE RELATIONS 2007 APRIL ATLANTIS 41

netwerk. De ruimtelijke verblijfskwaliteit, de aanwezigheid van meerdere functies en andere voorzieningenstructuren zijn essentieel voor een duurzame reorganisatie van de netwerken.

Door de netwerken te waarderen op kenmerken zoals in schema 1 wordt het mogelijk om weer naar de samenhang in de netwerken te zoeken. Op deze manier kunnen er structurerende kenmerken van een opgave bepaald worden voordat deze ‘landt’ in een gebied.

Andersom kan een gebied voorafgaand aan een opgave bepalen welke kenmerken de verschillende ruimtelijke structuren er aanwezig zijn, welke kenmerken er missen maar wel wenselijk zijn. De integratie van nieuwe netwerken en oude structuren is kansrijk wanneer in onbruik geraakte ruimtelijke structuren een nieuwe impuls krijgen. Cultuurhistorische elementen kunnen op basis van bepaalde kenmerken een tweede leven, een nieuw programma en een nieuwe betekenis voor de stad krijgen. Ook kan hiermee iets worden gezegd over de discussie rondom het veranderende tijdruimte beeld. De integratie van structuren waarin tijd een hoofdrol speelt (globalisatie) in structuren waarin plaats en geografie een hoofdrol speelt kan het vacuüm tussen de twee werelden overbruggen. Het plaatsloze netwerk zou als vanzelfsprekend onderdeel van de dagelijkse leefomgeving kunnen worden met de voordelen van snelle communicatie en verplaatsing en de kwaliteit van cultuur en identiteit. Dit zegt ook wat over de duurzaamheid van globalisatie, door de inbedding in bestaande structuren wordt de kracht vergroot, kunnen culturen groeien vanuit hun eeuwenoude kenmerken en kunnen nieuwe balansen gezocht worden tussen versnelling en longue durée.

1 - Met karakteristieke armoede doel ik op de onkunde van het individu om zichzelf staande te houden in het proces van globalisatie en de immer ‘moderne’ tijd.

Een citaat van Rene Boomkens uit Drempelwereld over Walter Benjamin; “De shock en de multiperspectiviteit van het moderne, stedelijke en mobiele bestaan vereisen van het moderne individu een permanente staat van alertheid, een voortdurende paraatheid van het wakende bewustzijn, die voorkomt dat allerlei gebeurtenissen langs lijnen van geleidelijkheid, op basis van gewoontevorming of gewenning, in het geheugen worden opgeslagen en aldus tot ‘ervaringen’ worden”. (blz. 198) 2 - Een van de kenmerken van de modernistische periode is de afkeer tegen het verleden. Dit is ook het soort modernisme dat hier bedoeld wordt.

3 - Stadsvisie Rotterdam, ruimtelijke ontwikkelingsstrategie 2030; blz.37

‘Judith van Hees received her master in urbanism degree at TU Delft in 2003 and is currently practicing in BVR, Rotterdam. She has diverse urban planning projects, including residential, urban design and master planning. Judith believes that the challenge in every project is to arrive at a realistic and innovative proposal through creative design processes and appropriate investigation strategies.’

ABOUT THE RELATION BETWEEN SPATIAL PLANNING and URBAN AND REGIONAL DESIGN

42 ATLANTIS april 2007 time space relations - ABOUT THE RELATION BETWEEN SPATIAL PLANNING AND URBAN AND REGIONAL DESIGN

Ina Klaasen

The Department of Urbanism at Delft University of Technology contains – among others – a Chair of Spatial Planning (to be renamed Spatial Planning and Strategy) and Chairs of Urban and Regional Design. How do the domains of these Chairs relate? Which roles do urban designers/planners play in urban transformation processes? The following is an attempt to answer those questions, taking into account – and because of that - starting with the confusion caused by translational problems.

Translational complexities

It is one thing to talk or write about the relation between Spatial Planning and Urban and Regional Design in Dutch, it is quite another to do this in English. This is due to the fact that one cannot translate ontwerpen in design or planning in planning without changing the meaning of those notions. It gets even more complicated when one realises that the Dutch also use the notion planologie.

The Polish scientist W.W. Gasparski (1993) noted that in some languages, the terms for ‘planning’ and ‘design’ have more or less the same meaning, while in others they do not.

The word ‘design’ has as Gasparkski put it, an ‘aesthetical flavour’ in many languages, including English (ibid.: 168). This flavour is absent from the Dutch word ontwerpen, conventionally translated as ‘design’.

In English, the designers of towns have traditionally been called ‘town planners’ or ‘town and country planners’ . ‘Planning’ is still often used interchangeably with more modern terms such as ‘urban design’, particularly in the United Kingdom. Dutch, however, maintains distinctions between - Planologie, usually translated as ‘urban and regional planning’, which has strong connections with economical, social and political issues but only limited ones with aesthetics, and which has both procedural and substantial aspects; - Ontwerpen translated as ‘design’, which is design in the functional or technical sense and does often, but not necessarily, include an aesthetic element;

- Vormgeven, for which one could use the term ‘visual design’, which has functional motives but a relatively strong aesthetic (formal) component and - The loan word ‘design’, which refers largely to visual design in its most commercial, fashionable and superficial sense: design for design’s sake.

Planologie with regard to content is strongly connected to trends and predictions. Expertise is developed primarily within spatial subfields, like transportation, housing and industrial sites: as in other empirical sciences there is a marked tendency towards knowing more and more about an ever smaller portion of the scientific field.

ABOUT THE RELATION BETWEEN SPATIAL PLANNING AND URBAN AND REGIONAL DESIGN - time space relations 2007 april ATLANTIS 43

Ontwerpen on the other hand has to do with ‘constructing’ something that does not yet exist. An essence of urban and regional design, at least in principle, is the act of synthesis, an integral approach to spatial issues. There are considerable differences between the training of ontwerpers and of planologen in the Netherlands. The Dutch stedebouwkundige is a designer/planner combining both design in the functional and/or technical sense, and ‘visual design’; complementing this with knowledge of spatial planning (see below). She/he is not a planner in the sense of planoloog. A straight translation of stedebouwkunde is virtually impossible. Urbanism, the term chosen by the Delft Faculty means, according to the Oxford e-dictionary, ‘related to a town or a city’ . The European Council of Town Planners, of which both Dutch designers and planologen are members (through the BNSP), distinguishes a category of planners who are designers. Personally I prefer the translation ‘Urban Design and Planning’ for Stedebouwkunde.

Spatial planning and Urban and Regional Design

Spatial planning as a domain within the Department of Urbanism has both a procedural component and a substantial one.

With regard to the latter it concerns itself with societal needs and trends in this needs, and with regard to the former with processes and strategies embedded in societal administrative organizations. It is not planologie though as the close relationship with urban and regional design ensures a focus on constructing ‘new’ urban environments from an integral point of view with a focus on their functionality . ‘ Integral’ from an spatial planning perspective means: relations between levels of scale, relations between policy sectors and the input of different disciplines, and the involvement during the implementation process of different actors – i.e. both ‘horizontal’ and ‘ vertical’ integration.

Urban and regional design too has substantive and procedural components: basically a design is the outcome of a design process. Design processes differ from person to person and can possess elements that resemble planning process elements. As an urban or regional design I regard for the purpose of this paper, any 2- or 3-dimensional spatial model for an integrated set of desired and/or possible spatial interventions that are related to more than one policy sector. From a design perspective the core element in this integrated set of spatial interventions is (visual) form, and the emphasis is on ‘horizontal’ integration .

Discussing the relation between spatial planning and design a distinction should be made between the substantial and the procedural component of planning. With regard to design I leave the design process aside and focus on designs as products of design processes.

Spatial planning input into design with regard to content With regard to content spatial planning provides programmatic building stones to urban and regional designers, signals designrelevant societal developments, constructs theoretical models and supports ex ante and ex post evaluations. This certainly does not imply that designers don’t concern themselves with these issues: the distinction between spatial planning and urban and regional design in the Department of Urbanism is not indicated by a sharp line but by a ‘grey zone’, depending on someone’s personal disposition.

Designs as planning

tools

in

With regard to the relation between planning as a process and design, the distinction is much clearer. A design is an instrument in the process that runs from the first initiative regarding a desired integrated set of spatial interventions until this (often adapted) set of

44 ATLANTIS april 2007 time space relations - ABOUT THE RELATION BETWEEN SPATIAL PLANNING AND URBAN AND REGIONAL DESIGN

interventions is implemented, or the process ends otherwise. For instance, when the final decision with regard to implementation is negative – or of course when the primary objective of the design is to graduate as an urban designer… Within this planning process designs can have many different functions, depending on the planning context and the planning phase.

a. a design to start a discussion, or to revive a discussion; examples:

-a design for an international airport in the North Sea -a design for an extension of the ‘The Hague region’ into the sea (by Kuiper Compagnons)

example (Figure, the centre part of The Hague; source unknown). c. a design as instrument for solving

policy conflicts:

“The then project leader thought he could succeed in making a plan by combining information form the various fields of policy. The “cement” needed to arrive at an added value and to concretize and visualize various aspects was however forgotten.

After this planning process grounded to a halt, the regional designer Simon Wever was called in. He then designed three alternative regional development models. He was key to concretizing the development plan.” (Teerink 2002: 101)

a design as means to negotiate between stakeholders (Nio & Reijndorp d.

(Figure; source: www.kuiper.nl/EnglishSite/ Index1.htm)

b. a seduction design; the function of the design is to get people to act. Target groups are property development companies, investment trusts, house owners etc. an

1997: 234) e. a design as voorbeeldplan (reference plan); in the frame of Innovatie Programma Stedelijke Vernieuwing (IPSV)( part of the urban renewal policy of the Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment) subsidies are given to creative and innovated plans and projects). You can find examples looking up voorbeeldplan in Google f. a design as instrument for ex ante evaluation; for instance with regard to public safety checklists, of which that developed by the police is an example (see www.oga.amsterdam. nl/bijlagen/downloads/bouwbrief/bb45. pdf; only available in Dutch) g. a design as research instrument (Klaasen 2004: 36) - focused on the feasibility of a specific program of requirements

ABOUT THE RELATION BETWEEN SPATIAL PLANNING AND URBAN AND REGIONAL DESIGN - time space relations 2007 april ATLANTIS 45

- focused on generating research questions, either with regard to a specific location or in theoretical sense, including finding answers to these questions (Figure)

managers knowledgeable about the procedural aspects of plan implementation and familiar with all the functions designs can have in the planning process, political advisers, and, finally, scientists who will make use of designs as research objects or research instruments and who also have the tasks of educating new generations of designers/planners and keeping practitioners up to date with regard to the latest developments in the field.

A designer/planner can combine some of these functions and in the course of a career switch from one category to another.

Exploratory model for a specific location, i.e. the then future urban extension of Amsterdam in the IJsselmeer (lake): accessibility circles of pre-transport for prospective rail link (Klaasen 2004: 89). h. a design explicitly directed towards

implementation.

Often the distinction between these categories is not clear. A design made to start a discussion among potential stakeholders can also be seductive; alternative designs directed at the feasibility of a schedule of requirements can be used to encourage a debate among members of a city council, and so on. The way the design is visualised (the form of the design) should of course be related to its function and to the target group.

Not surprisingly the potential roles of designers/planners in the transformation process of urban areas are more or less linked to the functions that designs can have in this process. The New Charter of Athens (ECTP 2003), for instance, distinguishes between designers aiming at plan implementation, visionary designers who stimulate debates, mediators in policy conflicts, urban project

The author thanks Dr. Edward Hulsbergen and Ir. Maarten Witberg for their constructive comments on an earlier version of this article.

Dr. I.T.Klaasen is Associate Professor Spatial Planning (Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology) Dr. I.T.Klaasen is Associate Professor Spatial Planning (Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology) 1- Regarding the following translational issues I’m indebted to the translator of my Doctorate Thesis, Victor Joseph (Klaasen 2004).

2- The Shorter Oxford Dictionary (1988) doesn’t contain the lemma ‘urbanism’ and links the term ‘urbanist’ solely to the Papal name Urban, in particular Urban IV and Urban VI (!)

3 -For an overview of the domain of the issues that spatial planning concerns itself with, see Shifting Sense in Spatial Planning, edited by Edward Hulsbergen, Ina Klaasen & Iwan Kriens, published in 2005, as part of the series Design/Science/Planning, by Teche Press (Amsterdam).

4 - Note the difference with (landscape) architectural design that concerns itself with an object within a sector (building, park, bridge).

References European Council of Town Planners (ECTP). 2003. The New Charter of Athens 2003. http://www.ceu-ectp.org/e/athens Gasparkski, W.W. 1993. “Design, science and philosophy: the praxiologival perspective.” In: Design Methodology and Relationships with Science, edited by M.J.de Vries, N.Cross & D.P.Grant; Nato ASI Series D: Behavioural and Social Sciences Vol.71; pp.165-187. Dordrecht (Neth.): Kluwer Academic Publishers Klaasen, I.T. 2004. Knowledge-based Design: Developing Urban and Regional Design into a Science; Series Design/Science/Planning (Delft (Neth), Delft University Press/ Amsterdam, Techne Press) Nio, Ivan & Arnold Reijndorp. 1997. Groeten uit Zoetermeer- stedebouw in discussie. Rotterdam: NAI Uitgevers Teerink, Sef. 2000. Een Provinciaal Omgevingsplan voor Zuid Holland? Een onderzoek naar integrale ruimtelijke planning. Masters thesis. Faculty of Architecture TU Delft

46 ATLANTIS april 2007 time space relations - URBANISM WEEK

Urbanism Week from 11-04 till 23-04 In relation to the theme ‘act small, THINK BIG’, Polis has organised this years’ Urbanism Week with different activities, such as an exhibition, workshops, lectures, movie nights and symposium. This year the focus of the Urbanism Week will be the relation between architecture and urbanism and the small-scale elements in urban development level.

Below you can find some information about our organization during this week.

Moreover you can visit our website www.polis.bk.tudelft.nl to get more information around urbanism week.

• Exhibition Iran ‘History, Culture & Urbanism’ (from 11-04 till 23-04) The opening of the exhibition will take place on April 11th at 17:00. The exhibition will display analyses on three cities in Iran: Persepolis (Parseh), Ispahan and Tehran. The pavilion will be placed in the Blokkenhal.

• Workshop on Infrastructural problems (April 11th from 14:00 & April 12th) The aim of the workshop is to leave for Iran better prepared, to have a clearer focus during the trip and to be able to translate your experiences in written form after we return. The participating students will be asked to analyze the relation between architecture, urban form and landscape in various cities in Iran. We do this with a special emphasis on the typology of buildings and spaces. The workshop is open for everybody. You should just send a mail to us to subscribe for this workshop.

• Lectures (first lecture on April 11th) The first lecture will be given by a professor from Berlin University, and will be about urbanism in Tehran. The second and third lectures will be given during this week by the well-known urbanism character from Netherlands.

• Movie nights (April 12th, 17th & 19th) The movies that will be shown are: ‘Engineering and Empire’, ‘The Forbidden City’ and a film about the Middle East (Azerbaijan, Iran and Uzbekistan).

• Symposium We have organized a symposium at the end of September as a summary and the result of our theme during this year.

ADVERTISEMENT - time space relations 2007 april ATLANTIS 47

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48 ATLANTIS april 2007 time space relations - Agenda

Polis Activities: Urbanism Week _ 11 - 23 April

In relation to the theme ‘act small, THINK BIG’, Polis has organised this years’ Urbanism Week with different activities, such as an exhibition, workshops, lectures, movie nights and symposium.

This year the focus of the Urbanism Week will be the relation between architecture and urbanism.

Exhibition Iran ‘History, Culture & Urbanism’ _ 11 - 23 April

The opening of the exhibition will take place on april 11th at 17:00. The exhibition will display analyses on three cities in Iran: Persepolis (Parseh), Ispahan and Tehran. The pavillion will be placed in the Blokkenhal.

Workshop on Infrastructural problems 11 April from 14:00 & 12 April

The aim of the workshop is to leave for Iran better prepared, to have a clearer focus during the trip and to be able to translate your experiences in written form after we return. The participating students will be asked to analyse the relation between architecture, urban form and landscape in various cities in Iran. We do this with a special emphasis on the typology of buildings and spaces.

Lectureseries _ first lecture on 11 April

AGENDA

The first lecture will be given by a professor from Berlin University, and will be about urbanism in Tehran. A second lecture will be given by ir. Jan den Boer. He will tell about passion for the city.

Movie nights _ 12 ,17 & 19 April

The movies that will be shown are: ‘Engineering an Empire’, ‘The Forbidden City’ and a film about urbanism in the Middle East and China.

Study day about Urban Regeneration 24 May 2007

In collaboration with Forum and the team Urbanism we organise a studyday about the theme Urban regeneration. See website for more details.

Architecture of the night 27 January 2007 – 6 May 2007

The exhibition “Architecture of the Night” presents the history of artificial light in architecture as well as raising the current issues connected with its use.

The NAI hopes that this exhibition will stimulate the public to reflect again on how light can play a role in the design of a building, a city district, or a whole city.

Modernity in the tropics 19 January 2007 - 22 April 2007

The exhibition “Modernity in the Tropics” shows remarkable designs made in Indonesia, the former Dutch East Indies, between roughly 1850 and 1950.

This theme exhibition is part of the project “The Past in The Present” and will be presented in the permanent exhibition “Living in the Lowlands - Highlights from two centuries of living and public housing”.

Istanbul De Stad en de Sultan 16 december - 15 april 2007

Deze winter staat een van de meest bijzondere steden ter wereld centraal in een grote tentoonstelling in De Nieuwe Kerk: “ISTANBUL”. Een kruispunt van wereldbeschavingen en bakermat van cultuur. www.nieuwekerk.nl

Die grote leegte. Honderd-vijftig jaar toekomst van het Markermeer 4 September 2006 – 22 April 2007

Een nieuwe uitbreidingswijk voor Amsterdam, een nieuwe luchthaven of ruimte voor boeren uit de Bollenstreek? Of toch een groot natuur- en recreatiegebied? De plannen voor het Markermeer lopen in de honderdvijftig jaar waarin er al over de toekomst van het gebied is gediscussieerd sterk uiteen. http://www.nieuwlanderfgoedcentrum.nl/

Urban TV 11 June 2002 – 31 December 2008

Er wordt al zo weinig aandacht besteed aan ruimtelijke ordening op TV, dus ALS er iets wordt uitgezonden, mis het dan niet! De Urban TV Guide biedt uitkomst voor de hardwerkende urbanist: een overzichtelijke selectie van TV-programma’s en webuitzendingen over stad en economie, techniek en cultuur, mondiale, lokale en netwerkontwikkelingen. Met af en toe een kritisch commentaar. Deze guide is een experiment van Wies Sanders (urban Unilimited). http://www. urbanunlimited.nl

Polis Statement - time space relations 2007 april ATLANTIS 49

A second reading, and very interesting one, is to focus on the matter of scale in general. This question is a long spanning discussion since the 19th century, and involves besides the question of How, a larger struggle for the appropriate Who. Since urban planning separated from architecture as a proper discipline, a strong diverging tendency can be observed that accelerated with globalization of the last century. Today with the explosion of cities urban planning seems to be squeezed in-between two disciplines – architecture on one side, regional planning on the other - separated by an undefined grey zone that leaves room for interpretation. The quest for these territories has started long time ago including the academic everyday at our faculty. Interior Architecture teaching their students a city is the sum of its buildings, graduation projects in public building with the scope of a district… all this shows the need for a redefining of competences – not for the urbanism academics – they, of course can continue smiling at the rudimentary figureground attempts of the architects – but more for the gross of students who continue thinking the urban is something self-manifesting if just zoom out button on the screen is pressed thoroughly.

CALL FOR SUBMISSIONS >> for Atlantis 18.3

doessizeactually matter,aquestforgrey territoriesandmore aboutthelikelihood thatabutterflycauses atropicalstorm

The Atlantis board dedicates the theme for the upcoming issue 18.3 to the Polis slogan of 2006-2007 ‘act small, think big’ a statement that invites for thoughtful rambles as it allows several different ways of reading - First of all the evident attention to interventions of little scale, budget or support that are nevertheless capable of generating major effects. Although large urban projects were highly discussed since the beginning, appropriate alternatives still lack concise development - Bottomup approaches are just examples at the other end of the scale. Large interventions are seldom a place or situational adaptable and thus miss a social and financial sensibility, small projects are very difficult to guide towards a larger perspective. The success of LUP over the last two decades certainly resulted out of its biggest advantage, to generate symbolic dimensions. In times of city branding and polarized capitalism a very seductive feature - from Bilbao, Moscow, Dubai and the hype to brand each Chinese megalopolis. But could there be also a convincing argument for small urban projects – not only in places where financial shortage doesn’t allow any other way of intervention but within the bright spots on the world map, because of a hidden quality?

We invite your insights and analysis, your projects, your writtings and photography.

The coming issue of Atlantis will appear in June 2007.

Contributions, comments or questions should be sent to : Polis@bk.tudelft.nl

50 ATLANTIS aPRIL 2007 TIME SPACE RELATIONS - Polis partners

Atlantis Magazine for urbanism, a publication from POLIS, podium for urbanism, published 4 times a year.

18th year, number 2, April 2007 quantity: 500 issues

Main Editor Cristina Ampatzidou

Adress of the Editorial Office POLIS

Editors Anthony Fuchs Gijs Veugen Monique Suksmaninigsih Herman van Essen Tanya Bergqvist Arjen Spijkerman Thomas de Bos

Printer Thieme GrafiMedia Groep, Delft Advertisements Information at the address editorial office

Polis partners - TIME SPACE RELATIONS 2007 APRIL ATLANTIS 51

Articles Articles, admissions and reactions can be offered to the address of the editorial office.

Author guidance are available at the editorial office. Copyright with the permission of authors and acknowledgement of sources.

Subscriptions Polis-members receive the atlantis for free.

Polis-yearcontribution: Students: € 10 Alumni: € 15 Practicalmembers: € 30 companymembers: €60 Previous issues: € 3

Cover and Layout: Tanja Bergqvist Thomas de Bos Cristina Ampatzidou Katita Chrysanthopoulou © 2007 Polis, Podium voor Stedebouwkunde