Position Paper on Hydrogen Economy

Page 73

POSITION PAPER ON HYDROGEN ECONOMY

Meanwhile, the current LaMnO3-based cathode materials can interact with the Cr-based interconnect materials through the Cr diffusion into the cathode. This behaviour lowered the electrochemical performance of the cathode for oxygen reduction at high temperatures. Our research group has focused on reducing the operating temperature of SOFCs (< 800 °C) with the development of new and improved electrodes (Ni-Cu, Ni-Fe and Ni-Co based anodes, Co and Cr free cathodes), electrolyte (carbonated samarium doped ceria, SDCC, multi-doped ceria electrolyte) and interconnect pr26000 coating ((Cu,Mn,Co)3O4 spinel) materials. However, further investigation is necessary to ensure these materials have long term reliability and compatibility at a reduced temperature in both oxidizing (fuel) and reducing (oxidant) environments. Also, the development of new materials, improvement in the materials properties and fabrication conditions are critical to realising the operation of SOFCs at a reduced temperature with minimal cost.

3.3.2

Direct Liquid Fuel Cell (DLFC)

Direct liquid fuel cells (DLFCs) are among the most promising types of fuel cells due to their high energy density, simple structure, small fuel cartridge, instant recharging, and ease of storage and transport. Alcohols such as methanol and ethanol were the most common types of fuel used, although glycols and acids are also used. The main problem that arose in DLFCs was the high cost of the catalyst and the high catalyst loading. Other issues, such as fuel crossover, cathode flooding, the generation of various side products, fuel safety and unproven long-term durability, must also be solved to improve the performance of DLFCs. More research studies are required to increase its performance and foster its commercialisation. Currently, there are some commercial products using direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) and direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs). Non-alcohol fuels, such as formic acid, dimethyl ether, hydrazine, ammoniaborane and sodium borohydride, also can be used in DLFCs. Although DLFCs have advantages over rechargeable batteries, the current power supply systems in portable electrical devices are still mainly dominated by rechargeable lithium and nickel-based batteries. The commercialisation of DLFC, especially DMFC, has been continuously postponed since the early 2000s due to their high cost, low lifetime, and technical barriers. Thus, our research group focuses on the development of high performance DLFC including DLFC system, the material of catalyst, membrane and electrode, storage system as well as DLFC application in education, portable power supply and medical purposes.

Figure 45: Schematics of a Direct Methanol

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REFERENCES

8min
pages 131-139

5.0 CONCLUSIONS

1min
page 130

Figure 61: 8i Ecosystem Analysis (ASM, 2020

1min
page 120

Figure 59: National Niche Areas across 10 socio-economic drivers (ASM, 2020

1min
page 118

Figure 58: 10-10 MySTIE Framework (source: ASM (2020

1min
page 117

4.3 13th & 14th Malaysia Plans 2026-2035 (Medium Term

5min
pages 105-110

4.4 15th, 16th, 17th & 18th Malaysia Plans 2036-2050 (Long Term

3min
pages 111-115

4.2 12th Malaysia Plan 2021-2025 (Short Term

4min
pages 101-104

Figure 56: Hydrogen Roadmap in 2020

1min
page 100

4.1.4 Strategy Recommendations - Hydrogen Economy Roadmap 2020

2min
pages 98-99

4.1.3 Barriers of Transition to Hydrogen Economy

2min
page 97

4.1.2 Potential for Malaysia to become a pioneering country in Hydrogen Economy

2min
page 96

4.1.1 Malaysian Hydrogen Economy Roadmap

2min
page 95

Figure 54: Average Solar Irradiance, kWh/m2/day

1min
page 84

Figure 52: Number of NGV Stations by States

3min
pages 81-82

Figure 55: Malaysia’s Hydrogen Roadmap 2006

9min
pages 87-93

Figure 53: Solar Irradiance Map of Malaysia

1min
page 83

Figure 50: Map of Hydrogen Refueling Stations in Asia

4min
pages 78-79

Figure 49: Cost of Green Hydrogen from Zero Carbon Renewable Energy

1min
page 76

Figure 46: Schematic of a Microbial Fuel Cell

1min
page 74

Figure 42: Hydrogen Production from Microbial Electrolysis Cell

5min
pages 69-70

Figure 44: Schematics of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

1min
page 72

Figure 41: Hydrogen Production from Direct and Indirect Bio-photolysis

1min
page 68

Figure 45: Schematics of a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell

2min
page 73

Figure 40: Basic Principles of PEC

1min
page 67

Figure 39: Layout of a Solid Oxide Electrolysis System

1min
page 66

Figure 38: Schematic Diagram of a PEM electrolysis system

1min
page 65

1. INTRODUCTION

5min
pages 22-25

Figure 22: Net Energy Metering (NEM) by Region

1min
page 42

Figure 35: Layout of alkaline electrolysis for AEL

1min
page 63

Figure 18: Malaysia’s petroleum production and consumption 2002-1016 (thousand barrels per day

1min
page 39

Figure 15: ASEAN Fossil Oil Reserve 2017 (Mtoe

1min
page 37

Figure 31: The Hydrogen Economy

1min
page 53

Figure 19: Natural gas resources and consumption by region, 2013

1min
page 40

3.2 Hydrogen Production and Storage Technology

1min
page 56
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