BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................. 118

Architecture to Agnize

Recognizing and enhancing the existence of Vernacular in the Urban

ABSTRACT

Quoted by Gandhiji at the time of Indian Independence in 1947.

1 Villages were selfsustaining units which were rich in culture and tradition. He believed that the revival of the villages and all its cottage industries, handicrafts and agriculture was India’s answer to development. However, in 2018, there were only about 597,464 census villages.2

“India is to be found not in its few cities but in its 700,000 villages.”

Villages are constantly abandoned and some get engulfed or morphed into cities.3 A place is in a constant state of flux and it’s nothing new to see the pressure of urbanization lingering upon the Urban Villages. With all this held India on contrary to the Gandhiji’s statement on villages, I believe India is to be found in its cities, it’s villages and everything in between. The motivation for this thesis is to understand the social and cultural dimensions of Human Habitat and its effects on the built form on a larger scale through an Urban village. Analyzing the transformations in these villages and various contemporary issues faced by them. The study aims to ease the existence of Village trapped in Urban and on the verge of getting engulfed in the City. This attempt is to be demonstrated by Architecture interventions which will help the community flourish in its way.

Koli Community or the Fishing Community in Mumbai is one such community battling odds to survive and preserve its cultural identity. Koli Community lives in Mumbai way before the island city came into existence. The Village and Community rich in cultural heritage are now on the edge of losing its identity to that of the City. As the culture and the community’s image will always be evolving providing self-flourishing solutions through architecture will remain the aim.

This project will focus especially upon Strengthening and Enhancing the Cultural Identity of An Urban Koliwada Through Architectural Interventions and thus being a promoter of culture through appropriate design programs.

1 Gandhi Book Center. Gandhi on villages. Excerpts from Harijan. 2 Livemint. https://www.livemint.com/Industry/ORuZWrj6czTef21a2dIHGK/Electricity-reached-all-Indian-villages-on4Saturday.html 3 An Urban Koliwada Redevelopment of a Fishing Village in Mumbai, India. Ashvini Mary Dinoy

9

1. INTRODUCTION

When a group of people have a particular character in common or live in the same place, they are said to be a community. A group of people is said to be an ethnic group or a community when they have a common cultural background or descent. Looking at India, India's rich and complex history is reflected by the dozens of regional ethnolinguistic groups which form the Indian Nationality. The unique characteristics of these communities are defined by the shared cultural heritage, ancestry, origin myth, history, homeland, language or dialect, symbolic systems such as religion, mythology and ritual, cuisine, dressing style, art or physical appearance. The community’s native architecture has catered flawlessly to the needs of the community over the years. The unique features of the community are finely woven in the community’s architecture, where the form evolves according to the functions and surroundings. The community finds deep association with its architecture as the community’s cultural identity is reflected through its forms.

Fast-forwarding to the present-day scenario of Indian cities. Where the cities are cosmopolitan, holding large populations of diverse communities all at one place. Architecture developed to cater to the needs of the masses. The community which had progressed through the thick and thin times of the land gradually over the years, in no time witnessed enormous changes in their surrounds. And faced hardships to adapt to their new environment and so their Architecture which had evolved to over the years now turned an architecture which compromised on the basic needs and facilities. The community with its distinct culture, which held the ownership and pride of the lands shirked and so did their living standards.

Figure 2 Fisher’s Community Living at Worli Koliwada Source: Reside Competition

Figure 1House of the Warli Tribe Source: Blog.travelpod.com

10

1.1NEED FOR THE TOPIC

Not often do we come across an integrated community/Neighbourhood which is bound by the social production process, the Koli fishing community is one of the interdependent communities, as they take up various activities related to larger economic activities. In the fast-paced urbanizations, we can't afford to lose with such a special aspect. This interdependency reflects on their activities and built environments. for example, docking, drying yards, shipbuilding, repairing, net weaving, cold storage units. Thus, the urban village with its unique community element as fishing and processing needs to have a contemporary idiom and a modern look.

To pull through living for a native community in an urban fabric is to watch oneself descending and shrinking while watching in the city in lustre. The wealth gap widens, living condition turned low. The land once felt home now an arena, where competent being the migrants.

Communities forced into the tempest of urbanization clutching on to their cultural heritage for their persistence. But does the way out, is the way within the community. The community's native architecture with a contemporary fix, thus their architecture style uplifting them holistically and reflecting their community's cultural prominently giving them their sense of identity and pride in the bustling city. As these citizens are connected to nature on one hand so closely that they have the potential to become ambassadors of nature and urban life both.

1.2 AIM

“Architecture that uplifts and reflects.”

Designing for the Native Community to not just thrive in the city but also reflect its cultural heritage prominently and gain back their lost identity and pride thus to emerge victorious through the urban chaos. And also, to promote the evolution of the culture with that of the city’s culture.

Taking into consideration the case of current prevailing conditions of community which is trying to sail through the urban storm is the ‘Koli’ Community or the Fishing Community of Mumbai city.

1.3 OBJECTIVE

To propose public spaces that recognise and enhance the cultural heritage of the indigenous Koli while orchestrating their transition into the urban and social fabric of Mumbai.

To carve of spaces that the community calls their own. And also, to make it serve as a precursor or precedent for city-wide efforts.

To ease their quest for daily bread and butter, promoting them to learn and innovate using cultural heritage as an asset. Thus, Strengthening and Enhancing the Cultural Identity of An Urban Koliwada

11

Various strategies that could be applied to help achieve these objectives is by envisioning a new built form that weaves together effortlessly the culture and the function, iconic architecture to symbolize the community to pay its path to recognition, creating a platform to share ideas and innovate, promoting heritage and skills through tourism thus bridging the wealth gap.

1.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

Though Koli fishing Community in Mumbai faces numerous issues such a Development Regulations 2034 marking various Koliwada as slums, inflow to migrants, low fishing due to environmental degradation, housing, waste management and many others. This thesis would primarily focus on Koli community’s cultural heritage enhancement. Building new and modifying existing spaces in the community allows enhancing and promoting the culture. The scope to make the structures iconic would overall benefit yet another attribute to Mumbai's eminence. The architecture interventions won’t be a silver bullet solution for all the problems the Koli Community of Mumbai faces.

12

2. METHODOLOGY

13

3. COMMUNITIES IN CITIES

3.1 UNDERSTANDING CITIES:

To understand cities is to understand people, their relationships with the built environment, their need of space, their believes, their social lives and finally their need and purpose to build, as a city is for people and not vice versa.

Through ages philosophers, city planners, architects have made tried to describe and understand the city and its people in a better way through a certain set of terms and their interrelation. For a better understanding of the city let us get to know some of these terms and their relationship with each other.

(Place & Place-Making - Memory – Community - Sense of Space - Genius Loci-)

3.1.1 Place & Place-Making

How does one remember a place? What memories will one take back of a place visited? How can one enhance the lifestyle of the residents and the travel experience of visitors?

3.1.1.1 Image of the city- Book by Mr Lynch Through the examples of the cities of Los Angeles, Boston and Jersey City tries to answers some of these questions and thus formulate a new criterion -Imageability.

The book describes various methods and elements which make a city/place memorable. Some of the elements of the city defined by him are paths, edges, districts, landmarks and nodes.

The place is a definite position in space or region. And Place-making verb often used the mark efforts for enhancement of public spaces for dwellers and visitor’s user experiences in that place.

Place – Place is often understood as a small urban space that is cherished by the people who inhabit it (Friedmann 2009:5)

Place-Making - “Placemaking is the process of creating quality places that people want to live, work, play, and learn in.” -Definition by Robert Steuteville, September-October 2014 print issue of Better Cities & Towns4

3.1.1.2 The Common Thread – Article by Susan Silberberg gives one better understanding about place and Placemaking and process and ways to bring about change through placemaking.

Silberberg, S. (2015). THE COMMON THREAD. RSA Journal, 161(5563), 14-19. Retrieved July 21, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/26204428

4 Robert Steuteville, Four types of placemaking, Oct. 10, 2014 Public Square -A CNU Journal

14

In the article, the author Susan Silberberg says Placemaking traditionally focussed on ‘place’ but its time ‘making’ got a look in.

The author says we as a large society, we tend to understand the world through our own particular set of experiences and belief systems and same is true with the concept of placemaking. Everyone has a different ideology of the ‘placemaking’.

The author states the term placemaking has worked its way into planning studies ranging from the Bath Placemaking Plan to the Boston Redevelopment Authority’s I-90 Allston Interchange Placemaking study and is generally used to emphasise the desire for a good design and development principles.

The author goes on by describing how various cities and their authorities perceive place making one of the examples is stated below.

The article emphases more on the ‘making’ part of the placemaking. That how a community place comes into existence which all forces drive into a place to be made. Stating examples of communities which have taken this role of making a place for themselves in their hand and not relying on the authority. The Author boldly expresses that in the end people know what is best from them and the local community should be involved in the process of planning out community spaces for them.

Figure 3 Paragraph from the article

3.1.1.3 Cultural Resurgence, Place-Making and Urbanism: Towards a Conceptual

Framework, Binti Singh tries to examine the relationships between the recent cultural resurgence in Indian cities, resurrection of the idea of place and place-making and contemporary urbanism from multiple theoretical perspectives.

Based on empirical findings and examples across India and a detailed study in the secondtier city of Lucknow, capital of Uttar Pradesh and the second most important city after New Delhi in northern India, it attempts to draw the contours of a new theoretical framework.

The paper talks effects of Globalizations on India cities. The author says in the context of cities in India the loss of place is connected to the larger economic and political regime that India embarks on in 1991 characterized by the place because of new mega urban developments and the consequent search for new processes of place-making play out in myriad ways in different geographical contexts.5

There feels a need for each city and place to have its aspects of history and culture what makes it unique and wants one to visit it. So should be the attempts of placemaking and

5 Singh, B. (2018). Cultural Resurgence, Place Making and Urbanism: Towards a Conceptual Framework. Indian Anthropologist, 48(2), 7-20. doi:10.2307/26757762

15

their unique style of architecture that is tailor-made for the people and climatic requirements.

3.1.1.4 Meet the Romans: Citizen of Empire Documentary hosted by acclaimed

British Historian Mary Beard. The Documentary series is very useful to understand the social life of citizens of Rome. In the documentary, the host Mary Beards heads into the streets to discover the dirt, crime, sex and slum conditions in the world’s first high rise city. In the case of Rome oddly enough, the poorer you were, the higher you lived, with little space, light, or sanitation. This documentary highlights the public spaces which are unique to Ancient Rome. i.e. The Roman Toilets and baths, these spaces became a place to socialize and lower-income groups who accommodated the upper floors of high-rises didn’t have sanitation facilities.

Figure 6 Roman Public Baths Figure 5 Roman Public Open Toilets

3.1.2 Genius Loci As we are the discussion of Ancient Rome there is a concept of sense of space or the Genius loci of a place. With these discussions “Genius Loci” one of the oldest mythologies exists in Late Roman emerged gradually in urban design. However, the

Figure 4 Roman Mythological figure of Genius Loci of a Place In classical Roman religion, a Genius Loci was the protective spirit of a place. It was often depicted in religious iconography as a figure holding attributes such as a cornucopia, patera (libation bowl) or snake.

16

scholars in between 1870-1940s such as Patrick Geddes, Ebenezer Howard had already initiated this myth in a more significant way in the urban design context through their concepts, theories and practices.

3.1.2.2 The Roman Mythology:

According to Roman mythology, each place was protected by a deity or a supernatural being. This mythology gets a new face with the discussions of the above scholars. They said although there won’t be a guardian spirit every place has an underlying spirit that only expressed in one particular place. At the time it was said that architecture consists in a place emphasize the combination of the spirit and the place and it associates with the structure of the place.

In Ancient cities such as Vilnius, Greece the spirit of the space was created by special architectural designs, statues etc. But there is no hard and fast answer what expressed the spirit of the place exactly. In the ancient town, at the crossroad of small streets, in the churchyard, in a small square with an ancient tree, on the rural road or old hill or in slums maybe it is a cemetery, the people don’t know who has died and why such a statue is there but it created a spirit to the place.

3.1.3 Sense of Place

During the 1960s and 1980s with the contribution of Kevin Lynch, Aldo Rossi, and Christian Norberg-Schulz “social culture” became a significant component in the urban design arena. With their ideas, the “Place” was identified as a strong media that incorporate the human and the world in a more powerful way. It highlights the uniqueness of every place that cannot reproduce the same sense or the expression in another place.

To further understand The Sense of Space and Genius Loci better following are the views and works of Norberg-Schulz and Patrick Geddes

3.1.3.1 Norberg-Schulz:

Christian Norberg-Schulz was a Norwegian architect, author, educator and architectural theorist. Norberg-Schulz was part of the Modernist Movement in architecture and associated with architectural phenomenology.

According to Norberg-Schulz ultimately the Genius Loci gives a visual impression (Image) to a place.

Two psychological functions move with the spirit of the place: Orientation and identification. Orientation facilitates the person to identify where he is and keep himself safe in the context. According to Norberg-Schulz Spirit gives Life to people and places both. Identification is needed to receive character and the spirit of belongingness to the place over time when the place evolves.

17

3.1.3.2Patrick Geddes:

Sir Patrick Geddes FRSE was a British biologist, sociologist, geographer, philanthropist and pioneering town planner. He is known for his innovative thinking in the fields of urban planning and sociology. He introduced the concept of "region" to architecture and planning and coined the term "conurbation".

Patrick Geddes initiates the idea of “cities are evolving” in his “conservative surgery” approach. In enabling the evolution of the cities many of the authorities practised removing, demolishing and restructuring the artefacts in cities under the name of problem-solving. Geddes “Conservative surgery” approach stands here to safeguard the “Genius Loci” (Spirit of the place) where it means amending and improving the places by minimizing destruction of existing buildings for the sake of new structures

More a place is used, touched, loved, and allowed to be it, the more it will create itself, allow itself to grow a soul. It creates an immaterial spirit in a material place. Geddes conservative surgery created a new school of thought in renewing the urban environment by understanding the genius loci of a place. It is not simply the historic form of the place but the recognition of the meaning, validity and the richness of the place. It is the layer of significance added to the place.

He tries to see Genius Loci in terms of the strong connection between time and space. He emphasizes the best way to solve the problem is not shifting the problem to another area but by taking into account the traditional way of life of the city into question and find the solutions. Otherwise such removing and destroying disturb the spirit of the place. So, it repeatedly emphasized that the solutions

to the problems already exist within the place. Consultation of the contextual sense of the place via local community who interact with the place solves the problems easily without spending thousands of pennies.6

6 Paper by H.H.K.R Nayomi (Nayomi Kankanamge).

18

3.1.4 Memory of City

3.1.4.1Blinding Lights – The Weeknd. The music video portrays one’s individual experience of nightlife in the city of Las Vegas. Individual feelings of anxiety and being blinded by all forms of lights ranging from billboards to street lights.

Figure 8 Shots from the Blinding Lights Music Video Figure 7 Shots from the Blinding Lights Music Video indicating delusion

Memory – remembrance of the past.7

Memory, as it exists within a city, operates at almost every level. It occurs for individuals as a form of private recollection and communities as a public one. The space of shared memory is deliberately established to bridge the memories of individuals, to make common a sense of the past and to draw a collective narrative that reiterates recollections. This state of recollections is termed collective memory (also understood as social or cultural memory) and broadly as widely shared perception of the past.8

Through historical significance, certain interventions tend to characterize a city and establish a relationship between its past and present more clearly. 9 this extract from Also Rossi book, The Architecture of the City.

This theory speaks of the current image is firmly defined by the past i.e. the historical significances which through ages and certain interventions have given the character to the city which indeed forms the memory of the city in minds of people.

Remember the cosy space where you and your friends used to play in the summer holidays in afternoons. For me, it was the Mumty Room of my building playing board games. For now, when I look back and analyses this space, I understand the need of this place as away from the eyes of adults i.e. privacy and yet secured. From this example, we understand the needs of a kid from the place.

3.1.4.2 Peter Zumthor- Thinking Architecture

Peter Zumthor famously known for his careful use of materials to evolve particular emotions through architecture says in about his feelings towards the city as an environment which through the time turns into a place which appears as if the elements of the city i.e.

7 Memory - Definition from Oxford Languages 8 Duncan Bell(ed.) Memory, trauma and World Politics, Reflection on the Relationships between Past and Present (Basingstoke:Palgrave McMilan, 2006), p.2. 9 Aldo Rossi, The Architecture of the City, 1966, pg 30.

19

the buildings, houses, streets are consciously placed as a result of collective efforts of the community.

“The building, city, house, or street seems consciously placed. It generates a place. Where it stands, there is a back and a front, there is a left and a right, there are closeness and distance, an inside and outside, there are forms that focus and condense or modify the landscape. The result is the environment.”

“Sometimes I can almost feel a particular door handle in my hand, a piece of metal shaped like the back of a spoon.”

-Thinking Architecture, Peter Zumthor

Peter Zumthor recalls the earliest connection of architecture to his life. His recollections are in the form of imagery and sensory experiences and memories ranging from his training days to as far back as his childhood. Zumthor reminisces of a time when he experienced architecture without being aware of it. The experience is so profound that he recalls the way he felt the door handles.10

Extract from an Interview with Marco Masetti

In your work, emotion becomes a memory. How is it possible to arouse the right emotion in those who live in architectural masterpieces, the wanted emotion connected to the remembrance that the architect would like us to feel in that specific place?

It doesn’t happen in such an academic manner. It’s much easier. It’s to use common sense: what is beautiful? What would be the best thing to have? What does arouse a positive feeling? What are the things that you want when you will be elderly? This is because you can’t make an emotional project. If you’re looking for beauty and emotion you will always be in the wrong.

It’s great when it happens, but you can’t plan the emotions. It isn’t a voluntary act, there is always something beyond, about the craft’s material. Architecture is always these two things: the place and the use. You can build something where you feel fine and where all is made about use and function. Maybe beauty comes after that if you’re lucky. I work in this manner. I’m tight-knit with things, sensations, and experience. To bring together these things you need to be a little talented, it seems to me. Not everyone is a composer. You have to be talented to see these things.11

In the above reply in the interview by Peter Zumthor in the interview, he describes that choosing material to evoke emotions and certain memory does happen methodically, but something that one is naturally gifted to understand what is beauty to one.

10 Architecture of Associations- Persistence of Memory Thesis by Abhinavv Singh 11 Multiplicity and Memory: Talking About Architecture with Peter Zumthor

20

3.1.4.3 Jane Jacobs on city planning:

Citizen Jane - Battle for the City (2016) By BBC Four

In 1960, Jane Jacobs's book, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, sent shockwaves through the architecture and planning worlds, with its exploration of modern city planning. Jacobs, a journalist, author and activist, was involved in many fights in mid-century New York, to stop 'master builder' Robert Moses from running roughshod over the city, demolishing historic neighbourhoods in pursuit of his modernist vision.

This film retraces those battles as contemporary urbanization moves to the very front of the global agenda and examines the city of today through the life and work of one of its greatest champions. Jane Jacobs has worked throughout her life extensively.

Figure 9 Jane Jacobs and her Works Source: Center for the Living City

21

3.1.5 Community

Community –a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common.12

3.1.5.1 Louis Kahn explains the relationship between the community and its public spaces, through his book, The Room, The Street, The Human Agreement,Where he states the room is the beginning of architecture, the plan is a society of rooms, along the street is a succession of rooms, a city is a place of an assembled institution; The room & plan, the street & city are the institutions based on human agreement.

The architecture interventions come into being through the decisions of the people. From a private building, it’s the people who are going to reside or built. And for the public space, it’s the common decision made and agreed by all people of the community for the public place to come into existence.

Figure 10Louis I. Kahn: Drawings for City/2 Exhibition: The Street is a Room, charcoal, 864×864 mm, 1971 (Philadelphia, PA, Museum of Art); photo credit: Museum of Art, Philadelphia, PA, courtesy of The Museum of Modern Art, New York

The street is a room by agreement. -Louis Kahn

12 Community - Definition from Oxford Languages

22

3.1.5.2Metropolis Movie by Directed by Fritz Lang, Germany, 1927 Set in a highlystylized city where a beautiful utopia exists above a bleak underworld, privileged youth Freder discovers the grim scene beneath the surface and sets out to free the downtrodden workers with the aid of rebellious teacher Maria. - From the synopsis of the movie by Mubi movie stream.

This silent movie addressed the projected issue of economic class struggles in the year 2026, from a 1926 perspective. The rich and powerful lived in palatial spaces, living a life of leisure and excesses and playing in the Garden with exotic birds and fountains, whereas the poor struggle to power them by toiling in the heart machine day and night and building everything for them.

There are sadness and strife in their hearts, in living a life of misery and sacrifice only to provide an extravagant life for another. This results in a revolution which can only be led by the mediator. Maria, the main character of the movie says, “Between the brain that plans and the hands that build, there must be a Mediator.”

Figure 12 Image from the movie, view of the main tower Figure 11 Image from the movie, Lower working-class

This movie understands the divide in the community as per classes i.e. city for the rich and city for the poor and calls for a Mediator, can the Architect the mediator for a problem which is currently prevalent and was foreseen about a 100 years ago.

23

3.1.5.3 Zootopia (released as Zootopolis or Zoomania in several countries)2016, Walt

Disney Pictures. The movie is a modern tale of anthropomorphic mammals from the largest elephant to the smallest shrew in the city of Zootopia where different mammals for a different community with different needs and thus differences in architecture to resolve them. The challenges they face in the city such as prejudice and xenophobia that are very parallel to our challenges in human society in a metropolis.

Figure 13 Image from the movie Zootopia

Figure 14 Image from the movie Zootopia

The above image shows the various infrastructure arrangements made to accommodate every size of mammal. And the figure shows various districts in the city i.e. the desert, the snow region, the rainforest artificially created suffice the needs of various communities of mammal

24

3.2 PROJECTS UPLIFTING COMMUNITY’S MORALE

3.2.1 Mobai Bhavan (The East Indian Museum) by Mobai Gaothan Panchayat-

An initiative to bring all Gaothans of Bombay (Mumbai) together

Mobai Gaothan Panchayat Website: https://mobaikar.in/about/

Mobai Gaothan Panchayat is an initiative to bring all Gaothans of Mumbai together. The East Indian Community which holds pride in their cultural heritage has taken in their hand the task of promoting and preserving their heritage by creating an East Indian Museum at Manori. Which is one of the many activities conducted by the Mobai Gaothan Panchayat. The Panchayat activity promotes their culture and together with gaothans, koliwadas and Adivasi padas continue to fight for their issues together.

As said by the community on their website The Mobai Bhavan is supposed to be a place where one will go back in time and experience the way things were done by their forefathers in their times. The place looks like a mini–East Indian village replete with tiled house and surroundings consisting of artefacts, bullock cart, fishing boat, a well with a pulley to draw water and a cross for prayers. The food mostly cooked in earthen vessels on fire from the choola and ladies dressed traditionally to serve the guests. They endeavour to give light music from the Ghumat to get the ambience.

Figure 15 Mobai Bhavan (Museum) Photo Credits: www.thewingedfork.com

25

3.2.2 The clay room- by Andy Goldsworthy

Clay Room Clay dug from the grounds of Yorkshire Sculpture Park Dried, sieved, mixed with human hair Reconstituted and applied to the gallery walls Many participants 2007

Photograph © Jonty Wilde

Figure 16 Clay Room, art installation, photograph by Jonty Wilde

Reason to select case:

The case is an excellent example of case-specific creation, touching sentiments of people through the use of non-conventional materials

Andy Goldsworthy and his works

Andy Goldsworthy is known from his land art situated in natural and urban settings and very best known for his site-specific sculptures. The site-specificness is what for this case and his work is known for this study to better understand a place and provide not a prototype but a perfect piece that will only fit a certain context and thus very unique to that place.

Andy Goldsworthy’s work shows its sincerity to the place and community. He worked in farmlands as a teen boy and it does shy out over his understanding of nature around. In this work of his, it does it quite literally.

The Clay Room

Goldsworthy was given the honour to work on an installation at Yorkshire Sculpture Park England. Yorkshire Sculpture Park first being known as Bretton Estate, this property passed

26

through various family lines and witnessed increasing in acreage and status before it turned a place that celebrates art.

The place given to Goldsworthy is an exhibition room in the basement level He chooses to use the walls and procured clay from the site itself and human hair from around the city salons. With these two base components, he chose to plaster the walls with his team. The team worked bear handed to get the plaster made of human hair and clay on the exhibition room walls, thus calling the art installation the Clay room. Eventually, the cracks developed and the human hair which structurally acts as a binding material shows up through these cracks making its presence felt.

Inferences

With all said and done this art installation sends out its message quite literally to the audience in an unusual way and may gross out many with the idea of the use of human hair and shedding it to be used in an installation at such a prime spot in the country.

The message Andy Goldsworthy gives out is simple and straight the uses the clay from the same site he is working on thus honouring the site and making use of the hair of the people of the place thus honouring the communities and the hair holding up the genetic information of people and communities long gone. And this art installation was taken down and buried in the land of the Park itself thus making very strongly the circle of life.

When an audience is let into the hall it is forced to think of the people and community whose hair is been used and the soil that has held by it. Thus, giving out the message that people are the binding ingredient for a place to exist. The light that drops through the small slit emphasizes the entire drama of the space.

Figure 18 Andy Goldsworthy's team at work Figure 17 Clay Room: Human Hair seen through the cracks

27

4.UNDERSTANDING URBAN VILLAGES

Theoretically, the study encompasses two complex phenomena – one of internal migration tofrom rural to urban areas and other is continuous efforts of original settlements or villages to maintain their cultural identity and struggle with the pressure of urbanization.

To define village specific measures are used the such as close relationships within the inhabitants, common bloodlines, and strong community bond whereas urban is represented by coldness, distant relationships and survival with a competitive spirit (Urbanization, 2015).

Internal Migration is of two types, short term and long term. Population migrated mainly on job transfers is considered as short term and population migrated to cities in search of jobs is long term (UNESCO, 2013). Here, we are referring to long term migration that creates squatter settlements in or around the urban villages.

Urban villages form very distinctive spatial and social spaces as they are spatially enclosed by formally planned and developed urban built-up areas which are designed for urban functions and lifestyles (Fig-7) (Hao et al. 2011).

Michael Lipton’s ‘Urban bias theory’ states that rural migrants are often attracted to the cities and settle in shanty towns and experience extreme poverty (Urbanization, 2015). The reasons why these urban villages are the most preferred sites by in-migrants to settle can be stated as –

1. These villages present a transitionary location between rural and urban,

2. Urban villages offer affordable rented housing to in-migrants.

3. Familiarity concerning physical settings.

4. In most cases, such urban villages are located in the heart of the city, providing less distance to travel to work making their living more inexpensive.

Figure 19 Pattern of transformation of rural villages to urban villages; Source: (Hao et al. 2011)

28

When the migrants prefer the sites of indigenous settlements, it gives rise to a unique complex relation between these two phenomena. To understand and underline this interrelation and mutual impact on each other we go ahead.

Generally, its relevance is referred to two aspects or issues: (a) contribution of internal migration on urban growth as well as the pace level of urbanization and (b) negative implications of internal migration on urban areas such as urban sprawl, squatters and slum areas, poverty, traffic congestion, and pollution (Rashid & Ghani) as a result from inadequate planning and support. The indigenous population from destination sites, since many generations, struggle on one hand to retain their cultural image and with the growing urbanization pressure, whereas on the other hand have to struggle to retain jobs in labour market competing with in-migrants. Culture is defined as characteristics of a particular group of people, defined by everything from language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts (Zimmermann, 2012) whereas in the newer model it is considered as the design or plan for living that is passed on through generations (Hezel & J, 2005). The indigenous community often finds it hard to sustain their language, identity and culture and to pass these on to younger generations. Hence, the loss of indigenous heritage and values is at stake (Urban Indigenous Peoples and Migration, 2008). Urban change and Cultural image of the indigenous settlement are often considered as antonyms as the impact of one is the annihilation of others. Here, indigenous refers to those people ‘having originated in and being produced, growing, living or occurring naturally in a particular region or environment’ (Karmarkar, 2010). Physical planning makes an impact on people’s lives in various respects and vice versa (Course Description & Objectives cultural geography: Subfield of Human Geography, 2013).

The pressure of urbanization, struggle for retaining the cultural image by locals and squatter settlements within/around these villages makes both the communities (Locals and inmigrants) suffer from deprivation of basic amenities and infrastructure.

29

4.1 URBAN VILLAGES IN MUMBAI

4.1.1 Gaothan

‘Gaothan’ or ‘village site’ means the land included within the site of a village, town or city as determined by section 122 of the Maharashtra Land Revenue Code 1966. They are the compact settlements either inhabited by people who own small pieces of land or are lower caste landless labourers involved in primary activities. They are usually residential building sites situated within the sites of a village, town or city, which is a non-urban area.

This mentions the limits of sites of villages, towns and cities shall be lawfully fixed by the Collector or for a survey officer acting under the general or special orders of the State Government to ascertain and determine what lands are included within the site of any village, town or city and to fix and form time to time, to vary the limits of the site determined as an aforesaid, regard being had to all subsisting rights of landholders.

Section 123 further states that no land revenue to be levied in certain cases on lands, within sites of village, town or city. No land revenue shall, in the following cases, be levied on lands situated within the Gaonthan area. Lands which are exempted from the payment of assessment immediately before the commencement of this Code under the provisions of any law in force before such commencement of which are exempted by any custom, usage grant, Sanad, order or agreement.

Mumbai still has some of these compact agrarian villages, but fewer agricultural fields. Gaothan areas are the outcomes of the rapid urban growth triggered by the process of suburbanization. The rapid growth of the metropolitan cities expanded spatially into the peripheral villages in a haphazard manner which resulted into the formation of rural-urban fringe and further gets transformed into the Urban Villages or Gaothan areas (Bhalerao, 2015)

4.1.2Adivasi Pada:

Adivasi pada is the village settlements which are predominantly the Adivasi hamlets. Such hamlets are along the Sanjay Gandhi National Park and the Aarey Colony Area of the City.

This megacity also encompasses a national park, which opened in 1983; the Sanjay Gandhi National Park (SGNP) which is home to 1,795 Adivasi families in 43 padas that are scattered mainly along the edge of the Park. (Edelblutte,2014) The process of urbanization has continued to move northward, thus surrounding lands that are now legally protected in the name of wildlife.

4.1.3 Koliwada:

Koliwada means the habitat of the Kolis. The Kolis are often referred to as the original inhabitants of Dharavi and Mumbai. With settlements dating back at least 400 years, the Kolis were the earliest inhabitants of the archipelago now known as Mumbai. They are thought to be members of the Kul tribe, which migrated from the main landmass of Aparanta at beginning of Christian era or earlier. Kolis occupied the islands in successive waves and engaged in husbandry and fishing. The Kolis areas fishing community that lived for centuries on the seven islands that make up Mumbai city, as well as in the sea-facing 30

districts beyond its northern and southern frontiers. The written history of the community can be traced to archival records of the Portuguese who arrived here in the sixtieth century. The Kolis were officially classified as a tribal community in colonial records (Rupali Gupte, 2007)

The Kolis of Mumbai have dispersed over seven villages scattered all over the municipal region. Special Gaothan laws are evolved to administer their land-use patterns. These recognize their identity as an urban village and consist of a different set of clauses for redevelopment.

The civic authorities did not seriously invest in the villages in terms of improved sewage, or roads or other kinds of infrastructural development. Consequently, many of the Koliwadas were treated like other so-called slum neighbourhoods. In many cases, the availability of affordable rental housing in such villages meant a huge expansion of tenant population and a furthered infrastructural strain (Rupali Gupte 2007)

Most residents of Koliwada speak the local Koli language, which is similar to Marathi and uses the same script. The first huts in Koliwada had walls made of bamboo and roofs of palm tree leaves. Subsequently, these were replaced with huts made of stone, followed by bricks without plaster. This evolved into a brick and plaster construction: today, moat houses are made of concrete.13

13 Approaches to Redevelopment of Urban Villages M.Arch Thesis by Dhanya Pravin

31

Location of Urban Villages In Mumbai

Map 1 Location of Urban Villages in Mumbai, Source Dhanya Pravin, Tribal Development Department Gov. of Maharashtra,2011) MCGM, Exisitng Land Use Plan 2014, Mumbai Transformmation Support Unit,2015)

32

5.THE BRIEF HISTORY OF MUMBAI

Figure 20 Map showing districts of Mumbai Metropolitan Region

The above map shows the current demarcation of districts of Mumbai and Mumbai

Metropolitan Region

Figure 22 Mumbai and VVSR until 16th century, Indigenous Mercantile Town Source: CRIT Figure 21 Mid 16th and 17th century, Portuguese Colonial and Military Outpost Source: CRIT

33

Figure 26 Late 17th century to Mid19th century, Hinterland of British Colonial Mercantile Town Source: CRIT

Figure 24 Mid20th century to mid1960, Hinterland to a post-Independence Commercial City Source: CRIT Figure 25 Mid 19th century to mid20th century, Hinterland and a British Colonial Industrial City Source: CRIT

Figure 23 Mid1960s Onward, Periphery of Global city Region Source: CRIT

34

Brief History of Mumbai and Vasai-Virar Region through Maps

The above maps show the transition of Mumbai and Vasai-Virar region straight from 16th Century where it was a mercantile town, seven islands with agrarian settlements with some forts and Sopara being the Major Port. Urban wasn’t a new term for the Vasai-Virar Through the Maps the switch of capital from Sopara to Vasai by Portuguese and the to Mumbai’s fort area by the British is quite evident. After the advent of the British, the land and its uses were completely altered. And what remained post-independence was a Mumbai completely urbanised and few agrarian and fishing communities which were landlocked and forced into other secondary or tertiary occupations.

35

6. KOLIWADAS

6.1 FISHING AND MANKIND

Super Fish – Series by Curiosity Stream

Ep 01: The Great Taste of Fish Ep 02: Fish Planet Produced by KBS The documentary series explores Fish-Human Relationship spanning around the world with different cultures and religions. “Let’s go Fishing” would be one of the oldest lines in human language. For early humans catching fish was a lucky thing, it meant you lived, Life and fish were the same things. The whole long human story would have been very different without abundant fish to feed and give life to all those people through the ages.

Ancient Egypt fed the builders of the Pyramids with the fish from the Nile. The legions of ancient Rome marched on salted Tuna and expanded their empire. The Portuguese explore ate salted cord as they sailed to the new world. Without fish civilizations, empire, cultures and fortunes would not have risen and prospered.

The documentary explores people to make a living by fishing in the tropical sea, the barren desert, and the frozen river. From the Mediterranean Sea to central Africa, the fishing and preservation methods that have been passed down for over 3,000 years. We trace the fish farming techniques and the explosion of demand for fish throughout history. From the fish farming techniques of Western Europe to sushi from Japan, which has become a worldwide fast-food phenomenon.

This documentary is important to the research as it gives us incite of various old traditional fisheries that are still practised throughout the world which by definition are sustainable. And the need for all fisheries to be sustainable as we would never want to catch the last fish. It gives one a fair understanding of what fishing meant and means to human life.

Figure 28 Image from the documentary, Ancient Egyptians feeding the builders of the Pyramids with the fish from the Nile. Figure 27Image from the documentary, One of the old fishing techniques

36

6.2 KOLIS OF MUMBAI

KoliKulture-Mumbai’s Fisherfolk and Their History-An online talk by Dr. Sanjay Ranade

Figure 30 Koli women selling fish in Fish Market Source: Tripoto Figure 29 Koli Songs and Dance Source: Tripoto

Figure 32 Traditional Koli Cuisine Source: DNA India Figure 31 Koli festival of Narali Pornima Source: Tripoto

The talks start with showing the current nature of Koliwadas of Mumbai some of them, somehow thriving and some turned landlocked and thus making the Koli community to some other occupation to sustain a living. Dr Sanjay Ranade put major light on the religious beliefs and the religion being very fluid and flexible aspect of Koli life in Mumbai.

The talk emphasis on the community of Sol Kolis- This community of fishermen is spread along the coastline in Konkan from Herne Port in Ratnagiri District to Arnala in Palghar District.According to 1931 census, the population of this community in Bombay Presidency was 22,891.

Besides fishing, Members of this community were also employed in the army, as keepers of the folks, and as sailors on Naval ships. They were also the exporters of dried portions of Shark-belly.

Looking for at the gender roles in the community. Males are often engaged in fishing, while females undertake activities such as grading, selling fish and drying them.

Koli songs and dances are very popular. They worship Khandoba of Jejuri and the goddess Ekvira of Karla as their principal deities.

37

They organize grand celebration on the full-moon day in the month of magh, Narali Purnima, they worship the sea by offering coconut, and only afterwards inaugurate their fishing activities.

Figure 33 Golfadevi Harbadevi and Shakbadevi, are some of the deities

Bassein : An Indian Fishing VillageDocumentary 1946 by Government of India body, Information Films of India (IFI).

Video on Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=agiW7LCnDW8

Bassein: An Indian Fishing Village, a documentary shot towards the end of British rule in India, harks back to the beginnings of European colonisation of the sub-continent. The film was released in 1946, the year before Indian independence. It was one of the last films produced by the Government of India body, Information Films of India (IFI).

Bassein is located on the western coast of India in the stretch that was first colonised by the Portuguese in the 15th century. The film features one of the forts that the Portuguese built to protect their trading interests in the area. The fishing activities and also the architecture. It also takes note of the Catholic religion still practised by the villagers, a remnant of this first period of European influence.

The IFI was headed by Ezra Mir, an Indian filmmaker. Alongside the war propaganda films, Mir encouraged the production of documentaries that would depict aspects of Indian culture and industry. It was his belief that as Indians approached independence, they needed to be made aware of their heritage and of their arts (Garga, 2007, 108-09). While IFI’s military films had been shunned by both audiences and critics, Mir’s documentaries of national life gained greater popularity and acclaim (Garga, 2007, 110-11; Holmes, 1946, 44)

Figure 34 Image from the Documentary, Fishing activity along the coast Figure 35 Image from the Documentary, Bamboo and thatch houses

38

Uncertainties and Vulnerabilities among the Koli fishers in Mumbai: A Photovoice Study

Bose, S., Ghosh, U., Chauhan, H., Narayanan, N., & Parthasarathy, D. (2018). “Uncertainties and Vulnerabilities among the Koli fishers in Mumbai: A Photovoice Study." Indian Anthropologist, 48(2), 6580. doi:10.2307/26757766

The paper is based on research conducted in Koliwada in Mumbai, in Uran village in Navi Mumbai. The research conducted in these regions as Kolis of Mumbai city has been exposed to the urbanization and globalization processes in past decades. Kolis of Uran have come to such exposure in comparative recent time.

The paper draws upon the grounded voices of Kolis regarding their livelihood depletion due to environmental degradation and the factors responsible for that. The paper attempts to derive a more culturally rooted understanding of environment degradation and their impacts on urban ecological habitats, from the perspectives of the Kolis. Other than environmental degradation, the real estate, imperatives of economic growth marginalizes resource-based communities like Koli fishers.

This paper is important to the dissertation as to understand the issues faced by the fishing communities in Mumbai from their perspective. Thus, having a better understanding of the problems faced by the end-user and ground level.

Figure 36 Image from the research paper. One of the griefs of the fishing community

How Dharavi's Kolis use an age-old method to continue fishing in Mumbai's dirtiest river: Eco India

39

by Scroll.in on Youtube on 15 Dec 2018 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2gZAbURI9M

The video documents the story of Dharavi’s Kolis and the Mumbai’s dirtiest, River Mithi. As the Mithi went from being crystal clear waters to fish into the inky debris-filled river under the pressure of the urbanization especially since the early '80s.

The Kolis since generations which have been living and working on the banks of the estuary where the Mithi river meets the Arabian sea in Mumbai. But in recent times the situation has gone worst. The Kolis thriving to survive have found a way to practice fishing using an age-old method in the Mithi. Fishing is continued in Mithi by using an igneous hack to breed and catch fish. By manually building ponds by removing silt, forming bunds and dabbing the seawater that flows into the estuary during high tide.

From this video the spirit to survive is seen by the Kolis of Mumbai, a little intervention by various bodies would lift them from their miseries.

Figure 38 Image from the video, The Mithi River of Mumbai Figure 37 Image from the video debris of waste in R. Mithi

Figure 40 Image from the video, The difference between the inky R.Mithi and Koli made ponds Figure 39 Image from video, Fishing is done in a man-made pond

40

6.3 KOLIWADAS IN AND AROUND MUMBAI

Figure 41 Map Marking Koliwadas of Mumbai and Around; Source:Author

As we understood the transformation of Mumbai’s form from the mid-sixteenth century to the present day. We can understand due to various reclamation process many Koliwadas whose primary occupation was Fishing have turned landlocked forcing them to switch to other secondary or tertiary occupation to thrive in the city.

41

7. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF KOLIWADAS

For a better understanding of Koliwadas and site selection of the project. Three Koliwadas of Mumbai adjoining areas have been selected to be studied These three Koliwadas are governed by three different authorities bodies and all the three come under Mumbai Metropolitan Region are as following

1. Worli Koliwada -Mumbai City MMRDA 2. Diwale Koliwada-Navi Mumbai- CIDCO 3. Arnala-Vasai-Virar-VVCMC

42

Before we go into the details of each of the three Koliwadas, it is important to understand the factors which govern their distinct features which are namely Geographical features, Proposed and Existing Land use, Population Density, Affordability, and some common features of the Koli Community which make them alike, such as their festivals and Activities,

Geographical Features

43

Land use map Of Mumbai Metropolitian Region 2016-2034

As see in the land use map by MMRDA Worli Koliwada and Diwale Koliwada come under Urbanisable Zone whereas Arnala Koliwada comes under the Green Zone-1.

From here we can understand that Worli and Diwale Koliwadas are in the core of the city and thus the influx of migrants is a large extent. And on the contrary Arnala Koliwada being in Green Zone 1, this place doesn’t yet face the issue of a large number of migrant populations.

Figure 42 Proposed Land-Use Plan for Mumbai Metropolitan Region 2016-2034 Source: MMRDA

44

Population Density

The adjacent population density map shown is of Mumbai Metropolitan Region in 2010 and Navi Mumbai was not much in urbanised back then the current scenario is the Worli is will one of the highest population density areas after can Diwale and lease populous is the Arnala.

Figure 43 Population density Map Source: MMRDA report

45

Affordability Factor

As in comparison with the above segment higher the population, higher will be the demand for land/property/accommodation. And Mumbai is an island city it has limited land thus had to go vertical and Northward in the Thane Palghar Region and East Ward by the creation of Navi-Mumbai. Thus, this all reflects in the affordability factor. Looking at the adjoin map we can understand Worli being one of the lowest affability factors in the orange lines after that Diwale in the green lines and Arnala being the most affordable of them all in the blue lines

Figure 44 Affordibility factor of MMR Source: MMRDA Report

46

Some of the Common Features of Koliwadas of Mumbai and around

Culture – Nature an Integrated Life Cycle

Figure 45 Culture and Nature, an integrated Life cycle, Source: Cept Portflio

Culture and traditions are a community’s window of expression to the world. They help people mark significant occasions in life transitions, communal beliefs, practices and are linked to geographical and climatic conditions.

These concentric rings are a graphical representation of the festival and fishing cycles in the Koliwada which are the warp and weft of the Koli lifecycle.

47

The Fishing Ecosystem

Figure 46 Fishing Ecosystem Source: Cept Portfolios

48

7.1 WORLI KOLIWADA -MUMBAI CITY

6.1.1 Location

Worli Koliwada, Mumbai City MMRDA

Figure 47 Worli Koliwada and Surrounds Prominent Sites Source: Urban Koliwada thesis

49

Edges

The major edges defining the Worli Koliwada region being the Arabian Sea and on the southern side the main road of –. The two factors are majorly defining the boundaries.

The peninsula shapes show the limiting character of the Koliwada which leads to building up of population density and creation of cramped up spaces.

Figure 48 Map Showing Edges that define the Koliwada

Figure 49 Map showing connectivity through various transportation facilities

Connectivity

Worli at the Heart of the city of Mumbai is very well connected to the various transportations, namely the Bandra Worli Sea Link or the Rajeev Gandhi Sea Link (NH8) And the presence of Worli connector to Mumbai Trans Harbour Link.

50

Nearest Bus Stops

1. Worli Sea Face- on Khan Abdul

Gaffar Khan Road with Bus nos. 56, 82, 89, 161. 2. Worli Sea Face- on Prabhadevi

New Road with Bus nos. 44, 50, 56. 3. Worli Village on VS Worlikar

Marg with Bus nos. 44, 50, 56, 161. 4. Adarsh Nagar on VS Worlikar

Marg with Bus nos. 44, 50, 56, 125, 161, 162, 169. 5. And Worli Bus Deport

Figure 50 Map showing Nearest Bus Stops

Nearest Local Railway Stations on Western Railway being Parel, Prabhadevi, Dadar, Lower Parel.

Nearest Airport

Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Airport Domestic and International at Santacruz and Helipad at Vile Parle

Figure 51 Image showing Airports

51

6.1.2Topography

The above image shows the contour lines on the site of Worli Koliwada at 1-meter intervals. The site faces a high threat of Floods as especially the low-lying migrant colonies being just 1 or 2 meters above sea levels the abiding of CRZ rules is very important.

Figure-Ground Map

The figure-ground map indicates that the Worli Koliwada lacks open spaces and the houses are closely spaced, mutually shading one another. And the Migrant colonies that have been formed over the years have no open spaces and are very closely spaced. This hampers light and ventilation to the houses could be breeding ground for diseases

Figure 52 Contour Map of Worli

Migrant Colonies

Figure 53 Figure Ground Map of Worli Koliwada

Encroachment is seen in the places where there was nothing allotted in the Development plan of Mumbai 2034. Heavy internal migrations leading to the formation of such colonies in Coastal Regulation Zone, in affordability in the housing sector seems to be one of the prominent reasons.

Figure 54 Land Use showing Worli village and slums around it as per Development Plan; Source: (Worli l d )

52

Development Plan

Mentioned below is the list of Existing Demarcated Land uses in Worli Koliwada

Existing Land-use Activities

• Primary Activity 1. Fish and Net Drying Yard 2. Dhobi Ghat • Health 1. Municipal Maternity Home • Education 1. Primary and Secondary School • Social Amenities 1. Multipurpose Community Centre 2. Municipal Market with Vending Zone

Mentioned below is the list of Proposed and Revised Land uses in Worli Koliwada

Proposed Land-use Activities

Primary Activities

• Fish and Net Drying Yard

53

• Fish Cold Storage/Godown/Fishing Related industries • Social Amenities • Hindu Traditional/Electric Cemetery • Health • Municipal Dispensary/Health Post • Housing • Government Staff Quarters • Rehabilitation & Resettlement

Inference

The existing land use of the site caters to the current requirement of the population, and the proposed tries to fill in the lacunas of the existing land use. The land use demarcate all urban requirements in the Koliwada area such as health, education, crematorium, housing, social amenities etc.

Road Network

The approach to the Koliwada is through –Road The Koliwada has two major roads the Golfha Devi Marg and VS Worlikar Marg both of which run parallel to each other branching out various times and themselves getting narrower as the run north.

Figure 55 Map indicating Road Network inside

Open Space and Trees

As seen the adjacent map the Koliwadas has numerous small-sized parks with some trees. These open spaces act as community spaces.

Figure 56 Map showing Trees and Parks in Worli Koliwada

54

Prominent Places in Worli Koliwada

In the above map marks the prominent places in the Worli Koliwada which have shaped the community living and has various stories and layers to them as per the year-round events and festivals. In the above map, these spaces are categories as Original, Original Repaired, Original Reconstructed with modern fixations and Original Reconstructed. These

structures

Figure 57 Illustrative Map of Worli Koliwada -Cept Portfoli Urban Village

Worli Koliwada Urban Livelihoods

As the Koliwada is situated in the core of the city; and due to migrant influx and change in lifestyle, people switching to other secondary livelihood opportunities we can see through

Figure 58 Urban Livelihoods in Worli Koliwada- Map Cept Portfolio Urban Village

55

the above Urban Livelihoods in Worli Koliwadas that the main roads i.e. Golfadevi Marg and VS Worlikar Marg are flanked on both sides by various commercial activity shops.

over the years have played an important role in the lives of the Kolis to connect with their heritage and stay united as a community in over the years of storms of rapid urbanisation.

Street Sections

Figure 60 Street Sections of Worli Koliwada- Cept Portfolio

Inference

Figure 59 Key Map of Worli Koliwada, Showing Section lines

From the above sections of prominent places and livelihood map, we can understand that the site of Worli Koliwada has taken its course to accommodate migrants in its social fabric, the introduction of job opportunities which are no more solely dependent on sea and fish. The site is a blend of old and new from old forts and temples jetties fishing activities to small scale industries to service providers beauty parlours and photo studios.

56

Photos

Figure 61 Map making Photos on site

Figure 62 Photos of Worli Koliwada Source: Reside Competition

57

Figure 63 Photos of Worli Koliwada Source: Reside Competition

58

Housing Typology

The typical house has the following elements: 1) Living area 2) Bedroom 3) Dev Ghar 4) Semi-open space for drying/storage 5) Storage 6) Courtyard with otla

As seen through the adjoining images the houses portray a novel tread of bright painted exteriors, sometimes, cladding with tiles, each façade is done in its unique way. To exploit FSI to the fullest there has been a lot of disregard for aesthetic. These new treatment does not portray the community’s rich heritage but is seen as a haste effort to rapid urbanisation the city has faced.

Figure 64 Worli Koliwada Housing Typology Source: Tuvneet Singh

Evolution of Typical Row Houses in Diwale Koliwada

Figure 65 Diwale Koliwada Typical House Plans Source: Tuvneet Singh

59

Laws for Koliwadas of Mumbai and CRZ rules

Worli Koliwada comes under G/S Ward of Mumbai, and the laws that govern the Koliwadas in Mumbai and its current state are mentioned in the DCPR 2034

DCR 2034

The abutting road and approach for a plot in the Gaothan area could be from any street 6m and beyond; or where their existing street is less than 3.6m and not proposed for widening, then the plot boundary is shifted 2.25m from the central line of the street. In the case, the road is 52m wide or beyond which is specifically mentioned in the developed plan to provide direct access with No Objection Certificate preceded by the road authorities. It shall also be considered as an abutting road and approach road for a Gaothan.

Plots in the Goathan smaller than 250sq.m shall be requested no setback if the road width is less than 6m. 1m in case width from 6. To 9m and 1.5m if above 9m wide road. The FSI permitted in the Goathan areas is 1.5 for plot below frontage of 9m and 0.5 additional FSI for roads 9m wide and above in case of commercial use in the ground floor. The height restrictions are 14m or 4 stores in height with a maximum ground coverage of 75%. The Gaothan area DCR does not insist on the requirement of parking spaces. There is no mention about the tenement density or other regulations of social amenities for the Gaothan.14

Table 1 Comparison of Regulations Source: Dhanya Pravin

14 Approaches to Redevelopment of Urban Villages, Mumbai -Dhanya Pravin

60

Inferences

Comparing the Regulations through the years from the initial Gaothan Expansion scheme to Gaothan 1991 to finally the most recent Gaothan DCR 2034. The increase in the migrant population in these Gaothans thus lead to the demand for more accommodation thus leading to more space requirement. This led to the pressure on authorities to make changes in the regulations and thus leading to allowing more ground coverage, more FSI and height to be constructed. The decrease of setbacks or no providing no setbacks for street less than 6m,

seen in the above table is one such example where the lively community spaces have been lost.

61

Heritage Norms and Regulations

All of the villages come under the Grade III heritage and precinct as per the 2012 notification. The grade III heritage comprises building and precincts of importance for a cityscape that present architectural, aesthetic and sociological interest. It contributes to the character of the locality and is representative of the lifestyle of a particular community.

Table 2 Notified and Proposed Heritage Urban Villages -Source: Dhanya Pravin

62

It requires special protection. Precincts are spaces that require conservation or preservation for historical or architectural aesthetic or cultural or environmental or ecological purpose. (MHCC,2012)

These heritage grade III structures are allowed extensions or additional buildings in the same plot or compound such that it does not demand the existing heritage building or precinct with respect of height or façade. Reconstruction is permitted only for structurally weak or unsafe structures. It can be also permitted if it required to consume the permissible FSI and no option other than reconstruction is available. Reconstruction of redevelopment within 32m height shall follow the general procedure of municipal approval and shall not require special permission from the Commissioner, MCGM as in case of structure beyond 32m height.

Transfer of Development Rights is the only incentive provided to the residential heritage owners. TDR is awarded in the form of FSI. After the avail of the TDR, the heritage structure will be maintained by the Owner with a clause of penalty for breach of conditions. Precincts may be allowed development rights if in compliance with regulations.

Inference

Even though the villages may be marked as Heritage Grade III or Precincts the regulations that govern these sites contradict the idea of conservation of the structure and the neighbourhood, for example, the regulations like allowing to consume permissible FSI

and building in the same plot with no design guidelines will thus lead to loss of identity of the heritage site.

Coastal Regulatory Zone Norms

The Koliwada identified in the DP 1991 are declared as CRZ III and any development taking place including construction and reconstruction of dwelling units within these areas to be as per the approval of the DCR.

The CRZ III No Development Zone has a population density more than 2161 per square kilometre as per 2011 census base, where it is up to 5om from HTL whereas in the areas

63

with a population less than 2161 per square kilometre, the area up to 200m from HTL on the landward side is the No Development Zone. Repairs or reconstruction of existing authorized structure and construction or reconstruction of dwelling units of traditional coastal communities including fisherfolk is permitted in the No Development Zone. Agriculture, horticulture, gardens, dispensaries, schools, public rain shelter, community toilets, bridges, roads and temporary tourism facilities are encouraged in this zone.

The Area beyond 200 up to 500 meters from the HTL on the landward side shall be marked beyond the No Development Zone. Construction or reconstruction of the dwelling unit, preserving the traditional rights and customary use id permitted in the area. Building permission this construction or reconstruction will be as per the local town or country planning rules, with a permissible height 9meters maximum and with only two floors. The local communities including fishermen may be permitted to facilitate tourism through ‘homestay’ without changing the plinth area or design or façade of the existing houses. Construction of public rain shelters, community toilets, water supply drainage, sewerage, roads bridges are permitted in the area. The CRZ clearance shall be considered by the concerned Coastal Zone Management Authority.

The CRZ clearance shall be considered by the concerned CZMAs of the area in the case of CRZIII. The CZMA examines the documents and recommends the necessary within a period of 60days from the date of receipt of complete application which require the provisions of EIA Notification 2006 by the concerned approving Authority. In case the

built-up area of the construction project is less than the threshold limit stipulated for

64

attracting the provisions of the EIA Notification, then they shall be approved by the concerned local State Planning Authorities. Post the clearance it is mandatory to submit a

Half-yearly compliance reports for the same which would be published in the public domain and also given in person to the CZMA.

Inference

The No Development Zones marked by CRZ III have great potential to be used for tourism waste management and social other activities that would bring the community closer.

Worli Fort

The Worli Fort is considered to have been built by the British around the 17th century as a lookout for enemy ships and pirates. Alternate accounts suggest that it was built by the Portuguese during the 16th century. Regardless, overlooking the Mahim Bay at a time when Mumbai was just a group of islands, the fort was of great strategic importance to the British Navy guarding the western coast of the country.

The fort has a built-in well, a temple and plenty of space to soak in views of Mahim, Bandra. And the iconic Bandra-Worli Sea link outside the fort are platforms for cannons, a reminder of its military significance in the past. This fort is among the three that overlook the Mahim Bay on Mumbai’s western coast, with Mahim Fort and Bandra Fort to its north. All three

Figure 66 Worli Koliwada Illustration by Cept Students

65

forts were adapted by the British to boost defence along the coast, even though only Worli Fort is considered to have been built by them.15

This illustration employs ghost stories that surround the facts and fables of the historic Worli Fort to highlight its forgotten history and significance today. The Fort ghost then becomes a metaphor for lost identities and alludes to the fading significance of the Worli Koliwada today, as Mumbai surges ahead on a path of massive urban transformation and global aspirations.16

The fort which was used to by the coast guards is now used as a gym and few potted plants are planted in there. This place hardly receives any tourist and a stop always omitted from Mumbai trip itinerary due to the hardships of passing through the dense Koliwada to reach here, after the construction of Bandra-Worli Sea Link it started receiving tourists to have the mystic views of Mumbai’s skyline and the sea link.

Inference

The Worli Fort of heritage importance and great views of the Mumbai’s skyline stays abandoned and underutilized, this fort can be enhanced and can be adapt to new uses such as community activity spaces for togetherness of the community.

15 A Brief history of Worli Fort – Culture Trip 16 Urban Village Worli Koliwada -Cept Koliwada

66

7.2 DIWALE KOLIWADA -NAVI MUMBAI

Location

Diwale Koliwada, Sector 14, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra

Brief Background

Diwale village is professionally a fishing village, located near Belapur creek. The village is also called "Sonyachi Pandhari" elucidating the once prosperity of the villagers. (Diwale Fishing Village, 2009).

Edges

The various edges that define the Diwale Koliwada are the sector being demarcated by the planners as Sector 14, the peripheral road, mangroves and then the Sea.

From this, we can understand the limits faced by the community to expand.

Figure 67Map showing Diwale Koliwada

Figure 68 Map showing Edges that define the Koliwada

Topography

As the adjoining image shows the contour map of Diwale Koliwada and around, with contour intervals of 1m. We can figure out the Koliwada lies just a few meters above sea level thus possess the risk of flooding and other coastal hazards.

Figure 69 Map showing Topography

67

Land-use Plan

The land use map shows the residential land for the Koli Community, Diwale Dargah plot, a primary school and an adjoining playground. And outside of the sector today the creek a temple with a crematorium. Mangroves handed over to the forest department.

As seen from Land use plan, we can assume a lack of community spaces. The sector standing in isolation surrounded by 8m road.

Connectivity

Figure 70 Landuse Map of Diwale Koliwada, Source Belapur Landuse Map CIDCO

Figure 71 Map showing Connectivity for various modes of transportation

Nearest Bus Stops Diwale: Diwale Gaon Bus Station

Nearest Railways Stations: Belapur Local Railway Station

Nearest Air Ports: Proposed Navi Mumbai Airport

From the above information, we can understand that the Koliwada is very well connected by various modes of transportation as being within the city and at a very prime location.

68

Road Network

The adjoining Road network map shows the one main road at one edge and the sector surrounded by 8m secondary road.

This road acts a boon and a curse, boon in the way of connectivity to the nearby areas and the blooming city curse in a way that the Koliwadas growth is restricted, the FSI would be increased in coming years as a solution to the growing population, with vertical growth of the Koliwada, that will only further hamper the way of living.

Figure 72 Diwale Koliwada Road Network Map Source: Author

Figure 73 Diwale Koliwada, Figure Ground Map

Figure-Ground

The adjoining shows the built spaces in black and unbuilt in white, from this map we can understand the ratio of unbuilt to build areas as compared with the neighbouring residential sector

This denoted lower quality of living, compromised light and ventilation.

69

Vegetation

As seen from the adjoining map, the trees seen are outside the boundaries of the Koliwada planted by the authority, private builders in their residential complexes and the mangroves.

The trees not being there inside of the Koliwada area is due to lack of space. This chalks out the possibilities of having cosy community spaces under the trees, gardens etc.

Mapping Activities

As seen from the adjoining figure, there are various social and fishing-related activities are demarcated.

There is even a dilapidated small Diwale Fort.

These all activities happen at a comparative lower scape due to restrictions put up by the law of scape in comparison to that of Worli Koliwada. We can also note that all these activities are happening out of the boundaries of the Koliwada.

Figure 74 Diwale Koliwada Vegetation Map Source: Author

Figure 75 Diwale Koliwada, Activity Mapping Source: Tuvneet Singh

Figure 76 Diwale FIsh Market, Source: Tuvneet Singh

70

Housing Typology

The typical house has the following elements: 1) Living area 2) Bedroom 3) Dev Ghar 4) Semi-open space for drying/storage 5) Storage 6) Courtyard with otla

Typical House in Diwale Koliwada

As seen through the adjoining images the houses portray a novel trend of bright painted exteriors, sometimes, cladding with tiles, each façade is done in its unique way. To exploit FSI to the fullest there has been a lot of disregard for aesthetic. These new treatment does not portray the community’s rich heritage but is seen as a haste effort to rapid urbanisation the city has faced.

Figure 77 Diwale Koliwada, Housing Typology Source: Tuvneet Singh

Figure 78 Diwale Koliwada, Typical House Plans and Elevation Source: Tuvneet Singh

71

By-Laws

No Development Zone and Provisions in Coastal Regulation Zone.

‘Uses in No Development Zone’ include Research Development, agriculture, horticulture, Educational, Science Museum, salt manufacture, forestry, promenades, gardens, parks, playfields, temporary camps for various kinds of social activities like recreational or religious functions on sites, wherever the existing typology permits without disturbing the mangroves and marshy areas, holding ponds coastal Roads, public utility establishments such as the sewage treatment & disposal works and waterworks, water sports activities alongside natural water bodies not involving the construction of man-made water bodies, cemeteries and crematoria along with structure incidental thereto structure of sea lamps and watchmen’s quarters, LPG Godowns of minimum 2000m2 area with 0.2 FSI and ground floor construction, and other storage land uses.

Fish farming and Agriculture activities may be permitted in the coastal Regulation zone at such the corporation may decide, subject to No objection Certificate from Department of Fisheries and provisions of the notification dated 19 Feb 1991 issued by the Ministry of Environment and Forest & changes made from time to time.

Uses in No Development area such as Research Development, Educational, Science Museum shall be permitted subject to maximum 0.2 FSI >1and also subject to CRZ Notification.

Inferences

Even though there is a lot of provisions on what activities and spaces that can be created given by the authority the site lacks space. The site does not seem very suitable for being my site for this thesis.

72

7.3 ARNALA KOLIWADA

Location

Arnala Koliwada, Arnala, Virar West.Palghar, Maharashtra.

Arnala is a village in Vasai Taluka in Palghar district of Maharashtra State, India.

It belongs to Konkan Division.

13 Km from Vasai and 58 km from the state capital of Mumbai.

As being far from the city of Mumbai andeven from the Virar station. The Arnala Koliwada has its own growth pace and hasn’t yet been hit by the storms of rapid urbanisation.

Figure 79 Image Showing Arnala Location

Edges

The edges that define the village are first of all the Arabian Sea, and Arnala Beach forming the western edge and other edges are not well defined but we can somewhat say the road running parallel to the north-south direction and the plantations.

This concludes there is not a lot of urbanisation pressure that the Koliwadas faces. The Eastern edge is free to be expanded with a lot of open spaces around.

Figure 80 Map marking Edges, Source- Author

Typography

Thus, seeing the contour map of the village we can see that it is just a few meters above the sea level, and they are coming under CRZ.

The Koliwada faces the risk of floods due to its proximity to the sea, but as there has been no reclamation process like Mumbai that has happened in this region, there exists a lot of sponge areas.

Figure 81 Contour Map-Source-Contour Map generator

73

Connectivity

Arnala Village is connected well to Virar Local Railway station towards the east side and Mumbai -Ahmedabad National Highway by road.

The Connectivity is comparatively low in comparison with Worli and Diwale. It can be only reached by private vehicles or VVMC buses.

This makes it a less preferred site for tourists.

Figure 82 Map showing connectivity, source Arnala Habour Thesis

Figure 83 Road Network Map, Source- Author

Figure 84 Figure ground plan for Arnala Koliwada Source: Author

Road Network

As seen in the adjoining image showing the road network in and around Arnala Village, we can see that the main road in orange runs north-south direction and the internal roads in the settlement run in the west to east direct to connect to the main road.

This map shows scope for expansion.

Figure ground Plan

The figure ground plan of Arnala Koliwada is sparsely space as in comparision to that of Worli and Diwale Koliwadas.

This shows the better quality of living, social life and scope for expansion.

74

Vegetation

The Adjoining Vegetation Map of Arnala Koliwada indicates luxuriant growth of trees and farmlands are even open spaces inside of the Koliwada marking better quality of living and better community life in comparison to that of Worli and Diwale Koliwada.

Development Plan of VVMC

Figure 85 Vegetation Map of Arnla Koliwada Source: Author there

As you can see from the map below there

Is demarcation of a huge patch of land as a no-development zone in green colour on Virar west and it includes the Koliwada as well. Thus, No development Regulations will apply to this land we will further in this study see and analyse these rules.

Land use Plan of Arnala Koliwada and Around.

Figure 86 Develpment Plan of VVMC Source: VVCMC

As we can see from the adjoining map there is the dense settlement of Kolis.

There are reserved provisions for a Playground towards the north of the Koliwada, and at the south patches for Tourism development, transportation and public spaces reserved areas.

Even though the settlement is dense its is way too less dense than that of Worli and Diwale Koliwada.

The current scenario of these public and tourism spaces is not very good, as these lands are getting encroached by the people.

Figure 87 Land use Plan of Arnala Koliwada Source: VVMC

75

Prominent places for fishing occupation

As seen through the adjoining image, it demarcates the Fishing Terminal, Ice factory and Fishmarket.

All these places are quite afar from each other this suggests there is ample space that the community has for carrying out their daily tasks.

And the community is self-sufficient with the fishing occupation requirements.

Figure 88 Prominent places for fishing occupation Source: Arnala Harbour Thesis.

Figure 89 Schematic Section of Arnala Koliwada Source :Arnala Harbour Thesis

Sections

We can figure out from the above sections that the settlement has consumed their allotted FSI way before. With house rising as tall as G +4.

We can see boat parking and fishing-related activities happening on the beach.

And proximity to the Arnala Fort which is not so preferred tourist destination.

76

House Typology:

Figure 91 Typical House Plan at Arnala Koliwada Source: Arnala Fishing Harbour Thesis

Figure 90 Photos of Arnala Koliwada Source: Arnala Fishing Harbour Thesis

The houses here are comparatively more traditionally rooted than that of Worli and Diwale Koliwada. People here have larger veranda this suggests the community being more social and closer-knit.

77

Regulations:

As the Arnala Koliwada comes under both the categories of No development zone and coastal regulations

Restricted development area

(1) No development zone (NDZ):

The following activities shall only be permitted:

a) Roads, Railways and highways by Govt. & Semi Govt. authorities.

b) Fishing, raising of crop, salt-cultivation, nurseries, forestry.

c) Lying of electric, telephone, gas, drainage, sewerage and water lines (without buildings) by public authorities.

d) Cemeteries, burial grounds, cremation sheds.

e) Other utilities and services specifically permitted by the State Govt.

f) NDZ which is not part of the CRZ area shall be considered as Urbanisable Zone/Green Zone/Plantation Zone/Industrial Zone/Residential Zone/Special Residential Zone as the case may be.

Coastal regulations zone (CRZ):

Land in this zone shall be developed with due permission from Competent Authority, only in the manner and to the extent as may be allowed by the provisions set out in the Coastal Regulations Zone notification of the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India, dated 19/02/1991 and 06/01/2011 and as amended from time to time. And various orders from State Level Coastal Zone Management Authority shall also be followed.

Built-up Area Calculation

78

Inferences

As seen from the table above, the provision for the buildable area is equal to the net plot area, this something not seen on site with residential buildings and bungalows rising to G +4.

Various provisions can be worked upon in the no-development zone and coastal regulation zone and there is even ample space and reservation. As the Koliwadas hasn’t faced the pressure due to urbanisation it has scope and space to develop.

79

Community Life as Arnala Koliwada:

Figure 92 Prominent Places in Arnala Koliwada Source: Author

The above image shows the prominent places in Koliwada, related to fisheries, community spaces etc. In contrast to the city life with fixed and defined boundaries of spaces, for example, community areas, shopping areas, work areas. This doesn’t hold true for the Arnala Koli Community as the Community has blurred these fixed boundaries and uses spaces freely for multiple purposes. Prominent examples of community activities are shown in the images below. The community’s need for more community spaces is seen through their building pattern on numerous temples throughout the Koliwada.

80

Comparison of Sites

Table 3 Comparison of Koliwadas for selection of Site Source: Author

From the above table, the features that the Koliwadas are interdependent, for example, if there is the pressure of urbanisation the city is offering, then it results in migrant influx, rise in property rates, construction is at rising, thus low open spaces, and thus loss of cultural aspects and social life.

Green Colour most preferred aspect for site selection, Orange is a moderate feature and, Red colour indicates the least preferred feature.

As Arnala Koliwada has a greater number of preferred features., Arnala Koliwada is selected as the site for the Project

81

8. SITE SELECTIONS AND ANALYSIS

8.1 SITE ARNALA KOLIWADA RESERVED PUBLIC AREAS

Figure 94 Arnala Koliwada Source: Arnala Fishing Terminal Thesis

Figure 95 Google Map indicating the location of site

82