Beyond the Cape of Storms

About how long did it take the first convict ships to travel from Britain to Australia? A two months B four months C six months D eight months

Iain Lawrence (1955–) is a bestselling Canadian author of novels for young people.

Australia took about eight months to complete the journey. Answer: The first fleet of ships carrying convicts from Britain to

beyond forbi convicts fanger captained by styrt av voyaged reiste til sjøs weariness utmattelse donned tatt på seg prison hulk fangeskip pale blek vowed lovet proved our undoing viste seg å bli vårt nederlag tumbling cliffs fossende klipper

Glossary for page 253 a patch of en flik av a glimpse of et glimt av cliffs klipper ragged fillete tarpaulin presenning tangled fate felles skjebne jailer fangevokter

IAIN LAWRENCE

Beyond the Cape of Storms From the late 1700s to mid 1800s, Britain sent thousands of convicts from its over-filled prisons to Australia. In this extract from the adventure novel The Cannibals, Tom Tin and a shipload of other young convicts are on their way to Australia in a ship captained by Tom’s father. Tom and his friend Midge plan to escape before they get there. I came to know my father as we voyaged to Australia. At first he seemed a different man, his face sun burnt and bright, wrinkled round the eyes into a never-ending smile. Gone was Vurderingseksemplar his weariness, and years from his age. But he hadn’t really changed; I had only forgotten. Along with his sea clothes, he had donned his old self, becoming again the man I had known as a child. I grew to love him as I had then, and saw my love returned, though not the way I wanted. Father could see that my time in the prison hulk had left me pale and thin, but not that I was stronger on the inside because of it. So he vowed to keep me safe, and cared so deeply for me that it proved our undoing in the end. Five months out of England, we rounded the Cape of Good

Hope. We stormed around it, in furious winds and tumbling

The prison ship “Success” was used to sail British prisoners to Australia in the 1840s.

cliffs of water. But I saw nothing but a patch of sky, a glimpse of sails through the ragged holes in an old tarpaulin. A tangled fate had made my father my jailer, and now he was sailing me beyond the seas, in a ship that had been a slaver. He was the captain and I was a convict. With sixty others I was penned below, in the dark and shuddering hull of the ship. The wind howled and tore at the tarpaulin that covered the hatch. Whole waves exploded through the grating, and for every drop of water that rained through the deck seams, a bucket’s load welled up through the timbers. I found that I had not beaten my old fear of the sea. For nine days running I lay sick as a dog on my wooden berth, almost wishing for the ship to founder, yet terrified that it

Vurderingseksemplarslaver slaveskip penned innestengt shuddering her: ristende hull skrog howled ulte tore (tear) dro hatch luke grating gitter deck seams sprekkene i dekket bucket’s load en mengde welled up flommet timbers tømmeret beaten bekjempet nine days running ni dager i strekk berth sovebenk founder gå under

might. I clung to the ringbolts where the slaves had been chained, listening to the ocean batter at the planks. If it weren’t for Midgely I might have gone as mad as my poor mother. He was young and small, blinded in both eyes. But he stayed at my side, little Midge. When the Cape was behind us, the weather cleared. The hatches were opened, and up we went to a sunlit morning. My father was too kindhearted to be a jailer. Perhaps his spell in debtors’ prison had taught him the misery of confinement. He always gave us the run of the deck on fairweather days. He’d let the crew indulge us with seafaring stories, and from time to time he had the fiddler play while we danced. Our prison wasn’t the ship, but the sea itself. On this day we milled like cattle in the small space between the masts. Sailors were tightening the lashings on the piles of planks and timbers. Others worked high in the rigging, but it made me dizzy to turn up my head to watch them. Every sail was set, the brig pushing along below its towers of canvas. The air was hot. Water steamed from the deck and the sails and the rigging. A sailor came for Midge and me. We were hurried off, up to the afterdeck and down to the cabins. My father was waiting below, standing by his broad windows that looked back where the ship had been. Our silvery wake stretched over the waves like the trail of a slug. “Good morning, Captain Tin,” cried Midgely. Father turned to greet us, a great smile on his face. “Good morning, William,” he said. He was the only one to call Midgely by his proper name. His hand fell upon my shoulder. “Are you bearing up, Tom?” he asked. I nodded. “You’ve weathered the storm, I see.” batter slo “Oh, yes, sir,” said Midge. “It was a ripping storm, weren’t planks planker it?” blinded spell tid blind Father smiled. “Sit, boys,” he said, waving us toward his confinement innesperring berth. fair-weather godvær indulge skjemme dem bort I took Midgely’s hand to guide him to our place. He could fiddler spelemann hardly see at all, and never when he went from sunshine into rigging rigger brig briggen shadows. But he pulled away, and went straight to my wake kjølvannet father’s berth, dodging the table and dodging the chair. slug mordersnegle bearing up stå ut med He’d learned the cabin well in the dozen visits we’d made. dodging unnvike When I climbed beside him on the bed, it seemed the height of luxury to sit on a mattress again.

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“What would you like?” asked Father. “Cheese? Bread and jam?” He always offered, and we always refused. I went straight to the point. “Father, we have a plan,” I said. He stood with his hands behind his back. The sea tilted and slashed across his windows, and he leaned from side to side against the roll of the ship. The motions made my stomach churn. “We want to escape,” I said. Father looked surprised. His mouth, for a moment, gaped open. Then a hearty laugh came out. “Escape?” he asked. His hand motioned toward the huge sea. “To where?” Midgely answered. “To a place near Tetakari Island, sir.” “Where the devil’s that?” “South and east of Borneo,” said Midge. “But not as far as Java.” My father frowned. He crossed the cabin to his table, then reached up to the rafters. His charts were stowed there, rolled into tubes, and he talked as he sorted through them. “I’ve never heard of such a place,” he said. “Well, there’s an island near it what looks like an elephant,” said Midge. “The cliffs and the trees, they look like the elephant’s head. There’s a sandy beach, and coconuts and breadfruit. It was in the book. Ask Tom, sir. Ask him if it ain’t true.”

Father picked through his charts. “Well, books are travelers’ tales, you know. The writers fill them with nonsense.” “But this one was wrote by a reverend, sir,” said Midge. My father smiled back at him. Like every sailor on the brig, he adored little Midge. My friend might have been the ship’s cat for all the pats and treats that came his way. “Let’s have a look at your elephant island,” he said.

refused takket nei tilted vippet slashed slo mot motions bevegelser churn vri seg escape flykte frowned rynket panna charts sjøkart what looks like (dialect) = that looks like breadfruit brødfrukt (en tropisk frukt) tales fortellinger nonsense tull reverend pastor Vurderingseksemplar

Can you find the Cape of Good Hope on a map?

UNDERSTANDING

1 Answer the questions. a Where is the ship headed? b Which cape has the ship just rounded? c Who is the ship’s captain? d What was the ship used for before? e Where are the convicts held? f How many young convicts are on board? g Who is blind? h What is Tom and Midge’s plan?

VIEWPOINTS

2 Discuss the questions. a What is your impression of Captain Tin? Why? b How do you think the story will continue?

TEXT ANALYSIS

3 Choose the best answer. a What kind of narrator does the story have?

A a third-person narrator who knows the thoughts of one of the characters

B a third-person narrator who does not know the thoughts of any of the characters

C a first-person narrator who is a character in the story

D a first-person narrator who is not a character in the story b Who is the narrator?

A Midge

B Tom Tin

C Captain Tin

D a sailor

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LANGUAGE LAB

4 Correct the underlined grammar mistakes in Midge’s lines. a It was a ripping storm, weren’t it? b There’s an island near it what looks like an elephant c Ask him if it ain’t true. d But this one was wrote by a reverend.

CREATIVE CORNER

5 Draw an illustration for this text. Include text from the story with your drawing.

DIGITAL DIVE

6 Visit the National Museum of Australia online (nma.gov.au) and use the site’s search function to find information about convict transportation to Australia. Then find answers to the questions. a When did convict transportation to Australia start? b How long was Australia used by Britain as a prison? c Why were convicts transported to Australia? d Why did some people in Australia want the transportation to end? EXPLORE MORE 7 Read the whole book The Cannibals: The Curse of the Jolly Stone Trilogy. VOCABULARY 8 Guess My Word Guess My Word is a vocabulary game where you have to say things “in other words”. Work with a partner. Your teacher will give each of you a card with vocabulary words from the text. Don’t show your card to your partner! Try to get your partner to guess the words on Vurderingseksemplar your card without saying the word. You can explain what the word means, use synonyms or opposites and give clues. Then switch roles.

ORAL PRACTICE

1 Plan a two week trip to Nigeria, South Africa or Australia. Make a presentation with your plans. You can include the following: • How would you get there? • What would you like to see and do? • Where would you stay (accommodation)?

Mini presentation Your presentation should be about five minutes long and have: • a heading • key words and numbers • images • sources used • no reading

2 In the News Follow the news about Nigeria, South Africa or Australia in one of these online news media:

Nigeria: • The Guardian guardian.ng • Punch punchng.com • Premium Times premiumtimesng.com

South Africa: • The Sowetan Live sowetanlive.co.za • Independent Online iol.co.za Australia: • The Sydney Morning Herald smh.com.au Vurderingseksemplar Choose a news item that you think is important or interesting. Read and take notes, then prepare and present your news. Your presentation should include: • The news that you chose – what happened? • Where and when did the news take place? • Who was involved or affected? • Why did it happen? Background information • Your thoughts and reflections: why did you choose to share this news with the class? Why do you think it is important for us to know about it? Is the news presented differently in different news sources? Any other thoughts or reflections you would like to share? • Sources: Where did you find your information?

WRITING PRACTICE

3 Write a text about a time you learned from a mistake or listened with your heart. Include the following: What happened? When did it happen? Where were you? What did you learn?

4 Choose one of the texts you have read in this chapter. What do you think will happen next? Write the continuation of the story. Include action, description and dialogue in your text.

5 One of the reasons that apartheid came to an end was that people around the world protested against it. Write a formal letter or an email to protest against something you are concerned about.

6 Write a text where you reflect on English as a global language.

If you need help getting started, check out the writing course in chapter 1. Vurderingseksemplar

FEILSØKING TROUBLESHOOTING

Enkelte feil gjentar seg når norske elever skriver engelsk. Her skal vi gjøre deg oppmerksom på noen av dem. Vær obs på følgende når du skriver engelsk: • stor forbokstav • samsvar mellom subjektet og verbalet i presens (concord) • apostrof • ord som lett kan forveksles

STOR FORBOKSTAV CAPITALIZATION

På engelsk, som på norsk, bruker vi stor forbokstav på egennavn og i starten av en setning. I tillegg bruker vi stor forbokstav i disse tilfellene: • det personlige pronomet I: Yesterday, I went shopping. • ukedager, måneder, høytider og religioner: Saturday, August, Christmas, Islam • verdensdeler, folkeslag, språk og nasjonalitetsadjektiv: Europe, Maori, English, Australian • viktige ord i overskrifter på tekster, bok- og filmtitler, sanger og titler på serier og tv-progammer: The Great Barrier Reef, The Lord of the Rings, The Empire Strikes Back, “Take on Me”, Family Guy, Saturday Night Live. Vurderingseksemplar

1 Re-write the sentences and add the missing capital letters. a my favorite holiday is christmas. b they have invited me to go to the sound of music on sunday. c have you seen the movie love, simon? d we speak urdu at home. e i am learning german at school. f judy garland sings “over the rainbow” in the movie the wizard of oz. g the largest religion in the world is christianity. h the absolutely true diary of a part-time indian is the best book i have ever read. i the sami people live in the far north of europe. j let’s watch saturday night live on television tonight. k most maori speak english. l she wants me to read the hate u give. m this year ramadan starts in april. n my plan for easter break is to read a book in spanish. o most indians follow the hindu religion. p the lord of the rings was filmed in new zealand. Husk alltid stor forbokstav i første ordet i en setning. 2 Re-write this paragraph adding capital letters where they are missing. the beatles helped spread british pop culture around the world. the guitar band formed in liverpool in 1960. john lennon, paul mccartney, george harrison and drummer ringo starr were an exceptional mix of talent, innovation and charm. they first appeared on television on the popular tv programme sunday night at the london palladium on 13 october 1963. millions watched the show. by the time the band finished their set with “twist and shout,” the audience was out of control. the next morning stories about hysterical fans filled the front pages of the british newspapers. the press called the phenomenon beatlemania. a new era had begun.

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SAMSVAR MELLOM SUBJEKT OG VERBAL CONCORD: SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

• Husk å legge til s på slutten av verbet i tredje person entall (he, she, it) i presens.

It shines like a diamond.

• Tredje person entall er he, she, it og alle substantiv som kan erstattes av he, she, it.

The wolf howls at the moon.

• Slutter verbet på en konsonant + y, blir -y til -ies: cry cries

The baby cries when I sing. She tries to play the piano. • Ord som slutter på -one, -body og -thing er entall: Something is better than nothing. Is there anybody out there? • Ordet people er flertall: The less people think, the more they talk. • Starter setningen med there, samsvarer verbet med substantivet som følger etter verbalet: There are two sides to every question. There is a fly in my soup. • Pass på samsvar i setninger der subjektet består av flere ledd: A journey of a thousand miles starts with a single step. 3 Find the correct present tense form of the verb in brackets. SUBJEKTVurderingseksemplar a When it rains (rain), it pours (pour). b When one door ___ (close), another door ___ (open). c Only a fool ___ (try) to jump in the fire. d Time ___ (fly) when you are having fun. e Everything ___ (change), everything ___ (stay) the same. f Everybody ___ (want) to be somebody; nobody ___ (want) to grow. g People ___ (be) strange. h People ___ (live) in each other’s shelter. i There ___ (be) no off switch on a tiger. j There ___ (be) plenty of other fish in the sea. k The best things in life ___ (be) free. l Kindness, like a boomerang, always ___ (return).

APOSTROF APOSTROPHE

Vi bruker apostrof (’) for å vise eierskap (Lisa’s dog) eller når bokstaver er utelatt i ord, for eksempel i verbsammentrekninger. he’ll = he will we’re = we are she hasn’t = she has not

4 Add the missing apostrophe to each sentence. a Ask me no questions, and I’ll tell you no lies. b If at first you dont succeed, try try again. c A mans home is his castle. d Beggars cant be choosers. e The cobblers children have no shoes. f You cant have your cake and eat it too. 5 Write out the words with apostrophes in full. a Two wrongs don’t make right. do not b You scratch my back, and I’ll scratch yours. c It’s never too late to learn. d Crime doesn’t pay. e Life’s like a box of chocolates, you never know what you’re going to get. f You can choose your friends, but you can’t choose your family. Life is like a box of chocolates …Vurderingseksemplar

ORD SOM LETT KAN FORVEKSLES CONFUSING WORDS

Disse ordene forveksles ofte når nordmenn skriver engelsk. Pass på at du bruker det riktige ordet.

witch heks The witch cast a spell on the prince. which hvilken, hvilket, hvilke Which dress will you wear to the prom?

its sin, sitt it’s (it is) det er The dog wagged its tail. It’s my birthday today.

your din, ditt, dine Your zipper is open. you’re du er You’re precious to me. his hans His laptop is broken. he’s han er He’s at work. to til, å I am going to leave soon. too også, for My brother wants to come too. two tallet to You can buy two for the price of one. there der Your coat is over there. their deres Have you seen their new car? they’re de er They’re from the west coast. where hvor Where are my shoes? were var What were you going to tell me? we’re vi er We’re leaving for the mountains at four o’clock. though selv om She wore the shoes even though they were too small.Vurderingseksemplar tough tøff That’s a tough question. through gjennom He has been going through a lot lately.

teach lære bort learn lære seg Can you teach me how to whistle? What did you learn in school today?

whole hel hole hull Learn to see the whole picture. There is a hole in my pocket.

6 Choose the correct word to complete the sentence. a We’re so glad you could come. (where/were/we’re) b You don’t need a weatherman to tell you ___ way the wind blows. (witch/which) c My house is ___ house. (your/you’re) d Every rose has ___ thorns. (it’s/its) e The child is father ___ the man. (to/too/two) f Don’t count your chickens before ___ hatched. (there/their/they’re) g They ___ the best of friends. (where/were/we’re) h Even ___ it rained, we had a great time. (though/tough/through) i ___ there is smoke, there is fire. (where/were/we’re) j If you’re in a ___, stop digging. (whole/hole) k To ___ a language is to have one more window from which to look at the world. (teach/learn) l ___ always darkest before the dawn. (it’s/its)Vurderingseksemplar

Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day; teach teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime.

EKSAMEN I ENGELSK THE ENGLISH EXAM

This writing lesson teaches you about the final exam in English.

Mot slutten av 10. klasse er det snart tid for eksamen. Eksamen i engelsk er basert på kompetansemålene i læreplanen. Alt du har jobbet med i faget i 8.–10. klasse kan bli nyttig til eksamen. Organiser notatene dine fra skoleåret slik at det er lett å repetere dem til eksamen. Les gjennom skrivekursene til alle kapitlene i denne boka.

På eksamen i engelsk vil du møte ulike typer oppgaver som du vil kjenne igjen fra arbeidet i Stages: • Lytte- og leseforståelsesoppgaver med svaralternativer der du viser at du KEEP CALM IT’S TIME FOR THE FINAL EXAMVurderingseksemplar kan forstå noe du leser eller hører på. • En kortsvarsoppgave der du viser at du kan kort videreformidle informasjon og innholdet i noe du leser eller hører på. • En kortsvarsoppgave der du viser at du kan gi dine synspunkter og vise til andres synspunkter på noe du leser eller hører på. • En langsvarsoppgave der du velger én av flere oppgaver og skriver en tekst der du viser refleksjon, evne til kritisk tenkning og selvstendighet.

ØVING GJØR MESTER PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT

Du kan øve på eksempeloppgaver til eksamen i engelsk på Utdanningsdirektoratets (udir.no) sider. Læreren din kan hjelpe deg med å få tilgang til oppgavene.

PÅ EKSAMENSDAGEN ON THE DAY OF THE EXAM

# Stå opp så tidlig at du slipper å starte dagen med stress. # Spis en god frokost hjemme og ta med deg mat og drikke. # Husk å ta med deg notatene dine fra engelsktimene og Stages-boka. # Møt opp i god tid. # Les instruksene og oppgavene i eksamen nøye. # Skaff deg oversikt over mengden oppgaver. # Når du har fått oversikt, kan du planlegge arbeidet ditt og disponere tiden din. # Pass på at du svarer på oppgavene som er gitt. Hold deg til temaet. # Velg oppgave til langsvarsoppgaven. Pass på at du velger en oppgave der du har nok å skrive. # Lag tankekart og lister over ideene dine. # Lag en disposisjon til langsvarsoppgaven. Her kan det være nyttig å bruke malen til en fem-avsnittstekst. # Bruk hjelpemidlene som er tilgjengelige. # Hvis du står fast, ta en liten pause. Bare det å strekke litt på kroppen og å se bort fra skjermen kan gi hjernen en boost. # Pass på tiden. # Sjekk gjennom svarene dine før du leverer. GOOD LUCK! Vurderingseksemplar