29 minute read
of wheel clamping
from Modern Tire Dealer - Performance Handbook 2015
by EndeavorBusinessMedia-VehicleRepairGroup
The Porsche Carerra GT’s center nuts are color coded (red for the left side and blue for the right side).
If you look closely, this red nut (on the driver side of the car) is labeled with an arrow for direction to loosen. Each nut is so-marked to avoid confusion between thread directions. This red nut features right-hand threads, requiring counterclockwise rotation to loosen.
are hard plastic and are available to cover both inch and metric sizes) and two thread pitch gauges (one inch and one metric). That’s all you need to quickly and accurately read any wheel bolt or nut without any guesswork.
Common wheel fastener thread sizes: 7/16-20 1-20 9/16-18
M12 X 1.25
M12 X 1.5
M12 X 1.75
M14 X 1.5
M14 X 2.0
Head/drive styles
The “head” of a wheel bolt or nut features a specific drive design and appearance approach. The most conventional drive style involves a hex (six-sided) that requires the use of a six-point wrench. However, other styles do exist, although not encountered as often. These include female hex drive “tuner” nuts which feature a relatively small and smooth outer body diameter (to ft into small-diameter fastener recesses in some wheels), and a female hex drive hole, requiring a male hex bit for service. Yet another drive style is the spline-drive head which features a symmetric pattern of straight-cut external splines instead of hex walls. Splined fasteners require a dedicated female spline socket, available from the maker of the splined fasteners.
In terms of appearance, nuts may be either open (the threaded hole runs all the way through the nut) or closed (threads terminate inside the nut). Closed head styles are varied, and include fush tops, raised conical domes, raised fattop domes, extended hex walls (for easier reach and handling and greater wrench contact area) and radiused domes.
Body and thread length
All of the wheel nut and wheel bolt styles that we’ve mentioned are available in a wide variety of lengths, in terms of drive area or thread engagement area. Drive
is too long, this will prevent full seating at the wheel.
Wheel fastener tightening
Never use an impact gun to remove or install threaded fasteners when dealing with custom alloy wheels.
The reason to avoid using an impact gun during removal is simply to avoid scratching the fastener pockets of the wheel. If you insist on removal with a gun, use only a clean thinwall socket and run the gun at a slower speed.
Here is Porsche’s specialty tool kit for removing and installing the center nuts on the Carerra GT. Included is the nut wrench (on the left), the torque multiplier (in the center) and the stop-arm that rests against a wheel spoke.
The Porsche tool engaged onto the wheel nut. The torque multiplier tool is driven by a 1/2-inch drive torque wrench. By pulling a mere 128 ft.-lbs. on the torque wrench, the torque multiplier achieves a fnal at-the-nut torque value of 407 ft.-lbs. area height may be dictated by the thickness of the wheel’s center hub, or by the design of the wheel (maybe the nut or bolt head needs to project out farther for easier wrench access). The necessary thread engagement area will affect length as well, involving either inboard thread reach or outboard projection based on stud length. Thread length/depth is extremely critical. The nut-to-stud or bolt-to-female thread engagement area must be suffcient to properly secure the wheel.
At bare minimum, thread engagement depth must be greater than the diameter of the thread (for example, if the thread is 12 mm, thread engagement depth must be greater than 12 mm). Pay particular attention with closeddesign nuts. Make sure that the stud does not bottom-out inside the nut. This will prevent the fastener from seating onto the wheel. By the same token, if a wheel bolt’s shank length
Splined wheel nuts offer a slender, more accessible reach, especially for wheel applications where the nut is recessed in the wheel. Note that the splined interface offers a durable grip surface for the lock key socket. The UHC open nut provides a lowprofle ft for those who prefer a less-obtrusive appearance.
It’s easy to scratch the pockets with the socket or the exiting nut or bolt, even while trying to maintain control gun control.
Whether we’re dealing with a bargain-basement, impurityriddled aluminum casting or the fnest and strongest billet, forged or investment-cast alloy wheel, proper clamping force is critical for both wheel care and performance.
For one thing, over-tightening can gall or deform the wheel’s fastener pocket seats. Excessive over or unequal tightening can distort both the wheel center section as well as today’s commonly thin-wall hubs. This can result in a distorted brake rotor, leading to brake pedal pulsation. Considering the lightweight rotor hats featured on many of today’s vehicles, that’s an open invitation to disc brake warping and brake pedal bounce, which will surely result in a comeback complaint.
When taper or round seat wheel fasteners are tightened, an interference fit is experienced. The male seat of the fastener contacts the female seat of the wheel and creates a small wedge contact when tightened, creating a pressure point that helps to lock the fastener in place. If either type of fastener is under-tightened, they can loosen during operation. If over-tightened, the fastener can become fatigued
One option for open-nut applications is McGard’s UHC model that features a female key slot. The lock socket features a surround that captures the nut for a more secure removal and installation.
and can deform the material in the wheel’s female seat pocket, which can result in fastener loosening. The shape of the radiused seat reduces the effect of over-tightening since contact pressure is more evenly distributed than with a taper seat style.
Flat seat style is used almost exclusively with alloy wheels, since in the early days of alloy aftermarket wheels, the alloy material may not have been strong enough to handle the frictional forces created by tapered or radiused seats.
Over-tighening a fat seat nut can deform the wheel, causing the aluminum under the washer to extrude, which displaces the aluminum, causing the nut to loosen.
Over-tightening can also stretch the wheel studs or wheel bolt shanks beyond their elastic range. All bolts or studs are designed to stretch a miniscule amount when optimal clamping load is achieved. This elasticity of the stud or bolt is what helps to secure the wheel on the hub. When torqued to specifcation, this is referred to as achieving the proper “clamping load.” If the stud or bolt is excessively over-tightened, it’s possible that it will stretch beyond its yield point, losing its “rubber band” effect. If stretched beyond the yield point, the stud or bolt becomes so weak that it cannot provide the clamping load needed. The result: the fastener loosens or the stud or bolt shank breaks.
Always follow the torque specifcations listed by either the vehicle manufacturer or by the wheel maker. Don’t guess. Actually take the time to pick up a calibrated torque wrench and tighten all of the wheel’s fasteners, in the proper sequence, in several steps to achieve fnal (and equal) torque values.
While the use of torquelimiting “sticks” is common, when dealing with alloy wheels, the preferred method involves using a calibrated torque wrench. Note that in addition to dial or micrometer “click” style torque wrenches, today’s tool market includes high-precision digital torque wrenches that prove quite handy. With the press of a button, you set the desired torque value. Once that value is achieved, the tool “beeps,” vibrates and illuminates a LED light, features that are well appreciated in a noisy shop.
Never tighten wheel fasteners in a progressive adjacent pattern. Tighten in a “crisscross” pattern in order to evenly spread the clamping load to avoid warping the wheel or hub face.
Retorque
Specifically when dealing with alloy wheels, it’s highly
advisable to re-check the value of each fastener after about the frst 50 to 100 miles of operation. Due to metal compression/elongation and thermal stresses, the clamping loads may change during initial use. When rechecking torque value, wait for the wheels to cool to ambient temperature (never torque a hot wheel). Loosen and retighten, to value, in sequence. Again, some will argue that this step is not necessary, but it’s better to be safe than sorry, and it’s better to catch a loose nut early as opposed to too late.
Wheel fastener (nut or bolt) torque values
While you should always refer to the vehicle manufacturer’s recommendations for proper wheel fastener torque values, following is a generic guideline. Don’t guess. Adhere to the vehicle maker’s specs. 12 mm 14 mm 7/16 in. 1 in. 9/16 in. Torque (ft.-lbs.) 75-85 85-100 70-80 75-85 135-145
Wheel locks
As a deterrent to would-be wheel thieves, “wheel locks” have been popular additions to vehicles equipped with expensive alloy wheels and high-dollar tires. Contrary to the term “locks,” these fasteners do not actually “lock.” Rather, they feature a drive design that requires a special wrench that matches the specifc design of the fastener’s drive. Commonly, “locking” lug nuts or wheel bolts may feature an irregular female keyway machined into the fastener head, requiring a drive tool with a matching male shape. Another common approach features a splined design, requiring a matching female-splined tool. If a lock tool is missing, removal of the locking fastener may require either welding a bolt or nut to the locking fastener, a specialty gripping tool (similar to a female “easy-out” tool) or a call to the wheel lock manufacturer to order a replacement lock key.
The Cobra features a right-hand thread on the right side of the car, and a left-hand thread on the left side. Remember, threads should be lightly lubed with moly before servicing to avoid galling the aluminum knock-off spinner nut.
Knock-off/pindrive system
Many race cars (as well as a few vintage street cars such as some old Corvettes, Ferarris, AC Cobras, etc.; and some latemodel exotic cars, such as Porsche’s C a r e r r a G T ) feature a wheel fastening system that involves a
The knock-off spinner nut is made of aluminum. In order to tighten or loosen the spinner nut, a heavy lead hammer is used to beat the spinner wings. The lead deforms easily, but that’s intentional. The lead (softer than the aluminum wings) is sacrifced, to prevent damage to the aluminum wings.
single large center nut instead of a series of individual fasteners. C o m m o n l y called “knockoff” or “pin-drive” wheels, this features a large center hole in the wheel that slides over an extended male threaded spindle. A large center nut (sometimes hex sided, sometimes featuring two or three
large “wings”) secures the wheel to the hub. This system is often called a “knock-off” because (in the case of winged center nuts) a large lead hammer is sometimes used to loosen or tighten the center nut (where the nut is winged). Even if the nut is hexed, a large special wrench may feature extended leverage arms that allow the use of a lead hammer to “knock” the nut. The term “pin-drive” refers to the series of short stubby dowel pins located on the hub face that engage into holes on the rear of the wheel center. Locating the wheel onto these pins prevents the wheel from rotating in relation to the hub. Basically, the term knock-off and pin-drive are synonymous.
It’s important to be aware that a knock-off wheel system may feature left-hand threads and right-hand threads on opposite sides of the vehicle. It’s critical to recognize this before attempting to loosen a left-hand thread nut by trying to rotate it counterclockwise. Some pindrive systems feature right-hand threads on the right side of the car and left-hand threads on the left side; while some cars may feature the opposite (lefthand threads on the right side and right-hand threads on the left side).
As an example, of a latermodel exotic application, the center nuts on the 2005 Porsche Carrera GT feature a spline-type engagement, requiring a special dedicated Porsche tool for service. This socket tool is part of a “torque-multiplier” Porsche tool kit. The socket engages the nut, while a special torque multiplier gearbox attaches to the socket. The Porsche torque specifcation for these nuts is 407 ft.-lbs. Initially that sounds like an impossibility (after all, how many folks have a 400+ ft.-lbs. torque wrench lying in their toolbox?). However, that’s where the torque multiplier comes in. Simply adjust your torque wrench to 128 ft.-lbs. and attach it to the multiplier tool. As you pull to a mere 128 ft.-lbs., the multiplier gearbox converts this amount of force into an effective 407 ft.-lbs. The tool isn’t cheap (around a cool $2,000 at your local Porsche dealer), but it makes the job easy and precise.
Naturally, since only a single large nut secures the wheel in place, you want to make certain that the nut won’t accidentally loosen. In addition to achieving the specifed torque value when tightening the nut, a back-up system is often employed to maintain the nut’s position. If the nut is the wing-nut style, stainless steel safety wire can be used to insure against loosening (wire is run through a small hole in one of the wings to a small hole in a wheel spoke). In the case of the Porsche Carrera GT, the alloy nuts feature a spring-loaded tab that engages in a spindle slot.
Yet another potential example of a shop encountering pindrive wheels is the customer who owns an AC Cobra replica. While the majority of these cars (commonly referred to as “kit” car Cobras) will feature common fve-bolt hubs along with traditional wheel nuts, some examples may feature the original style pin-drive hub system, wherein the center spindle nut threads onto the spindle with a three-wing-style nut that must be loosened or tightened using a lead hammer. This vintage style then requires a means to prevent the nut from loosening. This involves installing a length of stainless steel safety wire that connects one of the nut’s “wings” to the wheel (small wire holes should exist on both the wings and the wheel.) Granted, it’s rare that you’ll encounter this, but it’s good to know the procedure if the circumstance arises.
Spotlight on Performance Showcase!
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Showcased on the following pages are high performance products, tools and equipment to help increase your proftability.
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Atturo Trail Blade X/T The winner of SEMA’s 2014 Global Media Award for “Best Innovative New Product for the International Market,” the Atturo Trail Blade X/T continues the tradition of marrying exceptional off-road performance with aggressive styling. The X/T is a new kind of all-terrain tire for owners of lifted vehicles and modifed SUVs, and carves out a proftable niche in the competitive off-road tire segment: a rugged tire for both on- and off-road performance. Currently available in fve sizes, (33x12.50R20LT, 35x12.50R18LT, 35x12.50R20LT, 275/45 R20XL, 275/55R20XL) the Atturo Trail Blade X/T is adding an additional nine sizes in 2015 to meet the growing demand. ATTURO TIRE CORP. Quik-Link: 800-687-1557 ext. 15183 www.mtdquiklink.com/15183
Vredestein Vorti R The Vorti R is Vredestein’s most sporty ultra-high performance summer tire to date. Compared to the Vredestein Ultrac Vorti , the emphasis with the Vorti R lies with ensuring Easy OEM wheel solution Save time and improve your bottom line the next time your customer needs an OEM replacement wheel by visiting our website Blackburnswheelfnder.com, Blackburn’s Hubcap & Wheel Solutions says. An easy-tonavigate menu allows you to search and fnd the right wheel in seconds. Quote customers instantly, determine availability and place orders 24/7. Blackburn’s 95% fll ratio and inventory of 100,000+ parts allow for immediate shipping. Visit Blackburn’s Wheel Finder and register for a free on-line account. BLACKBURN’S HUBCAP & WHEEL SOLUTIONS Quik-Link: 800-687-1557 ext. 15184 www.mtdquiklink.com/15184
Continental ExtremeContact DWS 06
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Sumitomo HTR ZIII The Sumitomo HTR ZIII Maximum Performance tire achieves a new level of ultimate driving excitement and control. Designed for today’s most popular performance vehicles, the ZIII delivers enhanced traction, exceptional handling and maximum maneuverability across a wide range of road conditions. The ZIII’s fve rib asymmetric tread pattern
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O.Z. Racing Wheels Tire Rack Wholesale is the exclusive distributor of O.Z. Racing wheels in North America. Since 1971, O.Z. Racing has established itself as a leader in the world’s lightweight alloy wheel industry. O.Z. Racing produces standard equipment wheels for some of the most exclusive automobiles in the world and is the offcial supplier of Infniti Red Bull Racing and Scuderia Ferrari. TIRE RACK WHOLESALE Quik-Link: 800-687-1557 ext. 15194 www.mtdquiklink.com/15194 and minus tire calculators are included for customized ftments. THE ULTIMATE TIRE & WHEEL PLUS SIZING GUIDE Quik-Link: 800-687-1557 ext. 15195 www.mtdquiklink.com/15195
Online tire and wheel guide The Ultimate Wheel & Tire Plus Sizing Guide “Online Edition” is updated throughout the year with tire and wheel ftments for both OE and plus sizes for both current and vintage vehicles. Your subscription also features reverse lookups by tire size, bolt pattern/ offset, and wheel brand name search. Plus ADVAN Sport A/S For customers who demand the ultimate in performance and handling no matter the season, the ADVAN Sport A/S answers the call at every turn. Offering thrilling performance on dry roads and confdent traction in rain or snow, the ADVAN Sport A/S provides a premium driving experience and quiet ride all year long. The ADVAN Sport A/S is equipped with a limited tread wear warranty. YOKOHAMA TIRE CORP. Quik-Link: 800-687-1557 ext. 15196 www.mtdquiklnk.com/15196
1-800EveryRim.com – OEM Wheels 9935 Beverly Blvd. Pico Rivera, CA 90660 (800) 383-7974 or Text951RimText Chase Potter, mgr. Products: Brokers of OEM wheels; used, new, reconditioned. Buy and sell/alloy and steel. www.1-800everyrim.com
American Omni Trading Co. 15354 Park Row Houston, TX 77084 (281) 600-TIRE (8473) FAX: (281) 600-8475 Chris Brackin, v.p. of sls. Products: passenger, ultra-high performance, light truck, medium truck, off-the-road, industrial and farm tires. www.american-omni.com
Apollo Vredestein Tires Inc. 13 Bridge St. Metuchen, NJ 08840 (732) 549-2440 or (800) 221-3422 FAX: (732) 549-2450 Emil Herbak, country mgr.; Bill Haney, ag and industrial tire specialist Products: ag/farm tires, high performance tires, lawn and garden tires, industrial tires and passenger tires. www.vredestein.com
Atturo Tire Corp. PO Box 302 Lake Villa, IL 60046 (855) 632-8031 FAX: (847) 589-8446 Products: performance, mud-terrain and all-terrain tires for SUV, CUV and 4X4 vehicles. www.atturo.com Blackburn’s Hubcap & Wheel Solutions 8190 Roll and Hold Parkway Macedonia, OH 44056 (800) 981-8321 Todd Deranek, dir. of sls. and mktg. Products: original equipment new, used and refnished alloy, steel and chrome wheels, wheel covers and center caps for import and domestic, light truck and auto from current production year to antique and classic models. www.blackburnwheels.com
Continental Tire Continental Tire the Americas, LLC 1830 MacMillan Park Dr. Fort Mill, SC 29707 (800) 847-3349 FAX: (704) 587-6555 Jochen Etzel, CEO. Products: ultra-high performance tires, passenger tires, light truck tires, medium/heavy truck tires, commercial tires, motorcycle tires, bicycle and specialty tires. www.continentaltire.com Twitter: @continentaltire Facebook: facebook.com/continentaltire
Falken Tire 8656 Haven Ave. Rancho Cucamonga, CA 91730 (800) 723-2553 Products: PCR; touring, high performance touring, grand touring, high performance, ultra-high performance, max performance, winter and winter performance. LTR; street performance, highway terrain, all terrain, mud terrain. TBR; steer and trailer, drive, all-position and wide-base offerings for regional, long-haul and on-/off-road conditions. www.falkentire.com
General Tire Continental Tire the Americas, LLC 1830 MacMillan Park Dr. Fort Mill, SC 29707 (800) 847-3349 FAX: (704) 587-6555 Jochen Etzel, CEO Products: ultra-high performance tires, passenger tires, light truck tires, offroad tires, medium/heavy truck tires, commercial tires. www.generaltire.com Twitter: @generaltire Facebook: facebook.com/generaltire
Kenda Tires USA 7095 Americana Parkway Reynoldsburg, OH 43068 (614) 866-9803 FAX: (614) 866-9805 Products: ultra-high performance tires, passenger tires, light truck tires, SUV/ CUV tires, specialty tires, trailer tires, ATV tires, motorcycle tires, golf cart tires, ag/farm tires and bicycle tires. www.kendatire.com
Kumho Tire USA, Inc. 10299 6th St. Rancho Cucamonga, CA 91730 (909) 428-3999 or (800) 445-8646 FAX: (909) 428-3994 Harry Choi, pres./CEO Products: high performance tires, LT tires, medium/heavy truck tires, passenger tires, performance tires, racing tires, RV and specialty tires. www.kumhotireusa.com
McGard, LLC 3875 California Rd. Orchard Park, NY 14127 (800) 669-6887 or (716) 662-8980 FAX: (716) 662-8985 Durham McCauley, CEO; Peter McCauley, pres.; John Mondo, v.p. sls. & mktg.; Kevin Halt, v.p. sls. Japan, Asia & Oceania; Chris Smith, dir. of OEM sls.
Products: wheel accessories including wheel locks, lug nuts, lug bolts, spare tire locks. Vehicle security products including tailgate locks and door locks for Jeep. www.mcgard.com Towmax, Dynacargo, Akuret and BKT. www.tbcbrands.com www.sumitomotire.com
Nexen Tire USA 21073 Pathfnder Rd., Suite 100 Diamond Bar, CA 91765 (800) 576-3936 FAX: (909) 923-3991 John Aben, senior v.p. of sls. & mktg. Products: ultra-high performance tires, high performance tires, light truck/SUV tires and passenger tires. www.nexentireusa.com
Sentury Tire Americas 3121 NW 125th St. Miami, FL 33167 (305) 621-5101 Maxwell Wee, dir. of sls. Products: ultra-high performance, ultrahigh performance SUV/CUV, all-season, snow/ice, performance SUV, CUV, PCR, LTR and TBR tires. Brands: Delinte, Landsail www.senturytireusa.com Tire Rack Wholesale 7101 Vorden Pkwy. South Bend, IN 46628-8422 (800) 445-0179 or (574) 287-2316 FAX: (574) 236-7700 Wayne Leuthold, wholesale mgr. Products: brake products; high performance tires, light truck tires, passenger and racing tires; suspension components, wheels and accessories, wiper blades. www.tirerackwholesale.com
Wheel Consultants Inc. 2537-D Pacifc Coast Hwy., #330 Torrance, CA 90505 (310) 357-7293 FAX: (310) 427-7199 Joe Findeis, pres. Products: The Ultimate Wheel & Tire Plus Sizing Guide. Contains ftments for cars, trucks, SUVs and crossovers. Current and vintage vehicle ftment applications. Specifcations and data for original equipment and plus sizes. Available in print and digital formats. www.plussizingguide.com
TBC Brands 4300 TBC Way Palm Beach Gardens, FL 33410 (866) 822-4968 Marty Krcelic, exec. v.p. Products: high performance tires, passenger tires, SUV/CUV tires, light truck tires, medium truck tires and TBR tires, farm tires, industrial tires, specialty and OTR tires; steel and aluminum truck wheels; tire equipment. Consumer tire brands: Cordovan, Delta, Eldorado, Jetzon, Multi-Mile, National, Sailun, Sigma, Sumitomo, Telstar, and Vanderbilt. Commercial and farm tire brands: Harvest King, Power King, Sumitomo, Sailun, Yokohama Tire Corp. 1 MacArthur Place, Suite 800 Santa Ana, CA 92707-5948 (800) 423-4544 or (714) 870-3800 FAX: (714) 870-3838 Alan Holtschneider, dir. mktg. communications Products: passenger tires, high performance tires, racing tires, light truck tires, medium/heavy truck tires, OTR tires and RV tires. www.yokohamatire.com
Website: www.moderntiredealer.com
Publisher Greg Smith Greg.Smith@bobit.com (330) 899-2200 ext. 12, fax (330) 899-2209
Editorial (330) 899-2200, fax (330) 899-2209 Editor: Robert J. Ulrich, ext. 11 Bob.Ulrich@bobit.com Managing Editor: Lori L. Mavrigian, ext. 16 Lori.Mavrigian@bobit.com Senior Editor: Joy Kopcha, ext. 15 Joy.Kopcha@bobit.com Associate Editor: Ann Neal, ext. 18 Ann.Neal@bobit.com
Production (330) 899-2200, fax (330) 899-2209 Art Director: Neal Weingart, ext. 14 Neal.Weingart@bobit.com Production Manager: Karen Runion, ext. 10 Karen.Runion@bobit.com
Sales South and Texas: Greg Smith Greg.Smith@bobit.com (330) 899-2200 ext. 12, fax (330) 899-2209 Midwest: Michele Vargo Michele.Vargo@bobit.com (330) 899-2200 ext.17, fax (330) 899-2209 West Coast: John Dyal /Te Dyal Company John.Dyal@bobit.com (760) 451-5026, fax (760) 451-5039 West Coast: Marianne Dyal /Te Dyal Company Marianne.Dyal@bobit.com (760) 451-9216 Automotive Aftermarket: Dan Tornton djtinc@gmail.com (734) 676-9135, mobile (313) 410-0945 Classifed Sales: Donna Stewart Donna_Stewart@cox.net (405) 260-1678, fax (405) 260-1684 Reprint Sales: Karen Runion Karen.Runion@bobit.com (330) 899-2200 ext. 10, fax (330) 899-2209
Customer/Subscription Service (888) 239-2455, fax (888) 274-4580
Home offce 3515 Massillon Rd., Suite 350 Uniontown, OH 44685 Executive offce 3520 Challenger St. Torrance, CA 90503 Chairman (1961-2014): Edward J. Bobit CEO & President: Ty F. Bobit Chief Financial Offcer: Richard E. Johnson VP & COO: Cyndy Drummey
Modern Tire Dealer 3515 Massillon Road, Suite 350 Uniontown, OH 44685 (330) 899-2200, fax (330) 899-2209 www.moderntiredealer.com
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