Inhabitable Productive Land by Arnold Tejasurya

INHABITABLEPRODUCTIVE LAND ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTION THAT INTEGRATES INDUSTRIALIZED AGRICULTURE WITH RESIDENTIAL USE ON PERI-URBAN AREA

Yohanes Arnold Tejasurya Thanisorn Devapalin Carlos Ochando Seva

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

INHABITABLEPRODUCTIVE LAND ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTION THAT INTEGRATES INDUSTRIALIZED AGRICULTURE WITH RESIDENTIAL USE ON PERI-URBAN AREA

Yohanes Arnold Tejasurya Thanisorn Devapalin Carlos Ochando Seva

Architectural Association School of Architecture Emergent Technologies and Design 2015-2016

Students: Yohanes Arnold Tejasurya (Msc.)

Thanisorn Devapalin (MArch.)

Carlos Ochando Seva (MArch.)

Title:

Inhabitable Productive land

Course:

Master of Architecture

Tutors:

Date:

Michael Weinstock George Jeronimidis Evan Greenberg Mehran Gharleghi Manja Vande Worp 18-09-2015

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;We certify that this piece of work is entirely my/our own and that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of others is duly acknowledgedâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Our sincere gratitude for Michael and George for your feedback and guidance. We would like to thank Evan, Mehran and Manja for their support and encouragement throughout our studies and this thesis. Lastly, we are profoundly grateful for our families and friends, whose support ,believe and alway beside us.

TABLE OF CONTENT

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

Acknowledgement Abstract

7 11

Introduction

13 16 18 22

Domain

27 28 30 32 36 40 42 44 46 48

Greenhouses expansion and Population Agricultural city Site

Permaculture Urban transition Industrialized Agriculture Greenhouse Plant categorize Cultivation techniques Renewable Energy Water Management Case studies Agrarian City

Urban farming Urban Border Self Sufficient Building

Methods

59 60

Research Development

67 69

Computational techniques

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE: Public space Analysis of street and public space Analysis of public park Solar exposure on public space INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE Thermal condition Greenhouses reflection INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE Typologies Mediterranean typologies Almeria building types Integration Integration strategies INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE Network Network analysis Network condition Network hierarchy

Design Development

System application INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE Cluster Cluster aggregation INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE Distribution Distribution strategies Network development Plot development INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND

81 87

101

113 114 117 125

139

Design Proposal

145

Conclusion

163

Appendix

166

Bibliography

190

ABSTRACT INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND is an architectural and urban approach for a solution to the existing lacks and problems in a determined area. The area tackled with this solution is related to the unidentified territory present between an urban settlement and a very productive agricultural zone. This project, inspired by the rapidly growing world population and its subsequent food demand explores the possibility of introducing a self-sufficient patch in terms of agricultural products within the previously mentioned unidentified area. The integration of a productive area within and residential solution at an architectural scale is the first challenge tackled for the creation of a connecting global system that is both producing food and hosting the consumers. Through this project, it is shown how creating integrated areas of different uses could be an important contribution for more sustainable and responsible future cities.

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

INTRODUCTION The increasingly rapid world population growth leads to an increase on the food demand and creating an extension of the area dedicated to agriculture. The rural zone is being expanded at the same time as cities are too. Up to the discovery of greenhouses system as an industrialized agriculture system, the traditional way to satisfy these two requirements had been through the reduction of forest surface. The innovation and research on plastic materials has had an incredible contribution to the permanence of this system as one of the most effective manners to produce food without being vulnerable and dependent of the site context. Agrarian cities that tend to integrate residential with agricultural uses at the same area has been an interesting topic of study in architecture for the 20th century. Almeria, south of Spain, with the largest concentration of greenhouses in Europe, produces millions of tones of products every year to feed a high percentage of European population. Furthermore, it mean important benefits on site at a local and regional scales, not only reducing the transport and logistic issues but contributing to the development of the local economy creating jobs directly and indirectly.

Almeria Coast Source: http://fsfiles.org/flightsimshotsv2/images/2014/12/25/BvFkq.jpg

Greenhouses expansion and Population | 1974

2005

The world population is increasing rapidly. By the time this dissertation has being written, 7 billion people is already inhabited in the world. This will lead to the staggering impacts which are direct or long term influence. Living space, food supply, fresh water supply, and energy resources are some of the necessities that will be in shortage condition. As the United Nation predicted, it is believed that the world population for the next 30 years will reached 10 billion people which means the problems that have been mentioned before will become cumulative matter if not treated immediately.

The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) estimated that to meet the need of the 10 billion world population, the farmers will have to provide 70% more food however most available farmland is already being farmed, and also the productivity is decreasing because of soil erosion and wasting of water. A major ‘sustainable intensification’ of agricultural productivity on existing farmland will be necessary.

Image1-2 El Ejido, Almeria chronograph Source: Google Earth

On the other side of the story, the emergent of greenhouses in Mediterranean basin especially in south of Spain has arising rapidly. This is due to the temperature rising during the past 30 years. Where we can see it as a sea of greenhouses in the area, there are several residential unit that needs to be around the area as a housing for workers and as a neighbourhood of people who already live in that area. While only living in the urban area is already uncomfortable due to the hot arid climate, imagine housing surrounded by reflective plastic of greenhouses where people still need a comfortable area to settle in these circumstance. this opposite phenomenon will lead to the question: “HOW DO WE LIVE WITHIN THE GROWTH OF GREENHOUSE AND EXPANDING OF CITY”

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

The UN also reported that climate change coupled with poor farming practices make the productivity of the world’s farmland decreasing, 25% of the farmland is now ‘highly degraded’ with soil erosion, water degradation, and biodiversity loss. Another 8% is moderately degraded, while 36% is stable degraded and 10% is ranked as ‘improving’. In Western Europe, highly intensive agriculture has led to pollution of soil and aquifers and a resulting loss of biodiversity. 70% of fresh water in the world use for growing food however the population still need fresh water supply for their needs. Recycle and reused the waste water and rain become potential solution to be looking forward. The fresh water resource around the world is becoming even scarcer and salinized, while groundwater becomes more polluted by agricultural runoff and other toxins. In consequence to that, irrigation technology system must become more efficient because most of the systems that perform now are below their capacity.

500,000

15,000 405,019

400,000

375,004

465,662

10,000

300,000

8,498

5,000 1,677

1970

1980

1990

2000

2015

2029

1975

1983

2000

2010

2015

2029

World Population Growth

World Population (Billion)

5 4 3

1 0

Source: http://thebritishgeographer. weebly.com/spatialpatterns-of-food.html

Figure1. World population growth

2 1

1800

1850

1900

1927

1950

1974 1987 2000

2011

2050

World Agriculture Production (1015 kCal / year)

World Agriculture Production

10 9

10.8

8.7

Figure2. World agriculture production Source: http://thebritishgeographer. weebly.com/spatialpatterns-of-food.html

6.8

3.7 3

1 0

2.2 0.8 1800

1850

1900

1950

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040

2050

Agricultural city |

Metabolism study for urban settlement

Image1. Agricultural city by Kisho Kurokawa Source: http:// metteingvartsen. net/2011/09/giant-city/

Overview

Metabolism movement

In Agricultural city project by architect Kisho Kurokawa, Metabolism derived the idea where natural growth is provided as a grid system. Each of the square units composed of several households autonomously, Clustering units together to creates a neighborhood. Residential unit multiply spontaneously without hierarchy as traditional rural settlement which has developed throughout history of Japanese. The method of this referred as metabolism.

Metabolism movement formed by a group of Japanese architects and planners in 1959. It has an idea of the â&#x20AC;&#x2039;â&#x20AC;&#x2039; city of the future inhabited by a high density characterized by large scale. With fexibility and transformable organic growth, the precursors of this movement believed in a deep influence of space and functionality on the society and culture of the future.

The project takes into account not only the bases of Metabolism movement, but through the study of the individual clustering cell with the concept of urban living quality and living in natural environment. The analysis of an environment greatly involved in the project which leave the configuration and management of open spaces, public circulation spaces, built up area.

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

Despite the sometimes otherworldly designs, the ideas took hold and continue to inspire architects today.

Image2. Agricultural city by Kisho Kurokawa Source: http:// metteingvartsen. net/2011/09/giant-city/

Biological Metabolism In any biological organism, there are flows and processes of energy and material throughout it. This metabolism develops with the organism’s morphology, emerging together through dynamic forces acting upon them in the conversion and movement of resources throughout the organism.1 All living forms must acquire energy and material from their environment, and transform matter within their bodies to construct their tissues, to grow, to reproduce and to survive.2 In an analogical manner the urban system needs resources to perform and grow.

Urban Metabolism The current question nowadays is indeed related to the fact that the needed resources are coming from outside. “The most densely populated regions in the world consume biological resources at more than twice the rate the ecological systems at these regions can regenerate. Currently, more than half of the fuel energy consumed in western areas is already imported from other places.3 These regions are no longer generating their requirements but are dependent of other regions’ production. Therefore, this increased demand limits its expansion. There are many indicators that suggest that the system is close to the threshold of capacity.4 The current architects, planners and developers’ interests might lead to the study and design of new urban patches that minimizes the external resources consumption. This new systems will be able to produce most of their own needs while hosting a sustainable development.

Image1-2 Urban growing and Agriculture land growing Source: http:// archnet.org/collections/669/media_contents/93708 and http://www.amusingplanet.com/2013/08/ the-greenhouses-ofalmeria.html

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

URBAN CITY

isolate living living and working space

URBAN - AGRICULTURAL

neighbourhood community multi-function space

AGRICULTURE LAND

agriculture community cultivating and green space

food to export to outside area

food imported from outside area

direct food resources with less logistic

occasionally travel to rural area

regularly promoting physical/mental health

occasionally travel to city

promoting biodiversity

not promoting biodiversity

not promoting biodiversity habitants optimizing their house

habitants optimizing abandon land

job opportunity for normal class

creates job opportunity for every class

increase the value of the land

unmodulated micro climate no land to remediation

increase the value of the land

modulating micro climate land remediation

abandon land unopotimized creates job opportunity for labour class increase the value of the land

unmodulated micro climate land without remediation

Site |

Almeria: Driest city in Europe and intensive growth of Greenhouses

Figure1. Mediterranean area Source: Writers

Image1. Urban border in the city of Almeria Source: http://www. viva-almeria.com/ almeria_city_p5.php

Image2. Urban border in the city of Almeria Source: http://illusion.scene360.com/ art/74372/bernhardlang-aerial-photo/

Located at southeast of Spain which has direct connection with provinces of Granada, Murcia, Almeria positioned in Mediterranean Sea basin that makes climate become subtropical desert arid. The total area of this province is 8,774km2 which is ranked 27th in Spain. Inhabited by 691,764 inhabitants in 2014 census (ranked 23th in Spain) which mean its population density is 79.7/km2 for the province that slightly lower than Spanish average. An interesting fact which has been found by the census reports from IPCC and INE showed, Almeria is the only province in Spain that has increased number of population and economic whereas larger provinces like Madrid and Barcelona were having deflation caused by Europe global economic crisis. One of the reason is the geographical condition, Almeria is one of the most productive agricultural zones in Europe with more than 10,000ha of land cultivated commercially (greenhouses). Despite of this expand, These sea of plastic greenhouses along the sea side create the “Albedo effect” which make the temperature around Almeria decreased by 0.3°C per decade reaching a balance of virtually zero change since the temperature risen during the 1980s. These greenhouses industry are cultivated by immigrant workers, around 100,000 legal and illegal workers are believed to work in the facilities with their low wages and lack of rights are thought to help the businesses remain profitable. The facts that Almeria has very little amount of water resources due to its lowest rainfall and driest area in Europe with annual precipitation average which only 226mm (226litres/m2), make it lack of fresh water but it has the highest hours of sunshine 3050 hours/year which make Almeria become home to Europe’s largest solar energy plan (The Solar Platform of Almeria)

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

Image3. Emergent of Greenhouse Source: http://widelec.org/p/4165/zdjecia-z-satelity-by-daily-overview/2/

Site selection

Image4. Selected Site

The area is selected to be experimented. The unidentified land located between the city of Almeria and the agricultural sea of greenhouses. On the south side of it is Mediterranean sea where it has opportunities of permuting the system applied.

Source: Google Earth

The site itself has narrow shape due to the urban border issue where it has a potential to grow further along the border of the city. Residential Territory 2.89km2 //1883 inhabitants Green House Territory 5.08km2

Unidentified Territory 4.78km2

INTRODUCTION REFERENCES 1. Thompson, D’Arcy. (1917,1961). ON GROWTH AND FORM. 2. Weinstock, Michael (2010). THE ARCHITECTURE OF EMERGENCE. 3. Ibid 4. Ibid

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

DOMAIN Domain devoted to the information needed to clarify and to able to develop further. Investigation the existed system which has been developed, the possibility to create a system that avoid to have the same mistake and collect the good part to develop furthermore.

Permaculture |

As a systematic approach

Image1. Permaculture theory

Site Components

Source: http://www. peakprosperity. com/sites/default/ files/content/article/ header-media-background-image/permaculture-flower.jpg

Water, Earth, Landscape, Climate, Plant

Social Components People, Culture, Trade, Finance, Social Provision

Design

Harmonious integration of landscape and people

Energy Components

Technologies, Connections Structures, Sources

Abstract Components Timing, Data, Ethics

Permaculture is the systematic method framed in 1978 by two Australians (Bill Mollison and David Holmgren) as an integrated approach to designing healthy, productive, wildlife friendly, places and communities in-away this system also create sustainable architecture that able to maintain the habitat by itself. This system working side by side with natural ecosystems without interrupting them, even make the existing condition become more productive because permaculture is emphasizing the landscape patterns, the function of the land, and the relationship how each element is placed in coherency with each other. In the end a high level of synerWgy come out as the result with maximal benefits that able to produce big amount of food with least input and no waste. This permaculture is developed from several disciplines, some of them include organic agriculture, agroforestry, integrated agriculture, sustainable development, ecology study. The word “Permaculture” formerly referred to “permanent agriculture” but was expanded to stand also for “permanent culture,” as it was seen that social aspects were integral to a truly sustainable system as inspired by Masanobu Fukuoka’s natural farming philosophy. The three core principles of permaculture are: Care for the earth: Provision for all life systems to continue and multiply. This is the first principle, because without a healthy earth, humans cannot flourish. Care for the people: Provision for people to access those resources necessary for their existence.

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

Return of surplus: Reinvesting surpluses back into the system to provide for the first two ethics. This includes returning waste back into the system to recycle into usefulness. The third ethic is sometimes referred to as Fair Share to reflect that each of us should take no more than what we need before we reinvest the surplus. In Architectural approach, the settlement can be integrated into the ecology of the site. To meet key human needs of food, water, energy and shelter in a way that also enhances the natural environment. By understanding how biological systems work in nature and applying them to human settlement design, these principles can be harnessed for productive and biodiversity environments that are low-maintenance and self-perpetuating.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Permaculture is a philosophy of working with, rather than against nature; of protracted and thoughtful observation rather than protracted and thoughtless labour; and of looking at plants and animals in all their functions, rather than treating any area as a single product system.

â&#x20AC;?

-Bill Mollison

Urban Transition | Image1. Almeria Site Map Source: Google Earth

Considering the necessity to define new categories for a better understanding of the city and its urban phenomena within a context of growing urban territories, it raises the question of defining the concept of “urban transition” as a new territorial category attached to multiple and dynamics meanings. Nowadays, although the meaning of ‘urban transition’ is still undefined, it is a topic of importance as much in the theoretical as in the practical ambit of the architecture and urbanism. Particularly in the cities of the Mediterranean basin, which have experienced a rapid growth in the last years, the limit or edge, which marks where the city ends and where the countryside starts, has reached a high level of complexity. Kevin Lynch states (1959): “Edges are the linear elements not used or considered as paths by observer. They are the boundaries between two phases, linear breaks in continuity: shores, railroad, cuts, development edges or walls. They are lateral references rather than coordinate axis.” 1 This phrase could could be applied to American cities, but in the Mediterranean basin cases, this space of transition is no longer a linear element and has more than one dimension in space. Human settlements, as organisms that are not anchored to their forms, they grow and shrink at the same time. Therefore, the formation process has enlarged this space in some areas up to thousands of meters, creating an undefined space with no use, waiting to be either built up or redeveloped or left. Beyond those limits or area of transition. The adjacent urban area is affected. Since this zone is usually related to a single use, i.e. residential, and is next to the limit, it lacks of a good distribution of infrastructures, facilities and productive activities that would meet the population requirements. Subsequently, it creates social, environmental, economical and political problems caused by that lack of opportunities.

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

For this dissertation, the approach to urban transition is similar to that one introduced by Barsky (2005) 2. He defines it as an inter phase between two geographical types, in this case these ones are referred to as urban areas and rural areas. This concept implies multiple dimensions that overtake those conventional ones from urbanism. Therefore it adds a vast complexity to the territorial planning. In this multidisciplinary work the transition will have several names such as “urban periphery”, “ Peri-urban area” or “urban transition”. The unidentified urban transition between urban and rural territory brings spatial quality issues, especially for cities located on Mediterranean coast. The rapid city growth that pushed the agricultural territory to outer part of the city and also speculators ambitions-based development of cities are some of the reason behind this abandoned territory. Bringing the agriculture back inside urban territory, could be one of the potential solution, create a symbiotic relation between two different functions. Other potential benefits that could be achieved include modulating mechanisms in a small scale which are able to manipulate the extreme macro climate, providing locally based food resources that will reduce fossil energy waste and also ecologically sustainable urban tissue. The proposed system in this dissertation will be tested within this space of contact and encounters. This area offers the possibility to overlay the desired conditions on current situations. The system will be focused then on a new patch that combines urban zones with productive land. It will also aim an appropriate distribution of networks that connects to the existing city as well as the self-sufficiency in terms of food and energy.

Image2. BARCELONA URBAN BORDER. Ortophoto of south Barcelona outskirts. Source:Google Earth

Image3. ALGIERS URBAN BORDER. Ortophoto of west Algiers outskirts. Source: Google Earth

Image4. RABAT URBAN BORDER. Ortophoto of east Rabat outskirts. Source: Google Earth

Image5. ROME URBAN BORDER. Ortophoto of south Rome outskirts. Source: Google Earth

Industrialized Agriculture |

Image1. Greenhouse in Mexico Source: Google Earth

Product Comparison

Production in Mexico, Spain and Netherlands. Three of the most important cases of concentration of greenhouses are in the western part of Netherlands, the state of Puebla, in Mexico, and southern Mediterranean seaside of Spain, Almeria. In the case of Mexico, the infertile soil which the states of Puebla and Queretaro laid on makes farming unlikely to succeed. On the other hand, the low rainfall regime and high temperatures are suitable for the installation of greenhouses. The mix of clay, sand and manure converts this arid soil into the appropriate one for most of crops. Nowadays, this type of industrialized agriculture occupies 2500 hectares.

Image2. Greenhouse in Spain Source: Google Earth

Netherlands is the major exporter of flowers, plants and bulbs. The industrialized horticulture, distributed over 39000 hectares, in the region of West land is focused towards the production of flowers and plants, rather than food. Nevertheless, this country production is number 3 in the world ranking of nutritional products exporters. They are the main exporter of potatoes. Its geographical good location and its soil make this fact possible. A mix of clay and sand is added to make the land more fertile and suitable for crops. The production costs are 3 times bigger than those in Almeria due to the use of heating systems. Since 1980â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the area of El Ejido, in Almeria, has developed the largest concentration of greenhouses in the world, over 42000 hectares. With the addition of imported clay, sand and manure to this land and the tariff-free exports within European union, this area has been intensively used for agriculture. Tomato is the most important product and it grows on more than 11000 hectares.

Image3. Greenhouse in Netherlands Source: Google Earth

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

Fruit p Greenhouses area (ha.) Greenhouses production and export39,700 (ton).

40,000

39,700

1,600,000

35,000 30,000

RLANDS

89.3

90 1,600,000

1,500,000

1,400,000

1,500,000

20,000

10,000

400,000

5,000

200,000

400,000 20

302,200

0 MEXICO

MEXICO

SPAIN SPAIN

NETHERLANDS NETHERLANDS

1,600,000

1,400,000

1,200,000

1,000,000

Greenhouses production and export (ton).

89.3

178,000165,000 1.46

1,090,795

0MEXICO

SPAIN

NETHERLANDS

SPAIN

Source: Writers

3.9

0.1

NETHERLANDS

0 MEXICO

Figure3. Greenhouses production160 and export (ton)

89.3

Production rate (ton/ha).

160

140

120

100

140

Source: Writers 120 98.4

100

851,000

800,000

600,000

400,000

200,000

16.7 302,200

178,000165,000

1.46

3.9

0.1

MEXICO MEXICO

SPAIN SPAIN

NETHERLANDS NETHERLANDS

1.46

0.1

MEXICO

Fruit per citizen. Before and after export (kg/pax). 90

1,500,000

302,200

30 49

MEXICO

Fruit per citizen. Before and after export (kg/pax). 90

16.7

10 200,000

178,000165,000

3,600

Figure2. Fruit per citizen. 60 Before and after 40 export (kg/pax)

600,000 30

11,081

600,000

100

851,000

800,000

15,000

120

1,000,000 851,000

70 60

1,090,795

140

1,200,000

1,000,000

Source: Writers

1,200,000

25,000

Figure1. Greenhouses area (ha.) 160

1,400,000

THERLANDS

1,000

and(kg/pax). export (ton). Fruit perGreenhouses citizen. Before production and after export

80 49

37.8

16.7

20 1.46

3.9

00.1

MEXICO

SPAIN

NETHERLANDS NETHERLANDS

Figure4. 60 49 Production rate (ton/ 40 ha) 20 Source: Writers 0

MEXICO

Produ

Image1. Potatoes farming Source: http://www. foodiecrush. com/2013/09/potato-and-sausage-pizza/

Since the three previously compared cases donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t produce only edible products, but also plants and flowers. Furthermore, the main product of all of them is not the same, therefore is not possible to compare them solely in terms of production per area. Consequently, this research was focused on the production per area of their major product, getting surprising results from the two fruits, as shown in graphs and below. How much does a tomato weight? The weight of a tomato is about 5 oz. which means between 0.14 kg. A tomato plant usually has an average of 10 fruits by the time is harvested. Therefore, the product weights 10 times 0.14kg, i.e. 1.4 kg. How much does a tomato plant occupy? For a tomato plant to grow successfully, it should occupy on its own 5 squared feet, i.e. 0,46 m2.

Image2. Tomatoes farming Source: https:// farmtek.wordpress. com/2012/07/17/ultimate-guide-to-growing-tomatoes/

How much does a potato weight? The weight of a medium size potato is about 5 to 6.5 oz. which means between 0.14 and 0.18 kg.W A plant of potatoes usually has an average of 3 fruits by the time is harvested. Therefore, the product weights 3 times 0.18kg, i.e. 0.54 kg. How much does a potato plant occupy? According to some advices from BBC Gardenerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s World magazine, one potato seed must be 30 cm. apart from the next one, and rows should not be closer than 60 cm. one to another.

1.60 16

160.40

1.40 14

140.35

0.18

TOMATO TOMATO

POTATO POTATO

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40

0.20

0.30 0.60

0.54

Source: Writers 3

TOMATO TOMATO

0.70 1.40

0.50 1.00

4.00

Source: Writers

1.40

0.46

0.54 0.18

0.20 0.40 0.10 0.20

TOMATO TOMATO

POTATO POTATO

3.50

0.70

3.00

0.60

2.50

0.50

TOMATO TOMATO

POTATO POTATO

1.50

Source: Writers 1.00

4.00

0.20

0.50

0.10

Source: Writers

3.50 3

2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50

TOMATO

0.30

Figure5. Production rate (kg/ m2)

Production rate(kg/m².)

3.00

0 0

0.80

0.40 Figure4. Area per plant (m2)

0.30 0.60 3

Pro

2.00

0.40 0.80 0.54

Figure3. Portions per plant

0.60 1.20 10

POTATO POTATO

0.80 1.60 1.40

0.20 0.40 0.10 0.20

Area perweight plant (m².) Total (kg.)

1.20

0.40

0.80 Figure2. Total weight (kg.)

0.20 2

TotalPortions weight (kg.) per plant

0.50 1.00

0.40 4

2 0.05

1.40

0.60 6

4 0.10

1.60

0.70 1.40

0.80 8

0.14

6 0.15

0.80 1.60

0.60 1.20

1.00 10

8 0.20

0 0

Source: Writers

1.40

1.20 12

120.30 100.25

Figure1. Portion weight (kg.)

Total weightper (kg.) Portions plant

Portions plant(kg.) Portionper weight

POTATO

TOMAT

http://geographyfieldwork.com/AlmeriaClimateChange.htm

Greenhouse |

In hot-arid climate

Figure1. Reflection of sea of greenhouses in Almeria Source: Writers

sun short wave long wave infra-red heat could not pass

Figure2. Direct radiation transmission for greenhouses with 10o roof with main axis at latitude 37o north Source: Castilla,2005

Direct Radiation Transmission (%)

Ground absorb sun light

Legend:

Greenhouse

There was a prediction say that greenhouse will play an important role in the Mediterranean climate environment as a means for sustainable crop intensification leading to optimization of water-use efficiency in an environment of water scarcity. However, using greenhouses in industrialized agriculture has already optimized product quality, safety and fulfilled market demand by the benefits of greenhouses effect.1

75 70 65 60 55 50 0

21 DEC

N-S

21 FEB

21 APR

21 JUNE

Roof slope 10o

E-W

Source: Castilla,2005

Solar Collection Direct Radiation Transmission (%)

Figure3. Direct radiation transmission for greenhouses with 30o roof with main axis at latitude 37o north

The main purpose of greenhouse is to collect solar energy. The greenhouse captures light through its walls and converts it to heat where it takes only a few minutes for light coming in for raise the greenhouse temperature to significantly higher than the outside similar to cars with closed windows. Also colour of material also significant where darker darker colour within the greenhouse helps to store heat and warmer the air inside.

75 70 65 60 55 50 0

21 DEC

21 FEB

21 APR

Roof slope 30

By collecting light and converting it to heat, greenhouse stores thermal energy and releases that energy suitably for plants. It can help moderate temperature and produce a controlled environment for plants to flourish. Furthermore, greenhouse helps to protect undesirable weather and secure the plants from pest.

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

21 JUNE

Moreover, greenhouse usage improve the thermal energy release by heat up and cool down gently. Rather than high heat in the daytime and cold temperatures at night provides a suitable atmosphere for plants to grow.

Image1. Eden Project by Grimshaw Architects Source: http:// archillect.com/27964

Greenhouses Ventilation

Cooling effect

One of the most crucial element in greenhouse is ventilation. Successful greenhouse has either active or passive ventilation such as circulation fan, vent or even simple opening. Due to climatic zone,ventilation system of greenhouse may varies. With proper ventilation, plants could thrive prominently. Ventilation helps the regulation of temperature and humidity to the acceptable level for plants to grow. It also decrease the air flow that can harm the plants and prevent increasing of pest.

One of the last discoveries related to greenhouses has been the accidental breakthrough about its cooling effect. It has been observed that while in the whole Spanish seaside the average temperature has been increasing above the world average over years, in the case of the Almerian so-called â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Sea of plasticâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, the values have decreased 0.3 degrees per decade. Spanish scientific have linked this fact to the reflecting effect of the white plastic which cover the greenhouses. The polythene reflects the sunlight into the atmosphere as if it was a mirror, slowing down the warming of the surface.

By having proper ventilation system, Photosynthesis could be effectively done,important pollinators allow to access crops in greenhouse, improve plant respiration, and may enable important pollinators to access the greenhouse crops.

After analysing the temperatures in the 2 major stations, they shown how the values had fallen 0.9 degrees since 1980, when greenhouses expansion began. At the same time, in Murcia, Granada and Malaga, adjacent provinces, the increase has varied between 1 and 3 degrees. This study concluded that if the greenhouses have a cooling effect in Almeria changing global land use could have a really important role in global warming, much more than previously realized.

Image1. Greenhouses in Almeria Source: http://www. amusingplanet. com/2013/08/thegreenhouses-ofalmeria.html

Greenhouse in Mediterranean Basin While in adjacent areas the average temperature has been increasing above the world average over years, in the almeria so-called ‘Sea of plastic’, the values have decreased 0.3 degrees per decade. The polythene reflects the sunlight into the atmosphere, slowing down the warming of the surface. If the greenhouses have a cooling effect in Almeria, changing global land use could have a really important role in global warming, much more than previously realized. Greenhouse in Mediterranean basin area usually are very low cost structures with a little climate control such as porosity or windows for natural ventilation without any high technology device. By using local materials such as wood or Polyethylene plastic film, the local workers could possibly build the greenhouse by themselves without any help from experts where it allow the expansion of greenhouse by these costs of material and availability of installation expertise. However, there are important design problem with the current greenhouses; low radiation transmission, lack of good ventilation as a result of low ventilation surface area , inefficient ventilator designs and use low porosity insect screens. Where good agriculture require good ventilation and light transmission, computer simulations show that in winter time, rising the roof slope to 45o can increase daily light transmission by almost 10% It is also recommended to build the greenhouse with an E-W orientation and with regard to ventilation, it is advisable to build the ventilators of the roof perpendicular to the prevailing winds to increase the air flow.

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

Although Newly design arch shaped multi-span greenhouses bring benefit to greenhouses such as low maintenance structure and continuation of farm, they are not free from drawbacks. Condensation which caused from round shape roof resulting dripping in humid and cold weather. By increasing the roof slope with pointed arches can relief the situation but it is not entirely solve the problem. While the popular of low cost plastic greenhouses expand , the glasshouse is limited in southern Europe countries. Mainly because the high costs which made glasshouses occupy less than 1 percent of total greenhouses area in country such as Spain. Glasshouses are excellent greenhouse structures Whereas if glasshouses are to be constructed in warmer area such as southern Europe, the ventilation must be improved.

In such an area like Mediterranean basin, multilayer cover material are recommended since they allow addition of the positive properties of each of the components where it could block long-wave IR radiation so as to reduce heat loss. Also Diffuse films are preferred as they improved the uniformity of light. Ventilation reduction can be modulated by emphasis the ventilation surface as in concertina shaped screens where screens with a small diameter of thread is the key to improve the ventilation as they are more porous but still can prevent insects to go inside greenhouse. One thing to be considered is that Photo-selective or “Coloured“ screens has a possibility to protects against pests. Blue and Yellow colour is likely to reduce the risk of pest invasion than other colours.

Greenhouse System Comparison Image2. Greenhouses in Netherlands Source: http://www. cambridgeglasshouse.co.uk/news/ history-of-the-greenhouse

Image3. Greenhouses in Spain Source: http:// nealrockwellphoto. photoshelter.com/ gallery/Industrial-Agriculture-Almeria-Spain/ G0000iXAuL2WFAoY

3-6 m

2-3 m

Active Greenhouse climate control ROME

Passive Greenhouse climate control BARCELONA ROME BARCELONA Canyon Ratio Canyon Ratio Canyon Ratio Canyon Ratio Canyon Ratio Ratio Canyon Ratio Building Material Building MaterialCanyon Ratio Building MaterialCanyon Building Material High yields Limited yields Building Building Albedo AlbedoMaterial Building Material Albedo AlbedoMaterial Building Material Albedo Albedo Sky Viewquality Factor Sky View Factor Albedo Sky View Factor Albedo Sky View Good almost year round Good qualityFactor in limited period Sky View Factor Sky View Factor Sky View Factor Sky View Factor Regular production

Irregular production

High costs

Low costs

One layer glass material

Multi layer plastic material

Fully transparent

Diffusive transparent

Valid in cold area

Valid in warm area

Require expert to construct

Not require expert to construct

Plant Categorize |

Size of Plant (small, medium, large, x-large)

Image1. Pepper plant Image2. Potato plant

rge a X-L arge m L diu ll e M ma S

Image3. Green Onion plant

rge a X-L arge L diu e M S

Image4. Cucumber plant Image5. Watermelon plant Image6. Aubergine plant Source : http://www. harvesttotable. com/2009/02/how_ to_grow

Categorize of Plant Dimension Plant Small

0 - 0.6 m

Medium

0.7 - 1.3 m

Height (m)

Harvest Time (days)

Temperature (oF)

Green Onion

0.3

30 - 40

Potato

0.4

45 - 60

40 - 45

Pepper

0.5

50 - 75

65 - 75

Cucumber

1.2

50 - 70

60 - 80

Watermelon

0.9

65 - 90

Aubergine

90 - 120

70 - 90

Categorize of Plant Dimension Plant Large

1.3 - 2.5 m

X-Large

> 2.5m

Height (m)

Tomato

1.5

Lemon

e arg e Orange L X rg La dium l Me mal S

1.6

Harvest Time (days) (oF) Categorize productive land Temperature becomes 4 size groups base on the size of the plant. 65 - 80 65 - 80 50 devoted - 90 120 200productive land will be Part of-the rge to cultivate 45 - 90 La 190 - 300 potential plants for biomass conversion, some of the plants such as X rice,arge m L sugarcane, palm are calculated for biomass diu l raw material. Me mal

60 - 85

Avocado

> 2.5

1 / year

Palm

> 2.5

all year

40 - 90

Olive

> 2.5

all year

45 - 90

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

ar X-L arge m L diu ll e M ma S

Image7. Tomato plant Image8. Lemon tree Image9. Orange tree

Categorize of Plant Dimension Plant Small

0 - 0.6 m

Height (m)

Harvest Time (days)

Temperature (oF)

Green Onion

0.3

30 - 40

Potato

0.4

45 - 60

40 - 45

Pepper

0.5

50 - 75

65 - 75

Image10. Olive tree Image11. Palm tree Image12. Avocado tree

Medium

0.7 - 1.3 m

Cucumber

1.2

50 - 70

60 - 80

Watermelon

0.9

65 - 90

Aubergine

90 - 120

70 - 90

Source : http:/www. fruitexpert.co.uk/

Categorize of Plant Dimension Plant Large

1.3 - 2.5 m

X-Large

> 2.5m

Height (m)

Harvest Time (days)

Temperature (oF)

Tomato

1.5

65 - 80

Lemon

120 - 200

50 - 90

Orange

1.6

190 - 300

45 - 90

Avocado

> 2.5

1 / year

60 - 85

Palm

> 2.5

all year

40 - 90

Olive

> 2.5

all year

45 - 90

Categorize productive land becomes 4 size groups base on the size of the plant.

e arg e L X rg La dium l Me mal S

Part of the productive land will be devoted to cultivate potential plants for biomass conversion, some of the plants such as rice, sugarcane, palm are calculated for biomass raw material.

Cultivation Techniques |

To increase the production of plants

Soil Image1. Soil cultivation Source: http:// inhabitat.com/livingbuilding-challenge-20-unveiled/

Fed by:

Nutrient and water

Start up :

Immediately after setting up

Nutrient cost :

Expensive

Bed configuration: Depends on plants but need quite thick level Soil type required for particular plant Maintenance: Grow rate:

Soil need maintenance and seasoning flip Natural rate

Efficiency: Chemical:

Seasoning cultivation

Loop:

Run off into surrounding ecosystem

Need

Hydroponic Image2. Hydroponic cultivation Source: http://senuahydroponics.co.uk/

Fed by:

Nutrient rich solution in water

Start up :

Immediately after setting up

Nutrient cost : Expensive Bed configuration: 6â&#x20AC;? trays Maintenance:

once everyday for electrical conductivity

Grow rate:

30-50% faster than soil plant

Efficiency: Chemical:

Can grow all year round

Loop:

Close loop

Fed by:

Waste from fish

Start up :

1 month-2 month for fully develop system

Aquaponic Image3. Aquaponic cultivation Source: http://www. cultures-aquaponiques.com/

Nutrient cost :

Cheaper

Bed configuration: 12â&#x20AC;? trays which efficient to grow Bacteria Need aquarium for fish Maintenance: once a week to check ammonia & PH level once a month for nitrate level

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

Grow rate:

50-70% faster than soil plant

Efficiency: Chemical:

Can grow all year round No

Loop:

Close loop

Traditional Greenhouse 1.3 - 2.5 m

Hydroponic Greenhouse 0.5 - 1.2 m

Plant

Height

Tomato

1.0 m

Pepper

0.6 m

Cucumber

1.2 m

Melon

0.6 m

Zucchini

0.7 m

Tomato

1.0 m

Pepper

0.6 m

Cucumber

1.2 m

Melon

0.6 m

Zucchini

0.7 m

Crop season Winter crops

Bed size

Dimension

Level / Unit

0.15 m

0.30x0.90m

Average temperature

Greenhouse type

216 plants/unit

Figure1. Comparison between different cultivation techniques Source: Writers

Summer crops

Winter crops

0.15 m

0.30x0.90m

432 plants/unit

Summer crops

In agriculture, basic use for growing plants and trees is Soil. While soil could provide a wide range of plant and tree growing, drawbacks are very dominant to global problems .Other kinds of cultivation techniques has been raise and developed to tackle the farming and planting technique especially in industrialized agriculture field. In our proposal, cultivation techniques will take a role to increase the food production in the greenhouse volume as a reflection of occupying space sufficiently which allow the residential unit to fit in the area where still have similar production rate or more in overall total area.

Image4. Traditional Greenhouse plantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bed Source: http:// flora.coa.gov. tw/graph/web_ structure/219/219_00. jpg

Renewable Energy | Figure1. Renewable energy cycle

Solar Energy & Biomass Energy

waste & compost grey water

Source: Writers

provides area provides area

compost manure

AGRICULTURE LIVING

WATER

SOLAR CELL

BIOMASS

provides food heating irrigation

hydro

provides energy climate manipulation

DESALINATION

Image1. Solar power energy Source: http:// www.archiexpo. de/prod/pvp/product-88197-782546. html

Renewable Energy INDUSTRIAL

SEA WATER

RAIN WATER

PROCESSES The energy which produces by natural resources that replenished within human timescale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, geothermal, and also sometimes the resources came from waste product from human consumption (biomass). It is believed that in 2014 renewable energy able to supply 20% of world energy consumption, also 22% for electricity generation RESOURCES needs(REN21). AGRICULTURE

TOILET

RECOVERY

Considering these facts, large number of investor already investing huge amount of money for renewable energy research and development, some countries like China and United States have made investment more than US$214 billion for renewable energy especially wind, hydro, solar, and biofuels.

Image2. Biomass resources Source: http://numerco.com/responsibility/ FRESH WATER

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

DRINKING

The benefits of using renewable energy are because the resources exist almost everywhere on the world, and also LIVING very easy to get which on the other hands resources for other energy are only concentrated in some particular parts of the world. The popularity of renewable energy not only at large-scale projects but it also reached rural and remotes area, and also some of developing countries have been used this opportunity to increase the economic sector.

Solar Renewable Energy Cycle

Biomass Renewable Energy Cycle BIOMASS

Figure 2. Solar energy cycle Source: Writers BIOMASS

SOLAR CELL

BIOGAS

BIOFUEL

Figure 3. Biomass energy cycle

SOLAR CELL

Source: Writers

ENERGY BIOGAS AGRICULTURE

BIOFUEL LIVING

ENERGY

AGRICULTURE

LIVING

COMPOST

AGRICULTURE

LIVING WASTE

LIVING COMPOST

WASTE

Photovoltaic Cells

Biomass

An electrical device that able to convert energy from direct light usually from the sun into electricity by using physical and chemical phenomenon.

Mixture of organic compost which is no longer can be used for food or feed, however has potential as resources to make energy, it can be used directly by combustion or it also can be convert first to biofuel, however these conversion can be achieved with different methods such as thermal, chemical, or biochemical.

Assuming this projects will take place on the arid Mediterranean basin region which has average of daily sunlight more than 5 hours, therefore the renewable energy based on sunlight turn out become the most important and also the main energy resources for supplying the project needs. The relation of this renewable energy with the project is as the diagram above shows, the photovoltaic cell will be embedded on the surface of the greenhouse which has the most sunlight exposure in all year round from the calculation, then the energy that produced by these photovoltaic cells will be used to fulfill the population electricity needs, and also can be used for heating the greenhouse temperature in the winter season. The strategy of using sunlight as renewable energy create potential for the project to become sustainable environment urban tissue.

The potential of biomass become very important for decreasing the residues from agriculture and households organic waste, considering the project dealing with agriculture issues which produce vast amount of organic waste. By changing the disadvantage become the benefits for example biogas as the result from biomass conversion will be used to produce heat energy for residential and greenhouse, and for biofuel it can be used for filling the agriculture machinery or public transport for the urban tissue. The renewable energy from biomass also contribute to turn this project become even more sustainable.

SEA WATER

1,875

< 1700m3/capita Regular Water Stress

1,250

< 1700m3/capita Chronic Water Scarcity 625

Irrigation techniques

Management of water is the dominant issue to this element. Nearly one fifth of the world population is already facing water shortages on a daily basis. 500 million people in water stressed areas and almost one quarter of the population living in countries that lack the necessary infrastructure to take water from natural sources.2

Morrocan Techniques

Water consumption has been growing at more than twice times faster than the population increase rate in the last century. By 2030, the population in the world will reach 10 billion people. Moreover, one fifth of these will live in areas affected by desertification. This fact comes along the difficulty to access to a water source. In most of the cases, the solution carried out has been an expensive desalination plant. One possibility to tackle this issue is by having desalination tank which it will converts seawater into fresh water by applying a reverse osmosis process. This process is only viable where there is no other option at isolated areas or the water networks will signify an extremely high cost of construction. In this design system, not only the elements are the designed items, but also the connections and relations between them. In addition, the effort is put in an efficient recycling cycle of fossil fuel, energy and water. As previously mentioned, water could be used for either drinking, irrigation or industrial processes.

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

Kuwait

Lybian Arab Jamahibiya Maldives United Arab Emirates Malta

Qatar Bahrain Singapore Lebanon

Yemen Jordan

Barbados Israel

Water Scarcity

The water scarcity is a phenomenon caused both naturally and man-made. The water is distributed unevenly, a huge part of it is wasted, polluted or sustainability managed. When we talk about fresh water, this is not only the water used for drinking and domestic use, also agricultural irrigation and industrial processes should be taken into consideration.

Algeria St Kitts Nevis Tunisia Oman

Egypt Belgium Cyprus South Africa Lebanon Morocco Kenya Rwanda Cape Verde Burundi Djibouti

Poland Antigua Barbuda

< 1700m3/capita Absolute Water Scarcity

Uzbekistan India Mauritius Malawi Comoros Haiti Somalia Ethiopia Zimbabwe Burkina Faso Rep. of Korea

Source:Writers

2,500

Denmark Afghanistan China Germany China Iran Eritrea UK

Figure1. Available fresh water in the World

Annual Renewable Freshwater Availability (m3/capital)

Water Management |

One of the most promising techniques from the ancient time using by most traditional farmer in Mediterranean is Moroccan techniques. Invented by Arabs in the sixteenth century, The irrigation system of ditches and drainages is a reflection of the circulatory system of the human body. Two largest canals come directly from the river as the main ditches, taking the waters and distributing them among other second biggest channels then the second canal ditches, branching out into other successively smaller channels (Hijuelas) and will be ditches again to smaller channels which called â&#x20AC;&#x153;Armbands and Showersâ&#x20AC;?. These are the last capillaries of the intricate and gigantic circulatory system responsible for driving the liquid element to each of the terraces to irrigate crops. The system also works for another important function which operating the other way around. In this second system, the surplus of water after having watered terraces and farmland, will be lead back to be exploited again. By discharging it into the river or the veins so that farmers on riverbed or located below, also able to gather water for irrigation necessities.

Water Recycle Used

Figure2. Water management Diagram

INHABIT AREA

Source: Writers

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

EVAPORATION

RAIN WATER

FRESH WATER

RESOURCE RECOVERY

TOILET

FILTRATION

AGRICULTURE

Source: http://www. diytrade.com/china/ pd/8575279/Farm_ Drip_Irrigation_System_Equipment.html

DRINKING

Image2. Hydroponic Method

DESALINATION

SEA WATER

Annual Renewable Freshwater Availability (m3/capital)

Image1. Dripping method

Source: http:// www.interiordesigninspiration.net/ hydroponic-gardening-in-the-greenhouse/

2,500

1,875

< 1700m3/capita Regular Water Stress

Dripping

Hydroponic 1,250

3 Dripping Hydroponics is the way to grow plants in soil-less medium, or a < 1700m /capita is an irrigation method which save water usage and also clean. By allow water to drip slowly on the soil to reach the water based system. By using mineral nutrient solution combine Chronic Water Scarcity root. It is done through narrow tubes that deliver water directly to with water, it give plants only nutrient they needed with zero run3 625 < 1700m /capita the base of the plant. off waste.

Absolute Water Scarcity

Water loses is one of the major concerned. Tradition soil cultivation waste an amount of water in farming where in Hydroponic method are able to reuse water in the system and have zero run off which possibly effect the surrounding ecosystem. Hydroponic and Aquaponic seems to share the same features of soil-less cultivation with close loop water management. There are slightly different in many way. Firstly, Hydroponic need to be controlled by human where Aquaponic is the symbiosis system where it required less maintenance. Despite a long start up time of Aquaponic system, If able to provide an area for aquarium tank for fish, using this system require less work and could provide more benefits in a long run.

Kuwait

Lybian Arab Jamahibiya Maldives United Arab Emirates Malta

Nowadays, dripping method has been developed and become most innovative irrigation method in agriculture after the massive impact of sprinkler in 30â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s.In this particular system, pump and valves may be manually or automatically operated by a controller. Micro-spray head has been used to pray water in a certain area instead of dripping emitters. Tree and vine crops which has widen root are basically used by this method. Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is other dripping technique which buried dropper line or tape below the plants roots. It is becoming prominent method in areas where water supplies are limited. Relevant factor such as land topography, type of soil,climate need to be analyse to match with the most suitable dripping system.

Qatar Bahrain Singapore Lebanon

Yemen Jordan

Barbados Israel

Algeria St Kitts Nevis Tunisia Oman

Egypt Belgium Cyprus South Africa Lebanon Morocco Kenya Rwanda Cape Verde Burundi Djibouti

Uzbekistan India Mauritius Malawi Comoros Haiti Somalia Ethiopia Zimbabwe Burkina Faso Rep. of Korea Poland Antigua Barbuda

Denmark Afghanistan China Germany China Iran Eritrea UK

Using hydroponic system are no longer limited by climate or by season0as the plants can grow al year round by using a right amount of nutritions where temperature condition has to be considered as it may be to cold or to hot for plants to grow.

By using a proper dripping system to the conditions above,water conservation could be achieve but also by design a newer system by reducing evaporation and deep drainage when compared to other types of irrigation such as flood or overhead sprinklers since water can be more precisely applied to the plant roots. Moreover,many diseases can be eliminated by using this dripping method because it require small amount of time to contact with air. Finally,in some regions where there is water scarce, arid regions or on dry soils, water needed to be carefully used and as slow as possible to avoid waste.

Case Studies |

Agrarian City

Image1. Re planned City on Hilly Grounds. Showing the flexibility and adaptability of the settlement units Source: Ludwig Hilberseimer, The New City (Chicago: Paul Theobald, 1944)

Image2. A New Settlement Unit Source: Ludwig Hilberseimer, The New City (Chicago: Paul Theobald, 1944)

Urban Farming | Ludwig Karl Hilberseimer Ludwig Karl Hilberseimer (1885-1967) was a German architect and best known urban planner, most of his essays were under strong influence by Nietzsche’s work. He became very famous because of his urban and architectural productions in his 20’s and 30’s, during these times he was very critical to Expressionism and Capitalism. Hilberseimer was interested in theorizing modern architectural practice which responded to development of industrial technologies and the corresponding transformation of the individual in society. He was also influenced by a radically abstract and technological art and architecture. By 1915 his theories on scientific management were widely applied throughout the western world. In 1922 Hilberseimer participated in the international competition of the Chicago Tribune, he became the first European response to a specifically American brief, and also ties to the first ‘tall buildings’ of 19th century. Hilberseimer criticized the lack of order of American skyscrapers, its ornament and individuality.

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

Hilberseimer’ s idea of the city was based on an organization scheme of relations between parts, the communal block will replace the single house. The importance of the collectively in the block overcomes the individual. His model was conceived for a system with a strong central power. The city is the centre of that power, the city should be the base of the organization of large economic complexes into the nation state. At the larger scale, nation states should organize in larger units. Any individual expression is erased by order and rationality. Therefore High Rise City was a socialist city, which also Hilberseimer main interest because if the architecture icon was removed what remained behind is a diagrammatic organization scheme for the city. Activities in the High Rise City were organized vertically in it. Vertical and Horizontal circulation systems were going from home to work and thereby solving the commuting problems of centrality of the satellite city. In 1938 Mies van der Rohe invited Hilberseimer to Chicago, United States, later then he published The Decentralized City as a respond to the problems caused by industrial revolution. The first stage of industrialization was based on concentration of production and a separation between city and country, as second stage decentralization and diversification of production, both agricultural and industrial, and also closer relation between city and country. Basic settlement unit of Decentralized City contain production, agricultural, industrial, and living.

Image3. The City in the Landscape, 1944. Source: Ludwig Hilberseimer, The New City (Chicago: Paul Theobald, 1944)

Image4. Hochhausstadt Source: https://rosswolfe.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/ hilberseimer-hochhausstadt-1924.jpg

He also explained that the cities are not just the place to life but cities also need to serve life, they must be planned for living. Bringing agriculture into closer relation with city would contribute benefit solutions for social and economic problems. Connecting urban farming directly with the house is become one option for low density area, however when the population is denser such gardens might be grouped in the adjoining open area. This farming also could contribute to provide biomass, local based food products, reducing fossil pollution caused by transport therefore this plan also could avoid the costing problems.

Settlement units which have gardens and surrounding parks will bring the city into close relation with nature, in the end the city itself will becomes part of the productive lands. For example the one-storey dwelling will disappears among trees and farming land, a natural camouflage will appear as the result. In the end when we compare the High Rise City with Hilberseimerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; s Decentralized City, both have quite different approach, however they share similar principles they became one project in two different contexts.

Placing the farming area in the adjoining open area has essential advantages such as economy potential, become productive park system, reducing the cost of maintenance because the land will be cultivate by society. The extension of this farming area would be depend on conditions such as climate and culture in that particular area, also the number of people which the area need to provide. The farming area need to be enough to produce food supply for projection population, therefore to have additional agricultural land is necessary. Some particular concentration patch would have to receive their food demand from other farming areas.

Case Studies |

Urban farming

Image1. Lufa greenhouse on top of t building Source: http://lufa. com/en/

Image2. Bird eye view of Lufa Rooftop farm Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:Lufa_Farms_ Aerial_view_of_Laval_ rooftop_greenhouse. jpg

Image3. Inside Lufaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s model Source: http://lufa. com/en/

Lufa Rooftop farm , Montreal This particular system could provide different micro climate for different plants requirement using active system such as ventilation fan or heater. Lufa Farms uses other insects, certain naturally occurring bacteria, weed-free growing mediums, and rigid protocols for maintaining a clean, problem-free growing area avoid using dangerous chemical. Using specific growing medium, each plants could flourishes better associates with specific nutritions and modulation of light. Rainwater is captured and reuse in three out of four season even though Canada has not effected by water scarce. There are two reasons to do so: First, is to avoid over-burdening the city water supply and second, is to prevent nutrient-rich wastewater from entering the public water system, where it might contribute to high algae development or the overgrowth of other plants. Greenhouse on top of an urban structures could help to reduce the transportation cost, emission and money. The heating system absorbs heat from the sun and bring to the heaters. During night time, energy curtain are applied to reduce energy needs. climatic controlled rooftop helps to create a modulate temperature in both humidity hot in summer and freezing cold in winter. In conclusion, Lufa model could be beneficial to a company where they have free space on the rooftop but there is no interaction between local community. However, there is some idea of putting greenhouse on rooftop that can decrease the sun radiation effected to the building to continue investigation furthermore.

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

Image4. Urban farming Source: http://files. abovetopsecret.com/ files/img/af4fcebe32. jpg

Image5. Urban farming Source: http://www. cityfarmer.info/ wp-content/uploads/2008/01/cuba. jpg

Organoponicos , Havanas Urban agricultural system that usually found in Havana, Cuba. It was invented when Cuba hit by food crisis during the lost access of cheaply oil from Russian being cut off. During that period the urban agriculture even not exist in the Havana, on the other hand the food demands need to be provide, as the president during that time Fidel Castro proclaimed all the land should be cultivated. This policy forced the people in Havana to produce their own food supply resources such as growing vegetables also raise animals.

Image6. Organoponicos farming with building behind the farm Source: https:// nightingaleestate.wordpress. com/2015/05/02/cuba-organoponicos/

A low-level concrete walls filled with organic matter and soil , with lines of drip irrigation laid on the surface of growing media was invented and named Organoponicos. Many new urban individual farmers are grown in every part of Havana which than called Parceleros emerged. Usually the unused old parking lots, abandon building sites turned to be Organoponicos. In fact more than 35,000 hectares of land is turn to urban agriculture site in Havana. With this method the city of Havana believed become self-sufficient that able to provide all the food demand for the residence. However the Havana city still need to import their basic staples such as (wheat, vegetables oils, rice, etc) because the limitation of the plant variety that could be grown in limited space urban agriculture.

Case Studies |

Urban Border

Image1,2 TRANSAFRICAN1: “Trans-Border African Cities project”. Source:Sebastian Irarrázaval. 2014.

Image3. TRANSAFRICAN1: “Trans-Border African Cities project”. Source:Sebastian Irarrázaval. 2014.

Frontier Cities, Africa As the continent with the fastest growing population, this project presents a way to a more prosperous cultural and economic future, erasing old colonial borders and reintegrating the continent, yet recovering lost identities. The frontiers become attractive places for human settlements. Highly density urban patches are separated by rural stripes, creating strong and clear boundaries between neighbourhoods. This fact, beside the commercial pedestrian street, that every neighbourhood has, allows for a recovery of old identities and values, formerly erased by colonialism. These new settlements present a main transport axis and the maximum length of the urban stripes are dictated by human scale and ensure a maximum 20 minutes walk to reach the axis from every spot. From the main axis, water canals provide irrigation to the agricultural plots. The energy needed is provided from renewable sources that are inside huge infrastructures whose aspect remind of that of the old and harmful sources. These pieces become appealing public spaces instead. To deal with the extreme climate in these zones, the architectural solution proposes building morphologies inspired in the local crafts patterns with long perimeters which allow for double facade and cross ventilation. The vacant land left for agriculture is owned by state and developed on a concessions scheme, within an efficient network of connection with other cores. Projects like this for trans border cities in Africa blur a border like that between countries by using intelligent and efficient mechanisms, but at the same time it creates new borders between neighbourhoods at the city scale

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

Image4,5 CUISINE PROJECT 1: “Implantation city. Cuisine project”. Source: Projective Architecture Office. 2013.

Bi-City Biennale of Urbanism, Shenzhen The differences in social classes, between rich and poor in the city of Shenzhen have created a segregated area, not only as a physical boundary but also as an intangible frontier. These proposals are to rethink urban phenomena and relationship between segregated spaces by revealing the facts and images behind them.

Image6. CUISINE PROJECT 1: “Implantation city. Cuisine project”. Source: Projective Architecture Office. 2013.

Cuisine Project uses cuisine as an important factor in the expression of local population and so it does with restaurants, which are a make up of the society. This project provides the different restaurant models with a frame made out of wood that allows for a flexible exchange area. Some urban villages of Shenzhen show vibrant streets with businesses that lead to disorder and lack of spatial quality due to competition and reduced exterior space. Market project looks for a new instrument to maintain the activity and vitality of a city but keeping it tidy and clean. It divides the street space into organic groups based on a overlaid gridded market. With a wide range of urban furniture it forms a varied and complex outer space that still looks uniform as a whole. These two projects are clear examples of urban acupuncture solutions for borders encountered in the city by exploiting small interventions in order to generate not only huge urban impact but also social changes.

Case Studies |

Self-Sufficient Building

Image1,2 Home Farm Spark Architect Source: HTTP://WWW. SPARKARCHITECTS. COM/WORK/HOMEFARM#1

Homefarm, Singapore Fully urbanized places such as Singapore has one thing in common, lack of agricultural land where farmers do not have an area to grow their crops and infrastructure projects, housing and industry are move forward to their land. As the consequence, most of its food has to be imported. Home farm project considered the technique that has been used in Singaporeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s building today, Aquaponic system has been adapted to use as a building facade where the traditional soil based farming will take place in a lower ground as well as the linear soil-based will be planted on roof top and higher level. Since the proposal is to be a retirement housing. This would provide jobs for them such as planting, harvesting, delivery, sorting, cleaning, packing, tours, sales on site, and so on. The architecture has been conceived for economic construction using simple materials and modular parts. The concept offers multi-dimensional benefits related to economics, food security and quality, social engagement, health, sustainability, place making, and healthcare provision. While this project focusing on involvement of dwellers and the farm, still the system of farming are work as a passive system while the architectural application between these buildings and the system has not been merged yet with using vertical farming idea as a faĂ§ade or either grow it on the ground.

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

Image3,4 Integrated Vertical Farm by Eric Engdahl Source: http:// ericengdahl.com/ portfolio/integratedvertical-farm/

Integrate vertical farm, New York This vertical farm project take place in New York City where all the area has been occupied like Singapore. 90% of its food has been imported from around the world which could effect to the overall economic status of the city and the country The idea is to integrated food growing and create an inhabitable areas. Study has to take place to collect the data needed for design the project while existed vertical farming idea use the hydroponic crops, this project included also legumes and grains which create more diversity of farming and these plant can be produce all year round. Introducing the expandable system that can grow vertically as an aggregated cells, the manipulation has been program according to site condition and program. The outer skin of the cell will be used for farming while the inner volume occupied as retail and for irrigation. The project aim to cut the transportation cost and will reducing the usage of fossil fuels as the food product do not have to travel from outside of the city for city dweller. This project shows possibility in terms of continuous system that can grows over time. However, it seems that there is only one scale in this system as a building scale, the capable of growing in to a group of buildings and in urban scale would be possible.

DOMAIN REFERENCES 1. http://garden.lovetoknow.com/wiki/How_Does_a_Greenhouse_Work https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse 2. http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

METHOD This design project deals mostly with an urban system. Therefore, it is not related to a minimal scale or material aspects, so the experimentation on physics tests is practically irrelevant. For a clear understanding and development of this system the methods used have been carried out using computational tools. These digital techniques have been used from the analysis of solar exposure on the first buildings designs to the evaluation of the network and cells distribution on the patch for the design proposal.

Computational techniques |

Algorithms-Aided

Image1. Darwinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s finches Source: Wikipedia

A traditional way for architectural design has been to design by drawing, a technique as well known as an additive process with no relations between elements.1 Two limits of this additive logic are firstly, the fact that the act of drawing differs from a parametric paradigm in that it works through adding information rather than establishing interrelations. Secondly, the traditional process of drawing could not include real physical information such as external forces or modify the design or form after a feedback is given. In the past ten years, Form- finding techniques have became a significant strategy through parametric design. This process aims an optimized form by organizing heterogeneous data such as dynamic force, environment, social data, etc. Parametric design has been brought up and many designers and architects realized that it could manage complexity beyond human capabilities due to it relies on programming languages which express instructions called Algorithm.

This procedure can not rearrange such as you can not eat a cookie before you spread it in a pan. Nonetheless, some may argues that it is not purely algorithm since the instruction has not well-defined what are the ingredients as Algorithm is an unambiguous set of properly defined instructions.

INPUT 1

INPUT 2

INSTRUCTIONS

Algorithm Algorithm follows the human aptitude of splitting an issue into a set of steps. They are highly associated to computer. However, it could be defined as a simple procedure such as baking a cookie by introducing a step by step instruction:2 0. Mix Ingredients. 1. Spread in pan. 2. Bake a cookie in oven. 3. Remove a cookie from oven. 4. Eat.

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

INPUT 3

OUTPUT

Image2. Genetic Algorithm Source:gemo vas by studio integrate

Genetic Algorithms

Multi-Objective optimization

A genetic algorithm is a class of adaptive optimization mimicking the natural selection. 3 The GA is commonly used to create optimized generations of designs. A criteria set, previously defined, marks the objective pursued during this process. The iterations start with the development of a population, or generation zero, of candidate solutions to an optimization problem that can be continually evolved towards better solutions according to a single or multiple fitness criteria. It is an evolutionary process where the first population is created from random values of genes and it is then implemented pursuing the desired conditions.4

Genetic algorithms involving more than one criteria simultaneously may produce different solutions with each set optimized according to different fitness criteria.6 The multiobjective optimization algorithm allow for the option to assess the advantages and trades-off between different design morphologies comprised of mutually concurrent and often conflicting criteria.7 Utilizing multi-objective genetic algorithms in the development of an urban system allow for the investigation on environmental and cultural performances in a complex way. They will be used to decide the best orientation in order to get maximum exposure on surfaces of buildings or to define the location of the main nodes within the primary network.

The GA creations are commonly known as individuals that acquire their shapes, properties and characteristics by managing a group of parameters. These parameters, or genes, can be modified, mutated or altered throughout the process. During this iterative process, a mutation rate can be established in order to define the degree of control over the process and ease of tracking the genes. For each generation, the values of each individual are evaluated and ranked. The individuals that scored best from each generation are selected and theirs characteristics are recombined to create the subsequent generation. The process terminates when a user-defined number of generations has been reached or the population have an established satisfactory fitness level for the optimization criteria.5

Image1. Solar Radiation Source: httpauworkshop.autodesk. comsitesdefaultfilesstyleslargepublicgallery-inserted-imageswind_analysis. pngitok=uagDWdKm

Image2. Sunlight Source: httpswww. food4rhino.comcdnfarfuture9uaTdcU9EQ8LmRqXSjw 4rVjAPbzlZeD7sQVAOyGdZUmtime%3A1392613330sitesdefaultfiles03_radiation-rose.jpg

Solar Analysis

Sunlight hours

Sunlight refers to direct sunshine throughout the day and experiences changes in intensity at different latitudes and times of year.8 At urban scale, it is an important factor to evaluate and test. From these experiments, some design decisions are taken in order to either obscure a specific area or let light in at some other zones.

Another important action of the sun on the Earth is the hours of sunlight on a determined surface. This project deals with the integration of industrialized agriculture and residential areas. For the industrialized areas, in this case produced within greenhouse the sunlight hours are a crucial factor. The studied greenhouse type needs 6 sunlight hours daily for a good performance.

Radiation The power per unit area produced by the sun on a determined surface is known as radiation. This energy, measured in Kilowatts heats up the space next to the surface. At urban scale, this factor becomes a relevant measurement of the increment of temperature at a given space due to the radiation of the surface. The albedo index for the material studied is necessary to know the radiation value. Once this index and the surface area of the material is known, the radiation can be found out. Therefore, the effect on the adjacent space temperature will be used as an aspect to control during the design of surfaces and streets. This system is to be tested on cities along Mediterranean basin. The reduction of the heat on the streets, particularly in summer months is one of the main ambitions of the project carried out in this dissertation.

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

A set of daily solar vectors is defined according to the site latitude and given the surfaces dedicated to greenhouses and the occlusion between them and the source, the hours that this ray hits the surfaces can be known.

Image3. Graph theory Source: httpcdn. dejanseo.com.auwp-contentuploads201204selected.png

Image4. Minimum spanning tree Source: httpswho. rocq.inria.frNicolas. Broutingallery.html

Graph theory

Minimum spanning tree

In maths and computer sciences graph theory is the study of mathematical structures used to model relationship between entities.9 Many practical problems can be represented by graphs to demonstrate pairwise relations among objects and to process dynamics in physical, biological, social and information systems.10 A graph consists of nodes, as objects, and edges as the connections between them. In this project graoh theory has been used for area tessellation, subdivision and networks distribution.

From a given set of connected points in a graph, Minimum spanning true of that graph is created by connecting these points with the shortest length of edges and without closed loops.11 A single graph can have several minimum spanning tree and the minimal spanning tree is found by summing the lengths of each edge and comparing them to one another.12

Shortest path In graph theory, Dijkstraâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s algorithm is utilized to find out the shortest path between nodes. With a given set of nodes this algorithm will find the edges between nodes so as to the sum of the lengths of its constituent is minimized. These edges can represent physical entities on a map and its length can be considered as the proper distance of a road. This subset is used in some experiments of this dissertation to define the location of main collection points or nodes. Aiming to serve the same number of cells for each collection node, the cells centroid will be connected to a collection point via the shortest path.

METHOD REFERENCES 1. Tedeschi, Arturo. (2014). ALGORITHMS AIDED DESIGN. 2. Ibid 3. Rowland, T. et. al. “Genetic Algorithm” From Mathworld—A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/GeneticAlgorithm.html 4. Menges, A. (2011) COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN THINKING. 5. Mitchell, M. (1999) AN INTRODUCTION TO GENETIC ALGORITHMS. 6. Koumutsakos, P. (2000). MULTIOBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION USING EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHMS. 7. Zuluaga, M. (2012). ACTIVE LEARNING FOR MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION. 8. Byran. H. (2012). LIGHTING/DAYLIGHTING ANALYSIS: A COMPARISON. 9. Weisstein, E. W. “Graph” from Mathworld – Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld. wolfram.com/Graph.html. 10. Pirzada, S. (2007). APPLICATION OF GRAPH THEORY. Journal of the Korean Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics Vol 11. 11. Weisstein, E. W. “Minimum spanning tree” from Mathworld – Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/MinimumSpanningTree.html.

12. Sedgewick, R. (2013) ALGORITHMS.

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT Exploring of some possibilities which are able to give some set of potential combinations. These strategies later on will be used to pursue the objective of the project. The research is done specifically for the desired region in this case Mediterranean basin that has special condition such as extreme climate change and high sunlight hours. Therefore by limiting the region area, this research become more not too board and able to focus on the current situation of the determined site.

INHABITABLEPRODUCTIVE PUBLIC SPACE

Analysis of Street and Public Space |

In greenhouses area in comparison of 2 developed cities Figure1. An urban view of greenhouses in Almeria

Image1. An urban view of Madrid city Source: Google Earth

Source: Writers

Greenhouses Building Un built area Image2. An urban view of Rome city

Water area

Source: Google Earth

Overview The current condition of urban patch in Almeria region has been analysed, the grey colour defined as greenhouse, and the black colour defined as other function such as housing, retail shop, office and university. As shown in the picture, greenhouse function is occupying almost 90% of the site, this condition need to be analysed and evaluated to know either the current condition has possibility to become more effective and useable in terms of function, condition, quality, effectiveness and also take into consideration that this patch will be used for living territories in the future time.

The analysis will evaluate the condition of current network connectivity and the result will be compared with the developed cities in Mediterranean region, because as mentioned before that this area will accommodate population in the future, which mean that it need to meet the standard for people to life in good condition there. This analysis also evaluated the public space quality and behaviour. Considering that right now public space in greenhouse patch in Almeria doesn’t exist, by using the result from this experiment, the right place to put the public space will be able to evaluate.

Connectivity

Agent base analysis

The image shown in the evaluation later is depicts the “connectivity” value of the “Euclidean Maze,” in the form of a heat map. Red patches in the maze have a greater number of immediately connected spaces (convex partitions) than blue patches (i.e. red areas are more connected to the rest of the maze than blue areas).

An agent-based model is a simulation of individual movement behaviour in which ‘agents’ choose their direction of movement based on a defined visual field derived from visibility graph analysis, in which agents have access to pre-computed information about what is visible from any given location in the map.

Measure to indicates level of visual connectivity as the most visual space shown in red colour. Different function required different connectivity condition.

The agent-based model allows the programmer to simulate the likely behaviour of people as they navigate through the environment. The agent moves using the random next step rule. Each grid square is incremented every time an agent steps on it.

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

Greenhouses area, Almeria Connectivity The result from connectivity analysis of Almeria greenhouse morphology shows that network on site is in good condition in terms of connectivity. However it is not well organized and also doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have hierarchy.

High Connectivity

Even though most of the networks are covered with green colour, but the blue colour at some road show that it is not accessible for logistic function because the roads are to narrow. The street width need to be increased for better logistic requirement. Low Connectivity

Agent base Analysis The result from agent base analysis show 30% of green colour cover the area which means it has potential to turn become public space or facilities and amenities. However because the greenhouse area was not planned before, the growth of the greenhouse caused inefficient network development (showed in blue colour).

High Activity

This inefficient and unplanned network should be modified to accommodate additional function such as living space, tourism attraction, amenities, and etc. Low Activity

Madrid, Spain Connectivity High Connectivity

The result from connectivity analysis for the network in Madrid shows it has very integrated network and also well organized in terms of hierarchy. Main road has high connectivity which showed in green colour, this network also connecting square which also function as public space. The network in Madrid has characteristic which create sequence of some narrow street will meet at some point, and later on this point become public space.

Low Connectivity

Agent base Analysis High Activity

The result from agent base analysis defined which network has high activities and also defined the most crowded area. An ideal planned, the most crowded and busy area should be where the store and commercial functions are located. As expected, the result from the analysis is match with the current existing condition, the network that covered by green colour is where the stores, amenities, and public facilities are located in Madrid. By placing the public space in the busy area, it able to increase the quality of the adjacent condition.

Low Activity

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

Rome, Italy Connectivity The result from connectivity analysis for the network in Rome shows that even though the roads are very wide but it doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t provide better connectivity.

High Connectivity

This condition is because some of the road in Rome have dead end, not connected to the other road. Increasing the road width is not the effective solution to increase the connectivity for the network. However because Rome is a grid planned city, which make the public space is still well connected. Low Connectivity

Agent base Analysis Considering Rome as a grid planned city, the result from agent base analysis showing an equally distributed public activities. The public space and road in Rome has the similar crowded and activities frequent almost in every part, the hierarchy can be categorize as the same for all without defining the main functionality and purposed.

High Activity

This can be good proposal if the function of urban patch is singular, however if the function are more than one, the network need to be clarified in terms of hierarchy. Low Activity

Analysis of Public park |

Madrid, Rome, and Almeria greenhouses area

Image1,2,3. An urban view of Madrid, Rome and Almeria greenhouses area Source: Google Earth

Figure1,2,3. Public park of Madrid, Rome and Almeria greenhouses area Source: Writers

Madrid, Spain

Rome, Italy

Road Width

1.8 m - 35 m

Road Width

2.4m - 30 m

Built up area

414,819 m2

Built up area

391,767 m2

Population Density

5304 people/km2

Population Density

2,232 people/km2

Public Space / 1 km2 80,278 m2

Public Space / 1 km2 55,684 m2

Public Space / person

15 m2/person

Public Space / person

24 m2/person

Public Space coverage area (200 m)

775,837 m

Public Space coverage area (200 m)

773,612 m

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

Conclusion Many major cities in the world offer high quality urban space due to sufficient amount of public space per person. However, not only that ratio makes the public space better but also the walking distance to a public square or park. Any residential unit should have a maximum limit of walking distance to a public park which can vary from a small pocket park in the corner of the block to a large public park. After the analysis of public spaces in Madrid and Rome, while having a different area of public space compare to each other, still the area within a walking distance from them is approximately the same; 770,000 m2. Having different population density, 5304 people/km2 for Madrid and 2,232 people/km2 for Rome, it has been observed that the total area of public parks rises in relation to population density number. On the other side, Almeria greenhouse area is not a high density patch. However, it has a sufficient amount of open public spaces for that particular area. By having the population density at 150 people/km2 the ratio of public space per person rose steeply to 182 m2/person. This figure is far behind a proper urban desired value therefore the population could be much higher. To conclude, Although having such a decent ratio of public space per person in the example of Madrid and Rome the urban quality should also be achieved by a integrated and connected distribution of public spaces reachable for every resident in the site. Further step will be to measure the quality of public space in terms of temperature for this particular climate area by quantifying amount of sunlight hour per day and radiation of the enclosing faรงades.

Almeria greenhouses area Road Width

1.5m - 30 m

Built up area

559,444 m2

Population Density

150 people/km2

Public Space / 1 km2 27,308 m2 Public Space / person

182 m2/person

Public Space coverage area (200 m)

522,337 m

Solar exposure on public space |

Comparison between greenhouses and developed cities Figure1,2 Madrid Public park area in green Source: Writers

Daily Sunlight Hours >8 6.00 5.50 < 3.00

Image1. Urban view of Madrid city Source: Google Earth

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

Madrid, Spain Total Footprint area

1,000,000m2

Average Building Height

25 m

Un-Built area

585,161 m2

Affected area

80,200 m2

Ratio

0.13

Figure3,4 Rome Public park area in green Source: Writers

Daily Sunlight Hours >8 6.00 5.50 < 3.00

Rome, Italy Total Footprint area

1,000,000m2

Average Building Height

25 m

Un-Built area

608,233 m2

Affected area

116,700 m2

Ratio

0.19

Image2. Urban view of Rome city Source: Google Earth

Figure1,2 Almeria greenhouses area Source: Writers

Daily Sunlight Hours >8 6.00 5.50 < 3.00

Almeria greenhouses area

Image1. Urban view of Greenhouses area in Almeria

Total Footprint area

1,000,000m2

Source: Google Earth

Average Building Height

Un-Built area

440,556 m2

Affected area

272,500 m2

Ratio

0.61

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

Conclusion Analysing the differences between major cities in Mediterranean such as Madrid or Rome and comparing these with the existed â&#x20AC;&#x153;Greenhouses cityâ&#x20AC;? fabric in Almeria, it has been observed that due to hot and arid area of the Mediterranean, for people to live in liveable condition the urban patch needs shading. In the building itself if there are sufficient thickness of wall or has eaves, people are able to gain comfort condition. However, on the public area outside buildings the control of shading is achieved by appropriate streets widths and buildings heights. Building height is one of the elements that have a relevant effect to the public space. The heights have a direct influence on streets shading. From the Arabic influence, streets N-S are wider street than those with E-W orientation since the buildings beside can block the sunlight through out the day except at noon. E-W street may need narrower street since it may not benefit from building much. After analysing, one thing should be mentioned is that Rome and Madrid have the same average height of building at approximately 25 metres height, according to Google Earth data, and in the Almeria greenhouses area, the height is around 3 metres. By that circumstance, the street exposed area in both cities is almost the same. In Almeriaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s greenhouses, it raised to 61 %. Also by having greenhouses on ground level, the Polyethylene plastic reflects sun light and, in summer, when the temperature in greenhouse rises up to 50oc, the heat can transfer from greenhouses to outside area which will be explained further in the next chapter.

INHABITABLEPRODUCTIVE THERMAL CONDITION

Greenhouses reflection |

Temperature, heat transfer, solar radiation

Image1. Reflection at â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Walkie talkie Buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x153; Source: http:// i2.mirror.co.uk/ incoming/ article2246864.ece/ ALTERNATES/s615/ Intense-sunlightreflected-from-theglass-windows-of-thenew-Walkie-Talkie.jpg

Figure1. Radiation analysis on greenhouses surface envelope Source: Writers

While having greenhouses in the land can optimised overall temperature to decreasing. However, with the massive amount of greenhouses area, it can bring climatic drawback in micro scale. In this specifice site, the analysis has been take for the area that has greenhouses the most to evaluate the climatic condition whether to extract the advantages or filter the disadvantages out in the design further. Take a look on the Figure on the left, colour gradient shows the total solar radiation on the greenhouse side-surface within one year period. This result then calculated to find out how much it will effect the surrounding environment temperature.

High Radiation

Low Radiation

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

Temperature Average Record 34

Figure2. Almeria average temperature

31o 28o

Source: http:// inhabitat.com/livingbuilding-challenge-20-unveiled/

31o

30o 28o

28o

25o 24o

22o 21o

19o 16o

17o

18o

24o

22o 20o

19o

20o 18o

16o

15o 13o

13o 10o

22o

11 8

Jan

12o

10o

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Solar Radiation on Greenhouse Surface 6.00E+05

kWh

5.00E+05 4.00E+05

The solar radiation on the Almeria existing urban morphology 3.00E+05 was measured using computational experiment, with the help of data sources from Energy Plus as the input. The patch has been divided into a grid with cells of 200mx200mx4m, total solar 2.00E+05 radiation from every month in a year could be evaluated. 1.00E+05 For experiment purpose, high radiation, medium radiation, and low radiation cells were identified. By0.00E+00 knowing the albedo factor of greenhouse material, polyethylene, theJan total amount radiation May Feb of reflected Mar solarApr energy was calculated. This reflected energy is then added to the thermal flux radiation and convection that comes from the greenhouse Changes itself. To do that, the greenhouse interior Temperature temperature ois C estimated as 27 degrees Celsius, as it is actually 12o kept. However this hypothesis only worked when the outside temperature is lower than temperature inside the greenhouse. 10o All calculations are made without considering the cell-to-cell heat transmission, which means there is no air velocity and other 8o external factors through the analyzed patch. Due to frequent changes 6ofo the climate, calculations at bigger scale than this grid would be unnecessary. 4o This energy value is utilized through using the basic energy equation 2too find out how much the temperature will change within the cell volume. 0o Jan Feb Mar Apr May

Based on the research of human thermal comfort, the human body is able to adapt until 5 oC temperature change for static activities, i.e. sleeping, sitting, etcetera. However for dynamic activity such as working, walking, etcetera the thermal comfort range is increased depending on the intention that is to be achieved.

High Radiation Medium Radiation Low Radiation

For all of this and since this project sits on a region with extreme climate, the control and adjustment of the temperature on the urban space will Jun Jul by specific Aug design Sepof surfaces Oct and dimensions Nov Dec be one of the main ambitions through this dissertation. This approach is also introduced later on for the local scale development, where the integration between greenhouse with inhabitable is studied and developed.

High Radiation Medium Radiation Low Radiation Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Greenhouse Thermal Convection + Radiation 1.80E+04 1.60E+04 1.40E+04

kWh

Dec

Temperature Calculation

High Radiation patch

Medium Radiation patch

Low Radiation patch

Calculating surface Uncalculating surface Affected area

High Radiation Medium Radiation

Highest Radiation on 555,158.1 kWh Greenhouse surface (July)

Highest Radiation on 382,442.1 kWh Greenhouse surface (July)

Highest Radiation on 171,334.1 kWh Greenhouse surface (July)

Highest Reflected Radiation

155,444.2 kWh

Highest Reflected Radiation

107,083.7 kWh

Highest Reflected Radiation

47,973.5 kWh

Total Radiated Surface

7,627.2 m2

Total Radiated Surface

5,467.53 m2

Total Radiated Surface

2,167.33 m2

Low Radiation

Dec

Greenhouse Volume 81,656.58 m3

Greenhouse Volume 49,650.17 m3

Highest Heat Transfer Conv+Rad

16,026 kWh

Highest Temperature 10.1 oC Change

11,488 kWh

Greenhouse Inhabitable

Greenhouse Volume 23,363.23 m3 Highest Heat Transfer Conv+Rad 20 0

4,553 kWh

Highest Temperature 4.6 oC Change

Highest Temperature 1.4 oC Change

Current situation for greenhouse in Almeria

27 oC

Dec 84

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

The greenhouse in Almeria mostly used polyethylene as the building envelope. The climate in Almeria mostly has temperature between 8oC to 42oC. The ideal scenario will be to keep the temperature inside the greenhouse 27oC. In winter season, greenhouse in Almeria still able to produce food because the temperature does not drop insignificantly. However, during the summer season there is an issue needed to be tackle. Eventhough introducing ventilation system probably modulated temperature, it will not drastically changed. Therefore in Almeria, during summer season, the greenhouse will be emptied, which mean no cropping times. This condition is seen as potential for the public space to accommodate the greenhouse area during summer.

2.00E+05

o C Temperature Average Record 34o

34oo 31 31oo 28 28oo 25 25oo 22 22oo 19 19oo 16 16oo 13 13o 10o o 10 7o 7o

Medium Radiation

1.00E+05 30o

28o 28

24o 21o 19

18o

17o

Jan Jan

Feb Feb

Mar

12o

May May

Jun Jun

Jul Jul

Jun

Jul

Aug Aug

Sep Sep

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Jun

Total solar radiation in here was calculated only at greenhouse surface on the side without including the roof surface seeing that the radiation on the top part will not effect the temperature changes in horizontal Jul Aug direction. Sep Oct Nov Dec

2o 0o

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

Greenhouse Thermal Convection + Radiation

1.00E+05 1.00E+05

1.80E+04

0.00E+00 0.00E+00

Jan Jan

Feb Feb

Mar Mar

Apr Apr

May May

Oct Oct

Nov Nov

Dec Dec

8.00E+03 Mar Mar

Apr Apr

May May

Jun Jul 6.00E+03 Jun Jul 30o

28o

4.00E+03 2.00E+03 22

24o

Aug Aug

Sep Sep

19o

Nov Nov

Dec Dec

27 oC

28o 24o

22o 20o

0.00E+00 15

Oct Oct

20o 18o

16o

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Feb

Mar

13o

Apr

May

Jun

12o

11o

10o

Aug

Jul Jul

Sep

Aug Aug

Oct

Sep Sep

Nov

Oct Oct

Dec

Nov Nov

High Radiation

2.00E+05

Medium Radiation

1.00E+05

Low Radiation

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Temperature Changes C

12o 10o 8o 6o

High Radiation

Medium Radiation

2o 0o

Low Radiation Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Greenhouse Thermal Convection + Radiation 1.80E+04

Considering the temperature change in Almeria is vary from 8oC - 42oC, and also understanding that the corps need right temperature to be cultivated, this experiment that Jul Aug assume Sep Oct the temperature Nov Dec inside greenhouse is always 27oC means that when the temperature outside lower, this greenhouse act as heat sources that 27 oCtransfer the thermal by conviction and 27 oCradiation. The total amount of thermal transfered by conviction and radiation were shown on the graph.

Dec Dec

3.00E+05

Jan

This radiation then multiply by albedo factor of the polyethylene to get the approximate radiation that has been reflected.

Medium Radiation Medium Radiation Low Radiation Low Radiation

31o

19o

8.00E+03 7o Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul 6.00E+03Jan 6.00E+03 4.00E+03 Solar Radiation on Greenhouse Surface 4.00E+03 kWh 6.00E+05 2.00E+03 2.00E+03 5.00E+05 0.00E+00 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun 0.00E+00 4.00E+05 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

0.00E+00

Low Radiation

High Radiation High Radiation

1.00E+04

21o 18o

Sep Sep

Medium Radiation Medium Radiation Low Radiation Low Radiation

Medium Radiation

1.20E+04

Greenhouse Thermal Convection + Radiation 31o kWh Greenhouse Thermal Convection + Radiation 1.80E+04 28o kWh 1.80E+04 1.60E+04 25o 1.60E+04 22o 1.40E+04 19o 1.40E+04 1.20E+04 17o 16o 1.20E+04 1.00E+04 13o 1.00E+04 10o 8.00E+03

Aug Aug

High Radiation May High Radiation

High Radiation

1.40E+04

12o 10o 10o 8o 8o 6o 6o 4o 4o 2o 2oo 0 Temperature Average Record Jan Feb o o 0 C 34o Jan Feb

kWh

Jun Jul Jun Jul 1.60E+04

Temperature Changes o C Changes Temperature 12o

Dec

Dec Dec

2.00E+05 2.00E+05

Nov

10o

3.00E+05 3.00E+05

Oct

10o

4.00E+05 4.00E+05

Sep

12o

kWh

5.00E+05 5.00E+05

Aug

18o

12o

Apr Apr

May

18o

20o

16o 16o

10o

Mar Mar

Apr

20o

Solar Radiation on Greenhouse Surface kWh on Greenhouse Surface Solar Radiation 6.00E+05 6.00E+05

24o

Feb 24

20o

Temperature Changes

Jan

20o

13o

11o

19o 15o

22o

11o

19o

18o

17o

22o o

28o 28

0.00E+00

24o

Low Radiation

31o 31o

30o

kWh

As the result of the calculation, we manage to calculate the temperature change that caused by 2 causes of energy transfer. The highest is at July (summer) because the energy from solar radiation contributed huge amount of energy, however during summer season there is no cultivation inside the greenhouse. By comparing and evaluating these 3 distinct morphologies, some relation are conclude.

1.60E+04 1.40E+04 1.20E+04 1.00E+04 8.00E+03 6.00E+03

27 oC

4.00E+03 2.00E+03 0.00E+00

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

INHABITABLEPRODUCTIVE TYPOLOGIES

Image1. Barcelona building typology Source : https:// talkarchitecture. files.wordpress. com/2010/12/screenshot-2010-12-22at-22-40-18.png

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

Overview Traditional Typologies

Material Studies

Investigating traditional type of building in this particular area is to be used in this project as the base for optimized proposed typologies. The study of existing ones will feed the new designs revealing important concepts that have been developed throughout time.

Although in urban design, concerning about material behaviour or aggregation seems irrelevant. However, in some circumstances, it can contribute the system. By knowing the properties of material used, several integration logics may be specified in relation to material chosen.

Integration Techniques

Overall Tactical Opportunities

There are several tactics to combine greenhouse with habitation units. One is Juxtaposition where two things are placed together with contrasting effect. Hybridisation is another method where some areas are turned into different functions creating a hybrid area. Embedded and Attached are other potential integration techniques that offer potential to be explored further.

By investigating all these introduced aspects, the developing typologies that meet the requirement of having productive area and inhabitable area would be broadened. Bearing in mind such aspects will also benefit to further scale where tackling network or urban space.

Aggregation Logic By exploring the different logic of aggregation a wide variety of spatial combinations is achieved using the same built up area and volume. For instance, if stacking the unit as a stair instead of stacking vertically, bigger surface area could be dedicated to greenhouse use while creating shadow for the residential part. Different orientations can either offer or decrease a suitable area for placing greenhouses. Differently orientated block would create different spaces and provide varied solutions in combination with adjacent buildings.

Mediterranean Typologies | Image1. Serifos in Greece Source: https:// mathieuhelie. files.wordpress. com/2008/12/scarano4.jpg

Image2. Mardin stone houses Source: https:// commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/File:Mardin_ stone_houses_02148. jpg

Mediterranean Building Typologies Traditional architecture is essential to be investigated and analyse as it is an collective knowledge through generation of designing. From earth material to concrete, people in different places learnt the idea throughout experimented where the benefits will be kept and the drawbacks of existed generation will be abandon for next generations. It is crucial step not to start from bottom but to gain the true generational design to run a genetic algorithm. The result were aimed to get directions for designer who understand Mediterranean condition and able to design further.

Image3. Alhambra city Source: Writers

As in Mediterranean, there are several types of building clusters. Take a look at building cluster from Greece, it showed that there are groups of building clustered around the shore area and as the shores are mountain, the buildings were built as step to get from below to the peak of the mountain while in Morocco, it can be noticed that most of the traditional buildings were made from earth material where it is convenient to get and provides a suitable thermal comfort where the building has less perforation or opening and has ventilation through series of building placed in unaligned grid. In Spain, probably the most famous Cerdaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s building block in Barcelona has been widely took into consideration because of its emerged behaviour from the primitive block that is manageable to study and it is worth to investigated further to develop the system .

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

Spanish Building Typologies Plan

Description

Low heigth between party walls

Image4. Building blocks typologies in Spain

Historic town. Wide span. (No planned growth.)

Medium height between party walls

Source: http://episcope.eu/fileadmin/ tabula/public/docs/ scientific/ES_TABULA_Report_IVE.pdf

19th century expansion. (Planned outskirt growth.)

Lineal building Low height. (up to 4 storeys)

Modern planning. High density. (Closed block)

Lineal building Medium height. (5 to 9 storeys)

Modern planning. Low density. (Open block.)

Building/tower. (more than 10 storeys)

historic town. Short/narrow span. (No planned growth.)

Barcelona Building Morphologies 1859

(Partial Cerda block)

1891

(Inner court shrinkage)

Volume

1860

(Full Cerda block)

1980

(Current)

Image5. Building blocks evolution in Barcelona Source: http://projectivecities.aaschool. ac.uk/portfolio/ yuwei-wang-barcelona-block-city/

Image6. Building blocks in Barcelona Source: http:// ciudadanosinmitos.blogspot. co.uk/2012_04_01_archive.html

Almeria Building Types | Image1. Buildings in Almeria Source: Google Earth

Low rise Building Storey: Window size : Material: Street width:

1-2 storeys Approx 0.8 x 0.8 cm Concrete, Brick, Earth 4-6 m

Existed in outskirts area of almeria city where it closed to greenhouses area. This type of building are mainly resident Car can still access to the area even the road is not wide.

Image2. Buildings in Almeria Source: Google Earth

Low-Medium rise Building Storey: Window size : Material: Street width:

2-4 storeys Approx 0.9 x 0.9 cm Concrete, Brick 4-8 m

Majority in the area, Low-Medium rise building in almeria emerged in most part of the land because it could be closed to the main street and also benefit from variety of space inside.

Image3. Buildings in Almeria Source: Google Earth

Medium rise Building Storey: Window size : Material: Street width:

4-5 storeys Approx 0.9 x 0.9 cm Concrete, Brick 6-12 m

Mostly in the main street and along the coast where working people needed to stay close to their workplaces. There is not much natural ventilation or sunlight to the units. Ground floor usually use for public amenities and most of the Medium rise building have courtyard behind as the typical Mediterranean building type.

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

Low construction Greenhouses Height: 2-3 m Structure material : Timber Material: Polypropylene Street width: 2-4 m

Image4. Almeria Greenhouses Source: Writers

Widely use in most part of the area. Local construction workers are able to fabricate with limited resources. Requires series of timber column inside approximately 2.5m distance between 2 columns. Two layers of building envelope for light transmitting purpose.

New developed greenhouses Height: 3-4 m Structure material : Steel Material: Polypropylene Street width: 2-4 m

Image5. Modernized Greenhouses Source: Writers

With the same envelope material. Two layers of Polypropylene still in use. However, using steel structure makes the greenhouses span wider, more equally span and allow ventilation system to be integrated.

Collection Points Storey: Height: Window : Material: Street width:

1 storey 4-6 m No Concrete, Brick 4-6 m

Image6. Collection storages Source: Google Earth

Collection buildings are used mainly to store products that need to wait for exporting. It requires only fundamental building construction but it still required more natural light or ventilation as there are people work inside.

Integration |

Greenhouse + Habitation

Image1. Greenhouses Source: http://widelec.org/p/4165/zdjecia-z-satelity-by-daily-overview/2/

Image2. Barcelona Blocks Source: Google Earth

Plants

People

10-35 c

15-30 co

Enclosed space that able to ventilated sometimes

Natural Ventilation

Thin, diffuse plastic wall

Thick solid wall

Collection points

Amenities

Food products

Waste

Climatic Aspects

Figure1. Integration benefit proposal Source: Writers

Two critical season that affected living condition in this particular area are Winter and Summer in which winter, the temperature can go down to 5-8 oc. However in Summer, the temperature can raise up to 35-42 oc. Take a look at Habitation area, it needs shading or cooling device in summer time while in winter, the temperature inside is warm but in some months it could be cold and people who live inside need heating device to constrain the comfort temperature. On the other hand, Greenhouse need to constrain temperature from 20-27 oc to able to cultivate which mean in every season, plants can be cultivated except in summer where the temperature in greenhouse can climb up to 40-50 oc. This season there is no cultivation and the greenhouse has been left over.

Criteria:

Criteria for integration has been set for finding the suitable solution of mixing greenhouse and habitation area together. Firstly, In winter season, Greenhouse needed to be heat generator for habitation area. By knowing that in greenhouse, the temperature will be more than temperature outside, it has more benefit to release the heat to residential area than release it to where else. While in Summer, knowing the typical material used for greenhouse surface in Mediterranean helps to indicate that by using white-semitransparent Polyethylene, it can help for shading the residential area while ventilation needed to be applied in summer to allow hot air inside greenhouse area to release to the air and keep only shading benefit for residential area.

WINTER

SUMMER

5-8 OC

35-42 OC

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

-One surface of Habitation need to be attached to greenhouse -One surface of Habitation need to be contacted with outside -In Winter, Greenhouse need to be closed. -In Summer, Greenhouse need to be opened. -Locally Constructable wise

HABITATION

Habitation Area

Closed Greenhouse 27 oC

Sun Light

Habitation Area

Opened Greenhouse

Integration Techniques Juxtaposition Pros :

- One side of the habitation connected to outside air, while another side connected to greenhouse

Direct Sunlight

Cons :

- Construction difficulty

GREENHOUSE

Embedded Pros :

HABITATION - Highly modulated temperature

Cons :

- No fresh air circulation - No connection residential and Directbetween Sunlight exterior environment

WINTER

SUMMER

5-8 C

35-42 C

GREENHOUSE

Hybridisation

HABITATION Pros : - Greenhouses blended into buildings, required minimum additional structure

Cons :

Habitation Area Direct Sunlight

Direct

SUMMER Closed Greenhouse 27 oC

GREENHOUSE

35-42 OC

Extension

Sun Light - Difficulties to connect every greenhousHabitation Area Sunlight

HABITATION

Pros :

Opened Greenhouse

- Similar scale and easy to construct using module-based system Habitation Area

SUMMER Closed Greenhouse 27 oC

Cons :

Sun Light

GREENHOUSE

35-42 OC

Habitation Area

- Difficult circulation

GREENHOUSE

WINTER 5-8 C

Opened Greenhouse

O HABITATION Integration has been investigated through 4 different techniques. Comparing by several aspects.

Experiment will be set to analyse the techniques. This will give Sun Light an answer of solar exposure of both functions and also area Area used compare to population and production.Habitation One thing need to be concerned is living quality, only comfort thermal condition may not sufficient to define comfort living quality but also SUMMER connection,Oventilation etc. 35-42 OC

Although the result might give us the best number for one aspect but when put in different context, situation might alter due to particular environment surrounded. this must be investigate further with other aspect such as network and density distribution.

WINTER

SUMMER

5-8 C

35-42 OC

Opened Greenhouse

Habitation Area Sun Light

GREENHOUSE95

Habitation Area

Sun Light

Integration Strategies |

Greenhouse - Residential Integration

Image1. Agricultural Terrace Source: https:// myanmartoursasia. wordpress.com/tag/ rice-terraces-vietnam/

Figure1. 2-storey block strategy

Based on the research on Mediterranean basin morphologies, 3 types of building types are chosen. U, L, and I.

Source:Writers

line

inc

Figure2. 3-storey block strategy

line

inc

i rat

These 3 types have same characteristic, they all have public space in the inner part that can be used by the inhabitant but also can be turned to become urban space. This phenomena is very common in Mediterranean region culture, when small square is connected by narrow street with other small square, it becomes public space able to increase the quality of adjacent environment. Inspired from the Mediterranean culture behavior, the project sees potentials to turn this semi-public space to be the basis of Inhabitable Productive Land project. Based on the previous research, if some areas want to become productive land, it needs to receive sunlight at least 5-6 hours/ day. The step is introduced. By simply changing the level of the ground, the shading is able to be manipulated. Using this integration strategy, the area which is shaded by the building or unproductive area, will be able to be modified and turned into productive area that receives sunlight more than 5 hours a day.

Source:Writers

>6m

>6m 72m

tio

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design 72 m

Take into consideration that the plot size is always 72mx72m, therefore 2 staggered logics are introduced: 1. If the building height is less than 6 meters, the productive area can be placed on the roof because it still has 1:12 incline ratio, acceptable for circulation and water irrigation. 2. If the building height is higher than 6 meters, the productive area just occupy the steps and ground area.

Integration Techniques

Stepping strategy Stepping strategy

rge a L X- arge m L e diu argMee mall L X rg S La dium l Me mal S

Plant size variation Plantstrategy size variation strategy

Stepping strategy Stepping strategy

e arg X-L arge m L diu l Me mal S

Plant size variation strategy Plant size variation strategy

e arg X-L arge m L diu l Me mal S

e arge X--LLargargee m L X rg ium l LaMed diu alll a Me Sm Sm 6m

Categorize of Plant Dimension 7 7 tio

ra line in2cm

line

inc

rati

Plant

Categorize of Plant Dimension Green Onion

Small

Potato

0 - 0.6 m

Plant

Pepper Green Onion

Small

0 - 0.6>6m m

Medium

0.7 - 1.3 m

Medium

0.7 - 1.3 m

>6m

Height (m) 0.3 0.4

Height (m) 0.5 0.3

Harvest Time (days) 30 - 40 45 - 60

Harvest Time (days) 50 - 75 30 - 40

Potato

0.4

45 - 60

Pepper Cucumber 7

0.5 1.2

50 - 75 50 - 70

Watermelon

0.9

65 - 90

Aubergine Cucumber

1 1.2

90 - 120 50 - 70

Watermelon

0.9

65 - 90

Aubergine

90 - 120

6m 6m

Categorize of Plant Dimension Plant

Categorize of Plant Dimension Tomato

Large

1.3 - 2.5 m

Large

1.3 - 2.5 m

X-Large

> 2.5m

X-Large

> 2.5m

Strategy 1 The stepping strategy, is the strategy that will be mainly used in Inhabitable Productive Land project in order to increased the production rates. This strategy will allow the system to gain highest production rates.

Lemon

Plant

Orange Tomato

Height (m)

Harvest Time (days)

1.5

65 - 80

120 - 200

Height (m) 1.6 1.5

Harvest Time (days) 190 - 300 65 - 80

Lemon

120 - 200

Orange

1.6

190 - 300

Avocado

> 2.5

1 / year

Palm

> 2.5

all year

Olive Avocado

> 2.5 > 2.5

all year 1 / year

Palm

> 2.5

all year

Olive

> 2.5

all year

Strategy 2 The Integration strategy by varying plants size will be appeared at some specific site condition (junction, enclosed square, and very less productive area). This strategy perfectly in summer time, because it will create shading for surrounding building.

>6m >6m

7.50 7.00 6.50 6.00 5.50 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 < 3.00

Plant size variation strategy >2 Storey

e arg X-L arge m L diu l Me mal S

Population : 24 people

Population : 36 people

Productive Area : 430 m2

Productive Area : 1,080 m2

Productive Area : 468 m2

2 Storey (normal condition)

Stepping 2 Storeystrategy (after staggering step)

public space

2 Storey (normal condition)

productive

Daily Sunlight Hours

2 Storey (after staggering step)

>2 Storey

Population : 44 people

Population : 66 people

Productive Area : 315 m2

Productive Area : 1,665 m2

Productive Area : 243 m2

INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND Emergent Technologies and Design

>2 Storey

Daily Sunlight Hours >8 7.50 7.00 6.50 6.00 5.50 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 < 3.00

Population : 64 people

Population : 96 people

Productive Area : 459 m2

Productive Area : 2,504 m2

Productive Area : 460 m2

productive

2 Storey (after staggering step)

public space

2 Storey (normal condition)

Conclusion Based on the evaluation from solar analysis, it show promising result that the staggered step integration strategy has potential to increase the production rates with more than two times from the current condition (without staggered step). Staggered step strategy works guide : 1. The system will evaluate which ground area has shadow cast that caused by the building. 2. The shaded area (unproductive area) will be subdivide based on how many sunlight hours it received per day. 3. Then the subdivison surface will be moved vertically within range of (0.1 m - 1m) to gain sunlight more than 5 hours to become productive 4. The vertical movement should me within the incline ratio (1:12) in order to be able to be cultivated and access by farmer. As the result, almost all the potential ground area become productive land that received sunlight more than 6 hours. However the second strategy, which is using different plant size according to the height of the plant. This strategy will allow every plant to gain sunlight without changing the ground condition, the benefit of this strategy is in summer season, the X-Large plant able to create shading for surrounding building.

INHABITABLEPRODUCTIVE NETWORK

101

Network Analysis |

Connecting Urban and Agriculture Territory

Figure1. Existing Network Source : Writers

Overview

Conclusion

Analysing the existing network One of the first objectives in this project was to improve the current situation in the unidentified territory, which is left between urban and rural areas in Mediterranean cities. To do this, an integration analysis has been done on the existing networks. The red colour shows the integration of a line in network. Therefore, the more blue the line the less integrated in the whole system. The analysis has shown how there is no connection between rural and urban areas. This fact, together with the lack of different uses apart from residential, creates not only connectivity issues but also social and economical problems as mentioned in the Urban Borders exploration at the chapter of case studies. It should be highlighted how the basic addition of a line bridging the gap through the patch modifies the entire network even in the farthest nodes.

102 INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND

Emergent Technologies and Design

From a set of different proposed options of networks through the patch, the most effective as well as the shortest part of network is chosen to be the primary network in the new inhabitable and productive patch. As main criteria for developing further one of these results has been the most improvement done on the existing networks with the shortest overall distance within the new patch. After carrying out this studies has been observed how part of the existing network within the patch does actually improve and makes a clear contribution to connection urban-rural. Furthermore, using some of the existing roads will improve the connection between the new patch and the existing zones. Due to that fact the decision of keeping one current road has been taken and this road has been turned into the main artery of the new inhabitable.

Network Evaluation Existing Network

Existed Existed

Experiment 1

NEW NEW 6 line 6 line 3462.38 m 3462.38 m Total Additional Line :

6 lines

Total Additional Length :

3,462.38 m

Experiment 2

NEW NEW 5 line 5 line 2694.56 m 2694.56 m Total Additional Line :

5 lines

Total Additional Length :

2,694.56 m

103

5 line 2694.56 m 2694.56 m Network Evaluation Experiment 3

NEW NEW 3 line NEW 3 line 2136.15 m 3 line 2136.15 m 2136.15 m Total Additional Line :

3 lines

Total Additional Length :

2,136.15 m

Experiment 4

NEW NEW 5 line NEW 5 line m 2475 5 line m 2475 2475 m

Total Additional Line :

5 lines

Total Additional Length : 2,475 m

Experiment 5

NEW NEW 8 line NEW 8 line 3540.13 m 8 line 3540.13 m 3540.13 m Total Additional Line :

8 lines

Total Additional Length :

3,540.13 m

104 INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND

Emergent Technologies and Design

3540.13 m 8 line 3540.13 m Network Evaluation Experiment 6

NEW 10 line NEW 4556.19 m 10 line NEW 4556.19 10 line m Total Additional Line :

10 lines

4556.19 m Total Additional Length :

4,556.19 m

Experiment 7

NEW 5 line NEW 2474.13 m 5 line NEW 2474.13 m 5 line Total Additional Line :

5 lines

Total Additional Length :

2,474.13 m

Experiment 8

2474.13 m

NEW

Total Additional Line :

5 line NEW 2512.11 5 line m NEW 2512.11 5 line m 5 lines

Total Additional Length :

2,512.11 m

2512.11 m

105

Network Condition |

Sun exposure in Summer and Winter

Network Condition in summer season Road Width 12 m

Road Width 18 m

Road Width 6 m 2 storey

Sunlight Hours North - South >6 hours East - West >6 hours

Sunlight Hours North - South 4-5 hours East - West >6 hours

Sunlight Hours North - South 1-2 hours East - West >6 hours

3 storey

Sunlight Hours North - South 4-5 hours East - West >6 hours

Sunlight Hours North - South 2-3 hours East - West >6 hours

Sunlight Hours North - South <1 hours East - West 5-6 hours

4 storey

Sunlight Hours North - South 3-4 hours East - West >6 hours

106 INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND

Emergent Technologies and Design

Sunlight Hours North - South 1-2 hours East - West >6 hours

Sunlight Hours North - South <1 hours East - West 5-6 hours

Network Condition in winter season . Road Width 12 m

Road Width 18 m

Road Width 6 m 2 storey

Sunlight Hours North - South 2-3 hours East - West 1-2 hours

Sunlight Hours North - South 1-2 hours East - West <1 hours

Sunlight Hours North - South <1 hours East - West <1 hours

3 storey

Sunlight Hours North - South 1-2 hours East - West <1 hours

Sunlight Hours North - South 0.5-1 hours East - West <1 hours

Sunlight Hours North - South <1 hours East - West <1 hours

4 storey

Sunlight Hours North - South 0.5-1 hours East - West <1 hours

Sunlight Hours North - South <1 hours East - West <1 hours

Overview As explained in the analysis of public space chapter, the streets width has an important effect on the quality of the public spaces and streets. This, together with the buildings height will be the parameter to make shaded areas on the street, so necessary on these places.

107

Network Condition in summer season . Road Width 12 m

Road Width 18 m

Road Width 6 m 2 storey

Sunlight Hours Diagonal Direction : >6 hours

Sunlight Hours Diagonal Direction : 5-6 hours

Sunlight Hours Diagonal Direction : 0.5-1 hours

3 storey Sunlight Hours Diagonal Direction : >6 hours

Sunlight Hours Diagonal Direction : 3-5 hours

Sunlight Hours Diagonal Direction : <1 hours

4 storey

Sunlight Hours Diagonal Direction : 5-6 hours

108 INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND

Emergent Technologies and Design

Sunlight Hours Diagonal Direction : 1-2 hours

Sunlight Hours Diagonal Direction : <1 hours

Network Condition in winter season . Road Width 18 m

Road Width 12 m

Road Width 6 m 2 storey

Sunlight Hours Diagonal Direction : 2-4 hours

Sunlight Hours Diagonal Direction : 1-2 hours

Sunlight Hours Diagonal Direction : <1 hours

3 storey Sunlight Hours Diagonal Direction : 1-2 hours

Sunlight Hours Diagonal Direction : 0.5-1 hours

Sunlight Hours Diagonal Direction : <1 hours

4 storey

Sunlight Hours Diagonal Direction : 0.5-1 hours

Sunlight Hours Diagonal Direction : <1 hours

Conclusion An important design decision taken in this project has been to rotate the grid 45o. By doing this, two problems are solved at different scales; firstly, the self-shading of the buildings in clusters, this would reduce the productive area if they were on a northsouth orientation. Secondly, at an urban scale, deals with the shading on the roads, in this case the shaded area is maximized as wanted. The experiments on this chapter show how the shaded area is way bigger when the grid is rotated than in that orthogonal and purely north-south and east-west orientated.

109

Network Hierarchy |

Urban Network and Logistic Network

Figure1. Differentiation of network

Production Netw ork

nN etw ork

Source : Writers

Overview Once these existing roads are maintained for the new development one of these roads is considered as the main artery within the new patch. This road does not follow the grid orientation and distribute the rest of the primary network in a branching pattern. This artery will also host the collection points for production. For the rest of the network levels, a grid is plotted on the site, based on the cell dimension 150x150m. Cells are separated creating streets that could be 12m or 6m wide. The 12m streets will be the ones dedicated to the production transport and will connect the cells to the collection points. This level of the network tend to cover the most area possible on site, meaning that all the cells should have at least one side facing this road. The rest of the streets are 6m wide which determined as urban network and also will be related to pedestrian use. Introducing the gaps between building in clusters are also 6m wide. This network will be able to access by pedestrian and also allow to use chart and trolley in terms of transporting products.

110 INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND

Emergent Technologies and Design

14 m

2 m 2 m

18 m

7m 14 m

Urban - Productive Logistic

Logistic

18 m

tive - Urban Logistic

14 m

2 m

Urban - Productive Logistic 18 m

Urban artery Network

18m 2

18m

14 2

14 m

2 m

Productive - Urban Logistic

Production artery Network

18m 2

ban Urban

Urban Network

1.5

1.56m

3 1.5

1.5

Urban 6m

oductive Logistic 12m

Production Network

Productive Logistic

Urban

1.5

12m 2

8 2

2 8

2 1.5

6m 3

1.5

Productive Logistic 12m

Conclusion 8

Network that has hierarchy order will be able to perform effectively and also optimum. Considering the site will be accommodated with 2 different functions. The hierarchy of the network is created based on the function requirement. The artery network which will accommodate large lorry and refrigerate truck needs the widest dimension 18m. The productive network which will be used for transporting products from every cell to collection points, will have 12m wide. The last one is urban network, which will be used for urban transport and circulation, in order to provide good quality for pedestrian, this network need to be shaded on partial part, 6m road wide is difined as the result.

111

112 INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND

Emergent Technologies and Design

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT On the basis of data and strategy which were obtained from research experiments, the design strategy able to be developed further. The priority of this stage is to set up the base for design proposal such as : proposing an integrated system from the combination of urban and agriculture, developing network which functioned for both urban and agriculture needs, population and production distribution strategy which has most benefits, and also the plot subdivision creation. All of these developments are evaluated and analysed in sequence to provide symbiotic relation.

113

System Application | Image1. Site in Almeria Source: Google Earth

Mediterranean basin region has specific conditions in terms of sun light hours, temperature average, rain regime and has been chosen to be the site application for the system. Among the Mediterranean cities, the southern Spanish city of Almeria is of interest due to the fact that hosts the largest concentration of greenhouses in the world, on an infertile soil, desertification issues and extreme climate. The current situation of this area has been analysed and prospective figures have been estimated according to future expectations and own ambitions. Furthermore, as it happens in many Mediterranean cities, there is a presence of an unidentified territory between the urban and rural area without any particular use. This fact creates network and urban problems at this peri-urban area and adjacent areas. The location of the chosen site is of particular interest due to the sea next to one side.

114 INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND

Emergent Technologies and Design

Almeria Parameters

On-site Comparison

Almeria province Area

8774.87 km2

Almeria province Population

701,688

Almeria greenhouse area

420 km2

Almeria greenhouse production

3.4 Million Tonnes

Propose System Parameters Site Area

3.20 km2

Site Population

14,000

Site residential area

504,000 m2

Total Products

12,960,000 kg/year

Product for inhabitants Solar Panel Area Public Space Area

1,296,000 kg/year

POPULATION

Current Projection

300 people 14,000 people

DENSITY

Current Projection

95 people/km2 4,375 people/km2

DWELLING AREA

Current Projection

10,800 m2 504,000 m2

PRODUCTION RATES

Current Projection

8,095,000 kg/year 12,960,000 kg/year

45,676 m2 73,000 m2

Inhabitant Daily Needs x1

Dwellings area Public space Water consumption Electric consumption Product consumption

36 m2 12 m2 137 litres / day 20.25 kWh / day 0.5 Kg / day

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INHABITABLEPRODUCTIVE CLUSTER

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Cluster Aggregation |

Clustering of 4 Buildings

Image1. Urban Morphology Source : https:// urbanobservatory. wordpress.com/category/mapping/

Image2. Shibam Source : http://www. docartis.com/YEMEN/ Yemen_Fonti_documentarie/Sketch/ Schizzi_Monumenti_ Architettura/H00002. htm

Image3. Almeria Sun Chart Source : http://www. sunearthtools.com/ dp/tools/pos_sun. php?lang=es

Cluster aggregation is created from aggregation of four building that are extracted from the building integration experiment. Using the best result, building which the highest productive area, is chosen from previous experiment to form a cluster of four buildings. The building clustering method is also inspired from the typology of Mediterranean cluster that has common public space on the ground that is articulated with several narrow streets. These narrow streets will be perfectly shaded because it is surrounded by buildings of 2, 3 or 4 floors. This condition is really common in Mediterranean situation. As explained before, this region is exposed to an extreme climate where the temperature during summer season is very high. It needs shaded street and public space. In contrast for the inhabitable productive land, it needs to maximize the production area by exposing the ground to the sun. However by clustering 4 building, the production rates have decreased because it creates self-shading from one building to other building. Therefore new modification rule rotation is introduced to optimize the production rates. The optimization logic will make each building able to rotate inside the cell with different degrees 90,180 or 270.

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Figure1. Cluster Optimisation

Source : Writers

E W

45o

As the result 765 combinations were created. This experiment also used sunlight vector of Almeria Latitude Longitude 36.8403oN, 2.4681oW. The calculations were run at winter season from 9.00 am â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 18.00 pm, means the calculation using the least sunlight hours in entire year. Surfaces that are hit by sunlight more than 6 hours were considered as potential area to become productive land. Surfaces that have sunlight hours less than 6 will be used for public space. This result then defined the cell type which will be used as the Inhabitable Productive System, which applicable to be tested in the Mediterranean basin region which has high sunlight hours. Followed are 9 cell identity condition. 1A (high population , high production) 1B (high population, medium production) 1C (high population, low production) 2A (medium population, high production) 2B (medium population, medium production) 2C (medium population, low production) 3A (low population, high production) 3B (low population, medium production) 3C (low population, low production)

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7.50 7.00 6.50 6.00 5.50 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 < 3.00

1A opt.2

1A opt.3

public space

1A opt.1

productive

Daily Sunlight Hours

Population : 512 people Productive Area : 6,030 m2

Population : 352 people Unaffected Area : 13,509 m2

1B opt.1

Unaffected Area : 18,378 m2

Emergent Technologies and Design

Unaffected Area : 14,877 m2

Productive Area : 11,340 m2

Productive Area : 14,463 m2

Unaffected Area : 5,735 m2

1C opt.3

Population : 352 people Unaffected Area : 20,331 m2

Unaffected Area : 4,545 m2

Population : 192 people

1C opt.2

Population : 512 people

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Productive Area : 11,484 m2

Productive Area : 14,868 m2 1B opt.3

Population : 352 people

1C opt.1

Productive Area : 3,438 m2

Unaffected Area : 6,930 m2

1B opt.2

Population : 512 people Productive Area : 5,031 m2

Productive Area : 11,664 m2

Population : 192 people

Population : 192 people Unaffected Area : 11,052 m2

Productive Area : 13,392 m2

Unaffected Area : 4,995 m2

2A opt.3

Daily Sunlight Hours >8 7.50 7.00 6.50 6.00 5.50 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 < 3.00

Population : 384 people Productive Area : 7,254 m2

Population : 264 people Unaffected Area : 12,213 m2

2B opt.1

Unaffected Area : 10,926 m2

Unaffected Area : 16,596 m2

Productive Area : 9,396 m2

Unaffected Area : 12,753 m2

Productive Area : 8,154 m2

Productive Area : 14,589 m2

Unaffected Area : 2,952 m2

2C opt.3

Population : 264 people Unaffected Area : 17,775 m2

Unaffected Area : 4,050 m2

Population : 144 people

2C opt.2

Population : 384 people

Productive Area : 15,651 m2 2B opt.3

Population : 264 people

2C opt.1

Productive Area : 5,634 m2

Population : 144 people

2B opt.2

Population : 384 people Productive Area : 6,840 m2

Productive Area : 10,233 m2

productive

2A opt.2

public space

2A opt.1

Population : 144 people Unaffected Area : 17,478 m2

Productive Area : 13,788 m2

Unaffected Area : 2,727 m2

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7.50 7.00 6.50 6.00 5.50 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 < 3.00

3A opt.2

3A opt.3

public space

3A opt.1

productive

Daily Sunlight Hours

Population : 256 people Productive Area : 25,560 m2

Population : 176 people Unaffected Area : 11,232 m2

3B opt.1

Unaffected Area : 10,809 m2

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Unaffected Area : 2,853 m2

Productive Area : 19,233 m2

Productive Area : 18,486 m2

Unaffected Area : 1,701 m2

3C opt.3

Population : 176 people Unaffected Area : 11,178 m2

Unaffected Area : 2,538 m2

Population : 96 people

3C opt.2

Population : 256 people

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Productive Area : 19,746 m2

Productive Area : 18,675 m2

3B opt.3

Population : 176 people

3C opt.1

Productive Area : 26,055 m2

Unaffected Area : 5,364 m2

3B opt.2

Population : 256 people Productive Area : 25,641 m2

Productive Area : 20,259 m2

Population : 96 people

Population : 96 people Unaffected Area : 3,195 m2

Productive Area : 18,153 m2

Unaffected Area : 1,683 m2

Conclusion Having two objectives lead the aggregation to 9 different variation types. Types which combined high, medium and low in terms of population and production. The result from the sunlight optimization shows that the building type which has higher number of floors, also means higher population will have less production area because most of the areas are covered by shadow. On the other side, the building with just 2 floors, which means low population, will have the highest production rates because it has less shaded area and also the roof top from the building will be able to be occupied by productive land. In general the result shows that the building with south facing stepped slope has the highest surface area affected by sunlight. On the other hand when the building has slope facing north, it has the lowest sunlight affected surface. The building that has slope facing east and west also has contribution for the productive area. The optimization progress tends to rotate the building orientation to the north and middle of the cluster to allow the sun reaches ground floor area and create higher shaded area for public space, i.e. streets. The result of this combination is then placed on the desired site according to the network. The overall population and production will be achieved by changing the total amount of cell from different variation condition. For example, by simply increasing the number of cells that has high population, the system will increase the total population number. On the other hand by adding more cell that has high production rates, the system will increase the overall production rates.

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INHABITABLEPRODUCTIVE DISTRIBUTION

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1 1

Distribution Strategies | 2

1 1 Figure1. Distribution axonometric Source : Writers

Cell ‘1’ Cell ‘2’ Cell ‘3’

2 2

1 1

Density and Production Distribution

Legend:

3 3

Cell ‘A’ Cell ‘B’ Cell ‘C’

Figure2. Resulting network from experiment chapter Source : Writers

Legend: Cell ‘1’ Cell ‘2’ Cell ‘3’ Cell ‘A’ Cell ‘B’ Cell ‘C’

Overview Cells distribution is generated as the result of overlaying the distribution from population and production distribution gradient. Since this project is dealing with integration of two different functions, it is also necessary to specify the importance of the products management. Once the urban network has already begun to be developed. The local production requires places where products are stored, prepared and distributed. After studied the existing cooperatives and preparation centers, it is necessary to have at least two collection points to serve the proposed site area. These 2 collection points are located on the main artery, in a reachable place to avoid future logistics issues. By managing the influenced distance from the defined attractor line and points, the distribution of cell types is controlled. In this case, using the distances influence from the peri urban border line and those others from the collection points. Density Distribution Through the previous population growth, the starting point will be the peri-urban area, it grows to the rural area where the available spaces are located. Therefore, the distribution will be started from the previous peri urban border and also both of the collection points as the attractors, the area where the highest population cell will be located. Production Distribution As for the production area distribution, the cell with the highest production rates will be placed close to the collection points due to the logistics purposes. These cells with highest production rates also will be placed along the border of agriculture territory considering the growth tend to start from the previous area.

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Figure3. Density distribution gradation

Area 3,2 km2 1

1 2

1 1 1 1

3 3

C C C C C B

C C

A A A

B B

B C

C C C C

Total Cells by Type : Cell ‘A’ : 38 Cell ‘B’ : 31 Cell ‘C’ : 26

A A

Influenced distance from perimeter boundaries and collection points : Cell ‘A’ : <300m Cell ‘B’ : 300 to 600m Cell ‘C’ : >600m

C B

C C C

B B B

A B

Population by Cells Type : Cell ‘A’ : 6,382,000 kg Cell ‘B’ : 3,685,000 kg Cell ‘C’ : 2, 776,000 kg Total Production : 12,843,000 kg

B C C

C C

Figure4. Productive area distribution gradation Source : Writers

Legend: 1A 1A 1A 2A 1B 1A 1A Cell2A‘1’ 1B 2A 2B 1C Cell 2A ‘2’ 2B 1C 2A Cell ‘3’ 2B 2C 1C 3A 2B 1C 3A 3B 2C 1C Cell 3A ‘A’ 2B 1C 3A Cell ‘B’ 3B 2C 1C 2A 2B Cell ‘C’ 1C 1C 2A 2B 2B 1C 2A 2A 2B 2B 1C 2A 1A 1A 1B 2A 1A 1A 1C 1B 2A 1A 1A 1B 2A 1A 1A 2B 1C 2A 2B 2B 1B 3A 2B 2B 2B 1C 3A 2B 2C 1C 3A 3B 3C 2C 3A 3B 2C 3B 3C 2C 3B 3B 3C 3B 3C 1A

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B B

B C

A A

Total Population : 14,228 Inhabitants

A A

Area 3,2 km2 A

A A

C C

Cell ‘A’ Cell ‘B’ Cell ‘C’

Population by Cells Type : Cell ‘1’ : 6,956 inhabitants Cell ‘2’ : 5,640 inhabitants Cell ‘3’ : 1,632 inhabitants

2 1

Cell ‘1’ Cell ‘2’ Cell ‘3’

Legend:

1 1

Source : Writers

Total Cells by Type : Cell ‘1’ : 35 Cell ‘2’ : 40 Cell ‘3’ : 20

3 2

1 1

Influenced distance from perimeter boundaries and collection points : Cell ‘1’ : <300m Cell ‘2’ : 300 to 600m Cell ‘3’ : >600m

C C C

B B B B

Figure1. Patch containing cell identity Source : Writers

Legend:

1A 1B

Cell ‘1’ Cell ‘2’ Cell ‘3’

2A 1B

1A 1A

2A 2B 1C 2A 2B 2C 1C 3A 2B 1C 3A 3B 2C 1C 3A 2B 1C 3A 3B 2C 1C 2A 2B 1C 1C 2A 2B 2B 1C 2A 2A 2B 2B 1C 2A 1A 1A 1B 2A 1A 1A 1C 1B 2A 1A 1A 1B 2A 1A 1A 2B 1C 2A 2B 2B 1B 3A 2B 2B 2B 1C 3A 2B 2C 1C 3A 3B 3C 2C 3A 3B 2C 3B 3C 2C 3B 3B 3C 3B 3C

Cell ‘A’ Cell ‘B’ Cell ‘C’

Area 3,2 km2 Total Cells by Type : 1A = 13 1B = 6 1C = 15 2A = 14 2B = 18 2C = 7 3A = 7 3B = 38 3C = 4

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Expected Total Population :

Expected Total Production :

14,228 inhabitants

12,843,000 kg

Conclusion The system application at the global scale is a 2 layers system as mentioned before, merging production and population gradient, the cell identity content is found. By managing the influenced distances from the attractor lines and points, the distribution of cell types is controlled. In this case, the distance influenced that has been used for both population and production rates distribution are : High Population Cells and High Production Cells are distributed within the distance less than 300 m from attractor line and points. Medium Population Cells and and Medium Production Cells are distributed within the distance range from 300 to 600 m from the attractor line and points And Low Population Cells and Low Production Cells are distributed at the range further than 600m from attractor line and points. By using this influenced distance the total production and population meets the target number that has been set on previously.

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Network Development |

Development of Existing network

Figure1. Final proposed network Source : Writers

Legend: Cell ‘1’ Cell ‘2’ Cell ‘3’ Cell ‘A’ Cell ‘B’ Cell ‘C’

URBAN TERRITORY

Figure2. Resulting network from experiment chapter Source : Writers

Legend: Cell ‘1’ Cell ‘2’ Cell ‘3’ Cell ‘A’ Cell ‘B’ Cell ‘C’

AGRICULTURE TERRITORY

Overview As the result from the design experiment chapter, the first stage of new networks creation in the proposed patch was created. This first stage contains some new network that afterward will become the base guideline for the network development in the proposed patch. The new networks from the first stage are lines that connect urban territory and agriculture territory directly from side to side. These additional networks were proved and the increase on the quality, connectivity and integration of adjacent existing network has been observed. During this stage, the existing network alongside the river path has potential to be re-functioned as the main artery of the network. This first stage development also divides the patch in 9 subdivisions which lead to the positioning of 2 collection points that have been mentioned in the distribution development. These 2 collection points will be placed on the side of the artery network. Using the additional networks which connected urban and agriculture and also using the existing network a long side the river bed to be the primary network, makes the adjacent existing network becomes more integrated. However the site still requires a larger network in order to fulfil the determined function which are to become proper inhabitable place and also productive area that works alongside the logistic purposes.

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Productive Network According to the network experiment, the diagonal grid has some benefits in terms of providing the needs from determined function. Therefore the productive networks appeared as diagonal lines which are connecting perimeter border with artery network and collection points, this is due to the purpose of transporting products from every cells to the determined places. Due to the requirement of the specific needs, this productive network will be 12 meters wide road. These productive networks also become the parameter to control the positioning of production field. Therefore all the productive area within the buildings will be facing this network.

Urban Network The same as the productive networks, urban network also appeared as diagonal lines. In order to match the system with the site, the plots should have dimension not smaller than the cells size, which is 150mx150m. In the next development, the cell will be modified accordingly to the site condition and other objective such as important junction, public amenities placement, and other functions.

Figure3. Productive network creation Source : Writers

Legend: Cell ‘1’ Cell ‘2’ Cell ‘3’ Cell ‘A’ Cell ‘B’ Cell ‘C’

Figure4. Urban network creation Source : Writers

Legend: Cell ‘1’ Cell ‘2’ Cell ‘3’ Cell ‘A’ Cell ‘B’ Cell ‘C’

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Figure1. Existing network space syntax result Source : Writers

Figure2. Resulting network space syntax result Source : Writers

Existing Network on the site

Resulting Network development on the site

The analysis of the existing network using Space Syntax has shown that, the current condition of the existing network demonstrated a lot of blue colour which means it is not well integrated between urban territory on one side with the agriculture territory on the other side, and some of the roads, i.e. the one alongside the river bed, are showing blue colour because it just has intersection on the north and south part, no connection in the middle part.

After the new networks were introduced then the analysis is run again.

The purpose of this network development is to integrate 2 distinct territories and bridge the gap territory to be inhabitable and productive in proper conditions.

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The result from the analysis shows that with the new network, the two distinct territories become more integrated, and also this networks make the adjacent network perform better in terms of connectivity and accessibility.

Conclusion Using the result from the network experiment, the network development stage was carried out. The most efficient way to connect the urban with agriculture territory is by introducing bridges like network that go along from east to west. The network development also takes into consideration the current existing network with the aim to provide integrated network between 2 territories. The preferred method is connecting the discontinued road ending in the site from both territories, with just introducing small changes and modification, so that the overall network becomes more integrated. The network hierarchy is also introduced to determine which network is related to which function, this hierarchy does not only provide more organized network but also it is able to increase the public quality. The 6m wide roads network will be shaded during the daytime. This condition is needed for Mediterranean area. On the other hand the productive network is 12m wide, this width will allow the logistic requirement to function effectively. The main artery is 18m wide. The reason for this number is again due to logistic efficiency plus the possibility to be used as space for pedestrian also. Managing the hierarchy of the road by changing the width of the road, the system seems to have potential benefits.

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Plot Development |

Plot Subdivision

Figure1. Final plot on site Source : Writers

Legend: Urban Network Productive Network

Image1. Desert Subdivision Source : httpwww. garydwyerphotography.comindex.php#m i=2&pt=1&pi=10000& s=10&p=8&a=0&at=0

Overview The subdivision of the plot is corresponded to the network development. It appeared in the same time whenever the network is created. Therefore when the first stage of network development was created, the first plot subdivision also created. The artery network along the riverside, divide the site become east and west area, and the bridge like network divide the site horizontally. The subdivision on the most south will be used to place the public amenities function because it has direct access to the sea side and also it has the existing network that connect urban and agriculture territory.

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Figure2. Plot subdivision stage1 Source : Writers

Figure3. Preliminary Diagonal Grid Source : Writers

Preliminary Diagonal Grid According to the research and case studies from Mediterranean basin region, the most suitable planning for the urban tissue to work efficiently and beneficially will be grid planned city. However with the parallel grid plan, it will cause problems for some of the networks especially the horizontal because it will be fully exposed to the sun orientation, therefore rotating the grid 45 degrees will allow the network to be partially shaded which is needed for improving public quality and also the most important 2A 2A 2A 1A 2A thing is, this diagonal arrangement will allow the sunlight to hit 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A the ground more efficiently which also mean the productive area 1A 1A 1A 1A will increased. 1B 2A1B 2A 1A1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1B 2A 2A 2A 2A 2B 1C 2B 1C 2A 2B 2A 1C 2B 1C 2A 2B 2A 2C 2B 2C 1C 3A 1C 2B 3A 2B 3A 1C 3A 1C 1C 3B 1C 2C 3B 1C 2C 1C 3A 2B 3A 1C 2B 3A 3A 2C1C 2C3B 2A 1C 3B 2A 1C 2B 1C 2B 1C 2A 1C 2A 2B 1C 2B 2B 2B 2B 2A 1C 2A 2B 2B 2B1C 2B 2B 2A 1C 1A 2A 1C 1B 1A 1A 1A 1B 1A 1A 2B 2B 2A 1B 1A 2A 1B 1A 1A 1B 2A 1A 1A 2A 1C 2B 1B 1A 1A 1A 1C 2B 2A 2B 2A 2B 2B 1B 3A 2B 2B 1B 3A 2B 2B 1C 2C 2B 2B 3A 1C 2C 2B 3A 1C 3C 3B 2C1C 3C 3A 3B 2C 3B 2C 3A 3B 2C 3B 3C 2C 3B3B 3C 2C 3B 3B 3C 3B 3C 3B 3C

1B1B

This diagonal grid with the size of 150m x 150m (following the cell cluster size) will not directly become the network or plot subdivision, but this diagonal grid will become imaginary line to help the next stage of network development.

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Figure1. Subdivision by productive network Source : Writers

Figure2. Subdivision by Urban Network Source : Writers

Legend: Urban Network Productive Network

Subdivision by Productive Network

Subdivision by Urban Network

The next subdivision is caused by the productive network development.

Following the sequence from network development, the urban network creation will be the next development.

The main idea of this subdivision step is to create access that able to serve every cell on the site, Diagonal lines which connect the perimeter line of the site with the nodes on the artery network were appeared as the productive network.

This urban network will divide the plot by following the imaginary diagonal grid, this subdivision also become the final subdivision for the plot development, because the plot size in this stage will be around 150mx150m of even smaller.

This diagonal line is overlaying the imaginary diagonal grid as the guideline. This subdivision stage is mostly divide the plot become triangular shapes, and also with this subdivision will allow every cell to have access to the artery network.

If the plot size is to small, the cell will not fit inside some of the plots that has smaller dimension than cell size. Therefore, the plot subdivision need to have the next development to prevent the plot size becomes to small.

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Figure3. Plot with cell ID

2A 2A 1A 1A 1B 1B

1A 1A

2B 2B

2B 2C

1C 1C

2C 1C 1C

Source : Writers

3B 3B

2C 2C

3C 3C

Plot Merging and Identity Definition

Conclusion

Merging between two plot or three plot was introduce in the final stage in order to prevent having a very small plot subdivision.

The Plot development has direct relation with the network development. For instance, every time the network was created, the plot will be subdivided accordingly.

The merging rule was set, whenever the plot has total area smaller than 50% of cell dimension (150mx150m), the plot will merge to the neighbouring plot which also has area smaller than 150mx150m. Using this final modification, the final plot was created. As soon as the final plot subdivision was created, the cell identity will be able to be applied inside every plot.

The plot subdivision is also developing in the same time with the network development from the very first stage. However after the urban network creation, the plot development will be the one who controlled the next overall development. This development stage is when the plot started to merge if it has size smaller than 50% of cell size (150mx150m), it will prevent from having very small plot size and also this merging behaviour able to reduce the problem that appear in the intersection node from some network. After the final plot is created, the cell identity ready to be placed in the determined location based on the previous distribution development.

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Collection Point

Productive Network Intersection

Urban Network Intersection

Collection Point Productive Network Intersection Productive Network Intersection

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Shows by orange to red colour, It can be noticed that with the stepping strategy, the area assigned to be an agriculture land has become more productive with sun light exposed to such areas more than 5 hours. Habitation areas also benefit from steps in which it could get warm temperature from greenhouses temperature during winter season.

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DESIGN PROPOSAL The design proposal is appeared as the result from integrating the most potential possibility and tangible result from design development stage into the desired site which is Almeria. In this stage, small changes to optimized the overall performance were introduced and also to provide more articulated final design plan. Emerging behaviour can be seen in this stage, some of the locations such as productive intersection, urban intersection, high populated cell appeared to have different condition between each other. The more detailed visualisation will be show in this stage.

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As in urban scale, the experiment take place in order to distribute the clustered blocks to get the achievement goal of number. In design proposal regional patch has been sectioned to be the area investigated. The section area has been chosen as it is the most congested area with main collection point node and the variation of building block can been seen.

Image 1. Area to be investigated Source: Writers

Highly populated area Image 2. Sectioned urban patch Source: Writers

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Collection Node

Existing greenhouses area

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Regional Scale Evaluation Our proposed system aim to integrate the function of agriculture and habitation area. Compare with other existed projects where usually dealt with high density area consequently the vertical building emerged as self sufficient building. This project dissimilarly tackle the low density area of Almeria city where there is greenhouses expansion issue happening and the unidentified land in between has been experimented. The area on top of the picture is the area that connected to existing urban area of Almeria city where people tend to migrate from the city centre to this area. As a consequence, the area next to it is predicted to be dense where it still allow greenhouses to integrate with in the block. Contradictorily, The area on the bottom of the picture shows the existing areen houses area in which the area next to it tend to have building blocks emerged to the greenhouses. Noticeably, building block in that area has low number of storeys(2-3 storeys) with the 2-storeys block the greenhouse area capable to climb up to the top of the building due to applicable incline.

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12m

151

Collection Point With in the tested site, There are two main collection points emerged by the mean of number require per production area. The collection point will be used as the main node where all the networks are easily connected to these area. Collection point as mentioned in typologies section, does not require high ceiling (Approximately 4-6 m) and require few amount of natural light because it mend to be the place where it can stock the product for long time and sun light could harm those products. In the design, collection points has been

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develop to become and urban space where it can be used as public space in the season that there is no cultivation while when there is a cultivation season it can be use as a base for greenhouses if needed.

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2-storey blocks The 2-storey blocks can be used as public space when there is no cultivation season. However, when the cultivation season occurs, it can be use as a base for greenhouse where the step has already optimise the area of the block to become a productive greenhouse area. This particular type of building blocks has the height of 6 m in which the step can benefit the top floor of the building to become a cultivation area likewise the courtyard area.

3 & 4- storey blocks Correspondingly, 3&4-storey blocks has the same logic of 2-storey block where the steps benefit the area to become productive. Nonetheless, the steps may not climb to the roof top of the building block because basically it is too high. However, the step help the greenhouse quality and greenhouse when it attach to one side of the building, it also modulate the temperature in both winter and summer season for the building block to become more comfortable.

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Stepping Strategy The Primary strategy is the stepping strategy where the step inclined the cultivation area to get the acceptable amount of sun light without light interception from the building itself. Steps also contribute the building where it can be use as a public terrace in which it is still the conceptual idea that could be investigate and experimented in further development.

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Plant variation Strategy In some area, where stepping strategy could not be introduced to the building in some circumstance, Plant variation strategy was introduced to tackle that issue where it still gain the acceptable amount of sun light as trees and plant will be placed correspondingly to sun exposed. One thing to point out is plant use their leave to photosynthesis, as a consequence, the plant variation strategy is valid.

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Greenhouses usage in cultivation season Most of the year greenhouses will be use as usual, to be a cultivation land. It mostly use for commercial purposed where it designed for easily collect the products to the collection point ready to be exported. In this season, greenhouses will be closed with few amount of ventilation voids as typical passive greenhouses in Mediterranean area.

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Greenhouses usage in summer season In contrast, when there is summer season. Plants can not be grown due to high temperature when greenhouse was closed. However, by open up the greenhouse side facade and introduce ventilation on the roof of the greenhouse, the temperature decreased. Also, greenhouses in this particular area use diffuse polypropylene . By that circumstance, the translucent surface filter short radiation UV and the high temperature could be spread out by such opening introduced where it will be investigated further development.

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CONCLUSION

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Conclusion As a conclusion, the system developed throughout this dissertation tackles complex urban issues at a global scale as well as tend to deal with architectural symbiosis between two quite different functions. Therefore it faces a wide range of problems at different scales. The experiments carried out to inform all these designs have been a crucial element during the process, without them there would have been almost impossible to take such relevant design decisions as seen throughout this presentation. The authors also consider that a wider range of experiments would improve in an important manner the result of this design project. These to-do experiments could be related to the creation of networks and its evaluation in a deeper way, making use of others computational techniques.

The focus now is going to a more profound level into the architectural scale and the clear resolution of the integration greenhouse-residential uses. The concept of using existing greenhouses cover material has been chosen but deeper investigation must take place to verify the hypothesis of multi-use area between greenhouses and public space. Moreover, increasing number of unit that can be benefit from greenhouse temperature must be take forward in relation with differentiation of units. At the same time another scope is put on a more detailed combination of public spaces, roads, and amenities to adjust and refine this new inhabitable and productive settlement as our little contribution for more sustainable and responsible future cities design systems.

It has been observed that integrating the 2 distinct functions is not the only way to create decent territory for people to live. In addition to that, by introducing highly integrated network and providing public facilities and amenities on the appropriate locations would increase the quality of the urban space. In certain parts, the system integration needs to be investigated in terms of mutability and more flexibility.

165

APPENDIX |

Containers of information

Cluster Aggregation Variation Generation : 1.3

Generation : 3.9

Generation : 5.5

Population : 96 Productive Area (m2): 18450 Unaffected Area (m2): 3015

Population : 96 Productive Area (m2): 18423 Unaffected Area (m2): 2790

Population : 96 Productive Area (m2):17982 Unaffected Area (m2): 2916

Population : 96 Productive Area (m2): 18675 Unaffected Area (m2): 2538

Population : 96 Productive Area (m2): 18486 Unaffected Area (m2): 2295

Population : 96 Productive Area (m2): 18153 Unaffected Area (m2): 1683

7.50 7.00 6.50 6.00 5.50 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 < 3.00

public space

productive

Daily Sunlight Hours

166 INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND

Emergent Technologies and Design

Generation : 7.7

Generation : 8.1

Generation : 9.3

7.50 7.00 6.50 6.00 5.50 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 < 3.00

Population : 96 Productive Area (m2): 17829 Unaffected Area (m2): 2916

Population : 96 Productive Area (m2): 17568 Unaffected Area (m2): 2889

Population : 96 Productive Area (m2): 17361 Unaffected Area (m2): 2619

Population : 96 Productive Area (m2): 18486 Unaffected Area (m2): 1701

Population : 96 Productive Area (m2): 18252 Unaffected Area (m2): 2295

Population : 96 Productive Area (m2): 18243 Unaffected Area (m2): 2133

public space

productive

Daily Sunlight Hours

167

Generation : 1.1

Generation : 2.5

Generation : 5.7

Population : 144 Productive Area (m2): 15408 Unaffected Area (m2): 4050

Population : 144 Productive Area (m2): 15426 Unaffected Area (m2): 4275

Population : 144 Productive Area (m2): 15399 Unaffected Area (m2): 4300

Population : 144 Productive Area (m2): 15651 Unaffected Area (m2): 3717

Population : 144 Productive Area (m2): 15435 Unaffected Area (m2): 3951

Population : 144 Productive Area (m2): 15743 Unaffected Area (m2): 4100

7.50 7.00 6.50 6.00 5.50 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 < 3.00

public space

productive

Daily Sunlight Hours

168 INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND

Emergent Technologies and Design

Generation : 6.2

Generation : 8.8

Generation : 10.4

7.50 7.00 6.50 6.00 5.50 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 < 3.00

Population : 144 Productive Area (m2): 14301 Unaffected Area (m2): 4041

Population : 144 Productive Area (m2): 13959 Unaffected Area (m2): 3582

Population : 144 Productive Area (m2): 13176 Unaffected Area (m2): 4383

Population : 144 Productive Area (m2): 14589 Unaffected Area (m2): 2952

Population : 144 Productive Area (m2): 14706 Unaffected Area (m2): 2448

Population : 144 Productive Area (m2): 13788 Unaffected Area (m2): 2727

public space

productive

Daily Sunlight Hours

169

Generation : 1.5

Generation : 2.8

Generation : 3.3

Population : 196 Productive Area (m2): 14310 Unaffected Area (m2): 4554

Population : 196 Productive Area (m2): 14553 Unaffected Area (m2): 6230

Population : 196 Productive Area (m2): 14256 Unaffected Area (m2): 5645

Population : 196 Productive Area (m2): 14868 Unaffected Area (m2): 3069

Population : 196 Productive Area (m2): 15021 Unaffected Area (m2): 5031

Population : 196 Productive Area (m2): 14463 Unaffected Area (m2): 3798

7.50 7.00 6.50 6.00 5.50 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 < 3.00

public space

productive

Daily Sunlight Hours

170 INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND

Emergent Technologies and Design

Generation : 6.5

Generation : 7.3

Generation : 9.3

7.50 7.00 6.50 6.00 5.50 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 < 3.00

Population : 196 Productive Area (m2): 13356 Unaffected Area (m2): 5166

Population : 196 Productive Area (m2): 13068 Unaffected Area (m2): 4995

Population : 196 Productive Area (m2): 12978 Unaffected Area (m2): 5886

Population : 196 Productive Area (m2): 14589 Unaffected Area (m2): 2952

Population : 196 Productive Area (m2): 14706 Unaffected Area (m2): 2448

Population : 196 Productive Area (m2): 13788 Unaffected Area (m2): 2727

public space

productive

Daily Sunlight Hours

171

Generation : 1.7

Generation : 4.4

Generation : 4.9

5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 < 3.00

public space

>8 7.50 7.00 6.50 6.00 5.50

productive

Daily Sunlight Hours

Population : 176 Productive Area (m2): 20043 Unaffected Area (m2): 5364

Population : 176 Productive Area (m2): 19971 Unaffected Area (m2): 5373

Population : 176 Productive Area (m2): 19107 Unaffected Area (m2): 5382

Population : 176 Productive Area (m2): 20259 Unaffected Area (m2): 4158

Population : 176 Productive Area (m2): 20088 Unaffected Area (m2): 4338

Population : 176 Productive Area (m2): 19512 Unaffected Area (m2): 3123

172 INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND

Emergent Technologies and Design

Generation : 6.2

Generation : 7.8

Generation : 8.3

5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 < 3.00

Population : 176 Productive Area (m2): 19278 Unaffected Area (m2): 4905

Population : 176 Productive Area (m2): 19152 Unaffected Area (m2): 5337

Population : 176 Productive Area (m2): 18981 Unaffected Area (m2): 5661

Population : 176 Productive Area (m2): 19746 Unaffected Area (m2): 2852

Population : 176 Productive Area (m2): 19233 Unaffected Area (m2): 3195

Population : 176 Productive Area (m2): 19476 Unaffected Area (m2): 3744

public space

>8 7.50 7.00 6.50 6.00 5.50

productive

Daily Sunlight Hours

173

Generation : 1.1

Generation : 3.8

Generation : 6.2

Population : 264 Productive Area (m2): 10044 Unaffected Area (m2): 10926

Population : 264 Productive Area (m2): 9684 Unaffected Area (m2): 12429

Population : 264 Productive Area (m2): 9585 Unaffected Area (m2): 12258

Population : 264 Productive Area (m2): 10233 Unaffected Area (m2): 7317

Population : 264 Productive Area (m2): 10035 Unaffected Area (m2): 9414

Population : 264 Productive Area (m2): 9882 Unaffected Area (m2): 8757

7.50 7.00 6.50 6.00 5.50 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 < 3.00

public space

productive

Daily Sunlight Hours

174 INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND

Emergent Technologies and Design

Generation : 7.1

Generation : 8.5

Generation : 9.7

7.50 7.00 6.50 6.00 5.50 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 < 3.00

Population : 264 Productive Area (m2): 9261 Unaffected Area (m2): 12753

Population : 264 Productive Area (m2): 7290 Unaffected Area (m2): 17478

Population : 264 Productive Area (m2): 7209 Unaffected Area (m2): 17874

Population : 264 Productive Area (m2): 9396 Unaffected Area (m2): 9126

Population : 264 Productive Area (m2): 8154 Unaffected Area (m2): 9675

Population : 264 Productive Area (m2): 8100 Unaffected Area (m2): 10566

public space

productive

Daily Sunlight Hours

175

Generation : 1.9

Generation : 3.6

Generation : 5.1

Population : 352 Productive Area (m2): 11412 Unaffected Area (m2): 6930

Population : 352 Productive Area (m2): 10854 Unaffected Area (m2): 7641

Population : 352 Productive Area (m2): 10863 Unaffected Area (m2): 11052

Population : 352 Productive Area (m2): 11664 Unaffected Area (m2): 6102

Population : 352 Productive Area (m2): 11286 Unaffected Area (m2): 6993

Population : 352 Productive Area (m2):11340 Unaffected Area (m2): 7731

7.50 7.00 6.50 6.00 5.50 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 < 3.00

public space

productive

Daily Sunlight Hours

176 INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND

Emergent Technologies and Design

Generation : 7.3

Generation : 7.8

Generation : 9.4

7.50 7.00 6.50 6.00 5.50 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 < 3.00

Population : 352 Productive Area (m2): 9981 Unaffected Area (m2): 14877

Population : 352 Productive Area (m2): 8496 Unaffected Area (m2): 15813

Population : 352 Productive Area (m2): 8055 Unaffected Area (m2): 18187

Population : 352 Productive Area (m2): 11484 Unaffected Area (m2): 7209

Population : 352 Productive Area (m2): 9621 Unaffected Area (m2): 8262

Population : 352 Productive Area (m2): 10269 Unaffected Area (m2): 8784

public space

productive

Daily Sunlight Hours

177

Generation : 1.6

Generation : 2.1

Generation : 4.3

Population : 256 Productive Area (m2): 18099 Unaffected Area (m2): 11232

Population : 256 Productive Area (m2): 18090 Unaffected Area (m2): 11277

Population : 256 Productive Area (m2): 18036 Unaffected Area (m2): 10809

Population : 256 Productive Area (m2): 25560 Unaffected Area (m2): 7191

Population : 256 Productive Area (m2): 25065 Unaffected Area (m2): 7263

Population : 256 Productive Area (m2): 25641 Unaffected Area (m2): 7965

7.50 7.00 6.50 6.00 5.50 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 < 3.00

public space

productive

Daily Sunlight Hours

178 INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND

Emergent Technologies and Design

Generation : 6.2

Generation : 8.3

Generation : 9.7

7.50 7.00 6.50 6.00 5.50 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 < 3.00

Population : 256 Productive Area (m2): 17658 Unaffected Area (m2): 10476

Population : 256 Productive Area (m2): 17433 Unaffected Area (m2): 10512

Population : 256 Productive Area (m2): 16947 Unaffected Area (m2): 11178

Population : 256 Productive Area (m2): 26874 Unaffected Area (m2): 7454

Population : 256 Productive Area (m2): 26712 Unaffected Area (m2): 7317

Population : 256 Productive Area (m2): 26055 Unaffected Area (m2): 7731

public space

productive

Daily Sunlight Hours

179

Generation : 2.7

Generation : 3.1

Generation : 4.4

Population : 384 Productive Area (m2): 6750 Unaffected Area (m2): 12213

Population : 384 Productive Area (m2): 6066 Unaffected Area (m2): 12735

Population : 384 Productive Area (m2): 5796 Unaffected Area (m2): 16596

Population : 384 Productive Area (m2): 7254 Unaffected Area (m2): 9243

Population : 384 Productive Area (m2): 6669 Unaffected Area (m2): 9927

Population : 384 Productive Area (m2): 6840 Unaffected Area (m2): 9657

7.50 7.00 6.50 6.00 5.50 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 < 3.00

public space

productive

Daily Sunlight Hours

180 INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND

Emergent Technologies and Design

Generation : 4.7

Generation : 6.9

Generation : 8.1

7.50 7.00 6.50 6.00 5.50 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 < 3.00

Population : 384 Productive Area (m2): 5625 Unaffected Area (m2): 12852

Population : 384 Productive Area (m2): 4995 Unaffected Area (m2): 17775

Population : 384 Productive Area (m2): 4842 Unaffected Area (m2): 17334

Population : 384 Productive Area (m2): 6066 Unaffected Area (m2): 11187

Population : 384 Productive Area (m2): 5634 Unaffected Area (m2): 11583

Population : 384 Productive Area (m2): 5553 Unaffected Area (m2): 10359

public space

productive

Daily Sunlight Hours

181

Generation : 1.8

Generation : 3.9

Generation : 4.4

Population : 512 Productive Area (m2): 5778 Unaffected Area (m2): 13509

Population : 512 Productive Area (m2): 4950 Unaffected Area (m2): 11601

Population : 512 Productive Area (m2): 4833 Unaffected Area (m2): 14553

Population : 512 Productive Area (m2):6030 Unaffected Area (m2): 10350

Population : 512 Productive Area (m2): 5022 Unaffected Area (m2): 10386

Population : 512 Productive Area (m2): 4968 Unaffected Area (m2): 11772

7.50 7.00 6.50 6.00 5.50 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 < 3.00

public space

productive

Daily Sunlight Hours

182 INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND

Emergent Technologies and Design

Generation : 6.2

Generation : 8.4

Generation : 9.5

7.50 7.00 6.50 6.00 5.50 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 < 3.00

Population : 512 Productive Area (m2): 4509 Unaffected Area (m2): 18378

Population : 512 Productive Area (m2): 3987 Unaffected Area (m2): 14670

Population : 512 Productive Area (m2): 2889 Unaffected Area (m2): 20331

Population : 512 Productive Area (m2): 5031 Unaffected Area (m2): 11169

Population : 512 Productive Area (m2): 4266 Unaffected Area (m2): 12222

Population : 512 Productive Area (m2): 3438 Unaffected Area (m2): 13311

public space

productive

Daily Sunlight Hours

183

Thermal Flux Definition

Q = m c ∆T Qtotal = (h + ( 4 σ Tav3)) ∆T Qconv = h ∆T Qrad = 4 σ Tav3 ∆T

184 INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND

Emergent Technologies and Design

185

Cluster Aggregation Optimization

186 INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND

Emergent Technologies and Design

187

Density Distribution and Production Distribution

188 INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND

Emergent Technologies and Design

189

Bibliography |

Containers of information

P. 16 1. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/nov/28/un-farmers-produce-food-population 2. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/docs/expert_paper/How_to_Feed_the_World_in_2050 P. 28 1. Hemenway, Toby (2009). Gaia’s Garden: A Guide to Home-Scale Permaculture. Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 5. ISBN 978-1- 60358-029-8. 2. Mars, Ross (2005). The Basics of Permaculture Design. Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-85623-023-0. 3. King, FH (Franklin Hiram) Farmers of Forty Centuries: Or Permanent Agriculture in China, Korea and Japan (1911) 4. Mollison, B. (1991). Introduction to permaculture. Tasmania, Australia: Tagari. 5. Smith, Joseph Russell; Smith, John (1987). Tree Crops: A permanent agriculture. Island Press. ISBN 9781597268738. 6.Robert Hart (1996). Forest Gardening. p. 41.ISBN 9781603580502. 7.David Holmgren (2006). “The Essence of Permaculture”. Holmgren Design Services. Retrieved 10 September 2011. P. 31 1. ‘THE IMAGE OF THE CITY’. Kevin Lynch. MIT. 1959. 2. ‘EL PERIURBANO PRODUCTIVO, UN ESPACIO EN CONSTANTE TRANSFORMACIÓN. INTRODUCCIÓN AL ESTADO DELDEBATE, CON REFERENCIAS AL CASO DE BUENOS AIRES’. André Barsky. UB. 2005 P. 33 1. http://www.freshplaza.com/article/115635/Dutch-potatoes-More-import-than-export 2. http://www.sagarpa.gob.mx/agronegocios/Documents/Estudios_promercado/AMHPAC.pdf 3. http://www.fira.gob.mx/Nd/TOMATE_INVERNADERO_1_Norte-Analisis_de_Costos.pdf 4. http://www.hortoinfo.es/index.php/99-catotranot/4658-export-almeria-060215 5. http://www.hortoinfo.es/index.php/noticia/4534-resumen-13-14-almeria-160115 P. 34 1. http://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/10413/how-much-does-a-large-potato-weigh 2. http://www.greenhousesensation.co.uk/advice/growing-potatoes/ 3. http://whatscookingamerica.net/tomato.htm 4. http://msucares.com/pubs/publications/p1828.pdf P. 47 1. INTRODUCTION TO PERMACULTURE. B. Mollison. Tagari publications. Australia. 1991. P. 49 1. http://www.a-u-r-a.eu/upload/research_radicalurbanism_100dpi_2.pdf?PHPSESSID=1994337267bf5d06e80f6fdcf94c5471 2. http://www.archive.org/stream/newcityprinciple00hilbrich#page/192/mode/2up

190 INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND

Emergent Technologies and Design

192 INHABITABLE PRODUCTIVE LAND

Emergent Technologies and Design