Kvistskolan - Sustainable Architectural Design

Sustainable architectural design Chalmers University of Technology spring 2019 Arnaud Baas , Tobias Tytgat, Ida Krokstrรถm

Kvistskolan

A sustainable society cares for the future by leaving a small footprint and prepare for tomorrow by educating its children so that they with creativity, empathy and independent thinking can greet the many challenges of the future. A school is a meeting place that stimulates collaboration in a safe learning environment where every student is given space to be, grow up and learn at their own terms.

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A sustainable society cares for tomorrow by educating its children and caring for their future by leaving a small footprint. A school should lead by example and educate not just its students but also the community about what possibilities we can find within the limits we need to respect. This can be done from day one when the architect takes responsibility and treats resources with respect, care for energy use and create a loved space.

interact (doing) test, experiment, move, create, construct

independent work write, maths

observe listen, look, read

6 communication, team work in different group sizes

challenge the traditional classrom that has looked the same for decades Every child gets the opportuity to individualise their education t his doesn’t point out some children as different and it highlights every child individuality.

activities rather then schedule Indentifying the central learning outcome to shape tematic learning processes with activity based learning.

turn of events We believe school should support a child’s learning by finding their own strengths. This requires a strong team of teachers and a building that can adjust to different activities.

When taking the step from traditional classroom to dynamic learning space it can easily get confusing, especially for

the teachers. When everything is new it is easy to fall back into old routines and known methods. With this in mind we wanted to created rooms that work together and support multiple activities and a diverse learning program to make it easy for teachers to collaborate and children to explore.

individual development

small groups

discussion

indipendent work

frontal teaching

large groups

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grouproom

classroom

2.

atelier

1.

staircase cloakroom

8

library

Public/Internal The ground floor hosts public functions.

It invites parents in the afternoon and can be accessed for the community in evenings and at weekends. The stairs

sports hall

dining area

divides the school into four clusters and marks the shoe boundary for as children make their way up to activities on the first floor.

1. Layout The children enter the building from two different entrances from the playground. Then the four stairs lead the children up to their cluster. They define a clear boundary between public and private, shoes on or off as well as day and evening activities. Theirs is an entrance from the northern side of the building that takes you to the administration and allows for usage outside school hours.

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2. Cluster Each cluster is built upon the same room structure and is meant to support a divers style of learning. It is not meant to have the classical classroom structure but rather prepare the kids for their future. Each clusters have few normal doors, but sliding doors instead.

They provide the flexibility needed for a new style of teaching.

entrance

internal

atelier

group room

staircase

public

class room

core

1 The southern faรงade with the school yard to the left and the dining hall looking out on the street.

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Floor area 5800 m2 Children 400 Age Pre-school to grade 3 distributed in 4 clusters Location Almqvistgatan, Gรถteborg, Sweden Number of floor 3

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Site plan

4

Gardening

3

5

14

Fruit Forest Tree Houses

Pumpkin Pergola

Bike Roundabo

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umpkin Pergola Bike Roundabout

1

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Water Play

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Kiss and Ride

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New Bike Path

Playground 1:500

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Entrance Floor

Basement

10 m 10 m

17

First Floor

18

2

2

10 m 10 m

19

20

3

2.5 m

2.5 m

21

4 1

The stairs are an important part of the design and the flow. They function are situated right next to the cloakrooms and will take the children to their designated cluster. It is a natural place for children to meet in the morning, parents and teachers to meet as well as a possibility for gatherings and preformances to take place. They also let in light from the north/east to the entrance floor and the first floor as well as function as ventilation shafts.

We are working with a wooden waffle-structure that is part of the interior design. It is a structure scales according to the public - private relation that is coherent with the activity in that place.

2.5 m

2.5 m

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5

1

The sound panels are made from recycled wood fit into the waffle structure and allows for technique to be installed above. A LED strip is fitted in the central piece.

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U-value 0.079

For sportshall top layer: 30 WOODEN FLOOR 28x70 BATTENS BATTENS 28x70 COUNTER BATTENS 10 RECYCLED RUBBER 100 CLAY 500 HASOPOR

1. Foundation for Basement Area: 2028 m2

Materia Thickness cc Trp Emissions Storage Transport

m % km ton CO2 ton CO2 ton CO2 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.03 1 70 4.5 49.7 0.3 Clay plaster 0.1 1 100 8.3 9.3 4.3 Hasopor 0.5 1 250 7.8 - 13.7 Climate emission total

20.7 59 18.3

26 597

U-value 0.093

30 WOODEN ELM FLOOR 50 CLAY 18 OSB 140x400 GLUELAMINATED WAFFLE STRUCTURE cc600 PAVAFLEX 100 FOAMGLAS

2. Foundation Entrance Floor towards Ground Duct Area: 489 m2

Materia Thickness cc Trp Emissions Storage Transport

m % km ton CO2 ton CO2 ton CO2 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.03 1 70 1.1 12 0.1 clay plaster 0.05 1 100 1 1.1 0.5 OSB board 0.018 1 300 2.4 8.9 0.2 Wood chip insulation 0.4 0.8 100 1.4 18.2 0.4 Glued laminated timber standard 0.4 0.2 200 8.1 32 0.5 Foam glass 160 kg / m³ 0.1 1 2900 19.0 - 6.8 Climate emission total

32.9 72.2 8.4

U-value 0.91 - MINERAL OIL TO HARDEN

THE CLAY SURFACE 125 CLAY 500 GRAVEL

599

1. Foundation for Ground Duct

Area: 275 m2

Materia Thickness cc Trp Emissions Storage Transport

m % km ton CO2 ton CO2 ton CO2

Clay plaster 0.1 1 100 1 1.1 0.5

Clay plaster 0.1 1 100 1.5 1.6 0.8

Gravel 0.5 1 50 1.7 - 2.7

Climate emission total 4.1 2.7 3.9

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emission

storage

Basement, kgCO2/m²

334

TOP STONE BATTER 425

COVERBAND MADE FROM STONES LEFT OVER FROM THE EXCAVATION OF THE BASEMENT

HEARTING

U-value 0.168

The core idea is to interlock the stones in such a way that they cease to act independently; creating the effect of one large stone acting under gravity. Achieving this takes a lot of skill, with many dry stone wallers investing years to perfect their craft. Covering each joint with a stone on top—similar to a standard Flemish brick bond—is key, while the bottom is always wider similar to a standard Flemish brick bond—is key, while the bottom is always wider is key, while the bottom is always wider and contains larger stones to provide support.

This secure base sits upon the subsoil in a shallow channel, transferring the weight directly into the compact earth below.

Templates are often used to maintain a consistent layering and batter (the gradual thinning towards the walls top), and in more complex projects molds can be utilised to ensure a secure, safe structure.

1200

THROUGHSTONE

FOOTING

1000

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5. Ground Duct Wall towards Ground

700 Area: 354 m2

Materia Thickness cc Trp Emissions Storage Transport

m % km ton CO2 ton CO2 ton CO2

Gravel 0.7 1 - 2 -

Blue mussel shell 0.6 1 350 6 - 2.7

Climate emission total 8.2 - 2.7

4. Basement Wall towards Ground Duct

Area: 243 m2

Materia Thickness cc Trp Emissions Storage Transport

m % km ton CO2 ton CO2 ton CO2 Lime plaster 0.03 1 50 1.5 - 0.1 Foam glass 160 kg /m³ 0.2 1 2900 18.9 - 13.2 900 Clay plaster 0.1 1 100 0.5 0.6 0.5 Gravel 0.3 1.0 - 0.5 - gravel 0.3 0.2 - 0.1 - Hasopor 0.3 0.9 250 0.5 - 1.6 Gravel 0.3 1.0 - 0.5 - Climate emission total 22.6 0.6 15.5

1000 1000

700 700

U-value 0.161

U-value 0.106

300 STONES 300 HASOPOR/STONES 300 STONES 10-50 CLAY 100 FOAMGLAS 25 LIMEPLASTER

500 200 500

BOHUSGRANIT FOAMGLAS BLUE MUSSEL SHELLS

599

900 900

3. Basement Wall towards Ground Area: 243 m2

Materia Thick. cc Trp Emissions Storage Transport 334

m % km ton CO2 ton CO2 ton CO2

Stone 0.5 1 130 66.34 - 3.95 Foam glass 160 kg /m³ 0.2 1 2900 18.92 - 0.00 Blue mussel shell 0.5 1 350 3.65 - 0.00

emission

4

storage

88.9 -

Basement, kgCO2/m²

Climate emission total

29

634 130

325

150

959

U-value 0.081

500 600

50 SEDUM 3 BITUMEN 21 TONGUE AND GROOVE 45x45 STUD/AIRGAP cc1200 300 WOOD FIBER INSULATION BOARD 18 OSB TEJPED FOR AIRTIGHTNESS 150 WOOD FIBER INSULATION BOARD NOTCHED INTO THE BEAMS 100x400 GLUELAMINATED WAFFLE STRUCTURE cc600

178

200 505

5. Roof Area: 3084 m

Materia Thickness cc Trp Emissions Storage Transport

m % km ton CO2 ton CO2 ton CO2 Glued laminated timber 0.4 0.3 200 76.2 302.4 4.6 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech.trock. 0.045 0.7 70 7.3 79.4 0.4 OSB board 0.03 0.7 300 17.5 65.7 1.6 Wood fiber insulation 160 kg /m³ 0.075 0.7 300 23.5 44.4 2.3 1200 Wood fiber insulation 160 kg /m³ 0.375 1 300 168.2 317 16.7 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.045 0.1 70 1 11.3 0.1 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.021 1 70 4.8 52.9 0.3 Bitumen 0.003 1 300 4.1 - 0.4 Plant substrate 0.05 1 300 1.7 - 2.9

Climate emission total 304.5 873.2 29.2

6. Openings

Materia Thickness cc Trp Emissions Storage Transport

m % km ton CO2 ton CO2 ton CO2

Wooden outer doors, 14 300 1 - 0.04

aluminum lined 597

30

Wooden windows

993.5

300

Climate emission total

74

-

2.98

75.6 0.0 3

Load Bearing Grid Sturcture behind or infront of windows Area: 345+ m

Materia Thickness cc Trp Emissions Storage Transport

m % km ton CO2 ton CO2 ton CO2 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.4 0.2 70 2 23 0.7 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.1 0.3 70.0 0.2 2.2 0.1 Climate emission total

2.2 25.2 0.8

200 505 178

1200

The continious layer of clay lessen airborn noise transmission The cork layer functions as impact sound insulation

30 WOODEN BIRCH FLOOR 50 CLAY 18 OSB 12 CORK 140x400 GLUE LAMINATED WAFFLE STRUCTURE cc 1200

597

2. Intermediate floor First Floor Area: 2020 m2

Materia Thickness cc Trp Emissions Storage Transport

m % km ton CO2 ton CO2 ton CO2 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.03 1 70 4.5 49.5 0.3 Clay plaster 0.05 1 100 4.1 4.6 2.1 OSB board 0.018 1 300 9.8 36.9 0.9 Cork 0.012 0.2 2900 0.2 0.9 0.5 Glued laminated timber standard 0.4 0.2 200 33.3 132.1 2.0 OSB board 0.012 0.80 300 5.2 19.7 0.5 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.045 0.8 70 5.4 59.4 0.3 62.6 303.2 6.6

Climate emission total

31

3. Intermediate Floor Entrance Floor towards Basement

Area: 751 m

Materia Thickness cc Trp Emis. Storage Transport 604

m % km ton CO2 ton CO2 ton CO2 Sawn wood 0.03 1 70 1.7 18.4 0.1 clay plaster 0.05 1 100 1.5 1.7 0.0 OSB board 0.018 1 300 3.7 13.7 0.0 Glued lam. timber 0.4 0.20 200 12.4 49.1 0.0 OSB board 0.012 0.80 300 1.9 7.3 0.0 Sawn wood 0.045 0.80 70 2.0 22.1 0.0 23.2 112.4 0.1

emission

storage

Roof, kgCO2/m²

31

emission

178

storage

75

Intermediate floor, kgCO2/m²

150

emission

Openings, kgCO2/m²

Climate emission total

597

U-value 0.097 30 WOODEN BIRCH FLOOR 50 CLAY 18 OSB 140x400 GLUE LAMINATED WAFFLE STRUCTURE cc 600

WOOD CHIP INSULATION 100 WOOD FIBER INSULATION 28X70 BATTENS 28X70 COUNTER BATTENS 2x22x170 CHARRED WOOD

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1. Floor towards air

Area: 341 m2

Materia Thickness cc Trp Emissions Storage Transport

m % km ton CO2 ton CO2 ton CO2 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.03 1 70 0.8 8.4 0.0 Clay plaster 0.05 1 100 0.7 0.8 0.4 OSB board 0.02 1 300 1.7 6.2 0.1 Glued laminated timber 0.40 0.3 200 8.4 33.4 0.5 Wood chip insulation 0.4 0.7 300 0.8 11.1 0.6 Wood fiber insulation 160 kg /m³ 0.1 1.0 0.0 5.0 9.3 0.0 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.028 0.1 70 0.1 0.8 0.0 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.028 0.1 70 0.1 0.8 0.0 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.022 1 70 0.6 6.1 0.0 Climate emission total

18 76.9 1.7

4. Wall towards air for Entrance Floor Area: 1058 m

Materia Thickness cc Trp Emissions Storage Transport

m % km ton CO2 ton CO2 ton CO2 Glued laminated timber standard 0.4 0.2 200 17.4 69.2 2.0 Clay plaster 0.025 0.8 100 0.9 1.0 0.9 Wood fiber insulation 160 kg /m³ 0.075 0.8 300 9.2 17.4 1.8 Wood fiber insulation 160 kg /m³ 0.200 1 300 30.8 58.0 5.8 Bitumen 0.001 1 300 0.5 - 0.1 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.028 0.2 70 0.4 4.8 0.0 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.028 0.2 70 0.4 4.8 0.0 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.022 1 70 1.7 19.0 0.2 Climate emission total

23.2 112.4 0.1

75

150 300

500 600

600

2. Wall towards air First Floor

Area: 993 m2

Materia Thick. cc Trp Emissions Storage Transport

m % km ton CO2 ton CO2 ton CO2

Glued l. t.

0.4 0.3 200 24.5 97.4 1.5

Clay plaster 0.03 0.7 100 0.7 0.8 0.4 283

Wood f. ins. 0.08 0.7 300 7.6 14.3 0.8

Wood fi. ins. 0.20 1 300 28.9 54.4 2.9

Bitumen 0.145 0.00 1 300 0.4 - 0.0

Sawn wood 0.03 0.1 70 0.2 2.3 0.0

Sawn wood 0.03 0.1 70 0.2 2.3 0.0 678 2228 200 75 300 Sawn wood 0.02 1 70 1.6 17.9 0.1

130

678 2228 200

189.3 5.6

597

600

U-value 0.132

64.2

600

Climate emission total

678 2228 200

75

300

33

0.097 0.132

678

170

1200

300

U-value 0.132

0.168

emission

99

storage

2x22x170 CHARRED WOOD 28X70 BATTENS 28X70 COUNTER BATTENS 300 WOOD FIBER INSULATION BOARD

NOTCHED INTO THE BEAMS 140x400 GLUE LAMINATED WAFFLE STRUCTURE cc 600 50 CLAY

Exterior walls, kgCO2/m²

75

1200

2228 200

4. Inner Wall

Area: 1765 m2

Materia Thickness cc Trp Emissions Storage Transport

m % km ton CO2 ton CO2 ton CO2 Clay plaster 0.025 1 100 1.8 2 0.2 Wood fiber insulation 160 kg /mÂł 0.045 0.9 300 10.4 19.6 0.2 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.045 0.1 70 0.6 6.5 0.0 Wood fiber insulation 160 kg /mÂł 0.045 0.9 300 10.4 19.6 0.2 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.045 0.1 70 0.6 6.5 0.0 clay plaster 0.025 1.00 100 1.8 2.0 0.2 Climate emission total

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25.6 56.2 0.8

3. Load bearing First Floor

Area: 974 m2

Materia Thickness cc Trp Emissions Storage Transport

m % km ton CO2 ton CO2 ton CO2 Glued laminated timber 0.4 0.3 200 24.1 95.5 1.4 Clay plaster 0.025 0.7 100 0.7 0.8 0.0 Wood chip insulation 0.07 0.7 300 0.4 5.5 0.0 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.07 0.2 70 1 11.1 0.0 Clay plaster 0.025 0.7 100 0.7 0.8 0.0 Climate emission total

26.9 113.8 1.5

5. Load bearing Entrance Floor

Area: 687 m2

Materia Thickness cc Trp Emissions Storage Transport

m % km ton CO2 ton CO2 ton CO2 Glued laminated timber 0.4 0.2 200 11.3 44.9 0.7 Clay plaster 0.025 0.8 100 0.6 0.6 0.3 Wood chip insulation 0.07 0.8 300 0.3 4.5 0.3 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.07 0.2 70 0.7 7.9 0.0 Clay plaster 0.025 1 100 0.7 0.8 0.4 Climate emission total

13.6 58.7 1.6

170

25 45 30 45 25

CLAY PANELS WITH CLAY FINISH STUD/WOOD FIBER INSULATION AIR GAP STUD/WOOD FIBER INSULATION CLAY PANELS WITH CLAY FINISH

600

100X400 GLUE LAMINATED WAFFEL STRUCTURE 25 CLAY PLASTER WITH CLAY FINISH 70 WOOD FIBER INSULATION 25 CLAY PANELS WITH CLCAY FINISH

35

234 425

emission

62

storage

1200

140X400 GLUE LAMINATED WAFFEL STRUCTURE 25 CLAY PLASTER WITH CLAY FINISH 70 WOOD FIBER INSULATION 25 CLAY PANELS WITH CLCAY FINISH

Interior walls, kgCO2/m²

170

transport replaceand site ment 26 19

renewable energy production on site -166

energy use 90

2

-26 kgCO2/m

storage in materials used -182

materials used 186

Zero emission - simple for early stage

Floor area 5830 m2 Leadtime 60 years Installations 25 kg CO2/m2 Other non-included 10 % Storage factor 50 % (of 1,6 kg/kg) A5 building site 8 % of A1-A3 B4 Replacements 10 %

Total emissions kg CO2 total Materials used 1086581 Transport and site 149158 Replacements 108658 Energy use 527681 Total storage Renewable -967286 Storage -1058547 Balance -153755

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Ventilation

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The ground duct is split into four channels leading the air into the basement ground duct that wraps around the sports hall and facilities.

Diameter pipes 1200 mm Number of pipes 4 Lenght 55 m Area 829.4 m2 % of needed 56.9 %

Corridor 5500 mm Number of pipes 1 Lenght 86.6 m Ground duct area 476.3 m2 % of needed 32.7 %

End room 7200 mm Number of pipes 1 # Lenght 31 m Area 223.2 m2 % of needed 15.3 %

Airspeed in ventilationchannels

Pipe 1200 mm Airflow 1250 l/s

4500 m3/h Airspeed 1.1 m/s

Corridor 850 dm2 Airflow 5000 l/s

4500 m3/h Airspeed 0.59 m/s

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Space Flow

l/s kitchen need 7350 one cluster 1350 1 duct A 624 2 duct B 624 3 duct C 1450

3.1 supply cluster 1 624

3.2 supply 300 teacher/kitchen/sanitairy

3.3 supply cluster 2 624 sportshall

Duct size mm own system supplied by ground duct

When all ducts are added up their capacity it is greater than the need.

This is intentional to complement the ever changing and flexible use within our concept with the classrooms.

For children to move freely in these spaces and keep a good air quality the supply is regulated by dampers in the basement and in the lowered ceiling within the group rooms and toilets.

The flexible and on demand system operates on the presence of users in each and every room. By increasing the capacity within a cluster, ventilation can be increased during summer ventilation to give a good indoor climate. These aspects together with the natural extraction of air contribute to achieve an optimal indoor climate for teaching.

300x400 300x400 400x700

own system supplied by ground duct

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Sunshading and daylight Sun angels in the summer and winter represented in the diagrams below.

The brighter yellow represents summer and the lighter winter. The top section shows the staircase and the skylight above it while the second section shows how there is a window at the top of the roof that lets light into the classrooms via windows within the building. On the south/east the overhang helps to keep the sun out of

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the classrooms and in the north/east where the fritids and ateliers are there is no need for shading.

On the page to the left are simulations made in velux. An average of 2.5 % has been reached in all of the classrooms and offices in the building as well as 1.2 % half way into the room and 1 meter from the wall.

Entrance Floor

First Floor

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Inertia Our main inertia elements in the building that brings us to a heat capacity of 411 626 Wh/K which is equivalent of 6371 houers.

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Clay on all the intermediate floor 277100 kj/K

Basement stone wall to ground 218700 kj/K

Basement floor, clay 202800 kj/K

Wooden floor of the intermediate floors 83130 kj/K

Wood fiber board, outer walls 77528 kj/K

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SUMMARY PHPP Referensarea: Specific heat demand: Air tightness: Primary energy demand Peak heat power demand: Kyllast: Shape factor

5831 m² 8.76 kWh/(m²a) 0.4 h-1 21 kWh/(m²a) 13 W/m² 10 W/m² 1.43 f

MONTH MEATHOD PHPP 9

48

8 7

kWh/m² month

6

solar gain

5

heating 4

Sum spec

3 2 1 0

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

Maj

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep gain Oktand Nov Dec loads solar internal

heating solar gain and internal loads

heating

sum spec. losses Sum spec .losses

PV calculatons

Area Type

inclanation angle

kWp

kWh

North Building 923 Thin film 10 -50 112.4 101180 South Building 706 Thin film 10 -30 108.7 97850

Total production 199030

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MONTHLY PRODUCTION Monthly production 45000 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000

jan

feb

mar

apr

maj

jun

jul

aug

sep

okt

nov

dec

Green Area Factor

1.19

Noise 3/5

Biological and Biodiversity 10/34 Climate Regulation 7/20 50

l an na 29 o i at 13/ cre

l

cia

o dS

Re

Recrea�onal Total andarea social Built area Eco-efficient area

Climate regula�on

11 137 m2 1 394 m2 13 236 m2

Biological and biodiversity

Noise

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References

Montessori Drøbak, Snøhetta

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Landamäreskolan, Wahlström & Steijner

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