MASTER IN COLLECTIVE HOUSING 2013
arq. rafael medrano
MCH
arq. rafael medrano +52 (55) 54 07 34 04 armedrano@gmail.com master in collective housing escuela tecnica superior de arquitectura de madrid universidad politecnica de madrid, 2013
seminar 01
housing theory
02
seminar 02
energy & sustainability
08
workshop 01
slow madness
16
workshop 02
building depth
34
workshop 03
playground city
42
workshop 04
live as an animal
52
seminar 03
low cost
64
workshop 05
inhabited screens
72
workshop 06
housing: a method
84
seminar 04
construction
92
workshop 07
urban housing conditions
110
seminar 05
residential urbanism
120
seminar 06
business and management administration
124
the projects presented in this book are a compilation of the work done in the master in collective housing that last from juanuary to july 2013, in collaboration with architects from all over the world. the master was organized by workshops and specialties that took place during an intensive week each one, dealing with a different subject always being directly related with housing. the final result is a summary of many approaches for dealing with many different housing matters. the works are presented in the same order as they were done.
01
02
seminar 01 housing theory
specialty director dick van gameren
team members rafael medrano, mexico
objective study the spatial and functional design of a key project that tried to introduce low rise typologies in highrise/high-density projects to develop new standards for housing design. The analytical research was focused on three aspects: - how does the project define urban space ( block form and context) - how is the access system and collective space of the building organised, and how does this define the relation between the exterior and interior. - how is the dwelling itself organised, spatially and functionally? All three aspects are represented in diagrams and three dimensional drawings.
03
harumi apartments by kunio maekawa tokyo, 1958
flat type a
flat type b
there are only two types of dwellings in this building. both typologies have the same program ( dinning room, living room, kitchen, bathroom, wc, bedroom, storage) but with different dimensions. they just change their dimensions in order to generate a corridor that allow inhabitants to acces their dwelling. 04
accesability
main circulation secondary circulation tertiary circulation
connections between main and secondary circulations
connections between secondary and tertiary circulations
05
2 flats type a
windows & sliding doors
flat divisions
distribution
1
building’s structure
6
5 2 4
7 3 7
plan of flat type a 1 2 3 06 4
dinning room kitchen living room bathroom
5 wc 6 bedroom 7 storage
comparisson
tachibana’s lady residence
harumi’s flat type b
fujiwara no toyonari’s mansion
harumi’s flat type a lateral corridor
similarities -parallel composition -lateral corridor -washitsu -flexible space in the washitsu
entrance
washitsu
porch
lateral corridor
07
08
seminar 02 energy & sustainability
specialty director javier garcĂa-germĂĄn
assistant alia garcĂa-german team members rafael medrano, mexico
objective having a 50x50x50 building located in new york as a starting point, its external shape and orientation had to be modified in order to generate better conditions related to a location analysis. after dealing with the shape, some active systems were added to the building in order to improve its performance. finally, a schematic proposal of a housing unit was developed answering to this climatic conditions. 09
climate
new york altitud : 39.30 m latitud /longitude: 40.78째 north, 73.97째 west
10
annual psychometric chart
annual temperature chart
sun shading chart in winter
sun shading chart in summer
wind rose in winter
wind rose in summer
position, external shape and orientation in relation to climate 1
3
2
5:00 PM 70°
70°
3:00 PM 5:00 PM
12:00 PM 9:00 AM 7:00 AM
winter’s sun azimuth
winter’s sun path
4
7:00 AM
25° 12:00 PM
sun’s angle at winter
5
6
7:00 PM
5:00 AM
prevailing winds in winter
prevailing winds in summer
summer’s sun path
115° 115° 5:00 PM 7:00 AM 80° 80° 3:00 PM 9:00 AM 0° 12:00 PM
70° 12:00 pm
50° 9:00 am / 3:00 pm
25° 7: 00 am/ 5:00 pm
summer’s sun azimuth
south facade
north east facade
resulting shape
11
SOLAR RADIATION + VENTILATION ACTIVE SYSTEMS
HOUSING
BAR
HOUSING
CLUB
HOUSING
CLUB
HOUSING
BAR
schematic section
south facade perspective
hot air’s flow in winter
HOUSING
BAR
HOUSING
CLUB
HOUSING
CLUB
HOUSING
BAR
schematic section
12
south facade perspective
air’s flow in summer
THERMODYNAMIC CONCEPT
courtain wall
green house effect
courtain wall
vertical circulation and heat producers lattice
heat producers and vertical circulation
lattice
vertical circulation and heat producers vertical circulation and heat producers
green house effect
flown elements to generate shadows 13
CASEMENT WINDOWS
LATTICE
COURATIN WALL BEDROOM
KITCHEN/DINING/LIVING
unit floor plan during winter
14
general floor plan
unit floor plan during summer
climatic typology
night club, bars and vertical circulations (heat producers during winter)
housing
15
16
workshop 01 slow madness
workshop director juan herreros
assistant marĂa auxiliadora gĂĄlvez
team members jose alberto bethencourt, venezuela antonio g. de los salmones, spain alejandra novoa, colombia rafael medrano, mexico
objectives considering the urban tissue, preservation values of the catalogued buildings and the social richness, the work was done with total freedom to design at a scale that is somewhere in between a building and an urban plan. These conditions generates advanced residential projects that can read the diversity of its users and the demand of the building and housing types excluded by traditional real estate. Facilities, collective programs and public space will be main ingredients of this project, always avoiding typical elements such as: esteriel hybridization, nonsense 3d public spaces, absurd green rooftops or cheap sociological speeches. 17
bar restaurant real state locutorio travel agency drugstore cafeteria food store clothes higienic products bank tobacco hair cut social center toys casino laundry public library-university market [project location]
THE MARKET
THE STREET
18
l e v e l s b u i lt 7 levels 6 levels 5 levels 4 levels 3 levels 2 level ground floor empty plot p u b l i c s pa c e
19
THE MARKET
20
DRUGSTORE
BOOKSTORE
W. C .
HAIR CUT
OFFICE
FOOD
FLORIST
SHOE STORE
CLOTHES SELLING
WINES & BEER
LAUNDRY
THE PROCESS s a n f e r n a n d o ’ s m a r k e t i s g o i n g t h r o u g h a c o n s ta n t t ra n s f o r m at i o n . w h at u s e d t o b e a f i s h s t o r e n o w a day s i s a n a r c h i t e c t u ra l a n d d e s i g n s t u d i o , f o r say i n g o n e e xa m p l e . t h i s p r o j e c t a i m s t o ta k e t h i s g r o u n d f l o o r s i t u at i o n a n d p u t i t i n a v e rt i ca l w ay . g e n e rat i n g d w e l l i n g s w h e r e t h e m o s t p r i vat e s pa c e s fa c e t h e s t r e e t a n d t h e l e s s p r i vat e fa c e s t h e v e rt i c a l c i r c u l at i o n a l l o w i n g t h i s s pa c e s t o b e used as offices, workshops or small stores where people going to the market has to go by. as people goes up through this vertical street they may found some p ublic spaces generated thanks to the substraction of dwellings that af terwards are going to be replaced at the bottom of the building as another type of housing.
MARKET
WORKSHOP GALLERY
MARKET
HOUSING
TOPOGRAPHY
PERMEABILITY
TOPOGRAPHY
H O U S I N G21
0 1
ground floor
first floor
second floor
third floor
fourth floor
22 fifthfloor
sixth floor
5
10
20 mts
seventh floor
eighth floor
ninth floor
tenth floor
eleventh floor
twelfth floor
the units, in both housing types, have a technologic wall that allows the user to deal with the distribution in many ways depending on their needs. at the same time, the units have an extra space facing a more public space. this extra space can be use either for having more housing sqm or for having a small local bussiness such as workshops, small stores, an office, etc.
longitudinal section
23
ground floor
housing type a levels 1-6
24 first
floor
housing type b levels 10-11
ground floor
first floor 25
cross section
26
1 PLACE: THE MARKET
2 PRIVATE ACCESS CORE BOMB 1 X2
3 PUBLIC ACCESS CORE BOMB 2 X2
4 THE MARKET GOES UP KEEP UNDERGROUND FLOOR
5 REDISCOVERING THE TOPOGRAPHY FREE GROUND FLOOR
6 PRIVATE CORRIDORS
7 THE LIVING KEEP THE physiognomy DOMESTICITY
8 THE STREETS PUBLICITY-DOMESTICITY
9 THE SQUARES PUBLICITY
10 THE ESCALATOR GROUND FLOOR-SQUARES-MARKET
11 THE WINDOW DISPLAY DOMESTICITY-PUBLICITY
12 THE HOUSES DOMESTICITY PUBLICITY
THE 2030 NEIGBORHOOD
27
cross section
28
dwelling flexibility diagram
the street
the unit
the extra space
the corridor
29
main facade embajadores street
30
view from embajadores square sombrerete street
31
public space above the dwellings-below the market
32
33
34
workshop 02 building’s depth
workshop director andrea deplazes
assistant fernando altozano
team members johanna cevallos, ecuador rafael medrano, mexico
objectives developing a collective housing project beginning from the unit going through the floor level, the building and at the end the block. thinking from the inside to the outside. the first part of the project consisted in developing a unit, knowing just 2 things: -a 9 meters building’s depth -90 sqm for the unit after this the building and the block were developed in an utopian place. to get into a unit, a interior street that goes through the building has to be crossed. then going up some semi-public squares can be found in several levels. this squares are the entrance to the corridors that will lead to the unit. in the interior of the unit first there is the common areas with a greater height and the private areas are located in a different level with a lower height. the units are arranged in pairs so the space used by the staris can be optimized. depending on the unit the private level could be located in a higher level or in a lower level.
35
the unit 90 sqm
level +1
level +0
36 level
-1
flexibility 75 sqm 110 sqm options 0.50 M
2.00 M
0.00 M 1.00 M
3.00 M
37
the building
groundfloor
level 1
level 2
level 3
3M 0.00 M
38
12 M 6M
N +30.00
N +27.30
N +24.00
N +21.30
N +18.00
N +15.30
N +12.00
N +9.30
N +6.00
N +3.30
N +0.00
longitudinal section
N +30.00
N +27.30
N +24.00
N +21.30
N +18.00
N +15.30
N +12.00
N +9.30
0.50 M
2.00 M
1.00 M
3.00 M
N +6.00
N +3.30
N +0.00
main acces facade
cross section a
cross section b
3M 0.00 M
12 M 6M
39
the block
ground floor
3M 0.00 M
40 level
1
a
b
12 M 6M
level 2
level 3
level 4
level 5
a
b 41
42
workshop 03 playground in the city
workshop director francisco burgos
assistant javier malo de molina
team members rafael medrano, mexico silvia melis, italy
objectives “imagine places where objects appear with a sufficient degree of abstraction as to not limit the child's imagination. Any element can be whatever a child wants at any moment or even nothing specific, but simply that of which hangs, jumps, passes, or whatever that allows all kinds of games and movements.� francisco burgos the playground could be located at any place inside lavapies’ neighborhood in madrid. each team was free to select the site.
43
the square selected for the playground is located in lavapies, a neighbourhood in the center of Madrid. the idea is to increase the horizontal public space and take it to a vertical orientation.
44
taking advantage of many blind wall’s square meters and using common elements from the neighborhood a playground that gives joy and identity to the locals is proposed.
45
spain
madrid
lavapies
Vertigo
Music
Game
Astonishment
Potentiate the sensations in the heights.
Enjoy the air. Jumping and flying.
46
for the neighborhood. The sounds of children.
A dynamic and floating structure.
excercising
hanging
laying down
tossing
jumping
swinging
aerialist
stunts
resting
cycling
climbing
balancing
playfull posibilites for tubes 47
48
49
50
the FLOATING WORM, an enormous animal that lives in residual vertical spaces like blind walls, has arrived to Lavapies. Its soft and transparent skin allows neighbors to see how children jump and bounce in a very free and safe way inside of it. At the same time the neighborhood is full of music thanks to the shouts of joy that come from the kids. adults and youngsters use the animal’s structure to make some excercise or sit in it to rest or read. This animal brought life to a square which used to be given the back by the buildings and neighborhood.
51
THE CLIENT
QUETZAL PHARAMACHRUS MOCINNO
MR. Q
ABOUT
LIFE CYCLE
LIVES UP TO 20 YEARS MATING AT 3 YEARS OLD ONCE A YEAR NEW NEST EVERY YEAR MONOGAMUS KIDS STAY CLOSE TO THE PARENTS
BIRD OF FREEDOM EASILY STRESSED PLANNING BIRD
CLOUD FOREST HUMIDITY WOOD ROOMS PRIVACY FAMILI FROM 6 TO 8 2.000 SQM MINIMUN AT LEAST 8 METERS HEIGHT DWELLING
REQUESTS
cloud
humidity
living mosses
epiphytes
ecosystem
trees
stucture 52
workshop 04 live as an animal
specialty director hrvoje njiric
assistant jose maria sanchez garcia
team members lucia de molina benavides, spain gabriela macias, mexico rafael medrano, mexico hans schwartz, guatemala
objectives the user is an animal, in this case the quetzal. first, a proposal of a dwelling for a single user was developed so a collective housing project for this client could be developed subsequently. after this first step, a housing for the human race was added to the proposal. the challenge, of course, was to manage how this two species could live together, not being totally separated but at the same time not being affected by each other.
53
mist producers
mist producers
wrapping
ground
54
22.50m
the unit is dependant on the collective space
minimum dwelling
up to 8 units can share the collective space
densify
55
32m
24m
16m 08m
cedro rojo
meters
56
1.50
helecho arborescente
aguacatillo
encina mexicana azul
1.10
1.00
0.66
32m
eat
24m
pose nest
16m
nest
08m
pose
32m
24m
16m
08m
04m
02m
meters
1.60
1.30
0.90
0.60
0.45
0.30
mirror
view
tree abstraction
nest and food
pose
moist producer
light
periscope
57
GROUND FLOOR
LEVEL 1
58
LEVEL 2
ECOSYSTEMS
HOUSING + INFRASTRUCTURE
STRUCTURE
PUBLIC SPACE + OPEN PROGRAM
59
60
61
62
63
sao paulo, brazil
64
seminar 03 low-cost housing
specialty director maria teresa diniz
assistant belen gesto
team members johanna cevallos, ecuador lucia de molina benavides, spain rafael medrano, mexico
objectives this work was done analyzing the bad conditions of an existing slum in sao paulo and making a proposal to generate better quality of life to the inhabitants. some of these conditions analyzed were the potable water, sewage, accesability, public space and security. later on, a proposal was made removing some “favelas� that were in extreme risk and some others that will help the neighborhood to be more accesible in terms of mobility. the people whose houses were removed had to be relocated, so a unique big element was added to provide housing to these people and at the same time creating a link with an important avenue that nowadays is very difficult to reach. additionally ther is a proposal for a linear park that allows to do excercise, play, read, etc. at the same time that the river can be enjoyed, creating a link between the slums and the big existing green area
65
intervention area jardim celeste
topography
66
current situation
67
removable slums
68
new fabric and final housing blocks
transport connections intermodal point
general plan
69
linear park river section
70
housing typology
floor plan
0
-1
unit type a
unit type b
0
5
1
10
2
20
3
4
5 71
72
workshop 05 inhabited screens
workshop director cino zucchi
assistant belen hermida
team members rafael medrano, mexico yichi wang, taiwan
objectives a photographic survey of residential facades in the streets of madrid was done as a first step. later one with this analysis a proposal was made focusing in the facade. the design methodology was basically work with working models, rethinking the shape once and again. several questions were made to define the final shape. where does the building begins? how does the building touch the ground? how does the building reach the sky?
73
location
74
75
idea
76
working models
process
77
levels 1,3 & 5
levels 2 & 4
78
south facade
north facade
east facade
west facade
79
a plugged extra space
80
south facade
81
a plugged extra space
82
south facade
north facade
83
84
workshop 06 housing: a method
workshop director dietmar eberle
assistant victor olmos
team members rafael medrano, mexico
objectives this workshop was carried out in three different places with different conditions (scale, users, activities, density,etc.). each mch participant worked alone in one place for one day in a very specific subject ( shape, materiality, distribution, etc.). the next day each participant had to chance place and to take someone else project, decide if something that has been done needed to be changed or not and go on with a different subject. and so on for a couple of days. for the last day, each architect had to improve it’s own project. at the end, the building frames a public square and plays with the context in shape and in materiality. the project is located in salamanca, a neighborhood whith high income neighbors in madrid.
85
process
1
86
3
2
context
87
facade materials proposal schematic distribution plan
88
95 sqm
50 sqm
70 sqm
95 sqm
50 sqm
70 sqm
95 sqm
50 sqm
70 sqm
95 sqm
50 sqm
70 sqm
95 sqm
50 sqm
70 sqm
95 sqm
50 sqm
70 sqm
89
facade materials proposal
general facade
90
schematic distribution plan
schematic section
material’s context
brick
brick
concrete
91
92
seminar 04 construction & technology
specialty director ramon araujo
team members yoav elad, israel rafael medrano, mexico jon ander mendiola, spain
objectives this specialty consisted in taking alvar aalto’s schÜnbßl housing block in lucern, switzerland and redesign the project and construction according to contemporary requirements. an increase in the total amount of dwelling units and the amount of square meters per unit, such as an undergorund floor for parking space were the addings to the architectural program. also, the amount of square meters used for circulation in common areas was reduced in order to optimize the construction area. pre-cast concrete columns and steel beams were proposed for the construction system. this may allow to save money and time in any project. also the facade and divisory walls were proposed to be pre-fabricated.
93
94
original plan and transformation
95
underground parking level
96
groundfloor acces level
97
type floor housing
98
dwelling unit
99
general section
100
facade elevation and materiality
101
structural system pre-cast concrete columns and steel beams
102
103
detail pre-cast concrete column union’s section steel beams, column and slab union’s section
104
detail inner corridor and inner facade’s section
105
detail main facade an loggia’s section
106
detail main and secondary beams union with slab’s section
107
detail main facade and bedroom’s section
108
detail main facadeand bedroom’s elevation and plan
109
110
seminar 05 residential urban design
specialty director bernardo ynzenga
team members yoav elad, israel rafael medrano, mexico yichi wang, taiwan
objectives the workshop adopted the form of a twofold space of theory and practice, following a path that linked the house/project to the city/project, with special project emphasis in: • The character of the contemporary residential habitat, and the complex set of functions, activities and spaces that accompany or complement it. • The formation processes of different types of urban fragments forming the city, with special focus on the effects produced by increased scales and their corresponding mediation sequences. the project was developed, acting on a large area at Madrid southeast, having to do with the preparation of a new urban master plan for the city. the concept of nodal city served as reference frame. high density, plurality, connectivity and territorial sustainability were dominant concerns. the proposals was aimed at providing an alternative comprehensive image of urban formation strategy.
111
112
area
public transportation
industry
open space
equipment
sport
main road
public/administration
tertiary
urban situationand proposal
113
housing typology
total area: 34 ha HOUSING AREA_ super string block: 51000 sqm multi-type wall block: 51300 sqm mix-use wall block: 77000 sqm string block: 22000 sqm linear block: 20000 sqm TOTAL: 22.13 ha (65%)
DENSITY_ super string multi-type wall mix-use wall string linear
block: 340 pl/ha block: 360 pl/ha block: 250 pl/ha block: 360 pl/ha block: 400 pl/ha TOTAL: 342 pl/ha
super string density: 120 dw/ha housing for small family
string density: 70 housing for share / big family linear block density: 140 housing for small family
114
multi-type wall density: 140 housing for short- term apartment bussiness rent mix-use wall density: 90 housing for extra space
MASER LOOP: CULTURE & center > reina sofia > atocha station > museum atocha > shopping ARC > railway factory > center...
MASER LOOP: TRANSFER TOURIST & bus stop > new transfer cemter > commerce > workshop > factory
TERTIALRY USES_
administration atocha museum atocha
shopping center / atocha theatre & auditorium factory / spa center / office bar&restaurant
workshop transfer warehouse center office / commerce art center
115
north block’s facade
north block’s sections
section c
section b
existing building
116section
a
new bycicle path
existing railway
A’ C
B’
B A C’
existing railway
117
118
119
120
workshop 07 urban housing conditions
workshop director anne lacaton
assitant diego garcia-setien
team members pablo marcet, guatemala rafael medrano, mexico silvia melis, italy
objectives the work was not realized in any specific site. The daily working pattern was: 1 day / 1 topic / 1 fragment of a project. (SPACEBOARD) During the 3 first days, groups produced one document on the topic of the day, which was a fragment of the final presentation, as accumulative work. always using the same 3 tools: - words, (precise and short) - photos, collages, photomontages, assemblages - sketches, drawings the final assemblage of the material, was presented in the format of a STORYBOARD and a short animation. what makes the quality of life in individual space? what makes the quality of life in a public space? what makes the quality of life in the city?
121
housing conditions a 30 meters long dwelling in which every space has a view to the one unique facade except for the more intimate spaces. flexibility in this dwelling is not just the big amount of opportunities for organizing the spaces but the possibility of being exposed to the sunlight or being in the shadow in the same space.
122
urban conditions as in the housing conditions, the urban space intends to have a continous space where you can have the possibility of play with daylight. always interacting with nature and society.
123
124
seminar 06 business & management
specialty director fernando leon
team members jose alberto bethencourt, venezuela maria nieves fernandez, spain rafael medrano, mexico silvia melis, italy
objectives create a business model being aware of our strenghts and opportunities. set a target and develop the know how, always with the back up of the numbers. the group has experience in housing but one team member has been developing housing for elders for the last 4 years. at the same time, politics for making business with tourism in venezuela are very good for investors. we decided to create an office of architecture specialized in developing projects where elder people could live permanently, temporarily or just for holidays. a new product in which our office and the investors have the opportunity to be pioneers in a country whith a huge demand and with no offer for this market. eventually, an expansion could happen through south and central america. countries with economical growing potential.
125
ARCH. NIEVES FERNADEZ CASTAÑERA Spain / p.r manager
ARCH. JOSÉ A. BETHENCOURT GALLARDO Venezuela
/ project manager
ARCH. SILVIA MELIS Italy/ sales manager
ARCH. A. RAFAEL MEDRANO PÉREZ 126
Mexico / business manager
venezuela
-lack of services for elders -huge demand -non specialized architectural firms in this sector
2013
Nยบ elders
1,576,680
2030
Nยบ elders
6,491,401
127
how we do it?
FIND A PLOT
FIND A CLIENT AND ANDOPERATOR
CREATE A BUSINESS MODEL
DEVELOP AND SELLA SERVICE PACK •ARCHITECTURAL PROJECT. •MANAGEMENT OF THE PROJECT. •PERMITS. 128
•CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISION.
HOTEL RESIDENCE FOR ELDERS LOCATION: PLOT ZH 8B, ALDONZA MANRIQUE AVE. PLAYA EL ANGEL, PAMAPATAR, NUEVAESPARTA, VENEZUELA. PLOT AREA
8.550 sqm
CONSTRUCTION AREA : 80% : 6.840 sqm SUITES: 140 TOTAL INVESTMENT : NPV 6 YR
4.454.550,00
: 15.518 EU
IRR at 20 years : 13% 129
services policy
SATISFIED USERS SATISFIED CLIENTS
COMMITMENT SATISFIED INVESTORS SATISFIED ARCHITECTS
INNOVATION SAVINGS
SALES
SUCCESS
TIMING
EFFICIENCY MONEY
pricing policy €/ sqm
ARCHITECTURAL
In Venezuela is 25 € / sqm
PROJECT
€
171.000 *
4% of total amount of
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
the project’s €
136.800 *
- Tourism permits
130
EXTRA
5% of Arch.
CHARGES
€ 8.550 *
p roject.
office financial balance
Totalinvestment
26.000,00
Year1 revenues
39.900,00
Totalproject’s revenues 316.350,00
Year1 expenses
36.660,00
Year1 EBIT
3.240,00
Year1 Taxes
1.101,60
Year1 Profit
2.138,40
Year2 revenues
256.500,00
Year3 revenues
316.350,00
Year2 expenses
108.060,00
Year3 expenses
108.060,00
Year2 EBIT
148.440,00
Year3 EBIT
207.690,00
Year2 Taxes
50.469,60
Year3 Taxes
70.614,60
Year2 Profit
97.970,40
Year3 Profit
137.075,40
131
many thanks to the mch 2013 crew
director jose marĂa de lapuerta
manager sebastiĂĄn severino
secretary marĂa jose manga
participants jose alberto bethencourt, venezuela roberto carlucci, italy johanna cevallos, ecuador lucia de molina benavides, spain yoav elad, israel nieves fernandez, spain antonio g. salmones, spain gabriela macias, mexico pablo marcet, guatemala rafael medrano, mexico silvia melis, italy jon ander mendiola, spain borja navarro, spain alejandra novoa, colombia manal omar, united emirates carolina rodas, ecuador hans shwartz, guatemala maria elvira villareal, colombia yichi wang, taiwan