post earthquake survey maina pokhari, dolakha district, november 2017
DSA architecture & risques majeurs 2015/2017- ensapb cyrille hanappe - pascal chombart de lauwe - lina guarin - ludovic jonard (architecture et dĂŠveloppement)
2
sommaire : Introduction I- network mapping of maina pokhari and dadagau VDC II- diagnosis and building practices of the surveyed houses III - diagnosis of EQUIPMENTS IV- building pathologies dictionnary V- Materials and construction costs VI - Appendix
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4
introduction
5
context natural hazards in nepal
ÂŤBecause of its topographical variation and geological characteristics, together with torrential rain during the monsoon season, the country frequently experiences landslides, debris flows, floods, and earthquakes. These phenomena not only cause loss of life and property, they also pose severe threats to physical infrastructure, and disrupt social and economic development.Âť
EARTHQUAKES
Natural Hazards, Chapter 2, ICIMOD Nepal
FLOODS 6
context natural hazards in nepal
GLACIAL LAKE OUTBURST
DROUGHT
HEAVY WINDS & STORMS
LANSLIDE
AVALANCHE
FOREST FIRE Introduction
7
context 2015 earthquake
Saipal Simikot
25 april 2015 Barpok, Gorkha 7,8 magnitude 15 km depth
12 may 2015
Annapurna I
Chilhanka, Dolakha 7,3 magnitude 15 km depth Everest
Gorkha
KATHMANDU Patan
8
Mainapokhari Namdu
context 2015 Earthquake
damages 8,622
491,620
dead
buildings fully damaged
16,808
269,653
injured
buildings partially damaged
+100,000
1,100
livestock lost
health facilities damaged
39
7,532
districts affected
schools damaged
relief response + 1,1 billion $ NPR
internationl community donations
703,234 unities dispatched
Introduction
9
context the national reconstruction policy
NRA : National Reconstruction authority Missions : -To reconstruct, retrofit and restore partially- and completely-damaged buildings and sites, while improving the resilience of the structures. -Publish a reconstruction Guid, - identification , management of benificiaries -To give its approval for projects and cash transfer -Supervising and give approval with engineers and technicians in each VDC
A design catalogue for reconstruction of earthquake resistant houses Detailing Model houses with Minimum Requirements, One or Two-storey, Technical details, Flexible design Stone or brick masonry Cement or mud mortar
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context the national reconstruction policy Destruction old house Recycling materials
House finished in 2 months
No information
Tents
Shelters
Bad construction
Construction of the fondations
Construction of the roof
Construction of the first floor
New EARTHQUAKE
strategy
4 Days CGI Tents 2 months Red card 2 months Red card
6 months 1,5 years red card First biding assesment
3 months
micro credit
second phase
500$ installment
Refund micro credit
3 months
1500$ installment
last phase
Never second phase
1000$ installment
Reclycling shelter on old house
Introduction 11
context THE Nepali culture
FARMING These farmers also breed sheeps, goats, chicken and cows to earn a little money
A RURAL POPULATION Nepal’s population is predominantly rural (80%) It’s the same on Dolakha district.The inhabitants cultivate rice, barley, wheat, a large variety of vegetables and fruit trees.
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communities & solidarity The role of the community is important, and people are helping each other for reconstruction.
context THE nepali culture
tradition of cooking A TYPICAL DAY IN A NEPALI LIFE
The cooking on a wood fire has a central place in the house.
Introduction 13
OUR INTERVENTION THE SITE Kathmandu
dolhaka district
janakpur
Located in the Janakpur zone, in North-Eastern Nepal 170 km away from Kathmandu
Headquarters: Charikot
DOLAKHA Population: 204,229
Area: 2,191 km² Agriculture main source of income for 75% of households
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Dolakha
170 km
Charikot 38 km
Mainapokhari Namdu
OUR INTERVENTION THE SITE
Introduction 15
OUR INTERVENTION THE ACTORS
WHO ? In november 2017, a group of 18 students from second years of post degree in architecture, specialized in Natural Hazards and Major Risks came to discover Nepal for the first time, 2 years after the severe earthquake that occured in 2015. They worked in association with the french group «Architecture and Development» and the nepali association «Jagaran Nepal», in a stretch relation with the Maina Pokhari community.
A & D is an International Solidarity Association, founded in 1997, which designs and implements Sustainable Housing projects and provides technical support to the actors of (re) construction, renovation / rehabilitation in fragile, post -crisis or in development contexts.
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Envisioning ‘a just and peaceful society with gender equality’ Jagaran Nepal (JN) was established in 2002 AD as a not-for-profit non-governmental organization (NGO) in Kathmandu . Since the beginning, JN has been advocating for women’s access to decision making of political, social and economic sphere of the community.
The DSA Architecture & Risques Majeurs from the Paris Belleville National School of Architecture is a diploma that prepares architects to take involve the major risks at all stages of their work, whether in new projects, to reduce the vulnerability of existing ones, as in crisis management and reconstruction.
OUR INTERVENTION THE METHOD
hOW ? The aim of the studies and workshop was to take part in the Nepal reconstruction process and to understand the humanitary role in the reconstruction process. During one week in Maina Pokhari, Dolhaka district, the whole team talked with inhabitants, drawing their houses and making diagnosis of those damaged buildings. Back in France, they used these diagnosis to try to imagine different projects reconstruction and retrofitting.
visits of buildings
inhabitants surveys
building diagnosis
Introduction 17
18
I URBAN CONTEXT & NETWORKS
I. Urban context and networks 19
Community network urban infrastructure of maina pokhari & dadagau School distance by feet : few minutes to 1 hour (Maina Pokhari or school of Namdu VDC) Fields distance by feet: 0 to1 hour Fire station by car: 2h30 (from Charikot to Maina Pokhari) Water source distance by feet: 10 minutes
Facilities Bus stop «Hospital» or «Polyclinic» Public school Private school Temple Shop
20
NAMDU
MAINA POKHARI
DADAGAU
0
200
400
600
800
I. Urban context and networks 21
water network maina pokhari Between 62 and 65 households feeded by a spring water (Field belonging to M. Govinda Prashad Rimd : 4km from the village - 3h walking) Nowadays : community raised 20 000 RNs to implement two water tanks, with the help of the District Water Supply Office
Water supply Spring or fountain Open-air drain trench Water tank
Natural risks
22
0
600 m
I. Urban context and networks 23
water network maina pokhari
Foutain supplied by one of the 20 springs in Maina Pokhari
24
Individual plastic tanks
water network maina pokhari
During the earthquake, several springs appeared. This source supplies the upper one.
Individual septic tanks (less expensive when shared)
I. Urban context and networks 25
water network DADAGAU Between 62 and 65 households feeded by a spring water (Field belonging to M. Govinda Prashad Rimd : 4km from the village - 3h walking) Nowadays : community raised 20 000 RNs to implement two water tanks, with the help of the District Water Supply Office
Water supply Spring or fountain Open-air drain trench Water tank
Natural risks
26
0
600 m
I. Urban context and networks 27
water network DADAGAU
Ancient foutains cut down because of the lands privatization
28
water network dadagau
Water pipes going along the fields
Common spot to pick water up (interruption of the water pipe coming from the spring)
I. Urban context and networks 29
water network DADAGAU
For a 6 persons - family with several animals and plants: 250 L / day
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water network dadagau
If buffles added, the daily consumption increases significantly
I. Urban context and networks 31
water network dadagau
Water tank under construction
32
14 m3 tank under construction by the community of 65 households: 2,5 m x 2,9 (height x diameter)
water network dadagau
On the way to the spring, pumping is required
The spring which supplies Dadagau
I. Urban context and networks 33
ENERGIES network MAINA POKHARI & DADAGAU
Monthly cost for the minimum contract: 80 RNs
34
One extra unit: 1 kW = 7 RNs
energies network maina pokhari & dadagau
Every household has an electricity meter, even the shelters
The traditional fire system to cook and heat the houses
I. Urban context and networks 35
ENERGIES network MAINA POKHARI & DADAGAU
Section on the fire cooking place
36
Biogaz alternative system using animal and human wastes
wastes gestion maina pokhari & dadagau
BIODEGRADABLE WASTES mixed with mud, turned it over every two weeks, are reused to enrich soils
PLASTIC WASTES are burnt individually in the street very poisonous, especially for children No garbage truck in the VDC
I. Urban context and networks 37
II DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE sURVEYED HOUSES
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 39
villages’ map Facilities
Materials
Bus stop
Sawmill
«Hospital» or «Polyclinic»
Cinder blocks shop
Public school Private school Temple Shop
Water supply Spring or fountain Open-air drain trench
Stones seller Ironware seller Carpenter Cement, gravel seller Ironmongery Bamboo
Water tank
Natural risks Active rockfall and landslide Potential instable area Instable area before the 2015 eathquake
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Other information Hamlet Biogas Deserted public facilities
NAMDU
MAINA POKHARI
DADAGAU
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 41
mainapokhari Facilities
Materials
Bus stop
Sawmill
«Hospital» or «Polyclinic»
Cinder blocks shop
Public school Private school Temple Shop
Water supply Spring or fountain Open-air drain trench
Stones seller
Bishnu Mijar Nabaraj Khadka
Active rockfall and landslide Potential instable area Instable area before the 2015 eathquake
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Gopal Mijar Dirga Maya Mijar
Carpenter
Old Dirga Maya Mijar
Cement, gravel seller Kaji Mijar
Hari Mijar Lalit Badhur Mijar
Kamala Mijar
Bamboo
Water tank
Natural risks
Nabaraj Khadka
Ironware seller
Ironmongery
Tula Bhadur Sharki
Other information Hamlet Biogas Deserted public facilities
Chrisner
Sudah Mijar
Sarki
Dipak Mijar
Ghimire Ambigha Ghimire Bhimprasad
Tanka Badhar Karki Kanchi Karki Dhal Badhur Khadka
200
0
200
400
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 43
01
ChRISNER 35 YEARS OLD, FARMER
27’’38’42.60’’ n, 86’’07’12.58’’ E
GENERAL CONTEXT
sociological context
Mainapokhari Kavare VDC, Ward 1
8 family members should have lived in the house
Built on a slope
No electrical power in the house This house was actually never occupied. In fact the construction ended only three days before the earthquake. Mr Chrisner was planning to live in it with his wife, their four children and two of their grand-parents. This land has a particular view over the valley which is why he chose it to build the house.
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The closest source is less than 200 m away
115 m2 Three storey house NPR
House Cost : 500 000 NPR
They have animals (goats and cow)
But it was severely damaged, especially after the second earthquake. Today, the house is still standing eventhough the walls show remarkable cracks. The family decided to build a shelter in the nextdoor land. In the future, they are planning on moving out to build their new house next to the existing one. In the meantime, they have received the 1st installement for the reconstruction: 50 000 NPR. *At the time the survey was carried, no modifications or repairs were made in the house
We just achieved the house tHREE days before the earthquake, we never lived in it To Mainapokhari Water source Toilet
The shelter complex they live in today Road to the house
The stone and mud mortar house
Material storage
Cattle Containing wall in dry stone
TO CHARIKOT ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 45
01
the house
materials & structure
The house was built during 1 month by a skilled man with the help of the community. The owner expected the house to stand for 8-10 years. It was made of stone and mud mortar. They also used non-treated wood for the balcony, the ring bands, the doors and the windows frames. The house has a one meter deep streep foundations.
Animals
Storage
wood
stone blocks
corrugated galvanized iron
Second floor plan
Bedrooms
Kitchen
Balcony
Groundfloor plan
46
irst floor plan
0
South elevation
East elevation
North elevation
West elevation
5m
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 47
01
sanitary network
building practices
- Toilet is outside the house - Drinking water is accessible at 200m - No running water - No electricity
Structural House: - Discontinuous ring bands - Roof truss without tie beam - Partial collapse on top of the gable wall - Cracks around the windows - Lintel connected to the ring bands - Beam above the lintel - Floor in bamboo and mud morter - Eaves framing connected to structural wall Balcony: - Discontinuity of the vertical load distribution around the staircase - Beams are bending - Structure connected to the wall and the ground
3
9 8
2 1
5
building morphology - Symetric plan and simple shape - Wooden balcony in the south elevation
48
6 7
ground implantation - Differential settlement - Humidity and mold in north elevation
4
materials’ use -CGI nailed to the roof structure - Disproportional quantity of the mud mortar (a lot) and stones (not enough) - Several wooden pieces for ring bands
security - Retaining wall in dry stone - No handrail in the balcony - Steep staircase
1 house connected to the site
2 cracks around the windows
3 collapse in the top of gable wall
4 DISCONTINUOS vertical STRUCTURE
5 FLOORING ON THE LINTEL
6 embedding between eaves and wall
7 eaves structure around the window
8 king post and ground connection
9 BRace between king post and beam
III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses 11 DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 49
02
kancho SARKI FARMER
27’’64’54.10’’ n, 86’’12’37.66’’ E
GENERAL CONTEXT
sociological context NPR
Mainapokhari Kavare VDC, Ward 1
Building is set on a terraced site in a hard and medium rocky soil Mr Sarki lives with his wife and his two children. Two other children live in Katmandu. The house was built in 1999 by a skilled man in the comunity. The construction lasted one month. Two levels of the house collapsed after the earthquake. Only the ground floor stands today with some cracks on the walls. The owner decided to reuse the house’s material to build a shelter that they call «temporary house». Concerning the remaining house, they decided to clear the house debris and cover it, so they could use a half level as storage.
50
They have an electric meter
They have a water pipeline arriving in their land, less than 5 meters away
4 family members live in the house
30 m2 Three storey house
House Cost : 85 000 NPR
They have animals (cows)
Sometimes they use the kitchen inside to cook. They have received the 1st installement for the reconstruction: 50 000 NPR that they are saving in the bank. *At the time the survey was carried, the owner had repaired the inside cracks, but left the ones on the ontside.
We want to build a one story house … it’s easier to escape !! THE remaining HOUSE
the addition of the roof CGI Roof built after the earthquake
Cattle
The remaining house structure
Remaining ground floor in stone and mud morter Toilet
Organization of the living space
The roof wooden structure built by owner
The temporary building
Non waterproof concrete tank
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 51
02
the house
The roof was made by the owner using recycled wood for the structure and CGI for cover. The walls are made of stone blocks and mud mortar. The materials and windows of the collapsed level were reused in the temporary house. In the future, the family want to built a one storey house with a separate outside kitchen.
materials & structure
Kitchen
wood
stone blocks
A’
A Animals
corrugated galvanized iron
Veranda
Cow cattle
stone tiles
Ground floor plan
Detail showing a section fo the kitchen
A-A’ Section
52
0
2m
0
North elevation
South elevation
5m
West elevation
East elevation
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 53
02
sanitary network
building practices
- Toilet is outside the house - Drinking water is accessible - No running water - Electricity - A septic tank
Structural House: - Heavy materials on the roof - Wooden staples to connect the roof structure to the house - Cable assembly between the pilars and the roof structure - Discontinuous posts - Discontinuous seismic wooden ring band
9
2
3
8
- The different weights of roofing materials make the house vulnerable in case of an earthquake
1
ground implantation - The columns carrying the house are not anchored to the soil
54
- The CGI is not nailed to the roof structure so it can be reused
7 security
4 building morphology
6
materials’ use
5
- The roof is not stable and could collapse at any moment - House not hermetic, permeable walls - Kitchen system with a chimney -The lack of anchorage with the ground, makes the cow shelter vulnerable in case of an earthquake
1 no anchoring with ground
2 permeable house
3 Flooring: wood, bamboo and mud mortar
4 bamboo door lock system
5 KITchen with smoke evacuation
6 half level as a shelter
7 wooden piece to brace roof
8 cable assembly in roof structure
9 heavy materials ON the roof
III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 17 55
03
Radika MIZAR 42 YEARS OLD, rice FARMer and housewife
27’’64’51.97’’ n, 86’’12’10.73’’ E
GENERAL CONTEXT sociological context NPR
Mainapokhari Kavare VDC, Ward 1
House is set on a strong slope
Mrs Radika Mizar lives her husband, 4 daughters, 1 son and her father-in-law. She is the owner of the house and the land. She received the land from her father after her wedding. The house was built in 3 months by skilled people in the local area. After the earthquake the house suffered from some disorders, but it’s still standing. The house has remarkable cracks and the ground floor is in bad shape. The family doesn’t want to sleep inside the house anymore. They are still living in a shelter nearby. Sometimes they use the kitchen inside.
56
Connected to common network They have an electric meter
Connected to accommon network. Irregular after earthquake
8 family members live in the house
182 m2 Three storey house
House Cost : 500 000 NPR
They have animals (cow)
They received the 1st installement for reconstruction: 50 000 NP . They saved that money for reconstruction or retrofiting. In the future, they want a new 3 storey house with a concrete structure or cements blocks *At the time the survey was carried, the owner repaired the wall cracks with plaster.
If I had money, i would build a cement and stone house
To Mainapokhari The stone and mud mortar house
Water fountain Water canal
Toilet
Cattle The shelter complex they live in today
Access to the first floor
Staircase outside the house
Access to the ground floor
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 57
the house
materials & structure
wood
stone blocks
bamboo
The house has a stone and mud mortar foundation. It is 0.6m deep in ground. The soil is stiff clay with gravels and the owner thinks there is a small settlement.
Kitchen
Veranda
03
Animals
corrugated galvanized iron
stone tiles
tarpaulin Groundfloor plan
North elevation
0
58
5m
West elevation
Toilets
Shelter in balcony
Balcony
Bedrooms
irst floor plan
South elevation
Storage Bedrooms
Second floor plan
East elevation
III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses 21 DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 59
03
sanitary network
building practices
- Toilet is in the house (behind the cow cattle) - Drinking water is accessible. There is a fountain in the other side of the road - They have electric meter -TV connection
Structural The house: - No bottom cord on the roof truss - Partial damage in the top of the gable wall - Eaves roof structure is nailed. They used a lot of different wooden pieces - Flooring in bamboo and mud mortar - Visible cracks in the south façade The balcony: - The columns in the balcony are continuous - Bamboo gutter in north façade - Staircase in the angle
building morphology - Symetric shape - The balcony is in «L» shape in the north-west façade - 2 types of roof: stone tiles roof and CGI roof
60
2
9
8
5
materials’ use
6
- There is a shelter in the balcony of the house. It’s made with tarpaulin and bamboo - There roof truss is made with many wooden pieces - house flooring is made by bamboo and mud mortar
7
1 3
4 security
ground implantation - The house is embedded to the ground - Retaining wall in dry stone and mud mortar - The main entry is from the west facade
- The stone tiles in the roof are heavy - The handrail of balcony is not stable and the flooring is only made of a thick piece of wood
1 shelter in the balcony
2 fLooring structure goes throught the wall
3 beam pieces not aligned to column
4 thick wooden pieces as fLooring
5 bamboo gutter
6 damage in top of gable wall
7 nailed roof structure for stone tiles
8 connection king post and ridge
9 bending of purlings
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 61
04
BHIM PRASAD GHIMIRE A four member household
27’’64’65.44 N 86’’12’84.05 e
GENERAL CONTEXT
sociological context
Mainapokhari Kavare VDC, Ward 1
4 family members live in the house
Building is set on a slope
Good elecricity power
Water source on site
62
105 m2 Two storey house NPR
House Cost : 500 000 NPR
Cows and goats
This family used to live a three storey house. After the first earthquake the two upper storeys collapsed. By the time second earthquake happened, the ground floor got severely damaged and the family had to build and live in a shelter for a year. The household is composed of two parents and two children: a 14 years old boy and 19 years old girl. They received the first installment 50 000 NRP and with the help of the community they built a new a two storey house. They had to demolish the rest of the old house and leave only the foundation for the new house. The ground floor where is kitchen and storage are is made of stones and mud mortar. The first floor with the three bedrooms is made of wood and CGI for the coating. The house was built with the help if a carpenter.
if we have to build our house all over againe , we will build it in stone and mud... Animal shelter Toilet
Implementation of the new house
Water source Water Point
Electricity cable
Animal shelter
Millet drying
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 63
04
the house
North Elevation
West elevation
Property plan
0
15m
materials & structure
wood
64
tarpaulin
corrugated galvanized iron
stone blocks
East elevation
0
5m
A
A
Second floor Plan
irst floor plan
The ground floor is made of stone and mud mortar. The storage was added after the earthquake. The walls are made of plywood and the roof is made of CGI with trapaulin covering.
1 2 3 4 5 6
5
4 3
Seeds drying Traditional oven Base for water Tank Shelf attached to the beam Storage
1
2 5
Place of worship
III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 27 65
04
sanitary network
building practices
- Toilet is outside the house - Drinking water is accessible - Traditional kitchen
Structural
- Wooden structure for the second floor - CGI covering of the roof - Mud and stone walls
2 9
- No vertical load distribution - Bad assembly of wood - No ground beams - No wooden truss on the gable walls - Foundation 1m deep - Different directions of the beams of the diphragm
5 4
1 7
1
3
- The house had a rectangular shape with an L shaped veranda. After the earthquake they turned it into a rectangular veranda.
8 security
6
building morphology
66
materials’ use
Section A-A
ground implantation - No draining system around the house
- Bars on the main door blocking the entrance - The house is not waterproof and not wind resistent - Stairs are facing the wall - No handrail in the balcony - Wall in plywood inflammable
1 STRUCTURE - Load distribution
2 structure- No wooden truss
3 structure- Bad assembly of wood
4 materials’ use- HOLES IN CGI
5 structure -No connection between beams and columns
6 SECURITY - STAIRS FACING THE WALL
7 Ground implantation
8 security - No handrail
9 structure- Bad assembly of wood
III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 29 67
05
SUDAH MIZAR A 25 YEARS OLD HOUSE
27’’64’52.09’’ n, 86’’12’15.82’’ E
GENERAL CONTEXT
sociological context
Mainapokhari Kavare VDC, Ward 1
8 family members live in the house and shelters
Building is set on a strong slope
60 m2 One storey house NPR
This family used to live in a three storey house. They built it 25 years ago within two months. The extension was built after the earthquake in 25 days and it costs 25 000NRP .The toilet collapsed and was rebuilt by «Save the children».
68
Low power
Water Pipe
House Cost : 10 000 NPR
Cows and goats
The lands belongs to Sudah’s husband. She said that she will be provided in wood from the community forest and build a new house in the space where was the elder son’s room which collapsed. Today the family lives in shelters near the house made of bamboo. After the earthquake the family started by building a kitchen and two rooms. And used the remaining part of their initial house as storage. But after that they removed the kitchen and made a three bedrooms instead. The elder son built a bamboo shelter where he actually lives with his wife and two sisters.
We dont want to build more storey ... It is dangerous ...
To Mainapokhari The family shelter
Remains of the collapsed house Water fountain
Cattle
Toilet
Millet drying
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 69
05
the house
East elevation
Property plan
South elevation
70
West elevation
0
5m
materials & structure 3 3
wood
2
stone blocks
corrugated galvanized iron
tarpaulin
The ground floor is made of stone and mud mortar. The shelter is made of wood with CGI Roof covered with trapaulin.
3 1
Attic plan
4 1 2 3 4
Kitchen Guestroom Room Storage irst floor plan
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 71
05
building morphology
building practices
- The shelter is an extension of the remaining part of the initial house. - The shelter was built following the shape of the narrow land
materials’ use
Structural
- Wood is used for cladding -The roof is made of CGI fixed with rocks above it and covered with trapaulin
- Wall made of stone and mud mortar - Two storeys collapsed - Bad assembly of wood - Cracks in the bearing walls - No vertical load distribution - The shelter structure is leaning on the initial house walls
4
9
3
7 5
1
5
2
6 8
security
ground implantation - The land is not stable possibility of landslide and soil erosion - No draining system, the remains of collapsed shelter in case of flood, will fall on the house
72
sanitary network - Water is brought to the house through one pipe
- Kitchen is inside without chimney - Paper is used for separating wall flammable - The house is not waterproof and does not resist to wind
1 STRUCTURE - SHelter plug
2 STRUCTURE - Bad assembly of wood
3 structure- Bad assembly of wood
4 ground implantation- Risk of erosion
5 MATERIALS - Trapaulin covering
6 MATERIALS - wood cladding
7 security - Smoke in the kitchen
8 security - No windows
9 security - separating wall
III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 35 73
06
Lalit badhur mijar 35 YEARS OLD, FARMER
27’’38’44.21’’ n, 86’’07’26.76’’ E
GENERAL CONTEXT
Mainapokhari Kavare VDC
Flat ground
sociological context Parents and two children
22 m2
NPR
74
Limited electrical power
House Cost : 6 000 000 NPR
Source far away, tank on the site
1 cow
The family is composed of parents and two children that are actually living in a shelter next to the house. During the earthquake, they were in front of the house and they saw the south facade collapse. The former house is still standing but they are only using it for storage. They are aiming to destroy it in order to build another one in the same place. For the future construction, they will reuse the stones and the wood from the older house.
OUR house is still standing but we ‘d prefer to build another safer house Cow shelter
The old house, actually used for storage
The actual shelter where they are living
0
5m
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 75
06
the house
toilets
former main room / actual storage
bedroom
Groundfloor plan
CGI cover
wooden joists wooden windows stone blocks mud mortar
North elevation
0
76
5m
materials & structure This rectangular shaped house is a traditional stone construction. The ring band, lintels and ÂŤframeworkÂť are made of wood, and the roof is made of CGI. The northern facade is relatively open, and is symetric through its lateral openings. It is not inhabited now because it was partially destroyed by the earthquake, especially the southern facade which is very damaged.
corrugated galvanized iron
wood
stone blocks
disembowelled facade
South elevation
III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 39 77
06
building practices
Accessibility & security - Window closing system - Door in the wood frame
Structural - Harped wall on the north facade but not on the south facade - Corner harped walls - Former door next to the partition wall - Ring band only on the north facade - Seismic ring above the lintel - Joists detached from the struts - No tie beam
8 3 4
7
1
2 9
ground implantation - Ground elevation for the monsoon
78
building morphology - Symetric facade
1 STRUCTURE - SEISMIC RING ABOVE THE LINTEL
2 structure - WALLS NOT HARPED
3 STRUCTURE - LACK OF CONNEXION BEAM/WALL
4 STRUCTURE - uncontinuous ring band
5 security -window closing system
6 structure - corner harped walls
7 structure - pieces of joists
8 structure - wall falling on the top
9 accessibility & security - door frame
III. diagnosis and building practices of theOFsurveyed housesHOUSES 4179 ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES THE SURVEYED
07
TANKA BADHAR KARKI 30 YEARS OLD, FARMER
27°38’42.03’’N, 86°07’36.7’’E
GENERAL CONTEXT
Mainapokhari, Kavare VDC
sociological context Parents and two children + grand-parents sometimes
Flat ground
Limited electrical power TV No internet
49 m2 Four storey house
NPR
House Cost : 250 000 NPR Water source 10 minutes away
80
Goats
The family is composed of parents and two children. The former house totally collapsed during the earthquake (just one part is still existing at the back of the new one) and they built the new one, one year after the earthquake. During this period they were living in a shelter which was shared with two sisters and one brother. The owner didn’t ask for money to the governement for the reconstruction. They used the constructive system recommended for the groundfloor and added a light first level. They reused some stones and some pieces of wood from the old house. Some pieces of CGI are also re-used from the shelter.
We built a shelter with my brother and sister just after THE earthquake. one year later we built THIS new house
TO BROTHER’s house Bamboo storage Sanitary shared with the brother
TO sister’s house Old house Actually storage
TO OLD Mainapokhari
To Mainapokhari
Cereals drying place
Vegetable field
Cattle
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 81
07
the house Storage
Living room Bedroom
Bedroom
Balcony
irst floor plan
Bedroom
Main facade - south
Groundfloor plan
0
82
Kitchen
3m
0
5m
materials & structure Detail showing the unsuperposed columns in facade
iron rebars
Bedroom
cement
corrugated galvanized iron
tarpaulin
stone blocks
wood
The ground floor is made of stones with a concrete ringband and is coated with earth inside and cement in the main facade. The staircase leads to the upper level by the balcony, which is made from wood and covered with CGI from the old shelter. The main facade is covered with wood planks.
Kitchen
0
3m
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 83
07
sanitary network
building practices Structural
- Weak link between posts and beams - No bracing in CGI walls - Bracing by plywood in middle part - Bracing link in the balcony - Unsuperposed columns in facade - Not anchored columns - Heavy mortar slab - Continuous concrete ring band - ight materials in first floor
- Ventilation system by horizontal chimney - No running water - Current electricity - Toilets outside
materials’ use 5
1 4
3
- Carpentry without tie beam - GI cover fixed with nails - Defective implementation of concrete ring band - Roof overhang - Plywood for bracing and separation
6
2 7 8
9
building morphology - Few openings - Symetric plan
ground implantation security - Flexible grids on the windows - Doors not detached from the frame
84
- Ground elevation for the monsoon - No containing wall
1 MORPHOLOGY - LIght fIRST FLOOR
2 Structure - unsuperposed columns
3 Building morphology - ROOF OVERHANG
4 SECURITY - FLEXIBLE GRIDS
5 structure -connexion column/beam
6 MATERIALS - concrete ring band
7 SANITARY - CHIMNEY SYSTEM
8 SANITARY - CHIMNEY VENTILATION
9 ground implantation - Gutter
III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 47 85
08
KANCHI AND KALPANA KARKI 39 AND 36 YEARS OLD, FARMERs
27’’38’44.21’’ n, 86’’07’26.76’’ E
GENERAL CONTEXT
sociological context
Mainapokhari, Kavare VDC
Parents and four children + parents and 2 children
64 m2 Flat ground NPR
86
Limited electrical power
The shelter part built above the stone basement cost around 52,000 NPR
Water source 10 minutes away
Buffalos and goats
These two families are actually living in a double house. The two sisters use the house while their husbands are working in a foreign country in order to raise money to build a new house. During the earthquake, the children were inside but they all managed to escape from the house. The two upper storeys collapsed. After living in a shelter for one year and a half, they built an upper level above the existing stone basement. The toilets of the actual house were built by the Save the Children NGO.
The good thing about our house is that we are protected from the monsoon ! Toilets built by Save the Children
Storage
The double house
Buffalo shelter Storage
Goats shelter
Goats shelter
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 87
08
the house bedroom
bedroom
living room / guest room
living room / bedroom
storage room / sacred room
balcony
irst floor plan
kitchen
kitchen
goats room
goats room
storage
goats shelter
Groundfloor plan
50 88
materials & structure
corrugated galvanized iron
wood
stone blocks
iron wire
The house is structured in two symetrical parts. Each one is inhabited by a family. The groundfloor is made in stone and is coated with earth. It was the only part that didn’t collapse during the earthquake. The central staircase serves the upper level. This one is made of wood and recovered with CGI from the old shelter. The original balcony is also made of wood.
CGI cover wooden columns wooden planks stone wall covered with mud mortar
South elevation
0
5m
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 89
08
structural
building practices 6
ACCESSIBILITY & security - Post in front of the ladder - Difficult access to the house - Bamboo locker system - Doors detached from the frame
7 1 8 3
9 4 2
ground implantation - Ground elevation for the monsoon - No containing wall
90
- Weak link between posts and beams - No bracing in CGI walls - Unsuperposed columns - Structure doubled by columns - Not anchored column - Buckling of the columns - Heavy mortar slab - Continuous ring band - Weak lap joints - Carpentry without tie beam - GI cover fixed with nails
5
sanitary network - Cattle located in the kitchen - Interior gutter around the kitchen - Chimney - Uncontinuous partition walls for ventilation
1 STRUCTURE - UNSUPERPOSED COLUMNS
2 structure - wall doubled by column
3 structure - weak lap joints
4 ACCESSIBILITY - COLUMN IN FRONT OF STAIRs
5 sanitary network - kitchen ventilation
6 STRUCTURE - beam and column assembly
7 structure - CGI bracing
8 structure - ringband link
9 ACCESSIBILITY & security - bamboo locker
III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 53 91
09
KAMALA MIJAR 47 YEARS OLD, FARMER
27°38’44.12’’N 86°07’15.93’’E
GENERAL CONTEXT
Mainapokhari, Kavare VDC
sociological context
Six to seven people
Flat ground 30 & 24 m2
92
Limited electrical power TV No internet
NPR
Water tank 5 min away
Shelter house built by the community and financed by several families
These two rectangular shelters that are now hosting some families waiting for their houses to be built, were called «monsoon houses» before the earthquake. When it was too wet in the former houses, some families used to come and live in these shelters for a while, but when it was sunny, the shelters were empty. Three or four people per room are now living in these shelters composed of a main room and one bedroom each. The kitchen is at the center of the house and is used by several families from the neighborhood. The shelters are made of CGI and bamboo, but one of them is covered with a vegetalized roof that serves as protection from the sun heating.
When it’s sunny the shelters are empty beacause it gets very hot in the inside House in construction
House under construction
First shelter
To Mainapokhari
Second shelter
Bathroom Shelter
To dadagau
Cattle
First shelter
Second shelter
0
5m
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 93
09
0
3m
the house
Storage
Main room
Bedroom
Groundfloor plan of the first shelter
CGI walls
Section of the first shelter
94
ast elevation of the first shelter
CGI cover + vegetation
materials & structure
bamboo Storage
iron wire
wood
Main room
corrugated galvanized iron
tarpaulin
Groundfloor plan of the second shelter
wood planks
East elevation of the second shelter
CGI cover
bamboo column
Section of the second shelter
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 95
09
building practices building morphology
sanitary network - Lack of chimney in the kitchen - Black smoke on the walls - Toilets outside of the shelter - Defective electricity
materials’ use
- Regular form - Light structure
- Vegetated roof protection - Wood exposed to water
2
1 4
5 8
6 9
security
Structural - GI roof cover that is not fixed to the walls - No bracings on the walls - Bamboo tied up to metallic structure with some iron wire
96
7
ground implantation - Distance from the slope - Gutter for the monsoon
- No fire protection - Storage in front of the exits - Risk of stones falling from the cover
1 STRUCTURAL - UNFIXED ROOF
2 MATERIALS’ USE - VEGETATED ROOF PROTECTION
3 IMPLANTATION - DISTANCE FROM THE SLOPE
4 SANITARY NETWORK-DEFECTIVE ELECTRICITY
5 structurAL -BAMBOO AND METAL ASSEMBLY
6 SANITARY NETWORK - sMOKE IN THE KITCHEN
7 implantation - gutter for the monsoOn
8 sanitary netWORK - no chimney in the kitchen
9 Materials’ use - wood exposed to water
III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 59 97
10
BISHNU MAYA KHADKA 46 YEARS OLD, FARMER
27°38’42.17’’N 86°07’34.6’’E
GENERAL CONTEXT
Mainapokhari, Kavare VDC
Flat ground
sociological context 10 people
30 m2 Single storey house
Limited electricity power NPR
Water tank 5 min away
98
The house was built by Save the Children NGO
This house is a new house, that was just completed a few months ago. It was entirely made by Save the Children, except for the roofing. The former house was totally destroyed after the earthquake and they were next to their house when it happened. That’s why they decided to build the new house at the exact same place. They have been living for a while in a shelter built next to the house, and are actually using it for the kitchen because they prefer to have a kitchen outside of the house. They also built another shelter in order to put the cattle and some storage. The family is thinking about the possibility of adding another floor to the house in the future.
We prefer to have the kitchen outside, so we kept the shelter to cook here road To Mainapokhari Cattle
The shelter currently used as a kitchen
The new house
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 99
10
the house Main room
0
3m Groundfloor plan CGI cover
cement ring band stone walls wooden doors
South elevation
100
Bedroom
materials & structure
corrugated galvanized iron
stone blocks
wood
cement
East elevation
The construction is a single storey house made of stone blocks with cement ringbands. The CGI cover is only laid on the walls and not fixed to the structure. Inside, the stone walls are covered with mud mortar.
iron wire
West elevation
III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses 63 DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 101
10
building practices sanitary network - Horizontal chimney for ventilation
security
9
1
- Window closing system that allows evacuation on some windows - Steel window railings on others
6 5
4 2
Structural - Continuous cement ring bands - Cement ring band inside - oofing laid on the walls, not fixed - Corner harped walls
102
building morphology - Regular form - Few openings
ground implantation - Surelevation for the monsoon - No containing wall on the backside of the house
1 STRUCTURE - CGI NOT FIXED TO THE STRUCTURE 2 GROUND IMPLANTATION - RAISED SLAB
3 STRUCTURE - COrner harped walls
4 sanitary network - horizontal chimney
5 GROUND IMPLANTATION - No retaining wall
6 STRUCTURE - interior ring band
7 SECURITY - CLOSING WINDOW SYSTEM
8 SECURITY - WINDOW RAILINGS
9 STRUCTURE - ROOFING LAID ON THE WALLS
III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses 65 DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 103
dadagao Facilities
Materials
Bus stop
Sawmill
«Hospital» or «Polyclinic»
Cinder blocks shop
Public school Private school Temple Shop
Water supply Spring or fountain Open-air drain trench
Stones seller Ironware seller Carpenter Cement, gravel seller Ironmongery Bamboo
Water tank
Natural risks Active rockfall and landslide Potential instable area Instable area before the 2015 eathquake
104
Other information Hamlet Biogas Deserted public facilities
Dha
Dan Bahedurkale
Laxmi Dunghel Dhak Prashad Kuikel Sauri Kan Dhungel Ghadka Bahaduri Giri
ana Pati Dhungel
Sanga Prajad Dhungel
Khadka Bahaduri Giri Evalal Giri
Dadhiram Ghimine Bhagawoti Tiwari Nirmala Bir Bhadhur Mijar Shandra Bahadur Karki
200
Ram Sharan Nepali
0
200
400
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 105
11
CHANDRA BAHADUR KARKI and 4 brothers 64 year old, FARMER
27°38’24.4’’N 86°06’28.55’’E
GENERAL CONTEXT
sociological context NPR
Dadagau, Namdu VDC
Light slope
Limited electrical power
Five brothers and their families were living in this big house. After the earthquake, three of them moved to Kathmandu. The latter two stayed here, in shelters they built themselves where they are still living today. They are planning to demolish the house and rebuild two small ones instead, on the same footprint with the NRA installment payment.
106
Old source interrupted 2 years ago. new free source
5 brothers and their families
230m2
Received a 60,000 NPR installment for shelter
One of the brother s ex-wife had to sell her cow to finance the construction of her shelter. As she and her husband are just separated and not divorced, her husband owns all of the lands. So only him can be registered in the NRA list for installment payment. Without the help from the NRA or her ex-husband, she is afraid of not having enough money to build a new house.
I want to demolish the house and BUILD 2 new houses, smaller than this one The shelter where the ex-wife lives today
Hay stock
Cow shelter
The old house
Wood and corn stock
Vegetable garden
Goat shelter
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 107
11
the house
materials & structure
stone tiles
wood
stone blocks
Groundfloor plan
70 108
North Elevation
West Elevation
South Elevation
0
5m
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 109
11
the house
irst floor plan
East elevation
72 110
Roof section detail
0
5m
Detail of the bearing wall
1 2 3 1
Stones
2
Wood
3
Floor
Second floor plan
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 111
11
building practices
FRAMEWORK elements - Framework without truss beam - Structure of the loggia partially collapsed - Crack on the supporting wall at the meeting points with the framework
Structural - Discontinuous wooden posts - Discontinuous banding - Non-banded angle
building morphology
materials
- Asymmetric plan - Height difference between the house and the barn
ground implantation - Elevation of the doors
112
- Poor quality of masonry joints - The weight of the frame
safety - Railing destroyed - House not cleared
WATER AND SANITary NETWORK - No running water - No electricity - No sanitation
1 STRUCTURE - damaged angle
2 framework without truss beam
3 Building morphology - height difference
4 STRUCTURE- angle is not banded
5 framework - crack on the wall
6 MATERIALS - stone tiles
7 Ground implantation - elevation of the door
8 loggia frame partially damaged
9 safety - smoke stains on wall
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 113
12
GAURI KANT DHUNGEL Former militarian
27°38’24.87’’N 86°06’29.15’’E
GENERAL CONTEXT
sociological context NPR
Dadagau, Namdu VDC
Light slope
The house has electricity equipment
Gauri KanT Dhungel is a former militarian and he receives a pension from the governement. He lives in Dadagau with his two wives and two sons. They were living in a three storey house built 25 years ago but after the earthquake, they moved in a small shelter 100 meters down from the house.
114
Old source interrupted 2 years ago, new free source brings water from the neighbour.
The owner, his wife and his ex-wife live in the house.
Two storey house
He isn’t registered on the NRA list.
As this one remains too small, Gauri Kant Dhungel decided four months ago to return back to his house with his younger wife so his two sons can have more space to live in the shelter. He doesn’t trust so much in the structure of this house but hopes in case a new earthquake strikes, his sons will save him.
we moved IN a small shelter 100 meters down the house Neighbors’ house Stone stiles
Path
Stable (Goats)
Storage
Garden
Vegetable garden
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 115
12
N
the house
0
Bedroom
Bedroom
Secon floor plan
irst floor plan
Living room
Groundfloor plan
116
Main facade
5m
West elevation
East elevation
North elevation
Cross section
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 117
12
building practices FRAMEWORK elements - Framework without truss beam - Structure of the loggia partially collapsed - Crack on the supporting wall at the meeting points with the framework
Structural - Filling walls made of stone and mud - ringbeam in wood - any cracks in the first underground - The columns in the facade are also discontinuted - The beams rest on the windows
8
9 Sanitary network
ground implantation
6 4
- Toilets are outside the house - Drinking water is not accessible
2
1
- The house is a set on a slightly raised slope
7 safety - The gutter is going to fall
118
building morphology materials - The columns are in wood - Sustaining wall is made of stone - The roof is in stones stiles
- Disproportional height/width link between the house and the stable - The ground level is flexible by the main facade side
1 crack on the west FACADE
2 CrackS on the wall, near the door
3 detail of framework -assembly of wood
4 INTERRUPTED COLUMN
5 beam on the middle of the window
6
7 RAISED FLOOR
8 FRAMEWORK without truss beam
9 Little cracks on the main facade
loose GUTTER
III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses 81 DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 119
13
Ganga Prajad Dhungel 50 YEARS OLD, FARMER
27’’38’24.87’’ n, 86’’06’29.15’’ E
GENERAL CONTEXT Dadagau, Namdu VDC
Land locked house
Limited power
Old source interrupted 2 years ago. New free source. 1 sceptic tank
120
sociological context Parents and two children
Currently 27 m2 Initially 54m²
NPR
House Cost : 50,000 NPR The family received a 25,000 NPR installment fund from the NRA and 18,000 NPR from Save The Children NGO
The Dhungel family is composed of six members. Ganga and his wife live with their two sons in Dadagau. Their two daughters had married already before the earthquake and live with their husbands in others houses. While the Dhungel’s house is still standing after the earthquake, one and a half year ago, they decided to get financial help to build shelters to live in. Because they are afraid that the house can be destroyed by a new earthquake. Since then, they have a vegetable garden, water source and cattle on their land. They are self-efficient. Hygiene is an important aspect of their lives, they did everything to protect the toilet block from being destroyed. That is why they demolished the upper floor of their house to avoid that it falls on the toilet block. Since 3 month ago, they started to use the house again but only as a kitchen. They are planning to demolish the house and build a new two-storey house on the same footprint.
we were afraid that the second FLOOR of the house could fall on the toilets. So we demolished it
Cow shelter
The old house, where the kitchen is still used
Wood and bamboo stock
The shelter they live in today
Vegetable garden
Toilets with sceptic tank on the side The greenhouse
Vegetable garden
Water supply for the community
Hay stock Goat shelter
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 121
13
the house
AA’
materials & structure corrugated galvanized iron
wood
stone blocks Groundfloor plan
South elevation
122
Detail of the link between the wall and the truss/roof
0
5m
Cross section AA’
West elevation
East elevation
North elevation
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 123
13
building practices safety - The connection between the framework of the wooden passageway and the wall is dangerous. Weak connection. - Existing ladder
materials - Cracked wall - Weakness of masonry and joints - Weakness of the pieces of wood
SANITAry NETWORK - Sanitation facilities and sceptic tank - Electricity
7
1 6 2
8
9
Structural - Damaged floor - Post placed on the ground, non-recessed - Discontinuous banding - Damaged post foot - Post placed on a rock, without connection - The wood connection is fragile - Cracked wall - Weak roof/wall connection - Precarious and dangerous roofing
124
ground implantation building morphology - Few openings - Symetric plan
- Low retaining wall - Non-elevated house
1 FIRST FLOOR destroyed and reduced
2 CrackS on the wall
3 SITUATION - retaining wall
4 non recessed post
5 wood,stone,plastic cover on the roof
6 SAFETY- ladder
7 wood connection beam / column
8 wood connection roof / wall
9 toilets and sceptic tank
III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses 8787 DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 125
14
CHANDRA BAHADUR GIRI and his family Arround 40 year old, FARMER
27°38’26.67»N 86°06’38.93»E
GENERAL CONTEXT
sociological context NPR
Dadagau, Namdu VDC
Strong slope
Weak electrical power
Source is on site
126
Parents, three children, and the grandmother
48 m2
NRA allocation fund: pending 10 000 Rs for emergency help and 27 000 Rs from the government 13 000 Rs from Save the Children for the CGi
The chandra bahadur family is composed of six members. With their children, chandra and his wife now live with the grandmother. Since the earthquake the house is unsafe. So they decided to live in a shelter nearby. They kept their vegetable garden and cattle. The shelter is equiped of eletrical power, hence, they are self-sufficient. They demolished the house a few days after our visit. And they plan to rebuild on the same footprints.
we will demolish this house tomorrow, we want to build a new one Wood and corn stock Toilets
The grandmother’s house Cow shelter
The shelter they live in today
The old house, where the kitchen is still used Electricity supply
Goat shelter
Water supply for the family
Vegetable garden
Fountain out of service
Hay stock
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 127
14
the house
0
5m
materials & structure
Stone stiles Wooden connection’s detail Secondfloor plan
wood
stone blocks
Groundfloor plan
128
East elevation
Framework detail
South elevation
West elevation
North elevation
III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses 91 DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 129
14
building practices
sanitary network materials’ use - Joints and masonry damaged - weight of the frame - Ventilation system by horizontal replace
- No running water - Electricity current - No sanitation - Dark smoke in the kitchen area
FRAMEWORK elements - Weak band - No connection between Framework and walls - The lean-to roof is destroyed - Roof partially destroyed - Framework without tie beam
5
6 safeTY
2
4
3
- No railings - The house is not cleared - Ladder access is not safe
7 Structural - Cracks - Non continuous posts - Internal crack on the loadbearing wall - Wooden joints poorly designed - Cracks around the windows
130
building morphology ground implantation - The ground on which the house is built is raised
- Asymmetric plan - Differences in heights
1 crack on the wall
2 Wood assembly wall / roof
3 ladderA
4 cracks close the windows
5 Carpentry without truss beam
6 system of ventilation
7 weak WOODEN BAND
8 no connection in the wall
9 system of ventilation
III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses 9393 DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 131
15
mayanath tiwazi 52 YEARS OLD, Mason
27’’38’25.87’’ n, 86°06’28.53’’ E
GENERAL CONTEXT Dadagau, Namdu VDC
Flat soil
Good electrical power in the house
Water tank in the frontyard
132
sociological context Seven family members
90 m2 two storey house
NPR
House cost: 500 000 NRP
2 cows and goats
This house was built a few months after the earthquake. Since he is a mason, the owner built it himself. He is actually one of the few masons that followed a «Save the Children» workshop to learn the new building practices by following the anti-seismic guidelines. The two families (the son, his wife and child) share the same house, but have two separate kitchens in the groundfloor. Mayanath is planning to build a new house for his son replacing the cattle shelter in that same land that actually belongs to him. They’re hoping for help from the government since they didn’t get any right after the earthquake.
I’M A MASON AND I FOLLOWED THE «SAVE THE CHILDREN» WORKSHOP TO LEARN HOW TO BUILD BACK BETTER The main house
Field
Water tank Stones tile stock
Strawbales
Cattle Mud frontyard Henhouse Toilet
Road to field
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 133
15
Main facade
134
the house
0
3m
Assembly detail
Bedroom
Bedroom
Room
0
Temple
5m
Bedroom
Storage Storage
East elevation Second floor plan
materials & structure
Kitchen
Kitchen
iron wire Storage
irst floor plan
wood
stone blocks
corrugated galvanized iron
The house structure is made of a heavy ground level made of stone blocks and mud mortar on the one hand and a light structure on the upper floor made of wood columns. The main facade is considered to be the noble one which is why it’s made of wood planks, and the back facade is covered with CGI. The inside separation in the first floor makes it possible for the family to have four different bedrooms and a small temple within a common space for the two families. A special treatment is given to some of the assemblies, such as the anti-cyclonic cable linking the roof to the ground floor.
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 135
15
building practices
sanitary network - Non ventilated kitchens - The bottom of the walls are not protected from humidity
materials’ use - Non treated wood - CGI held by an iron wire to the structure
2
Structural - Heavy groundfloor and light upper structure - The wooden posts are aligned - Wooden ringband at top of the wall - Well made wooden assemblies
8
6
7 security
3
9
4
- Staircase facing the wall - Window frame within the width of the wall - Newspaper covering the inside walls
5 1 Transversal section
building morphology - The groundfloor is raised from the groundlevel - Rectangular shape
136
0
ground implantation - Oriented to the west
3m
1 Non aligned wooden posts
2 ridding assembly
3 liaison balcony different level
4 Stone harpage in the corner
5 Humidity at the bottom of the wall
6 tallow on kitchen roof
7 wood connection with iron wire
8 Newspaper paper on walls
9 DIFFICULT ACCESS - STAIRCASE FACING THE WALL
III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses 99 DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 137
16
dhan ena pati dhuengel 63 YEARS OLD, FARMER
27’’38’25.87’’ n, 86°06’28.53’’ E
GENERAL CONTEXT
sociological context
Dadagau, Namdu VDC
Himself, five daughters and one adopted son
The land is flat
Electrical power in the house
Water fountain on site
138
93 m2 Two storey house NPR
300 000 NRP installment from the gouverment
3 goats
Dhan Ena is a former teacher that used to walk to his school every day for one hour. Today he is retired and works as a farmer. This is a two houses complex that are linked to each other by forming an L shaped volume. It was built 30 years ago without the intervention of a mason nor an engineer, and at the time it cost the owner 50 000 NRP. The bearing walls are made of stone blocks and mud mortar. The two houses have different floor levels, which is why there is a wooden balcony linking the different levels of both the houses. After the earthquake, the kitchen has become the only useful space in the house, as they’ve be fearing to not only live in it but to enter inside. So they’ve been living in shelters ever since April 2015. As no reinforcement will be made in the house, Dhan Ena is planning on building a new one once he’s demolished (50 000 NRP demolition cost) the old one, and all that within five months. .
we haven’t touched ground in this house ever since the earthquake, and living conditions in shelters are diffuclt Two houses linked by the roof and the first floor s baclony Neighbour’s house
Low wall of drainage
Cattle
Vegetable field
TO mainapokari path The shelter complex they live in today
Toilet
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 139
16
the house
Main facade - North
140
0
3m
0
5m
Storage
materials & structure
Kitchen
Storage
stone blocks First underground plan
Stones tiles
Cement sole
Separative joint
North elevation
brick
corrugated galvanized iron
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 141
16
building practices
sanitary network - Toilet in a shelter outside - Water fountain outside
Structural - Many cracks in the stone walls near windows and doors - Wooden structure in balcony not superposed
- Fake cement bricks in facade on the stone wall- decorative function
6
8
9
building morphology - L shaped plan - Seismic joint separating the L shape
3 4
ground implantation - The house is implemented on a flat soil
142
materials’ use
5
7
2
1
security - Bars on the main door blocking the entrance
1 wooden posts not superposed
2 liaison beam and balcony
3 liaison balcony on different levels
4 bad aeration from the kitchen
5 Absence of connection gable / roof
6 not connection wall / purlin
7 tallow on the Ceiling
8 Brace’s crack
9 uneasy access to the storage
III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 105 143
17
Bhagawoti Tiwazi 40 YEARS OLD, housewife and FARMER
27’’38’24.87’’ n, 86’’06’29.15’’ E
GENERAL CONTEXT
Dadagau, Namdu VDC
House is set on a sharp slope
New house implantation
Good electrical power
Water tank is less than 100m away
144
sociological context
7 family members used live in the house
80 m2
NPR
House Cost (shelter) : 15 000 NPR
Goats
Bhagawoti Tiwari lives with her five children and her husband. After the earthquake the attic fell down and the entire was got highly damaged. After living in emergency tents and small shelter, they decided to build an extension shelter on top of a part of the stone wall of the old house. oday they are preparing the soil with new and old materials to build a new house made of stone blocks and a light structure above. The stone old house is used a storage and a kitchen. They are currently waiting for the government grant to proceed with the construction. They are planning on having four rooms in the new house while the kitchen would be outside.
We were afraid the house’s second fLoor would fall on the toilets, so we deconstructed it Neighbourhood’s cattle
Neighbourhood’shelter Old House New House
Stock stone
Old water fountain
egetable field
Cattle Straw Water tank
Old water fountain
Straw stock WC Tiwari’s house
Cattle Drainage wall in 70-80s
+4.60 +1.60 +0.00 -1.60
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 145
17
the house
0
5m
Kitchen
Main facade - South
Groundfloor plan
Bedroom
A
A’ Bedroom
Elevation - West
146
irst floor plan
materials & structure
stone blocks
wood
stone tiles
corrugated galvanized iron
mud plaster
Old house height
The main structure is stone blocks and cement mortar. They built an extension shelter on top of the stone wall. The structure of the shelter is made of wood, as for the cladding they used wooden planks, and CGI for the roof covering.
CGI sheet
Stone tiles
Wood plank
Stone blocks + Mud plaster
Stone blocks + mud mortar and coating Field
Old balcony destroyed
III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 109 147
17
building practices
sanitary network
Structural - Filling walls made of stone blocks with thick joint mud mortar - No ringbeam - The second ground is collapsed - The columns are not superposed - The stone tiles roof is too heavy
- Toilet is outside the house - Drinking water is accessible - House is close to the water tank
3 8
9
1
materials’ use 7
2
- Stone and mud plaster - In the old house, sustaining wall is made of stone - The wood used for the shelter is untreated
building morphology - The house is not an L shaped plan
6 4
ground implantation
5
- The house is glued to the slope - There is no retaining wall holding the slope
0
148
5m
Section A-A’
security - Window blocking the exit in case of earthquake - The newspaper covering the inside walls fire risk - Unprotected wood planks could let water infiltration
1 No retaining wall
2 No drainage
3 CGI ROOF cover
4 Post and beam Assembly
5 no ventilation in the kitchen
6 newspaper on the inside walls
7 barred windows: difFICULLT EXIT
8 heavy stole tiles roof
9 unprotected wood planks
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 149
17
ram sharan nepali 28 year old, farmer and shop owner
27’’63’98.06’’ n, 86’’10’96.11’’ E
GENERAL CONTEXT
sociological context
Dadagau, Namdu VDC
10 family members used live in the house
Building is set on a strong slope
Weak almost no electricity power
Water tank is less than 5min away
150
40 m2 Three storey house
NPR
Shelter Cost : 30 000 NPR
They have cows and they cultivate rice
This is a complex of two houses. Ram owns one of the houses that was built only three years ago. These traditional stone houses got both damaged after the earthquake. The family of 11 persons has been living in shelters in the same property for about one and a half year. They are waiting for the government’s grant to demolish the old house and build a new one by following the guidelines given by the NRA. By the beginning of december, he’s planning to build a new house made of stone and cement mortar composed of two rooms. He will place the kitchen outside as he fears the heavy smoke and fire with an indoor kitchen.
we would like to keep having a balcony in our new house, it’s quite a nice place to be in
The houses they used to live in before the earthquake
Place where they sort the rice
Old ruined house Stable Straw storage
The shelter complex they live in today
Vegetable garden Stable
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 151
17
the house Storage
Second floor plan
Bedroom
West elevation
irst floor plan
Kitchen Stable
North elevation
0
152
5m
Groundfloor plan
materials & structure
stone blocks
wood
corrugated galvanized iron
This is a traditional house of the area. the structure is made of stones and mud mortar. The terrasse is made of wood. The old stone tiles roof have been replaced with CGI sheets.
CGI roof Wood carpentry
Wood columns Wood structure floor and mud flooring
Stone and mud mortar bearing walls
South elevation
0
3m
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 153
17
materials’ use
building practices
- Partitions walls made of bamboo
3
Structural - Wooden floor structure - Bearing walls made of stone and mud mortar - No ringbeam - Many cracks in the corner of windows - The wood columns are aligned
ground implantation - The house is glued to the slope
sanitary network 5
- Kitchen is inside the house
4 2 7
security - They have a simple system of windows
East elevation
154
0
3m
1 STRUCTURE - wooden assemblies
2 structure -decentered wood assembly
3 structure - collapsed gable end
4 STRUCTURE - aligned columns
5 structure - no ringband
6 MATERIALS - Bamboo partition wall
7 Ground implantation
8 security - window system
9 sanitary - kitchen inside
III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 117 155
18
Chandika 36 YEARS OLD, housewife and FARMER
27’’38’24.87’’ n, 86’’06’29.15’’ E
GENERAL CONTEXT Dadagau, Namdu VDC
Building is set on a sharp slope
156
sociological context
8 family members used live in the house
250 m2 Four storey house
Good current, the house is built next to an electricity pylon
House Cost : 6 000 000 NPR
Water tank is less than 100m away
S’ils ont des animaux ou pas
NPR
This house is one of the few RCC houses we had the opportunity to see in the area. Chandika lives within an eight member family, with her husband, children, step-children and extended uncles and aunts. Her husband built this RCC house only two years before the April 2015 earthquake. Having the building facing the main road, they turned the ground floor into rentable shops. After the earthquake, only the first underground level was highly damaged: cross shaped cracks appeared on the shearing walls, some are made of brick, others of stone and some of cement blocks. The rest of the floors could be considered in good condition as no earthquake damage show. The family decided to move out of the house and live in temporary shelters they built in a close land they inherited from their grandmother.
We were afraid the house’s second fLoor would fall on the toilets, so we deconstructed it To Mainapokhari The old tree of wishes
The shelter complex they live in today
Grocery shop Temple
Electricity pylon
Old water fountain
Cattle
TO CHARIKOT
Bus stop
The RCC house leaning on the sustaining wall
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 157
18
the house
Backstore
Shop
Backstore
Shop
Groundfloor plan
Main facade - North
158
0
3m
Bedroom
Bedroom
Storage
Storage
First underground plan
cement block
brick
cement
Detail showing the link between sustaining wall and the house
reinforced cement concrete
stone blocks
The specificity of this house is that it is made of many different materials within its structure. The main frame is an RCC structure. Some of the filling walls are made of brick, some of cement blocks and others of stone with cement mortar.
Kitchen
Backstore
Shop
Bedroom
Storage
Bedroom
Bedroom
Storage
0
5m
ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 159
18
sanitary network
building practices
- Toilet is inside the house - Drinking water is accessible
materials’ use
2
- The concrete slab is 10cm thick - The concrete columns are lacking stirrups - Sustaining wall is made of stone
Structural - Filling walls made of brick and breeze blocks with thick joint mortar - No ringbeam - any cracks in the first underground - The concrete columns are bursting in the corners because of the beam leaning on the column - The cantilevers’ beams are interrupted - The decorative columns in the facade are also discontinuted
8
1 building morphology - Disproportional height/ width link - The ground level is flexible by the main facade side
160
security
5 3
9
- Bars on the main door that block the entrance
6 4
7 ground implantation - The house is embedded on one side (north) and laying on the other side (south) - The link between the house and the sustaining wall is weak
1 STRUCTURE - poteau poutre
2 structure- toiture terrasse
3 Building morphology - f lling walls
4 STRUCTURE-poteau court
5 structure -pas de chaînage
6 MATERIALS - variety f lling blocks
7 Ground implantation
8 FRAMEWORK - few steel reinforcement
9 ground implantation
III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 123 161
162
III equipments
iii EQUIPMENTS 163
48
NAMDU public SCHOOL shelter school built by save the children
27’’37’58.42’’ n, 86’’06’08.27’’ E
GENERAL CONTEXT
sociological context
Dadagau, Namdu VDC
500 students totaly
Buildings are set on a sharp slope
Good current, solar panels
Two water tanks located on the restroom roof and two sceptic tanks Source 4km away
164
59 m2 One storey house NPR
Stone buildings: 3 000 $ RCC building: 22 0000 $
Complex of several buildings, 7 of them have been built by Save The Children NGO and UNHCR, 2 by the government (temporary learning center and resources center for teachers). The bamboo shelter we studied has been built in february 2016 by a carpenter/mason called Pasumati Ghimire. He has been trained by Save The Children and followed the plans the NGO gave him. Nepaleese engineers came every 2 o 3 days to check the worksite. He was paid 100 NPR/day. Now, he knows that RCC is required on the soil, he also learned how to fix ring bands on the lintel, the roof and soil, and to implement footings to the foundations. Because of the emergency, they didn’t let the bamboo dry. So the structure holds on but is uite flexible.
The framework is too soft but it is nice because the children may hang from it Built 9 years before the earthquake by the government Cost: 3 000 $
Bamboo shelter built by Save The Children
Stone, concrete, steel framework, plexiglass CGI
Water tanks Restroom complex Solar panels
Temple
RCC beam-column Classrooms and Principal office built years before the earthquake, firstfloor modified with CGI Cost: 22 000 $
Wood, CGI Wood and iron sheet toilets
Main courtyard
Stone, mud mortar, slate tiles
Stone, mud mortar, slate tiles
TO MAINA POKHARI
Stone, mud mortar, CGI for the roofs
TO CHARIKOT
Stone, mud mortar, CGI
iii EQUIPMENTS 165
48
the house
Main facade - North
West facade
166
0
0
3m
5m
Groundfloor plan
0
5m
Wood Bamboo
Concrete Detail showing the link between sustaining wall and the house
iaison between bamboo structure and filling
Bamboo carpentry wireframe joining
materials & structure
corrugated galvanized iron
Bamboo framework, week wireframe joining
Blocked evacuation
bamboo
wood
Winter was coming when they were building the shelter, this is the reason why the joinings were made quickly and are not strong enough today.
III. diagnosis and building practices of the surveyed houses 1675 iii EQUIPMENTS
5
MAinapokhari private primary school 27’’64’85.73’’ n, 86’’13’40.9’ E
GENERAL CONTEXT Mainapokhari, Kabre VDC
light slope
sociological context 180 students
350 m² 2 storey building
NPR
Unknown
Water pipe close to the old building linked to a water tank few meters down
168
School Cost : Unknown
No cattle
The Primary school is located at 5 minutes walk from the city centre of Mainapokhari. It is a private school that houses approximately 180 students. The building was very damaged by the earthquake of 2015. It is abandoned today and the access is forbidden to the students. Earlier this year, a Canadian association constructed toilets block and five buildings for classrooms. The last one was unfinished because they didn t have more money. They are one storey buildings made of sandbag with mud mortar, concrete beams and bamboo frame. Each building is composed of 2 classrooms. Despite the fact that these buildings are new, they are already a little bit damaged.
I have to walk 30 minutes every morning to go to school
Water pipe
The old school destroyed by the earthquake
New toilets
New classrooms made with sandbags Neighbours houses
TO Mainapokhari iii EQUIPMENTS 169
5
the school
5m
A
C
b
0
b
C Ground floor
A
C A
b
b
C irst floor
170
A
West Elevation
North Elevation
III. diagnosis and building practices of the surveyed houses 1715 iii EQUIPMENTS
5
the school
materials
reinforced cement concrete
brick
iron rebars
stone blocks
Structural detail of the East elevation
172
cement
Toilets
wood
Earth mortar
South elevation
North elevation
0
5m
Cross section B
0
5m
Cross section C
LEGEND 1- Stones + Cement and earth mortar 2- Bricks + Cement mortar 3- Reinforced cement concrete 4- Wood 5- Metal
Cross section A
iii EQUIPMENTS 173
5
building practices
Structural - No window lighter - Ringbeam no continous - Bad connection slab/stone wall - Iron rebars with weak embedding - Railing dug in the slab - Discontinous columns - Stairs not independant from the structure - No expansion gap - wall collapsed in the ground floor
sanitary network - New toilets - Drinking water is accessible - No vertically draining
- ost of the walls collapsed on the first floor - Roof totally collapsed - Windows too close from the beam - Doors directly connected to the column - No beams on the upper floor - Brick walls not connected to the columns - Structure not sheared
3
1
2
8
7
6
5
4
9 building morphology - Unregular structure - Building too long
174
safety - Dangerous stairs accessibility in case of emergency - The passageway is not wide enough for escape in case of emergency - Just one door per classroom
materials’ use
ground implantation
- Bad concrete quality - Slab deformed when casting it. - Stone wall too wide - Bad cement mortar not well linked with the bricks
- No sustaining wall - Building implanted at the perpendicular of the two slopes. - The building is embedded on its north side and laying on the south side - Subsidence near the toilets
1 STRUCTURE - connection column/frame
2 structure - connection column/brick
3 material - concrete quality
4 STRUCTURE-connection slab/railing
5 safety- Stairs accessibility
6 structure- connection walls/slab
7 structure - Ringbeam no continous
8 structure - space between beam and lintel
9 ground implantation
III. diagnosis and building practices of the surveyed houses 1759 iii EQUIPMENTS
iv Pathologies dictionnary
IV. Pathologies dictionnary 177
A.1. Different ground quality
A.2. Distance from the slope
A.3. cantilever / settlement according to topography
178
A.4. no extra height against monsoon
A.5. No drainage / soil humidity
A.6. No sustainable wall
IV. Pathologies dictionnary 179
b.1. Slended
b.2. “l” shaped
b.3. asymmetric facade
180
c.1. wall and framework link (add of small elements)
c.2. columns and beam link
c.3. no diaphragme link
IV. Pathologies dictionnary 181
c.4. crampless column on the ground
c.5. no horizontal bond
c.6. bond discontinued
182
c.7. no vertical bonds
c.8. bad Fitting of stones
c.9. covering: concrete slab
IV. Pathologies dictionnary 183
c.10. covering weight: heavy roof
c.11. covering weight: heavy Floor
c.12. load management / discontinued columns
184
c.13. no triangulation principe / no truss beam
D.1. bad cements mix
D.2. bad quality of concrete (aggregate granulometry)
IV. Pathologies dictionnary 185
D.3. no wall tie
D.4. no stirrup in iron framework
D.5. thickness of brick points
186
D.6. bad bricklaying implementation
E.1. no wood treatment / wood damaging due to parasites attack (termite)
E.2. mould on the walls
IV. Pathologies dictionnary 187
E.3. poor ventilation system or nonexistent
F.1. narrow landind space / ladders instead oF staircases
F.2. no railing
188
F.3. unprotected electricity system
F.4. bar on windows
F.5. Fire risk due to newspapers used as wallpaper
IV. Pathologies dictionnary 189
190
V materials & construction costs
V. MATERIALS and construction costs 191
wood caracteristics
Thulo Patal environmental footprint
NRP 42 800NRP/M3 skilled man
STRUCTURE/ CLADDING 192
wood saw machine
wood material use
payun for structure Light structure Flexibility Good seismic resistance Local material It could be treated with smoke It could be recycled
NRP
The wood needs to be strong and treated. Saal wood cannot be found in Mainapokhari The local wood in Mainapokhari is pine. It’s not apropriate for exterior and for load bearing structure. It is not fire proof It requires experienced carpenters
NRP
NRP
material: 42 800 NRP/m3 workforce: 1000 NRP/day
Arupate FOR Doors and windows Strong frames Optimization of wood with lower resistance pannels Good seismic resistance Local material It could be treated with smoke
The wood needs to be treated. It’s not apropriate for exterior It is not fire proof It requires experienced carpenters
Frame: 48 NPR/ml Pannel: 4500 NPR (plywood), 5000 (all wood) Handle 35-50 NPR / unit Lock 150 NPR / unit
Pine for cladding,furniture and stairs Clean façade Local material It could be treated with smoke
The wood needs to be treated. It’s not apropriate for exterior It is not fireproof It requires a thermic insulation
Pannel : 400 NPR/unit (dimensions: 0.25*2*0.019) Plywood 6mm : 300 NPR/m2 Plywood 10 mm : 410 NPR/m2 Plywood 19 mm : 750 NPR/m2
V. MATERIALS and construction costs 193
RCC caracteristics
Kathmandu / environmental Delhicolan (sand) footprint
NRP skilled man
STRUCTURE 194
Mixer
RCC material use & composition
NRPNRP NRP
Cement OPC: 18.2 NPR/kg
Cement
X1
SAND
X2
900 NPR /m3
GRAVEL
X3
15-25mm: 140 NPR/ m3
Cement PPC: 16 NPR/kg
Good seismic resistance Modular People feel secure inside Fire proof Easy to increase number of storey Clean and easy to maintain
NRP
REBAR SKILLED LABOUR
12mm / 16mm : 75NPR/kg
Heavy Not a local product It requires experimented masons Can be dangerous if bad execution Expensive
1000 NPR/day
V. MATERIALS and construction costs 195
stone caracteristics
mAinapokhari environmental footprint
NRP 800NRP/M3
MASON
STRUCTURE/ masonry Containing wall / tools Filling wall
196
stone material use
can be associated to
Containing wall / Filling wall
Containing wall / LOAD BEARING WALL
Containing wall / LOAD BEARING WALL
NRP
NRP Local material Thermic efficiency Can be recycled
- Heavy - Must be associated with wood or RCC banding to be seismic resistant - People dont feel secure in this kind of building - Requires trained mason and technical assistance to be seismic resistant
red stone black stone transport work force
800 NRP/m3 800 NRP/m3 2000 NRP/5m3 800 NRP/DAY
V. MATERIALS and construction costs 197
bricks caracteristics
Kathmandu, environmental Baktapur, Terai footprint
NRP
198
21 NRP/u
MASON
Filling wall
masonry tools
bricks material use & composition
BRICKS
RCC STRUCTURE
+
+ NRP Cheap and dont need an experienced mason Could be recycled
CEMENT MORTAR
NRP
NRP Not a local material Important transport cost. Must be associated with wood or RCC structure Requires trained mason and technical assistance to be seismic resistant Banding required
dimension
21NRP/U
11x22x5 cm
10.5x21x5cm
transportER work force
600NRP/day 800 NRP/day
V. MATERIALS and construction costs 199
cement blocks caracteristics
environmental footprint
NRP Local production Good seismic resistance Modular / People feel secure inside Fire proof/ Cheap
NRP
65 TO 55NRP/u
MAINAPOKHARI
No special blocs for corners Weak as shear wall No thermic efficiency It may crumble easily Considerable material losses
Filling wall 200
BAMBOO CARACTERISTICS
environmental footprint
NRP 200 NRP/u
Local Good seismic resistance Cheap
namdu
NRP Not fireproof. Needs to be treated Hard to cut. Requires trained carpenter
structure / FIlling walls V. MATERIALS and construction costs 201
cgi caracteristics
environmental footprint
NRP Distributed by NGO in post-catastrophe Cheap /We can use it to make a shelter /Flexible Can be recycled
NRP Not environmental friendly Bad thermic efficiency Noisy when it rains Need phonic insulation Fragile. Can be taken by the wind
202
100 TO 130 NRP/U
KATHMANDU
ROOFING / FILLINGWALLS
steel CARACTERISTICS
environmental footprint
NRP PLATE STEEL: 120 NRP/ML SQUARE TUBE : 433 NRP/ML GALVANISED CABLE 100 NRP/KG
KATMANDU / BANEPA
Resistant Can be used for retrofitting
NRP No local production Can be corrosive It need special machinery and good welding
WINDOWS / FRAMES V. MATERIALS and construction costs 203
WATER, ELECTRICTY & PLUMBING caracteristics
KATMANDU
environmental footprint
204
WATER, ELETRICITY & PLUMBING PRICES
Circuit breakers 350/ 1000 NRP /U Kit switch (5) + Soket (5) 115 NRP /U
Water tanks 10 NRP /L
Earthing wire 350 NRP /U Cable 3 wire 12 NRP /ML Cable 7 wire 29 NRP /ML Wiring box metal 40 NRP /U Wiring box plastic 200 NRP /U
Toilet pan 750 NRP /U
Lamp CFL 250 NRP /U Lamp LED 425 NRP/ U Lamp cover wall 550 NRP /U
Pipe PVC 4’’/10.16 cm 275 NRP/ ML Pipe PVC 2.5’’/6.35 cm 200 NRP/ ML Pipe PVC 1.5’’/3.81 cm 150 NRP/ ML
V. MATERIALS and construction costs 205
materials localisation production & saling points
0
206
200M
400M
hardware store charpenter and wood
steel cement blocs
construction costs households, incomes & gasts
NRP
Skilled labour 13% transportation
HOUSEHOLD INCOME
4%
- Salary: 60 970 NRP/month - Skilled Mason: 1 000 NRP/day - Skilled Carpenter: 1000 NRP/day - Mason: 700 NRP/day - Human material transport: 500-700 NRP/day - Goat price: 10 000 - 6 000 NRP - Mutton price: 15 000 NRP - Chiken: 2 500 NRP - Milet: 600 NRP/kg
EXPENSES - Private school: 1 000 NRP/month - Study in Kathmandu: 500NRP/month - Change electric network: 500 NRP - Basic electricity bill: 80 NRP/month (7NRP/Kw) - TV box: 5000 NRP - TV recharge: 500 NRP/month
Building cost for traditional houses 4.5/7M Stone House Infrastructure (foundation): Earth moving and Excavation: 8400 NRP Stone foundation: 40 300NRP
materials 83%
GROUND FLOOR CONSTRUCTION 265 900 NRP = 2 438,80 USD TOTAL: 48 700NRP
Wooden columns: 22 657NRP Wooden beams: 20 036NRP Wooden joist: 90 343NRP TOTAL: 121 479NRP
TOTAL: 150 515NRP
Windows and doors: 10660NRP TOTAL GROUND FLOOOR (CGI /STONE): 287 405 NRP
=400KG Of MILLET
= 106 CHIcKEN
= 11 years in private school for 2 children
V. MATERIALS and construction costs 207
208
VI APPENDIX: all the surveyed houses
Vi. appendix 209
villages’ map Facilities
Materials
Bus stop
Sawmill
«Hospital» or «Polyclinic»
Cinder blocks shop
Public school Private school Temple Shop
Water supply Spring or fountain Open-air drain trench
Stones seller Ironware seller Carpenter Cement, gravel seller Ironmongery Bamboo
Water tank
Natural risks Active rockfall and landslide Potential instable area Instable area before the 2015 eathquake
210
Other information Hamlet Biogas Deserted public facilities
NAMDU
MAINA POKHARI
DADAGAU
Vi. appendix 211
mainapokhari Facilities
Materials
Bus stop
Sawmill
«Hospital» or «Polyclinic»
Cinder blocks shop
Public school Private school Temple Shop
Water supply Spring or fountain Open-air drain trench
Stones seller
Bishnu Mijar Nabaraj Khadka
Active rockfall and landslide Potential instable area Instable area before the 2015 eathquake
212
Gopal Mijar Dirga Maya Mijar
Carpenter
Old Dirga Maya Mijar
Cement, gravel seller Kaji Mijar
Hari Mijar Lalit Badhur Mijar
Kamala Mijar
Bamboo
Water tank
Natural risks
Nabaraj Khadka
Ironware seller
Ironmongery
Tula Bhadur Sharki
Other information Hamlet Biogas Deserted public facilities
Chrisner
Sudah Mijar
Sarki
Dipak Mijar
Ghimire Ambigha Ghimire Bhimprasad
Tanka Badhar Karki Kanchi Karki Dhal Badhur Khadka
200
0
200
400
Vi. appendix 213
19
HARI MEZARD MAson and chicken farm owner
27’’64’54.04’’ n, 86’’12’12.21’’ E
GENERAL CONTEXT Mainapokhari Kavare VDC, Ward 1
House is set on terraced land
sociological context Four family members
Land: 225 m2 The house: 125 m2. Three storey house
NPR
Good power
Water source less than 5 meters away
214
House Cost : 600 000 NPR
Chickens, pigs
Mr Hari Mezard lives within an 4 member family. He is a mason and owns a chicken farm. His house was built 5 years ago and the construction lasted 3 months. What is special about this house is its outdoor stone staircase, in fact it liberates more indoor space. Hence, that is one of the few houses with a kitchen located in the third floor, while the animal cattle is in the groundfloor. Although, the earthquauke destroyed the two upper floors. Only the groundfloor s walls are still miraculously standing. While they ve abandoned the house, they moved into the chicken s farm temporarly until they got enough money and time to build shelters nextdoor. In the near future they are hoping to build a three storey house with a dinning room and an outdoor kitchen. The structure would be preferably made of RCC and cement blocks.
For our future house, we would like the help of a skilled person with their knowledge and drawings road To Mainapokhari
Stone blocks and mud mortar damaged house
Chicken farm made of bamboo
Room in chicken farm
Stone and mud mortar stairs
Cattle (cow)
Kitchen
The shelter they live in today Cattle
Water source
Cattle (pig)
Toilet
Vi. appendix 215
the house
0
5m
Storage
19
Animals kitchen Animals cattle
Veranda
West elevation
South elevation
216
Groundfloor plan
materials & structure
wood
corrugated galvanized iron
stone blocks
bamboo
The house has a stone and mud mortar foundation. It s a .20m strip foundation. The particularity of the house is that it has an open ground floor for animals. The owner said that there used to be a kitchen to make animal s food. The family kitchen was in the third floor.
2 kinds of assembly between the column and the beam
Perspective from the inside
III. diagnosis and building practices of the surveyed Vi. houses appendix 2179
20
indra BAHADUR MEZARD handicapes, they receive money from the government each month
GENERAL CONTEXT Mainapokhari Kavare VDC, Ward 1
Building is set on a strong slope
Connected to a common network
Connected to a common network water
218
27’’64’51.61’’ n, 86’’12’27.22’’ E
sociological context Eight family members
33 m2 House in construction
NPR
House Cost : 160 000 NPR (until now)
Cows
This house in construction belongs to a family of a couple, their two disabled sons and their thrid son s family. They used to live in two different houses before the earhquake. The land belongs to the father and one of the sons. Their source of income is the gouvernement that gives them a pension of 300 NPR eah month One of the houses totally collapsed and the other one is very damaged. The house that completely collapsed is the one that is being reconstructed with the help and technical assistance of the NGO «Care for the children». The construction started 1 month ago and they are building a house from the NRA catalogue. They received the first installment 0 000 NP . The mason leading the construction followed a 7 days training from the same NGO.
we want to build a strong house where no one would die Extension shelter made of timber and CGI
Cattle
ather s house Remaining ground floor
New NRA RCC house Son s shelter
Vi. appendix 219
20
parents house
the house
materials & structure
wood
stone blocks
corrugated galvanized iron NRA catalogue house Specificities - 60 cm deep ground foundation - 100 cm strip foundation - Ring bands each 60 cm for seismic resistance - Reinforcement in the angles with a rebar structure in the ring bands! - 1 vertical rebar in each angle
220 12
In this land there were two houses : - ather s house It suffered a lot with the earthquake. It was a 3 storey house. Only the ground floor is standing. The family decided to build a first floor in timber structure and CGI.
Animals
Groundfloor plan
- Son s house It was a 3 storey house made in stone and mud mortar. The kitchen was inside. After the earthquake, the house completely collapsed. So they moved to a bamboo and mud mortar shelter near the house. Today, the new house is being built on the old site. This new house will be for the whole family. The kitchen will be outside.
Kitchen
Bedroom
irst floor plan
Bedroom
Detail showing the rebars around the wooden door frame
Detail showing the wooden door frame that will work as a lintel
Reinforcement in the angles with rebars
Vi. houses appendix 221 III. diagnosis and building practices of the surveyed 13
21
public EQUIPMENT 27’’64’72.18’’ n, 86’’12’90.47’’ E Road
GENERAL CONTEXT
sociological context
Mainapokhari Kavare VDC, Ward 1
Unoccupied
building 1 retaining wall
building 2 Building is set on in a flat land next to road
Power on site
Near a water source
222
42 m2
This building has the particularity that it is not a family house. It is an abandoned equipment that belongs to the government. This building was an equipment located on the road that the communists set on fire a few years ago. The different buildings got damaged during the 2015 earthquake. Today the building is abandoned. What s interesting about this building is that the structure is in quite a good shape and could be a candidate for retrofitting. Being close to the main road is an advantage for any investor. In five years this building will also be a candidate for demolition once they decide to enlarge the road. The question we ask ourselves is: will this entity remain unused and abandoned during five years waiting for its disappearance?
Building of the women s cooperative Building 1
Water source
To Mainapokhari
Building 2
Vi. appendix 223
21
the house
materials & structure
wood
stone blocks
stone tiles
Office
At the day of the survey, we coud access to building 1, but not into building 2. The structure of this building is in stone and mud mortar. It has stone pilars. Sometimes, the filling walls have cement marks. The roof truss doesn t have the bottom chord. The structure is very damaged and the stone tiles have fallen. In case of a light movement, the tiles will keep falling.
224 16
Ground floor plan
Office 2
Stone tiles roof partially detroyed Top of gable wall partially collapsed
Building 1
Retaining stone wall Inside: storage of bricks
Dense vegetation invaded surrounding areas of building
wooden lintel Stone pilars
Vi. houses appendix 225 III. diagnosis and building practices of the surveyed 17
22
KAJI Mijar 48 YEARS OLD, FARMER
27°38’44.27’’N 86°07’14.49’’E
GENERAL CONTEXT
Mainapokhari, Kavare VDC
sociological context Six people in each house
Flat ground
Limited electrical power TV No internet
28 m2 for the future houses
NPR
Water tank 5 min away
226
House Cost : 600 000 NPR
When the earthquake happened, the house where these two families were living collapsed, so they decided to build two new houses on a field. The construction began in september 2016, and they are building the houses themselves, with the help from other inhabitants of Mainapokhari. These are going to be composed of a single storey and construction will last about 2 months. Based on the government plans, these two houses are going to be quite similar, with two rooms, except that one of the two houses will have a bedroom without any window, because they find it more secure. Both of the houses will have outdoor kitchen and bathrooms. They are now living in shelters on the same field, waiting for the constructions to be finished.
We REALLY DON’t know when we are going to get the money from the government First house under construction
To dadagau
Bathroom Shelter
To Mainapokhari
Shelters
Second house under construction
Cattle Second house in construction First house in construction
0
5m
Vi. appendix 227
22
the house
Bedroom Stone walls
Wooden doors and windows
Groundfloor plan
Cement ring bands
South elevation
0
228
3m
Main room
materials & structure
iron rebars Main room
wood
stone blocks
Bedroom
cement
corrugated galvanized iron
These two houses are made of stone walls with cement ringbands (on the ground, between the windows and above the lintel) and some iron rebars in the corners. The foundations were made with cement and stones 30 cm deep. The wooden windows are made with two frames.
Groundfloor plan
South elevation
0
3m
Vi. appendix 229
23
Nabaraj khadka 39 YEARS OLD, FARMER and owner of a shop
27°38’44.19’’N 86°07’16.96’’E
GENERAL CONTEXT
Mainapokhari, Kavare VDC
Flat ground
Good electrical power
Water tank 5 min away
230
sociological context 3 children and 4 adults
52 m2
NPR
The government gave them 50 000 NRP for the moment to rebuild a new house from 0
This house is still standing but the two upper floors collapsed during the earthquake. The family kept the basement that resisted and built a light extension in the the first floor. The groundfloor is composed of a shop on one side and the living room on the other side of the house. The family is now planning to destroy all the house that is still standing in order to build a new one from zero. The owner wil design his own house. They also want to keep the shelter from the upper storey to use it for the shop that will be transferred to another field during the construction. They will reuse all the materials from the old construction for the new one.
We want to destroy the house and start a new construction from zero House Temple
Shop Shelter
To the main road of maina pokhari
Vi. appendix 231
23
the house
0
5m
Storage
Storage
Bedroom
Shop
Living room
Living room Bedroom
Balcony Kitchen
Groundfloor plan
232
First level plan
Cement ring bands
CGI cover
materials & structure
wooden balcony
stone blocks wooden doors mud mortar
bamboo South elevation
wood
wood planks
mud mortar
West elevation
corrugated galvanized iron The house is composed of a stone wall basement covered with mud mortar and a light upper storey in bamboo, wood and CGI.
III. diagnosis and building practices of the surveyed 25 Vi. houses appendix 233
24
DHANA AND DIRGA MAya mijar 63 and 58 YEARS OLD, FARMERs
27’’38’24.87’’ n, 86’’06’29.15’’ E
GENERAL CONTEXT
sociological context
Mainapokhari, Kavare VDC
5 people used to live in the house
Flat ground 10 m2 Limited electrical power NPR
Water source 10 min away
234
They are planning to build 2 new house for 500 000 NRP
This house that was built 18 years ago was highly damaged by the earthquake. The groundfloor is the only part that resisted and it still has lots of apparent cracks inside, covered with some mud mortar. The two owners are a couple that are not living in the house anymore. They only use it for storage and for the kitchen, because they find this room useful to cook but not safe enough to live in. The house has a small porch that shows the entrance to the main room. What is left from the upper floor is now occupied with some drying cereals.
The house is not safe enough to keep living inside The house
Porch
Toilets
To maina pokhari
Vi. appendix 235
24
the house Main room / kitchen
0
3m Groundfloor plan
Storage
Main room / kitchen
East elevation
236
Section
materials & structure The house is made of wood and stone block walls covered with mud mortar and the family added a CGI roof in order to protect the storage from the rain.
MUD MORTAR
wood
stone blocks
corrugated galvanized iron
Section
Vi. houses appendix 237 III. diagnosis and building practices of the surveyed 29
25
DIRGA AND DHANA Mijar’s children AROUND 30 YEARS OLD, FARMERs
27’’38’24.87’’ n, 86’’06’29.15’’ E
GENERAL CONTEXT
sociological context
Mainapokhari, Kavare VDC
5 people used to live in the house
Flat ground 80 m2 Limited electricity power NPR
Water source 10 min away
238
They are planning to build two new houses for 500 000 NRP
This house was built five years ago, it was severely damaged during the earthquake, the family that was living in there before is afraid to come back in the house. Now, they prefer to live in a shelter next to the house and use the house for cattle and storage. The family designed and built their shelter with the help of 25 people from the village. In the future, they would like to build a new house and demolish their shelter in order to take the materials from the shelter.
WE prefer to live in the shelter and keep the house for storage
The shelter where they are currently living in
The house that is used for storage since the earthquake
Vi. appendix 239
25
the house
Cattle
0
Storage
Storage
Balcony
Groundfloor plan
240
irst floor plan
3m
materials & structure 0
3m
stone blocks
wood
corrugated galvanized iron
North elevation
The house is a two storeys house built with some stone blocks walls covered with mud mortar. Doors and windows are made of wooden frames. They replaced the former roof made of a CGI cover.
Vi. appendix 241
26
27’’38’45.07’’ n, 86’’07’13.56’’ E
GENERAL CONTEXT
sociological context NPR
Mainapokhari Kavare VDC
Bishnu i ar is the landowner s son. He works in Kathmandu in RCC construction while his wife and two children stay in Maina Pokhari. He earns 18 000 NRP/month, keeps 5 000 to live and send the rest to his family. He used to live along with his two brothers and parents in a three storey house. He comes back during vacations to rebuild a two-rooms house (30m²) which he began four days before our visit. It should have been finished 5 to 7 days afterwards. Later on, they will ask for another credit to build a sceptic tank, as they had before the earthquake. His two brothers plan to build two seperate one-storey house each.
242
Building is set on a sharp slope
The house is built next to an electricity pole 100 NPR/month
Water tank is less than 100m away
7-10 family members used to live in the house
Three storey house
The new construction: 60 000 NPR + credits
Cow and goats
They cultivate millet and a vegetable garden. When they need, they buy food with the money sent by the Bishnu Mijar. Each day, they draw x 0 of water from a fountain to water their fields. They wish they could draw water from an upper spring.
I don’t have access to the NRA subvention to build my own house because My father is the owner of the land Future kitchen Dry toilets project of sceptic tank
cf detail of the roof ballast Reuse of the CGI given by STC for roof and walls
Water tank
The father s house, waiting for the N As subvention to rebuild it Cow and goats
Vi. appendix 243
26
the house
South elevation
Kitchen
First underground plan
244
0
3m
Bedroom
0
3m
West elevation
0
3m
materials & structure
corrugated galvanized iron
wood
stone blocks Detail of the roof ballast with stone surrounded by a wireframe and nailed along the timber post.
Wood bought on credit in the sawmill Non connected ship lap, unupturned nails
Foundations with stone bed
III. diagnosis and building practices of the surveyed 37 Vi. houses appendix 245
dadagao Facilities
Materials
Bus stop
Sawmill
«Hospital» or «Polyclinic»
Cinder blocks shop
Public school Private school Temple Shop
Water supply Spring or fountain Open-air drain trench
Stones seller Ironware seller Carpenter Cement, gravel seller Ironmongery Bamboo
Water tank
Natural risks Active rockfall and landslide Potential instable area Instable area before the 2015 eathquake
246
Other information Hamlet Biogas Deserted public facilities
Dha
Dan Bahedurkale
Laxmi Dunghel Dhak Prashad Kuikel Sauri Kan Dhungel Ghadka Bahaduri Giri
ana Pati Dhungel
Sanga Prajad Dhungel
Khadka Bahaduri Giri Evalal Giri
Dadhiram Ghimine Bhagawoti Tiwari Nirmala Bir Bhadhur Mijar Shandra Bahadur Karki
200
Ram Sharan Nepali
0
200
400
III. diagnosis and building practices of the surveyed Vi. houses appendix 247 39
27
Laxmi dunghel 52 year old, farmer
27’’64’19.37’’ n, 86’’10’98.63’’ E
GENERAL CONTEXT
Dadagau, Namdu VDC
Building is set on a sharp slope
sociological context 5 family members used live in the house
145,5 m2
NPR
Weak almost no power
Water tank is in their yard
248
Shelter Cost : unknown
They have cows and they cultivate rice
Laxmi Dunghel is a member of Jagaran Nepal in Mainapokhra and is the owner of the house, she has been living in this house for 35 years. Her husband is a mason, when building the house he didn t request an architect to help him design and build. After the earthquke they brought some modifications to keep using the kitchen and reinvested the first floor into a livingroom in where they watch TV, but they never feel safe to actually sleep inside. Which is why they currently live in shelters they built nextdoor. Being a mason, her husband received a new training to build following the anti-seismic rules. Hence, they re planning on building the new house in the field. In the meantime, no one came from government to check on the house and offer a grant to build the shelters nor the new house.
We were afraid the house’s second fLoor would fall on the toilets, so we deconstructed it The house they used to live in before the earthquake Stable
The shelter they live in today Water tank
Vi. appendix 249
27
0
the house
West elevation
East elevation
Storage Kitchen
Groundfloor plan
250
Bathroom
5m
materials & structure 0
3m
wood
stone blocks
stone tiles stone tiles
wood planks
wood column
stone and mud mortar bearing walls
Vi. appendix 251
28
dan bahedurkale 54 year old, farmer
27’’64’18.84’’ n, 86’’10’64.68’’ E
GENERAL CONTEXT
sociological context
Dadagau, Namdu VDC
5 family members used live in the house
Building is set on a sharp slope
147,5 m2
NPR
No electricity power
Daily one hour walk to fill one water bucket
252
Shelter Cost : 40 000 NPR
They have cows and they cultivate rice
This five members family built their house only 2 years before the April 2015 earthquake. At the time it cost them 700 000 NRP. But it got pretty damaged after the earthquake, which is why they are currently living in shelters they built themselves with a loan they got. They are currently waiting for the government grant to demolish the old house and start building a new one according to the N As guidelines. Beside from being farmers, the family owns a little grocery shop they built down the hill close to the main road. Having to water pipe reaching their land, the women of the family walk daily up the hill during an hour to fill buckets for the day. They have to walk an hour to fill the bucket and now they have a pipeline. When speaking to the daughter in law, she told us about her experience when the earth uake happened, it s a kind of fear she never wants to g through again.
I don’t want my son to grow up to be a farmer, i’d like him to fIND A GOOD JOB The neighbour s shelter The house they used to live in before the earthquake The shelter they live in today Hen house The land they cultivate The grocery shop downhill
Vi. appendix 253
28
the house
0
5m
South facade
Storage
Stable Kitchen
Groundfloor plan
254
Storage
irst floor plan
Bedroom
materials & structure
wood
stone blocks
corrugated galvanized iron
Totally collapsed last floor and stone tiles roof
tarpaulin
Tarpaulin
CGI roof
Wood columns
Wooden floor structure and mud flooring
Stone and mud mortar bearing walls
Transversal section
1:50 0
3m
Vi. appendix 255
29
DAdhiram ghimire 40 year old, farmer
27’’64’02.94’’ n, 86’’10’60.71’’ E
GENERAL CONTEXT
Dadagau, Namdu VDC
Building is set on a sharp slope
Weak almost no power
Water tank is less than 5 min away
256
sociological context 5 family members used live in the house
55 m2 Three storey house before EQ NPR
Shelter Cost : 1 200 000 NPR
They have cows and they cultivate rice
Dadhiram Ghimire built this cement blocks house thinking he could also turn it into a restaurant, which is why he designed dining tables on the balcony all made of bamboo. Unfortunately due to a lack of water, he never got to open the restaurant. Having a large open space on the inside, it is divided into different sleeping areas and a living room. This house is one of kind since all the spaces are located on the same level along with the kitchen. He decided to build this house that he considers a shelter right after the earth uake when the upper floors of his traditional house right nextdoor collapsed. In the near future he is planning on demolishing this «shelter» in order to build a stronger house made of RCC columns an brick filling walls.
Even WITH CEMENT BLOCKS WE DON’T FEEL SAFE ENOUGH, I THINK BUILDING AN RCC STRUCTURE IS THE SAFEST DESPITE THE HIGH COST
Baboo cladding
CGI roof
CGI walls Old house level
Old stones house
Cement blocks wall
Wood columns
Vi. appendix 257
29
the house
Storage
0
Bathroom
irstfloor collapsed
Restaurant
Kitchen
Groundfloor plan
258
irst floor plan
Living space
5m
materials & structure
corrugated galvanized iron
East elevation
mud plaster
bamboo
wood
cement block
stone blocks
South elevation
Vi. houses appendix 259 III. diagnosis and building practices of the surveyed 51
30
Dhal Prashad kuikel 75 YEARS OLD, wife, 3 sons
27’’38’28.43’’ n, 86’’06’21.07’’ E
GENERAL CONTEXT Dadagau, Namdu VDC
Building is set on a light slope Dhal Prashad Kuikel has 3 sons, one lives in Dubai, another one in Kathmandu and the third one in Namdu. They used to live in three separate houses. The first one, built by Dhal Prashad s father before 1934, suffered the earthquake which happened in 1934. Several cracks had been repaired. Originally, the roof was made of wood. It was replaced for thatched roof in 1990 and is now covered with CGI since 2004. The two other houses have been built by Dhal Prashad Kuikel, his sons and some neighbors 15 years ago and demolished by the last earthquake.
260
Good current, the son pay for the three families
Water tanks
sociological context 10 family members in the shelters
Three separate houses
Cows and goats
The decision had been taken to demolish the three houses and reconstruct a single house for everybody. To construct the shelters they currently live in, they reused the wood that fell down from the balconies. Save The Children NGO contributed to the cost of a sceptic tank (45 000 NPR).
We have dupliCated what we could observe on the old house to build two other ones A
TO CHARIKOT
That house is an exception, it has been built before the earthquake of 1934
To Mainapokhari B
The shelter they live in today
C
That house has been built in a second phase, they duplicated the technics of the oldest house, some in a wrong way
That house has been completely demolished by the earthquake
That courtyard used to be a beautiful garden
Vi. appendix 261
30
0
the house
materials & structure
corrugated galvanized iron
Main facade - East
North elevaion
wood
stone tiles Groundfloor plan
262
5m
A
B
Second floor plan
Shelters
Groundfloor plan
materials & structure
wood Main facade - West
corrugated galvanized iron
Vi. appendix 263
30
0
the house materials & structure
corrugated galvanized iron
Backstore
wood
Groundfloor plan
Main facade - West
264
5m
irst floor plan
Attic plan
C
Vi. appendix 265
31
Evalal giri 64 YEARS OLD, housewife and 2 sons
27’’38’25.59’’ n, 86’’06’38.94’’ E
GENERAL CONTEXT Dadagau, Namdu VDC
Building is set on a sharp slope
Good current, the house is built next to an electricity pylon
Water tank of 300L
266
sociological context One couple, one son livingin Dubai another one is a priest in Maina Pokhari
120 m2 Four storey house NPR
Allocation: 27 000 NPR Toilets cost: 70 000 NPR
Agriculture and cattle
Evali Giri is a christian farmer. He lives with his wife in a 60 years old house. The groundfloor has been built by his father, he added the secondfloor later on. He has two sons, one is working in Dubai, the other one is a priest in Maina Pokhari. He lives in a bamboo and CGI shelter. His two sons came back right after the earthquake to build the shelters with help of masons (6 person/day during 3 days). He was growing bamboo to make furniture, so after the earthquake he was able to build his own shelter very easily. He is waiting for the NRA installment payment and money from his son in Dubai to rebuild a three room house on the same spot. They will divide the land in two parts to build a separate house for his son. He fears the bamboo shelters could be blown by a hurricane. He earns money from selling goats. A healthy goat brings 10 000 NPR, a «bad one» brings 6 000 NPR.
We maintain our own bamboo forest to build shelters. That is an heritage from my father. TO Mainapokhari Shelter for guests
Cattle
Bamboo shelter
Restroom with sceptic tank New kitchen with bamboo structure
Vi. houses appendix 267 III. diagnosis and building practices of the surveyed 59
31
the house
0
Main facade - West
Groundfloor plan
268
Second floor plan
3m
materials & structure The restroom is made of wood and stones. It was built 2 months before the earthquake by his son. It cost 70 000 NPR. Evalal Giri expects to rebuild onestorey house with at least 3 rooms to be able to receive his sons.
wood
CGI roof on the demolished house
Restroom built thanks to his son with sceptic tank
Drain behing the shelter
Current kitchen
stone blocks
Sandwich roof in CGI
Vi. houses appendix 269 III. diagnosis and building practices of the surveyed 61
GIS mapping methodology for geographic information system mapping
a method for ngo collection of datas The following document has been created by DSA Architecture & Major Risks students from Paris Belleville School of Architecture in order to help people to integrate pieces of information they sketched during a site survey in a GIS software. That approach is very important and may help NGO’s or any other organization to rework your datas. To create our document, we used « QGIS » and « Maps me ».
DADAGAU
NAMDU
270
qgis « QGIS » is a free software using open sources files. This system allowed us to use all the work that has been already done by others organizations and shared on internet.
maps me « Maps me » is an application for smartphones that can give you your satellite localization at any time and without internet connection.
gis mapping method
importing/ exporting layers
Registering localisations During our survey in Dolhaka, we used « Maps me » to register any building or network element we saw and analysed. For example, to register the localisation of the hotel in Maina Pokhari where we stayed, you need to open the app on your smartphone and press on the arrow. It gives you the GPS coordinates and the altitude. Then you save the localisation and give a name for this point.
When we got back to Paris, we downloaded layers on open source websites such as buildings, contours lines, rivers or roads. We started « QGIS» and added vector layers and brought the .shp files we previously downloaded from internet. When we had all the information we needed on our file extract from internet, we added the datas we collected in Dolakha. We created an excel file with all our GPS coordinates registered previously on « Maps me » then we added it in QGIS by creating a delimited text layer. Our file has the perfect localisation of the houses we surveyed and the network we saw. This new file, as it has been done is now usable by associations, NGOs or anyone using open source softwares.
more infos To download Nepalese open source layers suitable for QGIS: -http://directrelief.maps.arcgis.com/apps/ MapJournal/index.html?appid=0fdb96293c6440 ac84b9a62136b61e72 - http://nepal.piensa.co/ - h t t p : / / rd s . i c i m o d . o rg / D a t a s e t M a s t e r s / Download/9224
Vi. appendix 271
GIS mapping method step 1
272
gis mapping method Step 2
Vi. appendix 273
GIS mapping method step 3
274
gis mapping method step 4
Vi. appendix 275