Relevé et diagnostic post séisme, Maina Pokhari, Nepal

Page 1

post earthquake survey maina pokhari, dolakha district, november 2017

DSA architecture & risques majeurs 2015/2017- ensapb cyrille hanappe - pascal chombart de lauwe - lina guarin - ludovic jonard (architecture et dĂŠveloppement)


2


sommaire : Introduction I- network mapping of maina pokhari and dadagau VDC II- diagnosis and building practices of the surveyed houses III - diagnosis of EQUIPMENTS IV- building pathologies dictionnary V- Materials and construction costs VI - Appendix

3


4


introduction

5


context natural hazards in nepal

ÂŤBecause of its topographical variation and geological characteristics, together with torrential rain during the monsoon season, the country frequently experiences landslides, debris flows, floods, and earthquakes. These phenomena not only cause loss of life and property, they also pose severe threats to physical infrastructure, and disrupt social and economic development.Âť

EARTHQUAKES

Natural Hazards, Chapter 2, ICIMOD Nepal

FLOODS 6


context natural hazards in nepal

GLACIAL LAKE OUTBURST

DROUGHT

HEAVY WINDS & STORMS

LANSLIDE

AVALANCHE

FOREST FIRE Introduction

7


context 2015 earthquake

Saipal Simikot

25 april 2015 Barpok, Gorkha 7,8 magnitude 15 km depth

12 may 2015

Annapurna I

Chilhanka, Dolakha 7,3 magnitude 15 km depth Everest

Gorkha

KATHMANDU Patan

8

Mainapokhari Namdu


context 2015 Earthquake

damages 8,622

491,620

dead

buildings fully damaged

16,808

269,653

injured

buildings partially damaged

+100,000

1,100

livestock lost

health facilities damaged

39

7,532

districts affected

schools damaged

relief response + 1,1 billion $ NPR

internationl community donations

703,234 unities dispatched

Introduction

9


context the national reconstruction policy

NRA : National Reconstruction authority Missions : -To reconstruct, retrofit and restore partially- and completely-damaged buildings and sites, while improving the resilience of the structures. -Publish a reconstruction Guid, - identification , management of benificiaries -To give its approval for projects and cash transfer -Supervising and give approval with engineers and technicians in each VDC

A design catalogue for reconstruction of earthquake resistant houses Detailing Model houses with Minimum Requirements, One or Two-storey, Technical details, Flexible design Stone or brick masonry Cement or mud mortar

10


context the national reconstruction policy Destruction old house Recycling materials

House finished in 2 months

No information

Tents

Shelters

Bad construction

Construction of the fondations

Construction of the roof

Construction of the first floor

New EARTHQUAKE

strategy

4 Days CGI Tents 2 months Red card 2 months Red card

6 months 1,5 years red card First biding assesment

3 months

micro credit

second phase

500$ installment

Refund micro credit

3 months

1500$ installment

last phase

Never second phase

1000$ installment

Reclycling shelter on old house

Introduction 11


context THE Nepali culture

FARMING These farmers also breed sheeps, goats, chicken and cows to earn a little money

A RURAL POPULATION Nepal’s population is predominantly rural (80%) It’s the same on Dolakha district.The inhabitants cultivate rice, barley, wheat, a large variety of vegetables and fruit trees.

12

communities & solidarity The role of the community is important, and people are helping each other for reconstruction.


context THE nepali culture

tradition of cooking A TYPICAL DAY IN A NEPALI LIFE

The cooking on a wood fire has a central place in the house.

Introduction 13


OUR INTERVENTION THE SITE Kathmandu

dolhaka district

janakpur

Located in the Janakpur zone, in North-Eastern Nepal 170 km away from Kathmandu

Headquarters: Charikot

DOLAKHA Population: 204,229

Area: 2,191 km² Agriculture main source of income for 75% of households

14

Dolakha

170 km

Charikot 38 km

Mainapokhari Namdu


OUR INTERVENTION THE SITE

Introduction 15


OUR INTERVENTION THE ACTORS

WHO ? In november 2017, a group of 18 students from second years of post degree in architecture, specialized in Natural Hazards and Major Risks came to discover Nepal for the first time, 2 years after the severe earthquake that occured in 2015. They worked in association with the french group «Architecture and Development» and the nepali association «Jagaran Nepal», in a stretch relation with the Maina Pokhari community.

A & D is an International Solidarity Association, founded in 1997, which designs and implements Sustainable Housing projects and provides technical support to the actors of (re) construction, renovation / rehabilitation in fragile, post -crisis or in development contexts.

16

Envisioning ‘a just and peaceful society with gender equality’ Jagaran Nepal (JN) was established in 2002 AD as a not-for-profit non-governmental organization (NGO) in Kathmandu . Since the beginning, JN has been advocating for women’s access to decision making of political, social and economic sphere of the community.

The DSA Architecture & Risques Majeurs from the Paris Belleville National School of Architecture is a diploma that prepares architects to take involve the major risks at all stages of their work, whether in new projects, to reduce the vulnerability of existing ones, as in crisis management and reconstruction.


OUR INTERVENTION THE METHOD

hOW ? The aim of the studies and workshop was to take part in the Nepal reconstruction process and to understand the humanitary role in the reconstruction process. During one week in Maina Pokhari, Dolhaka district, the whole team talked with inhabitants, drawing their houses and making diagnosis of those damaged buildings. Back in France, they used these diagnosis to try to imagine different projects reconstruction and retrofitting.

visits of buildings

inhabitants surveys

building diagnosis

Introduction 17


18


I URBAN CONTEXT & NETWORKS

I. Urban context and networks 19


Community network urban infrastructure of maina pokhari & dadagau School distance by feet : few minutes to 1 hour (Maina Pokhari or school of Namdu VDC) Fields distance by feet: 0 to1 hour Fire station by car: 2h30 (from Charikot to Maina Pokhari) Water source distance by feet: 10 minutes

Facilities Bus stop «Hospital» or «Polyclinic» Public school Private school Temple Shop

20

NAMDU


MAINA POKHARI

DADAGAU

0

200

400

600

800

I. Urban context and networks 21


water network maina pokhari Between 62 and 65 households feeded by a spring water (Field belonging to M. Govinda Prashad Rimd : 4km from the village - 3h walking) Nowadays : community raised 20 000 RNs to implement two water tanks, with the help of the District Water Supply Office

Water supply Spring or fountain Open-air drain trench Water tank

Natural risks

22


0

600 m

I. Urban context and networks 23


water network maina pokhari

Foutain supplied by one of the 20 springs in Maina Pokhari

24

Individual plastic tanks


water network maina pokhari

During the earthquake, several springs appeared. This source supplies the upper one.

Individual septic tanks (less expensive when shared)

I. Urban context and networks 25


water network DADAGAU Between 62 and 65 households feeded by a spring water (Field belonging to M. Govinda Prashad Rimd : 4km from the village - 3h walking) Nowadays : community raised 20 000 RNs to implement two water tanks, with the help of the District Water Supply Office

Water supply Spring or fountain Open-air drain trench Water tank

Natural risks

26


0

600 m

I. Urban context and networks 27


water network DADAGAU

Ancient foutains cut down because of the lands privatization

28


water network dadagau

Water pipes going along the fields

Common spot to pick water up (interruption of the water pipe coming from the spring)

I. Urban context and networks 29


water network DADAGAU

For a 6 persons - family with several animals and plants: 250 L / day

30


water network dadagau

If buffles added, the daily consumption increases significantly

I. Urban context and networks 31


water network dadagau

Water tank under construction

32

14 m3 tank under construction by the community of 65 households: 2,5 m x 2,9 (height x diameter)


water network dadagau

On the way to the spring, pumping is required

The spring which supplies Dadagau

I. Urban context and networks 33


ENERGIES network MAINA POKHARI & DADAGAU

Monthly cost for the minimum contract: 80 RNs

34

One extra unit: 1 kW = 7 RNs


energies network maina pokhari & dadagau

Every household has an electricity meter, even the shelters

The traditional fire system to cook and heat the houses

I. Urban context and networks 35


ENERGIES network MAINA POKHARI & DADAGAU

Section on the fire cooking place

36

Biogaz alternative system using animal and human wastes


wastes gestion maina pokhari & dadagau

BIODEGRADABLE WASTES mixed with mud, turned it over every two weeks, are reused to enrich soils

PLASTIC WASTES are burnt individually in the street very poisonous, especially for children No garbage truck in the VDC

I. Urban context and networks 37



II DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE sURVEYED HOUSES

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 39


villages’ map Facilities

Materials

Bus stop

Sawmill

«Hospital» or «Polyclinic»

Cinder blocks shop

Public school Private school Temple Shop

Water supply Spring or fountain Open-air drain trench

Stones seller Ironware seller Carpenter Cement, gravel seller Ironmongery Bamboo

Water tank

Natural risks Active rockfall and landslide Potential instable area Instable area before the 2015 eathquake

40

Other information Hamlet Biogas Deserted public facilities

NAMDU


MAINA POKHARI

DADAGAU

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 41


mainapokhari Facilities

Materials

Bus stop

Sawmill

«Hospital» or «Polyclinic»

Cinder blocks shop

Public school Private school Temple Shop

Water supply Spring or fountain Open-air drain trench

Stones seller

Bishnu Mijar Nabaraj Khadka

Active rockfall and landslide Potential instable area Instable area before the 2015 eathquake

42

Gopal Mijar Dirga Maya Mijar

Carpenter

Old Dirga Maya Mijar

Cement, gravel seller Kaji Mijar

Hari Mijar Lalit Badhur Mijar

Kamala Mijar

Bamboo

Water tank

Natural risks

Nabaraj Khadka

Ironware seller

Ironmongery

Tula Bhadur Sharki

Other information Hamlet Biogas Deserted public facilities

Chrisner

Sudah Mijar

Sarki

Dipak Mijar


Ghimire Ambigha Ghimire Bhimprasad

Tanka Badhar Karki Kanchi Karki Dhal Badhur Khadka

200

0

200

400

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 43


01

ChRISNER 35 YEARS OLD, FARMER

27’’38’42.60’’ n, 86’’07’12.58’’ E

GENERAL CONTEXT

sociological context

Mainapokhari Kavare VDC, Ward 1

8 family members should have lived in the house

Built on a slope

No electrical power in the house This house was actually never occupied. In fact the construction ended only three days before the earthquake. Mr Chrisner was planning to live in it with his wife, their four children and two of their grand-parents. This land has a particular view over the valley which is why he chose it to build the house.

44

The closest source is less than 200 m away

115 m2 Three storey house NPR

House Cost : 500 000 NPR

They have animals (goats and cow)

But it was severely damaged, especially after the second earthquake. Today, the house is still standing eventhough the walls show remarkable cracks. The family decided to build a shelter in the nextdoor land. In the future, they are planning on moving out to build their new house next to the existing one. In the meantime, they have received the 1st installement for the reconstruction: 50 000 NPR. *At the time the survey was carried, no modifications or repairs were made in the house


We just achieved the house tHREE days before the earthquake, we never lived in it To Mainapokhari Water source Toilet

The shelter complex they live in today Road to the house

The stone and mud mortar house

Material storage

Cattle Containing wall in dry stone

TO CHARIKOT ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 45


01

the house

materials & structure

The house was built during 1 month by a skilled man with the help of the community. The owner expected the house to stand for 8-10 years. It was made of stone and mud mortar. They also used non-treated wood for the balcony, the ring bands, the doors and the windows frames. The house has a one meter deep streep foundations.

Animals

Storage

wood

stone blocks

corrugated galvanized iron

Second floor plan

Bedrooms

Kitchen

Balcony

Groundfloor plan

46

irst floor plan


0

South elevation

East elevation

North elevation

West elevation

5m

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 47


01

sanitary network

building practices

- Toilet is outside the house - Drinking water is accessible at 200m - No running water - No electricity

Structural House: - Discontinuous ring bands - Roof truss without tie beam - Partial collapse on top of the gable wall - Cracks around the windows - Lintel connected to the ring bands - Beam above the lintel - Floor in bamboo and mud morter - Eaves framing connected to structural wall Balcony: - Discontinuity of the vertical load distribution around the staircase - Beams are bending - Structure connected to the wall and the ground

3

9 8

2 1

5

building morphology - Symetric plan and simple shape - Wooden balcony in the south elevation

48

6 7

ground implantation - Differential settlement - Humidity and mold in north elevation

4

materials’ use -CGI nailed to the roof structure - Disproportional quantity of the mud mortar (a lot) and stones (not enough) - Several wooden pieces for ring bands

security - Retaining wall in dry stone - No handrail in the balcony - Steep staircase


1 house connected to the site

2 cracks around the windows

3 collapse in the top of gable wall

4 DISCONTINUOS vertical STRUCTURE

5 FLOORING ON THE LINTEL

6 embedding between eaves and wall

7 eaves structure around the window

8 king post and ground connection

9 BRace between king post and beam

III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses 11 DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 49


02

kancho SARKI FARMER

27’’64’54.10’’ n, 86’’12’37.66’’ E

GENERAL CONTEXT

sociological context NPR

Mainapokhari Kavare VDC, Ward 1

Building is set on a terraced site in a hard and medium rocky soil Mr Sarki lives with his wife and his two children. Two other children live in Katmandu. The house was built in 1999 by a skilled man in the comunity. The construction lasted one month. Two levels of the house collapsed after the earthquake. Only the ground floor stands today with some cracks on the walls. The owner decided to reuse the house’s material to build a shelter that they call «temporary house». Concerning the remaining house, they decided to clear the house debris and cover it, so they could use a half level as storage.

50

They have an electric meter

They have a water pipeline arriving in their land, less than 5 meters away

4 family members live in the house

30 m2 Three storey house

House Cost : 85 000 NPR

They have animals (cows)

Sometimes they use the kitchen inside to cook. They have received the 1st installement for the reconstruction: 50 000 NPR that they are saving in the bank. *At the time the survey was carried, the owner had repaired the inside cracks, but left the ones on the ontside.


We want to build a one story house … it’s easier to escape !! THE remaining HOUSE

the addition of the roof CGI Roof built after the earthquake

Cattle

The remaining house structure

Remaining ground floor in stone and mud morter Toilet

Organization of the living space

The roof wooden structure built by owner

The temporary building

Non waterproof concrete tank

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 51


02

the house

The roof was made by the owner using recycled wood for the structure and CGI for cover. The walls are made of stone blocks and mud mortar. The materials and windows of the collapsed level were reused in the temporary house. In the future, the family want to built a one storey house with a separate outside kitchen.

materials & structure

Kitchen

wood

stone blocks

A’

A Animals

corrugated galvanized iron

Veranda

Cow cattle

stone tiles

Ground floor plan

Detail showing a section fo the kitchen

A-A’ Section

52

0

2m


0

North elevation

South elevation

5m

West elevation

East elevation

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 53


02

sanitary network

building practices

- Toilet is outside the house - Drinking water is accessible - No running water - Electricity - A septic tank

Structural House: - Heavy materials on the roof - Wooden staples to connect the roof structure to the house - Cable assembly between the pilars and the roof structure - Discontinuous posts - Discontinuous seismic wooden ring band

9

2

3

8

- The different weights of roofing materials make the house vulnerable in case of an earthquake

1

ground implantation - The columns carrying the house are not anchored to the soil

54

- The CGI is not nailed to the roof structure so it can be reused

7 security

4 building morphology

6

materials’ use

5

- The roof is not stable and could collapse at any moment - House not hermetic, permeable walls - Kitchen system with a chimney -The lack of anchorage with the ground, makes the cow shelter vulnerable in case of an earthquake


1 no anchoring with ground

2 permeable house

3 Flooring: wood, bamboo and mud mortar

4 bamboo door lock system

5 KITchen with smoke evacuation

6 half level as a shelter

7 wooden piece to brace roof

8 cable assembly in roof structure

9 heavy materials ON the roof

III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 17 55


03

Radika MIZAR 42 YEARS OLD, rice FARMer and housewife

27’’64’51.97’’ n, 86’’12’10.73’’ E

GENERAL CONTEXT sociological context NPR

Mainapokhari Kavare VDC, Ward 1

House is set on a strong slope

Mrs Radika Mizar lives her husband, 4 daughters, 1 son and her father-in-law. She is the owner of the house and the land. She received the land from her father after her wedding. The house was built in 3 months by skilled people in the local area. After the earthquake the house suffered from some disorders, but it’s still standing. The house has remarkable cracks and the ground floor is in bad shape. The family doesn’t want to sleep inside the house anymore. They are still living in a shelter nearby. Sometimes they use the kitchen inside.

56

Connected to common network They have an electric meter

Connected to accommon network. Irregular after earthquake

8 family members live in the house

182 m2 Three storey house

House Cost : 500 000 NPR

They have animals (cow)

They received the 1st installement for reconstruction: 50 000 NP . They saved that money for reconstruction or retrofiting. In the future, they want a new 3 storey house with a concrete structure or cements blocks *At the time the survey was carried, the owner repaired the wall cracks with plaster.


If I had money, i would build a cement and stone house

To Mainapokhari The stone and mud mortar house

Water fountain Water canal

Toilet

Cattle The shelter complex they live in today

Access to the first floor

Staircase outside the house

Access to the ground floor

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 57


the house

materials & structure

wood

stone blocks

bamboo

The house has a stone and mud mortar foundation. It is 0.6m deep in ground. The soil is stiff clay with gravels and the owner thinks there is a small settlement.

Kitchen

Veranda

03

Animals

corrugated galvanized iron

stone tiles

tarpaulin Groundfloor plan

North elevation

0

58

5m

West elevation

Toilets


Shelter in balcony

Balcony

Bedrooms

irst floor plan

South elevation

Storage Bedrooms

Second floor plan

East elevation

III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses 21 DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 59


03

sanitary network

building practices

- Toilet is in the house (behind the cow cattle) - Drinking water is accessible. There is a fountain in the other side of the road - They have electric meter -TV connection

Structural The house: - No bottom cord on the roof truss - Partial damage in the top of the gable wall - Eaves roof structure is nailed. They used a lot of different wooden pieces - Flooring in bamboo and mud mortar - Visible cracks in the south façade The balcony: - The columns in the balcony are continuous - Bamboo gutter in north façade - Staircase in the angle

building morphology - Symetric shape - The balcony is in «L» shape in the north-west façade - 2 types of roof: stone tiles roof and CGI roof

60

2

9

8

5

materials’ use

6

- There is a shelter in the balcony of the house. It’s made with tarpaulin and bamboo - There roof truss is made with many wooden pieces - house flooring is made by bamboo and mud mortar

7

1 3

4 security

ground implantation - The house is embedded to the ground - Retaining wall in dry stone and mud mortar - The main entry is from the west facade

- The stone tiles in the roof are heavy - The handrail of balcony is not stable and the flooring is only made of a thick piece of wood


1 shelter in the balcony

2 fLooring structure goes throught the wall

3 beam pieces not aligned to column

4 thick wooden pieces as fLooring

5 bamboo gutter

6 damage in top of gable wall

7 nailed roof structure for stone tiles

8 connection king post and ridge

9 bending of purlings

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 61


04

BHIM PRASAD GHIMIRE A four member household

27’’64’65.44 N 86’’12’84.05 e

GENERAL CONTEXT

sociological context

Mainapokhari Kavare VDC, Ward 1

4 family members live in the house

Building is set on a slope

Good elecricity power

Water source on site

62

105 m2 Two storey house NPR

House Cost : 500 000 NPR

Cows and goats

This family used to live a three storey house. After the first earthquake the two upper storeys collapsed. By the time second earthquake happened, the ground floor got severely damaged and the family had to build and live in a shelter for a year. The household is composed of two parents and two children: a 14 years old boy and 19 years old girl. They received the first installment 50 000 NRP and with the help of the community they built a new a two storey house. They had to demolish the rest of the old house and leave only the foundation for the new house. The ground floor where is kitchen and storage are is made of stones and mud mortar. The first floor with the three bedrooms is made of wood and CGI for the coating. The house was built with the help if a carpenter.


if we have to build our house all over againe , we will build it in stone and mud... Animal shelter Toilet

Implementation of the new house

Water source Water Point

Electricity cable

Animal shelter

Millet drying

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 63


04

the house

North Elevation

West elevation

Property plan

0

15m

materials & structure

wood

64

tarpaulin

corrugated galvanized iron

stone blocks

East elevation

0

5m


A

A

Second floor Plan

irst floor plan

The ground floor is made of stone and mud mortar. The storage was added after the earthquake. The walls are made of plywood and the roof is made of CGI with trapaulin covering.

1 2 3 4 5 6

5

4 3

Seeds drying Traditional oven Base for water Tank Shelf attached to the beam Storage

1

2 5

Place of worship

III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 27 65


04

sanitary network

building practices

- Toilet is outside the house - Drinking water is accessible - Traditional kitchen

Structural

- Wooden structure for the second floor - CGI covering of the roof - Mud and stone walls

2 9

- No vertical load distribution - Bad assembly of wood - No ground beams - No wooden truss on the gable walls - Foundation 1m deep - Different directions of the beams of the diphragm

5 4

1 7

1

3

- The house had a rectangular shape with an L shaped veranda. After the earthquake they turned it into a rectangular veranda.

8 security

6

building morphology

66

materials’ use

Section A-A

ground implantation - No draining system around the house

- Bars on the main door blocking the entrance - The house is not waterproof and not wind resistent - Stairs are facing the wall - No handrail in the balcony - Wall in plywood inflammable


1 STRUCTURE - Load distribution

2 structure- No wooden truss

3 structure- Bad assembly of wood

4 materials’ use- HOLES IN CGI

5 structure -No connection between beams and columns

6 SECURITY - STAIRS FACING THE WALL

7 Ground implantation

8 security - No handrail

9 structure- Bad assembly of wood

III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 29 67


05

SUDAH MIZAR A 25 YEARS OLD HOUSE

27’’64’52.09’’ n, 86’’12’15.82’’ E

GENERAL CONTEXT

sociological context

Mainapokhari Kavare VDC, Ward 1

8 family members live in the house and shelters

Building is set on a strong slope

60 m2 One storey house NPR

This family used to live in a three storey house. They built it 25 years ago within two months. The extension was built after the earthquake in 25 days and it costs 25 000NRP .The toilet collapsed and was rebuilt by «Save the children».

68

Low power

Water Pipe

House Cost : 10 000 NPR

Cows and goats

The lands belongs to Sudah’s husband. She said that she will be provided in wood from the community forest and build a new house in the space where was the elder son’s room which collapsed. Today the family lives in shelters near the house made of bamboo. After the earthquake the family started by building a kitchen and two rooms. And used the remaining part of their initial house as storage. But after that they removed the kitchen and made a three bedrooms instead. The elder son built a bamboo shelter where he actually lives with his wife and two sisters.


We dont want to build more storey ... It is dangerous ...

To Mainapokhari The family shelter

Remains of the collapsed house Water fountain

Cattle

Toilet

Millet drying

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 69


05

the house

East elevation

Property plan

South elevation

70

West elevation

0

5m


materials & structure 3 3

wood

2

stone blocks

corrugated galvanized iron

tarpaulin

The ground floor is made of stone and mud mortar. The shelter is made of wood with CGI Roof covered with trapaulin.

3 1

Attic plan

4 1 2 3 4

Kitchen Guestroom Room Storage irst floor plan

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 71


05

building morphology

building practices

- The shelter is an extension of the remaining part of the initial house. - The shelter was built following the shape of the narrow land

materials’ use

Structural

- Wood is used for cladding -The roof is made of CGI fixed with rocks above it and covered with trapaulin

- Wall made of stone and mud mortar - Two storeys collapsed - Bad assembly of wood - Cracks in the bearing walls - No vertical load distribution - The shelter structure is leaning on the initial house walls

4

9

3

7 5

1

5

2

6 8

security

ground implantation - The land is not stable possibility of landslide and soil erosion - No draining system, the remains of collapsed shelter in case of flood, will fall on the house

72

sanitary network - Water is brought to the house through one pipe

- Kitchen is inside without chimney - Paper is used for separating wall flammable - The house is not waterproof and does not resist to wind


1 STRUCTURE - SHelter plug

2 STRUCTURE - Bad assembly of wood

3 structure- Bad assembly of wood

4 ground implantation- Risk of erosion

5 MATERIALS - Trapaulin covering

6 MATERIALS - wood cladding

7 security - Smoke in the kitchen

8 security - No windows

9 security - separating wall

III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 35 73


06

Lalit badhur mijar 35 YEARS OLD, FARMER

27’’38’44.21’’ n, 86’’07’26.76’’ E

GENERAL CONTEXT

Mainapokhari Kavare VDC

Flat ground

sociological context Parents and two children

22 m2

NPR

74

Limited electrical power

House Cost : 6 000 000 NPR

Source far away, tank on the site

1 cow

The family is composed of parents and two children that are actually living in a shelter next to the house. During the earthquake, they were in front of the house and they saw the south facade collapse. The former house is still standing but they are only using it for storage. They are aiming to destroy it in order to build another one in the same place. For the future construction, they will reuse the stones and the wood from the older house.


OUR house is still standing but we ‘d prefer to build another safer house Cow shelter

The old house, actually used for storage

The actual shelter where they are living

0

5m

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 75


06

the house

toilets

former main room / actual storage

bedroom

Groundfloor plan

CGI cover

wooden joists wooden windows stone blocks mud mortar

North elevation

0

76

5m


materials & structure This rectangular shaped house is a traditional stone construction. The ring band, lintels and ÂŤframeworkÂť are made of wood, and the roof is made of CGI. The northern facade is relatively open, and is symetric through its lateral openings. It is not inhabited now because it was partially destroyed by the earthquake, especially the southern facade which is very damaged.

corrugated galvanized iron

wood

stone blocks

disembowelled facade

South elevation

III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 39 77


06

building practices

Accessibility & security - Window closing system - Door in the wood frame

Structural - Harped wall on the north facade but not on the south facade - Corner harped walls - Former door next to the partition wall - Ring band only on the north facade - Seismic ring above the lintel - Joists detached from the struts - No tie beam

8 3 4

7

1

2 9

ground implantation - Ground elevation for the monsoon

78

building morphology - Symetric facade


1 STRUCTURE - SEISMIC RING ABOVE THE LINTEL

2 structure - WALLS NOT HARPED

3 STRUCTURE - LACK OF CONNEXION BEAM/WALL

4 STRUCTURE - uncontinuous ring band

5 security -window closing system

6 structure - corner harped walls

7 structure - pieces of joists

8 structure - wall falling on the top

9 accessibility & security - door frame

III. diagnosis and building practices of theOFsurveyed housesHOUSES 4179 ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES THE SURVEYED


07

TANKA BADHAR KARKI 30 YEARS OLD, FARMER

27°38’42.03’’N, 86°07’36.7’’E

GENERAL CONTEXT

Mainapokhari, Kavare VDC

sociological context Parents and two children + grand-parents sometimes

Flat ground

Limited electrical power TV No internet

49 m2 Four storey house

NPR

House Cost : 250 000 NPR Water source 10 minutes away

80

Goats

The family is composed of parents and two children. The former house totally collapsed during the earthquake (just one part is still existing at the back of the new one) and they built the new one, one year after the earthquake. During this period they were living in a shelter which was shared with two sisters and one brother. The owner didn’t ask for money to the governement for the reconstruction. They used the constructive system recommended for the groundfloor and added a light first level. They reused some stones and some pieces of wood from the old house. Some pieces of CGI are also re-used from the shelter.


We built a shelter with my brother and sister just after THE earthquake. one year later we built THIS new house

TO BROTHER’s house Bamboo storage Sanitary shared with the brother

TO sister’s house Old house Actually storage

TO OLD Mainapokhari

To Mainapokhari

Cereals drying place

Vegetable field

Cattle

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 81


07

the house Storage

Living room Bedroom

Bedroom

Balcony

irst floor plan

Bedroom

Main facade - south

Groundfloor plan

0

82

Kitchen

3m

0

5m


materials & structure Detail showing the unsuperposed columns in facade

iron rebars

Bedroom

cement

corrugated galvanized iron

tarpaulin

stone blocks

wood

The ground floor is made of stones with a concrete ringband and is coated with earth inside and cement in the main facade. The staircase leads to the upper level by the balcony, which is made from wood and covered with CGI from the old shelter. The main facade is covered with wood planks.

Kitchen

0

3m

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 83


07

sanitary network

building practices Structural

- Weak link between posts and beams - No bracing in CGI walls - Bracing by plywood in middle part - Bracing link in the balcony - Unsuperposed columns in facade - Not anchored columns - Heavy mortar slab - Continuous concrete ring band - ight materials in first floor

- Ventilation system by horizontal chimney - No running water - Current electricity - Toilets outside

materials’ use 5

1 4

3

- Carpentry without tie beam - GI cover fixed with nails - Defective implementation of concrete ring band - Roof overhang - Plywood for bracing and separation

6

2 7 8

9

building morphology - Few openings - Symetric plan

ground implantation security - Flexible grids on the windows - Doors not detached from the frame

84

- Ground elevation for the monsoon - No containing wall


1 MORPHOLOGY - LIght fIRST FLOOR

2 Structure - unsuperposed columns

3 Building morphology - ROOF OVERHANG

4 SECURITY - FLEXIBLE GRIDS

5 structure -connexion column/beam

6 MATERIALS - concrete ring band

7 SANITARY - CHIMNEY SYSTEM

8 SANITARY - CHIMNEY VENTILATION

9 ground implantation - Gutter

III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 47 85


08

KANCHI AND KALPANA KARKI 39 AND 36 YEARS OLD, FARMERs

27’’38’44.21’’ n, 86’’07’26.76’’ E

GENERAL CONTEXT

sociological context

Mainapokhari, Kavare VDC

Parents and four children + parents and 2 children

64 m2 Flat ground NPR

86

Limited electrical power

The shelter part built above the stone basement cost around 52,000 NPR

Water source 10 minutes away

Buffalos and goats

These two families are actually living in a double house. The two sisters use the house while their husbands are working in a foreign country in order to raise money to build a new house. During the earthquake, the children were inside but they all managed to escape from the house. The two upper storeys collapsed. After living in a shelter for one year and a half, they built an upper level above the existing stone basement. The toilets of the actual house were built by the Save the Children NGO.


The good thing about our house is that we are protected from the monsoon ! Toilets built by Save the Children

Storage

The double house

Buffalo shelter Storage

Goats shelter

Goats shelter

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 87


08

the house bedroom

bedroom

living room / guest room

living room / bedroom

storage room / sacred room

balcony

irst floor plan

kitchen

kitchen

goats room

goats room

storage

goats shelter

Groundfloor plan

50 88


materials & structure

corrugated galvanized iron

wood

stone blocks

iron wire

The house is structured in two symetrical parts. Each one is inhabited by a family. The groundfloor is made in stone and is coated with earth. It was the only part that didn’t collapse during the earthquake. The central staircase serves the upper level. This one is made of wood and recovered with CGI from the old shelter. The original balcony is also made of wood.

CGI cover wooden columns wooden planks stone wall covered with mud mortar

South elevation

0

5m

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 89


08

structural

building practices 6

ACCESSIBILITY & security - Post in front of the ladder - Difficult access to the house - Bamboo locker system - Doors detached from the frame

7 1 8 3

9 4 2

ground implantation - Ground elevation for the monsoon - No containing wall

90

- Weak link between posts and beams - No bracing in CGI walls - Unsuperposed columns - Structure doubled by columns - Not anchored column - Buckling of the columns - Heavy mortar slab - Continuous ring band - Weak lap joints - Carpentry without tie beam - GI cover fixed with nails

5

sanitary network - Cattle located in the kitchen - Interior gutter around the kitchen - Chimney - Uncontinuous partition walls for ventilation


1 STRUCTURE - UNSUPERPOSED COLUMNS

2 structure - wall doubled by column

3 structure - weak lap joints

4 ACCESSIBILITY - COLUMN IN FRONT OF STAIRs

5 sanitary network - kitchen ventilation

6 STRUCTURE - beam and column assembly

7 structure - CGI bracing

8 structure - ringband link

9 ACCESSIBILITY & security - bamboo locker

III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 53 91


09

KAMALA MIJAR 47 YEARS OLD, FARMER

27°38’44.12’’N 86°07’15.93’’E

GENERAL CONTEXT

Mainapokhari, Kavare VDC

sociological context

Six to seven people

Flat ground 30 & 24 m2

92

Limited electrical power TV No internet

NPR

Water tank 5 min away

Shelter house built by the community and financed by several families

These two rectangular shelters that are now hosting some families waiting for their houses to be built, were called «monsoon houses» before the earthquake. When it was too wet in the former houses, some families used to come and live in these shelters for a while, but when it was sunny, the shelters were empty. Three or four people per room are now living in these shelters composed of a main room and one bedroom each. The kitchen is at the center of the house and is used by several families from the neighborhood. The shelters are made of CGI and bamboo, but one of them is covered with a vegetalized roof that serves as protection from the sun heating.


When it’s sunny the shelters are empty beacause it gets very hot in the inside House in construction

House under construction

First shelter

To Mainapokhari

Second shelter

Bathroom Shelter

To dadagau

Cattle

First shelter

Second shelter

0

5m

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 93


09

0

3m

the house

Storage

Main room

Bedroom

Groundfloor plan of the first shelter

CGI walls

Section of the first shelter

94

ast elevation of the first shelter

CGI cover + vegetation


materials & structure

bamboo Storage

iron wire

wood

Main room

corrugated galvanized iron

tarpaulin

Groundfloor plan of the second shelter

wood planks

East elevation of the second shelter

CGI cover

bamboo column

Section of the second shelter

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 95


09

building practices building morphology

sanitary network - Lack of chimney in the kitchen - Black smoke on the walls - Toilets outside of the shelter - Defective electricity

materials’ use

- Regular form - Light structure

- Vegetated roof protection - Wood exposed to water

2

1 4

5 8

6 9

security

Structural - GI roof cover that is not fixed to the walls - No bracings on the walls - Bamboo tied up to metallic structure with some iron wire

96

7

ground implantation - Distance from the slope - Gutter for the monsoon

- No fire protection - Storage in front of the exits - Risk of stones falling from the cover


1 STRUCTURAL - UNFIXED ROOF

2 MATERIALS’ USE - VEGETATED ROOF PROTECTION

3 IMPLANTATION - DISTANCE FROM THE SLOPE

4 SANITARY NETWORK-DEFECTIVE ELECTRICITY

5 structurAL -BAMBOO AND METAL ASSEMBLY

6 SANITARY NETWORK - sMOKE IN THE KITCHEN

7 implantation - gutter for the monsoOn

8 sanitary netWORK - no chimney in the kitchen

9 Materials’ use - wood exposed to water

III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 59 97


10

BISHNU MAYA KHADKA 46 YEARS OLD, FARMER

27°38’42.17’’N 86°07’34.6’’E

GENERAL CONTEXT

Mainapokhari, Kavare VDC

Flat ground

sociological context 10 people

30 m2 Single storey house

Limited electricity power NPR

Water tank 5 min away

98

The house was built by Save the Children NGO

This house is a new house, that was just completed a few months ago. It was entirely made by Save the Children, except for the roofing. The former house was totally destroyed after the earthquake and they were next to their house when it happened. That’s why they decided to build the new house at the exact same place. They have been living for a while in a shelter built next to the house, and are actually using it for the kitchen because they prefer to have a kitchen outside of the house. They also built another shelter in order to put the cattle and some storage. The family is thinking about the possibility of adding another floor to the house in the future.


We prefer to have the kitchen outside, so we kept the shelter to cook here road To Mainapokhari Cattle

The shelter currently used as a kitchen

The new house

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 99


10

the house Main room

0

3m Groundfloor plan CGI cover

cement ring band stone walls wooden doors

South elevation

100

Bedroom


materials & structure

corrugated galvanized iron

stone blocks

wood

cement

East elevation

The construction is a single storey house made of stone blocks with cement ringbands. The CGI cover is only laid on the walls and not fixed to the structure. Inside, the stone walls are covered with mud mortar.

iron wire

West elevation

III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses 63 DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 101


10

building practices sanitary network - Horizontal chimney for ventilation

security

9

1

- Window closing system that allows evacuation on some windows - Steel window railings on others

6 5

4 2

Structural - Continuous cement ring bands - Cement ring band inside - oofing laid on the walls, not fixed - Corner harped walls

102

building morphology - Regular form - Few openings

ground implantation - Surelevation for the monsoon - No containing wall on the backside of the house


1 STRUCTURE - CGI NOT FIXED TO THE STRUCTURE 2 GROUND IMPLANTATION - RAISED SLAB

3 STRUCTURE - COrner harped walls

4 sanitary network - horizontal chimney

5 GROUND IMPLANTATION - No retaining wall

6 STRUCTURE - interior ring band

7 SECURITY - CLOSING WINDOW SYSTEM

8 SECURITY - WINDOW RAILINGS

9 STRUCTURE - ROOFING LAID ON THE WALLS

III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses 65 DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 103


dadagao Facilities

Materials

Bus stop

Sawmill

«Hospital» or «Polyclinic»

Cinder blocks shop

Public school Private school Temple Shop

Water supply Spring or fountain Open-air drain trench

Stones seller Ironware seller Carpenter Cement, gravel seller Ironmongery Bamboo

Water tank

Natural risks Active rockfall and landslide Potential instable area Instable area before the 2015 eathquake

104

Other information Hamlet Biogas Deserted public facilities

Dha


Dan Bahedurkale

Laxmi Dunghel Dhak Prashad Kuikel Sauri Kan Dhungel Ghadka Bahaduri Giri

ana Pati Dhungel

Sanga Prajad Dhungel

Khadka Bahaduri Giri Evalal Giri

Dadhiram Ghimine Bhagawoti Tiwari Nirmala Bir Bhadhur Mijar Shandra Bahadur Karki

200

Ram Sharan Nepali

0

200

400

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 105


11

CHANDRA BAHADUR KARKI and 4 brothers 64 year old, FARMER

27°38’24.4’’N 86°06’28.55’’E

GENERAL CONTEXT

sociological context NPR

Dadagau, Namdu VDC

Light slope

Limited electrical power

Five brothers and their families were living in this big house. After the earthquake, three of them moved to Kathmandu. The latter two stayed here, in shelters they built themselves where they are still living today. They are planning to demolish the house and rebuild two small ones instead, on the same footprint with the NRA installment payment.

106

Old source interrupted 2 years ago. new free source

5 brothers and their families

230m2

Received a 60,000 NPR installment for shelter

One of the brother s ex-wife had to sell her cow to finance the construction of her shelter. As she and her husband are just separated and not divorced, her husband owns all of the lands. So only him can be registered in the NRA list for installment payment. Without the help from the NRA or her ex-husband, she is afraid of not having enough money to build a new house.


I want to demolish the house and BUILD 2 new houses, smaller than this one The shelter where the ex-wife lives today

Hay stock

Cow shelter

The old house

Wood and corn stock

Vegetable garden

Goat shelter

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 107


11

the house

materials & structure

stone tiles

wood

stone blocks

Groundfloor plan

70 108


North Elevation

West Elevation

South Elevation

0

5m

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 109


11

the house

irst floor plan

East elevation

72 110


Roof section detail

0

5m

Detail of the bearing wall

1 2 3 1

Stones

2

Wood

3

Floor

Second floor plan

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 111


11

building practices

FRAMEWORK elements - Framework without truss beam - Structure of the loggia partially collapsed - Crack on the supporting wall at the meeting points with the framework

Structural - Discontinuous wooden posts - Discontinuous banding - Non-banded angle

building morphology

materials

- Asymmetric plan - Height difference between the house and the barn

ground implantation - Elevation of the doors

112

- Poor quality of masonry joints - The weight of the frame

safety - Railing destroyed - House not cleared

WATER AND SANITary NETWORK - No running water - No electricity - No sanitation


1 STRUCTURE - damaged angle

2 framework without truss beam

3 Building morphology - height difference

4 STRUCTURE- angle is not banded

5 framework - crack on the wall

6 MATERIALS - stone tiles

7 Ground implantation - elevation of the door

8 loggia frame partially damaged

9 safety - smoke stains on wall

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 113


12

GAURI KANT DHUNGEL Former militarian

27°38’24.87’’N 86°06’29.15’’E

GENERAL CONTEXT

sociological context NPR

Dadagau, Namdu VDC

Light slope

The house has electricity equipment

Gauri KanT Dhungel is a former militarian and he receives a pension from the governement. He lives in Dadagau with his two wives and two sons. They were living in a three storey house built 25 years ago but after the earthquake, they moved in a small shelter 100 meters down from the house.

114

Old source interrupted 2 years ago, new free source brings water from the neighbour.

The owner, his wife and his ex-wife live in the house.

Two storey house

He isn’t registered on the NRA list.

As this one remains too small, Gauri Kant Dhungel decided four months ago to return back to his house with his younger wife so his two sons can have more space to live in the shelter. He doesn’t trust so much in the structure of this house but hopes in case a new earthquake strikes, his sons will save him.


we moved IN a small shelter 100 meters down the house Neighbors’ house Stone stiles

Path

Stable (Goats)

Storage

Garden

Vegetable garden

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 115


12

N

the house

0

Bedroom

Bedroom

Secon floor plan

irst floor plan

Living room

Groundfloor plan

116

Main facade

5m


West elevation

East elevation

North elevation

Cross section

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 117


12

building practices FRAMEWORK elements - Framework without truss beam - Structure of the loggia partially collapsed - Crack on the supporting wall at the meeting points with the framework

Structural - Filling walls made of stone and mud - ringbeam in wood - any cracks in the first underground - The columns in the facade are also discontinuted - The beams rest on the windows

8

9 Sanitary network

ground implantation

6 4

- Toilets are outside the house - Drinking water is not accessible

2

1

- The house is a set on a slightly raised slope

7 safety - The gutter is going to fall

118

building morphology materials - The columns are in wood - Sustaining wall is made of stone - The roof is in stones stiles

- Disproportional height/width link between the house and the stable - The ground level is flexible by the main facade side


1 crack on the west FACADE

2 CrackS on the wall, near the door

3 detail of framework -assembly of wood

4 INTERRUPTED COLUMN

5 beam on the middle of the window

6

7 RAISED FLOOR

8 FRAMEWORK without truss beam

9 Little cracks on the main facade

loose GUTTER

III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses 81 DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 119


13

Ganga Prajad Dhungel 50 YEARS OLD, FARMER

27’’38’24.87’’ n, 86’’06’29.15’’ E

GENERAL CONTEXT Dadagau, Namdu VDC

Land locked house

Limited power

Old source interrupted 2 years ago. New free source. 1 sceptic tank

120

sociological context Parents and two children

Currently 27 m2 Initially 54m²

NPR

House Cost : 50,000 NPR The family received a 25,000 NPR installment fund from the NRA and 18,000 NPR from Save The Children NGO

The Dhungel family is composed of six members. Ganga and his wife live with their two sons in Dadagau. Their two daughters had married already before the earthquake and live with their husbands in others houses. While the Dhungel’s house is still standing after the earthquake, one and a half year ago, they decided to get financial help to build shelters to live in. Because they are afraid that the house can be destroyed by a new earthquake. Since then, they have a vegetable garden, water source and cattle on their land. They are self-efficient. Hygiene is an important aspect of their lives, they did everything to protect the toilet block from being destroyed. That is why they demolished the upper floor of their house to avoid that it falls on the toilet block. Since 3 month ago, they started to use the house again but only as a kitchen. They are planning to demolish the house and build a new two-storey house on the same footprint.


we were afraid that the second FLOOR of the house could fall on the toilets. So we demolished it

Cow shelter

The old house, where the kitchen is still used

Wood and bamboo stock

The shelter they live in today

Vegetable garden

Toilets with sceptic tank on the side The greenhouse

Vegetable garden

Water supply for the community

Hay stock Goat shelter

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 121


13

the house

AA’

materials & structure corrugated galvanized iron

wood

stone blocks Groundfloor plan

South elevation

122


Detail of the link between the wall and the truss/roof

0

5m

Cross section AA’

West elevation

East elevation

North elevation

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 123


13

building practices safety - The connection between the framework of the wooden passageway and the wall is dangerous. Weak connection. - Existing ladder

materials - Cracked wall - Weakness of masonry and joints - Weakness of the pieces of wood

SANITAry NETWORK - Sanitation facilities and sceptic tank - Electricity

7

1 6 2

8

9

Structural - Damaged floor - Post placed on the ground, non-recessed - Discontinuous banding - Damaged post foot - Post placed on a rock, without connection - The wood connection is fragile - Cracked wall - Weak roof/wall connection - Precarious and dangerous roofing

124

ground implantation building morphology - Few openings - Symetric plan

- Low retaining wall - Non-elevated house


1 FIRST FLOOR destroyed and reduced

2 CrackS on the wall

3 SITUATION - retaining wall

4 non recessed post

5 wood,stone,plastic cover on the roof

6 SAFETY- ladder

7 wood connection beam / column

8 wood connection roof / wall

9 toilets and sceptic tank

III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses 8787 DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 125


14

CHANDRA BAHADUR GIRI and his family Arround 40 year old, FARMER

27°38’26.67»N 86°06’38.93»E

GENERAL CONTEXT

sociological context NPR

Dadagau, Namdu VDC

Strong slope

Weak electrical power

Source is on site

126

Parents, three children, and the grandmother

48 m2

NRA allocation fund: pending 10 000 Rs for emergency help and 27 000 Rs from the government 13 000 Rs from Save the Children for the CGi

The chandra bahadur family is composed of six members. With their children, chandra and his wife now live with the grandmother. Since the earthquake the house is unsafe. So they decided to live in a shelter nearby. They kept their vegetable garden and cattle. The shelter is equiped of eletrical power, hence, they are self-sufficient. They demolished the house a few days after our visit. And they plan to rebuild on the same footprints.


we will demolish this house tomorrow, we want to build a new one Wood and corn stock Toilets

The grandmother’s house Cow shelter

The shelter they live in today

The old house, where the kitchen is still used Electricity supply

Goat shelter

Water supply for the family

Vegetable garden

Fountain out of service

Hay stock

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 127


14

the house

0

5m

materials & structure

Stone stiles Wooden connection’s detail Secondfloor plan

wood

stone blocks

Groundfloor plan

128

East elevation


Framework detail

South elevation

West elevation

North elevation

III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses 91 DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 129


14

building practices

sanitary network materials’ use - Joints and masonry damaged - weight of the frame - Ventilation system by horizontal replace

- No running water - Electricity current - No sanitation - Dark smoke in the kitchen area

FRAMEWORK elements - Weak band - No connection between Framework and walls - The lean-to roof is destroyed - Roof partially destroyed - Framework without tie beam

5

6 safeTY

2

4

3

- No railings - The house is not cleared - Ladder access is not safe

7 Structural - Cracks - Non continuous posts - Internal crack on the loadbearing wall - Wooden joints poorly designed - Cracks around the windows

130

building morphology ground implantation - The ground on which the house is built is raised

- Asymmetric plan - Differences in heights


1 crack on the wall

2 Wood assembly wall / roof

3 ladderA

4 cracks close the windows

5 Carpentry without truss beam

6 system of ventilation

7 weak WOODEN BAND

8 no connection in the wall

9 system of ventilation

III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses 9393 DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 131


15

mayanath tiwazi 52 YEARS OLD, Mason

27’’38’25.87’’ n, 86°06’28.53’’ E

GENERAL CONTEXT Dadagau, Namdu VDC

Flat soil

Good electrical power in the house

Water tank in the frontyard

132

sociological context Seven family members

90 m2 two storey house

NPR

House cost: 500 000 NRP

2 cows and goats

This house was built a few months after the earthquake. Since he is a mason, the owner built it himself. He is actually one of the few masons that followed a «Save the Children» workshop to learn the new building practices by following the anti-seismic guidelines. The two families (the son, his wife and child) share the same house, but have two separate kitchens in the groundfloor. Mayanath is planning to build a new house for his son replacing the cattle shelter in that same land that actually belongs to him. They’re hoping for help from the government since they didn’t get any right after the earthquake.


I’M A MASON AND I FOLLOWED THE «SAVE THE CHILDREN» WORKSHOP TO LEARN HOW TO BUILD BACK BETTER The main house

Field

Water tank Stones tile stock

Strawbales

Cattle Mud frontyard Henhouse Toilet

Road to field

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 133


15

Main facade

134

the house

0

3m

Assembly detail


Bedroom

Bedroom

Room

0

Temple

5m

Bedroom

Storage Storage

East elevation Second floor plan

materials & structure

Kitchen

Kitchen

iron wire Storage

irst floor plan

wood

stone blocks

corrugated galvanized iron

The house structure is made of a heavy ground level made of stone blocks and mud mortar on the one hand and a light structure on the upper floor made of wood columns. The main facade is considered to be the noble one which is why it’s made of wood planks, and the back facade is covered with CGI. The inside separation in the first floor makes it possible for the family to have four different bedrooms and a small temple within a common space for the two families. A special treatment is given to some of the assemblies, such as the anti-cyclonic cable linking the roof to the ground floor.

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 135


15

building practices

sanitary network - Non ventilated kitchens - The bottom of the walls are not protected from humidity

materials’ use - Non treated wood - CGI held by an iron wire to the structure

2

Structural - Heavy groundfloor and light upper structure - The wooden posts are aligned - Wooden ringband at top of the wall - Well made wooden assemblies

8

6

7 security

3

9

4

- Staircase facing the wall - Window frame within the width of the wall - Newspaper covering the inside walls

5 1 Transversal section

building morphology - The groundfloor is raised from the groundlevel - Rectangular shape

136

0

ground implantation - Oriented to the west

3m


1 Non aligned wooden posts

2 ridding assembly

3 liaison balcony different level

4 Stone harpage in the corner

5 Humidity at the bottom of the wall

6 tallow on kitchen roof

7 wood connection with iron wire

8 Newspaper paper on walls

9 DIFFICULT ACCESS - STAIRCASE FACING THE WALL

III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses 99 DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 137


16

dhan ena pati dhuengel 63 YEARS OLD, FARMER

27’’38’25.87’’ n, 86°06’28.53’’ E

GENERAL CONTEXT

sociological context

Dadagau, Namdu VDC

Himself, five daughters and one adopted son

The land is flat

Electrical power in the house

Water fountain on site

138

93 m2 Two storey house NPR

300 000 NRP installment from the gouverment

3 goats

Dhan Ena is a former teacher that used to walk to his school every day for one hour. Today he is retired and works as a farmer. This is a two houses complex that are linked to each other by forming an L shaped volume. It was built 30 years ago without the intervention of a mason nor an engineer, and at the time it cost the owner 50 000 NRP. The bearing walls are made of stone blocks and mud mortar. The two houses have different floor levels, which is why there is a wooden balcony linking the different levels of both the houses. After the earthquake, the kitchen has become the only useful space in the house, as they’ve be fearing to not only live in it but to enter inside. So they’ve been living in shelters ever since April 2015. As no reinforcement will be made in the house, Dhan Ena is planning on building a new one once he’s demolished (50 000 NRP demolition cost) the old one, and all that within five months. .


we haven’t touched ground in this house ever since the earthquake, and living conditions in shelters are diffuclt Two houses linked by the roof and the first floor s baclony Neighbour’s house

Low wall of drainage

Cattle

Vegetable field

TO mainapokari path The shelter complex they live in today

Toilet

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 139


16

the house

Main facade - North

140

0

3m


0

5m

Storage

materials & structure

Kitchen

Storage

stone blocks First underground plan

Stones tiles

Cement sole

Separative joint

North elevation

brick

corrugated galvanized iron

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 141


16

building practices

sanitary network - Toilet in a shelter outside - Water fountain outside

Structural - Many cracks in the stone walls near windows and doors - Wooden structure in balcony not superposed

- Fake cement bricks in facade on the stone wall- decorative function

6

8

9

building morphology - L shaped plan - Seismic joint separating the L shape

3 4

ground implantation - The house is implemented on a flat soil

142

materials’ use

5

7

2

1

security - Bars on the main door blocking the entrance


1 wooden posts not superposed

2 liaison beam and balcony

3 liaison balcony on different levels

4 bad aeration from the kitchen

5 Absence of connection gable / roof

6 not connection wall / purlin

7 tallow on the Ceiling

8 Brace’s crack

9 uneasy access to the storage

III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 105 143


17

Bhagawoti Tiwazi 40 YEARS OLD, housewife and FARMER

27’’38’24.87’’ n, 86’’06’29.15’’ E

GENERAL CONTEXT

Dadagau, Namdu VDC

House is set on a sharp slope

New house implantation

Good electrical power

Water tank is less than 100m away

144

sociological context

7 family members used live in the house

80 m2

NPR

House Cost (shelter) : 15 000 NPR

Goats

Bhagawoti Tiwari lives with her five children and her husband. After the earthquake the attic fell down and the entire was got highly damaged. After living in emergency tents and small shelter, they decided to build an extension shelter on top of a part of the stone wall of the old house. oday they are preparing the soil with new and old materials to build a new house made of stone blocks and a light structure above. The stone old house is used a storage and a kitchen. They are currently waiting for the government grant to proceed with the construction. They are planning on having four rooms in the new house while the kitchen would be outside.


We were afraid the house’s second fLoor would fall on the toilets, so we deconstructed it Neighbourhood’s cattle

Neighbourhood’shelter Old House New House

Stock stone

Old water fountain

egetable field

Cattle Straw Water tank

Old water fountain

Straw stock WC Tiwari’s house

Cattle Drainage wall in 70-80s

+4.60 +1.60 +0.00 -1.60

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 145


17

the house

0

5m

Kitchen

Main facade - South

Groundfloor plan

Bedroom

A

A’ Bedroom

Elevation - West

146

irst floor plan


materials & structure

stone blocks

wood

stone tiles

corrugated galvanized iron

mud plaster

Old house height

The main structure is stone blocks and cement mortar. They built an extension shelter on top of the stone wall. The structure of the shelter is made of wood, as for the cladding they used wooden planks, and CGI for the roof covering.

CGI sheet

Stone tiles

Wood plank

Stone blocks + Mud plaster

Stone blocks + mud mortar and coating Field

Old balcony destroyed

III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 109 147


17

building practices

sanitary network

Structural - Filling walls made of stone blocks with thick joint mud mortar - No ringbeam - The second ground is collapsed - The columns are not superposed - The stone tiles roof is too heavy

- Toilet is outside the house - Drinking water is accessible - House is close to the water tank

3 8

9

1

materials’ use 7

2

- Stone and mud plaster - In the old house, sustaining wall is made of stone - The wood used for the shelter is untreated

building morphology - The house is not an L shaped plan

6 4

ground implantation

5

- The house is glued to the slope - There is no retaining wall holding the slope

0

148

5m

Section A-A’

security - Window blocking the exit in case of earthquake - The newspaper covering the inside walls fire risk - Unprotected wood planks could let water infiltration


1 No retaining wall

2 No drainage

3 CGI ROOF cover

4 Post and beam Assembly

5 no ventilation in the kitchen

6 newspaper on the inside walls

7 barred windows: difFICULLT EXIT

8 heavy stole tiles roof

9 unprotected wood planks

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 149


17

ram sharan nepali 28 year old, farmer and shop owner

27’’63’98.06’’ n, 86’’10’96.11’’ E

GENERAL CONTEXT

sociological context

Dadagau, Namdu VDC

10 family members used live in the house

Building is set on a strong slope

Weak almost no electricity power

Water tank is less than 5min away

150

40 m2 Three storey house

NPR

Shelter Cost : 30 000 NPR

They have cows and they cultivate rice

This is a complex of two houses. Ram owns one of the houses that was built only three years ago. These traditional stone houses got both damaged after the earthquake. The family of 11 persons has been living in shelters in the same property for about one and a half year. They are waiting for the government’s grant to demolish the old house and build a new one by following the guidelines given by the NRA. By the beginning of december, he’s planning to build a new house made of stone and cement mortar composed of two rooms. He will place the kitchen outside as he fears the heavy smoke and fire with an indoor kitchen.


we would like to keep having a balcony in our new house, it’s quite a nice place to be in

The houses they used to live in before the earthquake

Place where they sort the rice

Old ruined house Stable Straw storage

The shelter complex they live in today

Vegetable garden Stable

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 151


17

the house Storage

Second floor plan

Bedroom

West elevation

irst floor plan

Kitchen Stable

North elevation

0

152

5m

Groundfloor plan


materials & structure

stone blocks

wood

corrugated galvanized iron

This is a traditional house of the area. the structure is made of stones and mud mortar. The terrasse is made of wood. The old stone tiles roof have been replaced with CGI sheets.

CGI roof Wood carpentry

Wood columns Wood structure floor and mud flooring

Stone and mud mortar bearing walls

South elevation

0

3m

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 153


17

materials’ use

building practices

- Partitions walls made of bamboo

3

Structural - Wooden floor structure - Bearing walls made of stone and mud mortar - No ringbeam - Many cracks in the corner of windows - The wood columns are aligned

ground implantation - The house is glued to the slope

sanitary network 5

- Kitchen is inside the house

4 2 7

security - They have a simple system of windows

East elevation

154

0

3m


1 STRUCTURE - wooden assemblies

2 structure -decentered wood assembly

3 structure - collapsed gable end

4 STRUCTURE - aligned columns

5 structure - no ringband

6 MATERIALS - Bamboo partition wall

7 Ground implantation

8 security - window system

9 sanitary - kitchen inside

III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 117 155


18

Chandika 36 YEARS OLD, housewife and FARMER

27’’38’24.87’’ n, 86’’06’29.15’’ E

GENERAL CONTEXT Dadagau, Namdu VDC

Building is set on a sharp slope

156

sociological context

8 family members used live in the house

250 m2 Four storey house

Good current, the house is built next to an electricity pylon

House Cost : 6 000 000 NPR

Water tank is less than 100m away

S’ils ont des animaux ou pas

NPR

This house is one of the few RCC houses we had the opportunity to see in the area. Chandika lives within an eight member family, with her husband, children, step-children and extended uncles and aunts. Her husband built this RCC house only two years before the April 2015 earthquake. Having the building facing the main road, they turned the ground floor into rentable shops. After the earthquake, only the first underground level was highly damaged: cross shaped cracks appeared on the shearing walls, some are made of brick, others of stone and some of cement blocks. The rest of the floors could be considered in good condition as no earthquake damage show. The family decided to move out of the house and live in temporary shelters they built in a close land they inherited from their grandmother.


We were afraid the house’s second fLoor would fall on the toilets, so we deconstructed it To Mainapokhari The old tree of wishes

The shelter complex they live in today

Grocery shop Temple

Electricity pylon

Old water fountain

Cattle

TO CHARIKOT

Bus stop

The RCC house leaning on the sustaining wall

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 157


18

the house

Backstore

Shop

Backstore

Shop

Groundfloor plan

Main facade - North

158

0

3m

Bedroom

Bedroom

Storage

Storage

First underground plan


cement block

brick

cement

Detail showing the link between sustaining wall and the house

reinforced cement concrete

stone blocks

The specificity of this house is that it is made of many different materials within its structure. The main frame is an RCC structure. Some of the filling walls are made of brick, some of cement blocks and others of stone with cement mortar.

Kitchen

Backstore

Shop

Bedroom

Storage

Bedroom

Bedroom

Storage

0

5m

ii DIAGNOSIS AND BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 159


18

sanitary network

building practices

- Toilet is inside the house - Drinking water is accessible

materials’ use

2

- The concrete slab is 10cm thick - The concrete columns are lacking stirrups - Sustaining wall is made of stone

Structural - Filling walls made of brick and breeze blocks with thick joint mortar - No ringbeam - any cracks in the first underground - The concrete columns are bursting in the corners because of the beam leaning on the column - The cantilevers’ beams are interrupted - The decorative columns in the facade are also discontinuted

8

1 building morphology - Disproportional height/ width link - The ground level is flexible by the main facade side

160

security

5 3

9

- Bars on the main door that block the entrance

6 4

7 ground implantation - The house is embedded on one side (north) and laying on the other side (south) - The link between the house and the sustaining wall is weak


1 STRUCTURE - poteau poutre

2 structure- toiture terrasse

3 Building morphology - f lling walls

4 STRUCTURE-poteau court

5 structure -pas de chaînage

6 MATERIALS - variety f lling blocks

7 Ground implantation

8 FRAMEWORK - few steel reinforcement

9 ground implantation

III. iidiagnosis andAND building practices of the surveyed houses DIAGNOSIS BUILDING PRACTICES OF THE SURVEYED HOUSES 123 161


162


III equipments

iii EQUIPMENTS 163


48

NAMDU public SCHOOL shelter school built by save the children

27’’37’58.42’’ n, 86’’06’08.27’’ E

GENERAL CONTEXT

sociological context

Dadagau, Namdu VDC

500 students totaly

Buildings are set on a sharp slope

Good current, solar panels

Two water tanks located on the restroom roof and two sceptic tanks Source 4km away

164

59 m2 One storey house NPR

Stone buildings: 3 000 $ RCC building: 22 0000 $

Complex of several buildings, 7 of them have been built by Save The Children NGO and UNHCR, 2 by the government (temporary learning center and resources center for teachers). The bamboo shelter we studied has been built in february 2016 by a carpenter/mason called Pasumati Ghimire. He has been trained by Save The Children and followed the plans the NGO gave him. Nepaleese engineers came every 2 o 3 days to check the worksite. He was paid 100 NPR/day. Now, he knows that RCC is required on the soil, he also learned how to fix ring bands on the lintel, the roof and soil, and to implement footings to the foundations. Because of the emergency, they didn’t let the bamboo dry. So the structure holds on but is uite flexible.


The framework is too soft but it is nice because the children may hang from it Built 9 years before the earthquake by the government Cost: 3 000 $

Bamboo shelter built by Save The Children

Stone, concrete, steel framework, plexiglass CGI

Water tanks Restroom complex Solar panels

Temple

RCC beam-column Classrooms and Principal office built years before the earthquake, firstfloor modified with CGI Cost: 22 000 $

Wood, CGI Wood and iron sheet toilets

Main courtyard

Stone, mud mortar, slate tiles

Stone, mud mortar, slate tiles

TO MAINA POKHARI

Stone, mud mortar, CGI for the roofs

TO CHARIKOT

Stone, mud mortar, CGI

iii EQUIPMENTS 165


48

the house

Main facade - North

West facade

166

0

0

3m

5m

Groundfloor plan

0

5m


Wood Bamboo

Concrete Detail showing the link between sustaining wall and the house

iaison between bamboo structure and filling

Bamboo carpentry wireframe joining

materials & structure

corrugated galvanized iron

Bamboo framework, week wireframe joining

Blocked evacuation

bamboo

wood

Winter was coming when they were building the shelter, this is the reason why the joinings were made quickly and are not strong enough today.

III. diagnosis and building practices of the surveyed houses 1675 iii EQUIPMENTS


5

MAinapokhari private primary school 27’’64’85.73’’ n, 86’’13’40.9’ E

GENERAL CONTEXT Mainapokhari, Kabre VDC

light slope

sociological context 180 students

350 m² 2 storey building

NPR

Unknown

Water pipe close to the old building linked to a water tank few meters down

168

School Cost : Unknown

No cattle

The Primary school is located at 5 minutes walk from the city centre of Mainapokhari. It is a private school that houses approximately 180 students. The building was very damaged by the earthquake of 2015. It is abandoned today and the access is forbidden to the students. Earlier this year, a Canadian association constructed toilets block and five buildings for classrooms. The last one was unfinished because they didn t have more money. They are one storey buildings made of sandbag with mud mortar, concrete beams and bamboo frame. Each building is composed of 2 classrooms. Despite the fact that these buildings are new, they are already a little bit damaged.


I have to walk 30 minutes every morning to go to school

Water pipe

The old school destroyed by the earthquake

New toilets

New classrooms made with sandbags Neighbours houses

TO Mainapokhari iii EQUIPMENTS 169


5

the school

5m

A

C

b

0

b

C Ground floor

A

C A

b

b

C irst floor

170

A


West Elevation

North Elevation

III. diagnosis and building practices of the surveyed houses 1715 iii EQUIPMENTS


5

the school

materials

reinforced cement concrete

brick

iron rebars

stone blocks

Structural detail of the East elevation

172

cement

Toilets

wood

Earth mortar

South elevation

North elevation

0

5m


Cross section B

0

5m

Cross section C

LEGEND 1- Stones + Cement and earth mortar 2- Bricks + Cement mortar 3- Reinforced cement concrete 4- Wood 5- Metal

Cross section A

iii EQUIPMENTS 173


5

building practices

Structural - No window lighter - Ringbeam no continous - Bad connection slab/stone wall - Iron rebars with weak embedding - Railing dug in the slab - Discontinous columns - Stairs not independant from the structure - No expansion gap - wall collapsed in the ground floor

sanitary network - New toilets - Drinking water is accessible - No vertically draining

- ost of the walls collapsed on the first floor - Roof totally collapsed - Windows too close from the beam - Doors directly connected to the column - No beams on the upper floor - Brick walls not connected to the columns - Structure not sheared

3

1

2

8

7

6

5

4

9 building morphology - Unregular structure - Building too long

174

safety - Dangerous stairs accessibility in case of emergency - The passageway is not wide enough for escape in case of emergency - Just one door per classroom

materials’ use

ground implantation

- Bad concrete quality - Slab deformed when casting it. - Stone wall too wide - Bad cement mortar not well linked with the bricks

- No sustaining wall - Building implanted at the perpendicular of the two slopes. - The building is embedded on its north side and laying on the south side - Subsidence near the toilets


1 STRUCTURE - connection column/frame

2 structure - connection column/brick

3 material - concrete quality

4 STRUCTURE-connection slab/railing

5 safety- Stairs accessibility

6 structure- connection walls/slab

7 structure - Ringbeam no continous

8 structure - space between beam and lintel

9 ground implantation

III. diagnosis and building practices of the surveyed houses 1759 iii EQUIPMENTS



iv Pathologies dictionnary

IV. Pathologies dictionnary 177


A.1. Different ground quality

A.2. Distance from the slope

A.3. cantilever / settlement according to topography

178


A.4. no extra height against monsoon

A.5. No drainage / soil humidity

A.6. No sustainable wall

IV. Pathologies dictionnary 179


b.1. Slended

b.2. “l” shaped

b.3. asymmetric facade

180


c.1. wall and framework link (add of small elements)

c.2. columns and beam link

c.3. no diaphragme link

IV. Pathologies dictionnary 181


c.4. crampless column on the ground

c.5. no horizontal bond

c.6. bond discontinued

182


c.7. no vertical bonds

c.8. bad Fitting of stones

c.9. covering: concrete slab

IV. Pathologies dictionnary 183


c.10. covering weight: heavy roof

c.11. covering weight: heavy Floor

c.12. load management / discontinued columns

184


c.13. no triangulation principe / no truss beam

D.1. bad cements mix

D.2. bad quality of concrete (aggregate granulometry)

IV. Pathologies dictionnary 185


D.3. no wall tie

D.4. no stirrup in iron framework

D.5. thickness of brick points

186


D.6. bad bricklaying implementation

E.1. no wood treatment / wood damaging due to parasites attack (termite)

E.2. mould on the walls

IV. Pathologies dictionnary 187


E.3. poor ventilation system or nonexistent

F.1. narrow landind space / ladders instead oF staircases

F.2. no railing

188


F.3. unprotected electricity system

F.4. bar on windows

F.5. Fire risk due to newspapers used as wallpaper

IV. Pathologies dictionnary 189


190


V materials & construction costs

V. MATERIALS and construction costs 191


wood caracteristics

Thulo Patal environmental footprint

NRP 42 800NRP/M3 skilled man

STRUCTURE/ CLADDING 192

wood saw machine


wood material use

payun for structure Light structure Flexibility Good seismic resistance Local material It could be treated with smoke It could be recycled

NRP

The wood needs to be strong and treated. Saal wood cannot be found in Mainapokhari The local wood in Mainapokhari is pine. It’s not apropriate for exterior and for load bearing structure. It is not fire proof It requires experienced carpenters

NRP

NRP

material: 42 800 NRP/m3 workforce: 1000 NRP/day

Arupate FOR Doors and windows Strong frames Optimization of wood with lower resistance pannels Good seismic resistance Local material It could be treated with smoke

The wood needs to be treated. It’s not apropriate for exterior It is not fire proof It requires experienced carpenters

Frame: 48 NPR/ml Pannel: 4500 NPR (plywood), 5000 (all wood) Handle 35-50 NPR / unit Lock 150 NPR / unit

Pine for cladding,furniture and stairs Clean façade Local material It could be treated with smoke

The wood needs to be treated. It’s not apropriate for exterior It is not fireproof It requires a thermic insulation

Pannel : 400 NPR/unit (dimensions: 0.25*2*0.019) Plywood 6mm : 300 NPR/m2 Plywood 10 mm : 410 NPR/m2 Plywood 19 mm : 750 NPR/m2

V. MATERIALS and construction costs 193


RCC caracteristics

Kathmandu / environmental Delhicolan (sand) footprint

NRP skilled man

STRUCTURE 194

Mixer


RCC material use & composition

NRPNRP NRP

Cement OPC: 18.2 NPR/kg

Cement

X1

SAND

X2

900 NPR /m3

GRAVEL

X3

15-25mm: 140 NPR/ m3

Cement PPC: 16 NPR/kg

Good seismic resistance Modular People feel secure inside Fire proof Easy to increase number of storey Clean and easy to maintain

NRP

REBAR SKILLED LABOUR

12mm / 16mm : 75NPR/kg

Heavy Not a local product It requires experimented masons Can be dangerous if bad execution Expensive

1000 NPR/day

V. MATERIALS and construction costs 195


stone caracteristics

mAinapokhari environmental footprint

NRP 800NRP/M3

MASON

STRUCTURE/ masonry Containing wall / tools Filling wall

196


stone material use

can be associated to

Containing wall / Filling wall

Containing wall / LOAD BEARING WALL

Containing wall / LOAD BEARING WALL

NRP

NRP Local material Thermic efficiency Can be recycled

- Heavy - Must be associated with wood or RCC banding to be seismic resistant - People dont feel secure in this kind of building - Requires trained mason and technical assistance to be seismic resistant

red stone black stone transport work force

800 NRP/m3 800 NRP/m3 2000 NRP/5m3 800 NRP/DAY

V. MATERIALS and construction costs 197


bricks caracteristics

Kathmandu, environmental Baktapur, Terai footprint

NRP

198

21 NRP/u

MASON

Filling wall

masonry tools


bricks material use & composition

BRICKS

RCC STRUCTURE

+

+ NRP Cheap and dont need an experienced mason Could be recycled

CEMENT MORTAR

NRP

NRP Not a local material Important transport cost. Must be associated with wood or RCC structure Requires trained mason and technical assistance to be seismic resistant Banding required

dimension

21NRP/U

11x22x5 cm

10.5x21x5cm

transportER work force

600NRP/day 800 NRP/day

V. MATERIALS and construction costs 199


cement blocks caracteristics

environmental footprint

NRP Local production Good seismic resistance Modular / People feel secure inside Fire proof/ Cheap

NRP

65 TO 55NRP/u

MAINAPOKHARI

No special blocs for corners Weak as shear wall No thermic efficiency It may crumble easily Considerable material losses

Filling wall 200


BAMBOO CARACTERISTICS

environmental footprint

NRP 200 NRP/u

Local Good seismic resistance Cheap

namdu

NRP Not fireproof. Needs to be treated Hard to cut. Requires trained carpenter

structure / FIlling walls V. MATERIALS and construction costs 201


cgi caracteristics

environmental footprint

NRP Distributed by NGO in post-catastrophe Cheap /We can use it to make a shelter /Flexible Can be recycled

NRP Not environmental friendly Bad thermic efficiency Noisy when it rains Need phonic insulation Fragile. Can be taken by the wind

202

100 TO 130 NRP/U

KATHMANDU

ROOFING / FILLINGWALLS


steel CARACTERISTICS

environmental footprint

NRP PLATE STEEL: 120 NRP/ML SQUARE TUBE : 433 NRP/ML GALVANISED CABLE 100 NRP/KG

KATMANDU / BANEPA

Resistant Can be used for retrofitting

NRP No local production Can be corrosive It need special machinery and good welding

WINDOWS / FRAMES V. MATERIALS and construction costs 203


WATER, ELECTRICTY & PLUMBING caracteristics

KATMANDU

environmental footprint

204


WATER, ELETRICITY & PLUMBING PRICES

Circuit breakers 350/ 1000 NRP /U Kit switch (5) + Soket (5) 115 NRP /U

Water tanks 10 NRP /L

Earthing wire 350 NRP /U Cable 3 wire 12 NRP /ML Cable 7 wire 29 NRP /ML Wiring box metal 40 NRP /U Wiring box plastic 200 NRP /U

Toilet pan 750 NRP /U

Lamp CFL 250 NRP /U Lamp LED 425 NRP/ U Lamp cover wall 550 NRP /U

Pipe PVC 4’’/10.16 cm 275 NRP/ ML Pipe PVC 2.5’’/6.35 cm 200 NRP/ ML Pipe PVC 1.5’’/3.81 cm 150 NRP/ ML

V. MATERIALS and construction costs 205


materials localisation production & saling points

0

206

200M

400M

hardware store charpenter and wood

steel cement blocs


construction costs households, incomes & gasts

NRP

Skilled labour 13% transportation

HOUSEHOLD INCOME

4%

- Salary: 60 970 NRP/month - Skilled Mason: 1 000 NRP/day - Skilled Carpenter: 1000 NRP/day - Mason: 700 NRP/day - Human material transport: 500-700 NRP/day - Goat price: 10 000 - 6 000 NRP - Mutton price: 15 000 NRP - Chiken: 2 500 NRP - Milet: 600 NRP/kg

EXPENSES - Private school: 1 000 NRP/month - Study in Kathmandu: 500NRP/month - Change electric network: 500 NRP - Basic electricity bill: 80 NRP/month (7NRP/Kw) - TV box: 5000 NRP - TV recharge: 500 NRP/month

Building cost for traditional houses 4.5/7M Stone House Infrastructure (foundation): Earth moving and Excavation: 8400 NRP Stone foundation: 40 300NRP

materials 83%

GROUND FLOOR CONSTRUCTION 265 900 NRP = 2 438,80 USD TOTAL: 48 700NRP

Wooden columns: 22 657NRP Wooden beams: 20 036NRP Wooden joist: 90 343NRP TOTAL: 121 479NRP

TOTAL: 150 515NRP

Windows and doors: 10660NRP TOTAL GROUND FLOOOR (CGI /STONE): 287 405 NRP

=400KG Of MILLET

= 106 CHIcKEN

= 11 years in private school for 2 children

V. MATERIALS and construction costs 207


208


VI APPENDIX: all the surveyed houses

Vi. appendix 209


villages’ map Facilities

Materials

Bus stop

Sawmill

«Hospital» or «Polyclinic»

Cinder blocks shop

Public school Private school Temple Shop

Water supply Spring or fountain Open-air drain trench

Stones seller Ironware seller Carpenter Cement, gravel seller Ironmongery Bamboo

Water tank

Natural risks Active rockfall and landslide Potential instable area Instable area before the 2015 eathquake

210

Other information Hamlet Biogas Deserted public facilities

NAMDU


MAINA POKHARI

DADAGAU

Vi. appendix 211


mainapokhari Facilities

Materials

Bus stop

Sawmill

«Hospital» or «Polyclinic»

Cinder blocks shop

Public school Private school Temple Shop

Water supply Spring or fountain Open-air drain trench

Stones seller

Bishnu Mijar Nabaraj Khadka

Active rockfall and landslide Potential instable area Instable area before the 2015 eathquake

212

Gopal Mijar Dirga Maya Mijar

Carpenter

Old Dirga Maya Mijar

Cement, gravel seller Kaji Mijar

Hari Mijar Lalit Badhur Mijar

Kamala Mijar

Bamboo

Water tank

Natural risks

Nabaraj Khadka

Ironware seller

Ironmongery

Tula Bhadur Sharki

Other information Hamlet Biogas Deserted public facilities

Chrisner

Sudah Mijar

Sarki

Dipak Mijar


Ghimire Ambigha Ghimire Bhimprasad

Tanka Badhar Karki Kanchi Karki Dhal Badhur Khadka

200

0

200

400

Vi. appendix 213


19

HARI MEZARD MAson and chicken farm owner

27’’64’54.04’’ n, 86’’12’12.21’’ E

GENERAL CONTEXT Mainapokhari Kavare VDC, Ward 1

House is set on terraced land

sociological context Four family members

Land: 225 m2 The house: 125 m2. Three storey house

NPR

Good power

Water source less than 5 meters away

214

House Cost : 600 000 NPR

Chickens, pigs

Mr Hari Mezard lives within an 4 member family. He is a mason and owns a chicken farm. His house was built 5 years ago and the construction lasted 3 months. What is special about this house is its outdoor stone staircase, in fact it liberates more indoor space. Hence, that is one of the few houses with a kitchen located in the third floor, while the animal cattle is in the groundfloor. Although, the earthquauke destroyed the two upper floors. Only the groundfloor s walls are still miraculously standing. While they ve abandoned the house, they moved into the chicken s farm temporarly until they got enough money and time to build shelters nextdoor. In the near future they are hoping to build a three storey house with a dinning room and an outdoor kitchen. The structure would be preferably made of RCC and cement blocks.


For our future house, we would like the help of a skilled person with their knowledge and drawings road To Mainapokhari

Stone blocks and mud mortar damaged house

Chicken farm made of bamboo

Room in chicken farm

Stone and mud mortar stairs

Cattle (cow)

Kitchen

The shelter they live in today Cattle

Water source

Cattle (pig)

Toilet

Vi. appendix 215


the house

0

5m

Storage

19

Animals kitchen Animals cattle

Veranda

West elevation

South elevation

216

Groundfloor plan


materials & structure

wood

corrugated galvanized iron

stone blocks

bamboo

The house has a stone and mud mortar foundation. It s a .20m strip foundation. The particularity of the house is that it has an open ground floor for animals. The owner said that there used to be a kitchen to make animal s food. The family kitchen was in the third floor.

2 kinds of assembly between the column and the beam

Perspective from the inside

III. diagnosis and building practices of the surveyed Vi. houses appendix 2179


20

indra BAHADUR MEZARD handicapes, they receive money from the government each month

GENERAL CONTEXT Mainapokhari Kavare VDC, Ward 1

Building is set on a strong slope

Connected to a common network

Connected to a common network water

218

27’’64’51.61’’ n, 86’’12’27.22’’ E

sociological context Eight family members

33 m2 House in construction

NPR

House Cost : 160 000 NPR (until now)

Cows

This house in construction belongs to a family of a couple, their two disabled sons and their thrid son s family. They used to live in two different houses before the earhquake. The land belongs to the father and one of the sons. Their source of income is the gouvernement that gives them a pension of 300 NPR eah month One of the houses totally collapsed and the other one is very damaged. The house that completely collapsed is the one that is being reconstructed with the help and technical assistance of the NGO «Care for the children». The construction started 1 month ago and they are building a house from the NRA catalogue. They received the first installment 0 000 NP . The mason leading the construction followed a 7 days training from the same NGO.


we want to build a strong house where no one would die Extension shelter made of timber and CGI

Cattle

ather s house Remaining ground floor

New NRA RCC house Son s shelter

Vi. appendix 219


20

parents house

the house

materials & structure

wood

stone blocks

corrugated galvanized iron NRA catalogue house Specificities - 60 cm deep ground foundation - 100 cm strip foundation - Ring bands each 60 cm for seismic resistance - Reinforcement in the angles with a rebar structure in the ring bands! - 1 vertical rebar in each angle

220 12

In this land there were two houses : - ather s house It suffered a lot with the earthquake. It was a 3 storey house. Only the ground floor is standing. The family decided to build a first floor in timber structure and CGI.

Animals

Groundfloor plan

- Son s house It was a 3 storey house made in stone and mud mortar. The kitchen was inside. After the earthquake, the house completely collapsed. So they moved to a bamboo and mud mortar shelter near the house. Today, the new house is being built on the old site. This new house will be for the whole family. The kitchen will be outside.

Kitchen

Bedroom

irst floor plan

Bedroom


Detail showing the rebars around the wooden door frame

Detail showing the wooden door frame that will work as a lintel

Reinforcement in the angles with rebars

Vi. houses appendix 221 III. diagnosis and building practices of the surveyed 13


21

public EQUIPMENT 27’’64’72.18’’ n, 86’’12’90.47’’ E Road

GENERAL CONTEXT

sociological context

Mainapokhari Kavare VDC, Ward 1

Unoccupied

building 1 retaining wall

building 2 Building is set on in a flat land next to road

Power on site

Near a water source

222

42 m2

This building has the particularity that it is not a family house. It is an abandoned equipment that belongs to the government. This building was an equipment located on the road that the communists set on fire a few years ago. The different buildings got damaged during the 2015 earthquake. Today the building is abandoned. What s interesting about this building is that the structure is in quite a good shape and could be a candidate for retrofitting. Being close to the main road is an advantage for any investor. In five years this building will also be a candidate for demolition once they decide to enlarge the road. The question we ask ourselves is: will this entity remain unused and abandoned during five years waiting for its disappearance?


Building of the women s cooperative Building 1

Water source

To Mainapokhari

Building 2

Vi. appendix 223


21

the house

materials & structure

wood

stone blocks

stone tiles

Office

At the day of the survey, we coud access to building 1, but not into building 2. The structure of this building is in stone and mud mortar. It has stone pilars. Sometimes, the filling walls have cement marks. The roof truss doesn t have the bottom chord. The structure is very damaged and the stone tiles have fallen. In case of a light movement, the tiles will keep falling.

224 16

Ground floor plan

Office 2


Stone tiles roof partially detroyed Top of gable wall partially collapsed

Building 1

Retaining stone wall Inside: storage of bricks

Dense vegetation invaded surrounding areas of building

wooden lintel Stone pilars

Vi. houses appendix 225 III. diagnosis and building practices of the surveyed 17


22

KAJI Mijar 48 YEARS OLD, FARMER

27°38’44.27’’N 86°07’14.49’’E

GENERAL CONTEXT

Mainapokhari, Kavare VDC

sociological context Six people in each house

Flat ground

Limited electrical power TV No internet

28 m2 for the future houses

NPR

Water tank 5 min away

226

House Cost : 600 000 NPR

When the earthquake happened, the house where these two families were living collapsed, so they decided to build two new houses on a field. The construction began in september 2016, and they are building the houses themselves, with the help from other inhabitants of Mainapokhari. These are going to be composed of a single storey and construction will last about 2 months. Based on the government plans, these two houses are going to be quite similar, with two rooms, except that one of the two houses will have a bedroom without any window, because they find it more secure. Both of the houses will have outdoor kitchen and bathrooms. They are now living in shelters on the same field, waiting for the constructions to be finished.


We REALLY DON’t know when we are going to get the money from the government First house under construction

To dadagau

Bathroom Shelter

To Mainapokhari

Shelters

Second house under construction

Cattle Second house in construction First house in construction

0

5m

Vi. appendix 227


22

the house

Bedroom Stone walls

Wooden doors and windows

Groundfloor plan

Cement ring bands

South elevation

0

228

3m

Main room


materials & structure

iron rebars Main room

wood

stone blocks

Bedroom

cement

corrugated galvanized iron

These two houses are made of stone walls with cement ringbands (on the ground, between the windows and above the lintel) and some iron rebars in the corners. The foundations were made with cement and stones 30 cm deep. The wooden windows are made with two frames.

Groundfloor plan

South elevation

0

3m

Vi. appendix 229


23

Nabaraj khadka 39 YEARS OLD, FARMER and owner of a shop

27°38’44.19’’N 86°07’16.96’’E

GENERAL CONTEXT

Mainapokhari, Kavare VDC

Flat ground

Good electrical power

Water tank 5 min away

230

sociological context 3 children and 4 adults

52 m2

NPR

The government gave them 50 000 NRP for the moment to rebuild a new house from 0

This house is still standing but the two upper floors collapsed during the earthquake. The family kept the basement that resisted and built a light extension in the the first floor. The groundfloor is composed of a shop on one side and the living room on the other side of the house. The family is now planning to destroy all the house that is still standing in order to build a new one from zero. The owner wil design his own house. They also want to keep the shelter from the upper storey to use it for the shop that will be transferred to another field during the construction. They will reuse all the materials from the old construction for the new one.


We want to destroy the house and start a new construction from zero House Temple

Shop Shelter

To the main road of maina pokhari

Vi. appendix 231


23

the house

0

5m

Storage

Storage

Bedroom

Shop

Living room

Living room Bedroom

Balcony Kitchen

Groundfloor plan

232

First level plan


Cement ring bands

CGI cover

materials & structure

wooden balcony

stone blocks wooden doors mud mortar

bamboo South elevation

wood

wood planks

mud mortar

West elevation

corrugated galvanized iron The house is composed of a stone wall basement covered with mud mortar and a light upper storey in bamboo, wood and CGI.

III. diagnosis and building practices of the surveyed 25 Vi. houses appendix 233


24

DHANA AND DIRGA MAya mijar 63 and 58 YEARS OLD, FARMERs

27’’38’24.87’’ n, 86’’06’29.15’’ E

GENERAL CONTEXT

sociological context

Mainapokhari, Kavare VDC

5 people used to live in the house

Flat ground 10 m2 Limited electrical power NPR

Water source 10 min away

234

They are planning to build 2 new house for 500 000 NRP

This house that was built 18 years ago was highly damaged by the earthquake. The groundfloor is the only part that resisted and it still has lots of apparent cracks inside, covered with some mud mortar. The two owners are a couple that are not living in the house anymore. They only use it for storage and for the kitchen, because they find this room useful to cook but not safe enough to live in. The house has a small porch that shows the entrance to the main room. What is left from the upper floor is now occupied with some drying cereals.


The house is not safe enough to keep living inside The house

Porch

Toilets

To maina pokhari

Vi. appendix 235


24

the house Main room / kitchen

0

3m Groundfloor plan

Storage

Main room / kitchen

East elevation

236

Section


materials & structure The house is made of wood and stone block walls covered with mud mortar and the family added a CGI roof in order to protect the storage from the rain.

MUD MORTAR

wood

stone blocks

corrugated galvanized iron

Section

Vi. houses appendix 237 III. diagnosis and building practices of the surveyed 29


25

DIRGA AND DHANA Mijar’s children AROUND 30 YEARS OLD, FARMERs

27’’38’24.87’’ n, 86’’06’29.15’’ E

GENERAL CONTEXT

sociological context

Mainapokhari, Kavare VDC

5 people used to live in the house

Flat ground 80 m2 Limited electricity power NPR

Water source 10 min away

238

They are planning to build two new houses for 500 000 NRP

This house was built five years ago, it was severely damaged during the earthquake, the family that was living in there before is afraid to come back in the house. Now, they prefer to live in a shelter next to the house and use the house for cattle and storage. The family designed and built their shelter with the help of 25 people from the village. In the future, they would like to build a new house and demolish their shelter in order to take the materials from the shelter.


WE prefer to live in the shelter and keep the house for storage

The shelter where they are currently living in

The house that is used for storage since the earthquake

Vi. appendix 239


25

the house

Cattle

0

Storage

Storage

Balcony

Groundfloor plan

240

irst floor plan

3m


materials & structure 0

3m

stone blocks

wood

corrugated galvanized iron

North elevation

The house is a two storeys house built with some stone blocks walls covered with mud mortar. Doors and windows are made of wooden frames. They replaced the former roof made of a CGI cover.

Vi. appendix 241


26

27’’38’45.07’’ n, 86’’07’13.56’’ E

GENERAL CONTEXT

sociological context NPR

Mainapokhari Kavare VDC

Bishnu i ar is the landowner s son. He works in Kathmandu in RCC construction while his wife and two children stay in Maina Pokhari. He earns 18 000 NRP/month, keeps 5 000 to live and send the rest to his family. He used to live along with his two brothers and parents in a three storey house. He comes back during vacations to rebuild a two-rooms house (30m²) which he began four days before our visit. It should have been finished 5 to 7 days afterwards. Later on, they will ask for another credit to build a sceptic tank, as they had before the earthquake. His two brothers plan to build two seperate one-storey house each.

242

Building is set on a sharp slope

The house is built next to an electricity pole 100 NPR/month

Water tank is less than 100m away

7-10 family members used to live in the house

Three storey house

The new construction: 60 000 NPR + credits

Cow and goats

They cultivate millet and a vegetable garden. When they need, they buy food with the money sent by the Bishnu Mijar. Each day, they draw x 0 of water from a fountain to water their fields. They wish they could draw water from an upper spring.


I don’t have access to the NRA subvention to build my own house because My father is the owner of the land Future kitchen Dry toilets project of sceptic tank

cf detail of the roof ballast Reuse of the CGI given by STC for roof and walls

Water tank

The father s house, waiting for the N As subvention to rebuild it Cow and goats

Vi. appendix 243


26

the house

South elevation

Kitchen

First underground plan

244

0

3m

Bedroom

0

3m

West elevation

0

3m


materials & structure

corrugated galvanized iron

wood

stone blocks Detail of the roof ballast with stone surrounded by a wireframe and nailed along the timber post.

Wood bought on credit in the sawmill Non connected ship lap, unupturned nails

Foundations with stone bed

III. diagnosis and building practices of the surveyed 37 Vi. houses appendix 245


dadagao Facilities

Materials

Bus stop

Sawmill

«Hospital» or «Polyclinic»

Cinder blocks shop

Public school Private school Temple Shop

Water supply Spring or fountain Open-air drain trench

Stones seller Ironware seller Carpenter Cement, gravel seller Ironmongery Bamboo

Water tank

Natural risks Active rockfall and landslide Potential instable area Instable area before the 2015 eathquake

246

Other information Hamlet Biogas Deserted public facilities

Dha


Dan Bahedurkale

Laxmi Dunghel Dhak Prashad Kuikel Sauri Kan Dhungel Ghadka Bahaduri Giri

ana Pati Dhungel

Sanga Prajad Dhungel

Khadka Bahaduri Giri Evalal Giri

Dadhiram Ghimine Bhagawoti Tiwari Nirmala Bir Bhadhur Mijar Shandra Bahadur Karki

200

Ram Sharan Nepali

0

200

400

III. diagnosis and building practices of the surveyed Vi. houses appendix 247 39


27

Laxmi dunghel 52 year old, farmer

27’’64’19.37’’ n, 86’’10’98.63’’ E

GENERAL CONTEXT

Dadagau, Namdu VDC

Building is set on a sharp slope

sociological context 5 family members used live in the house

145,5 m2

NPR

Weak almost no power

Water tank is in their yard

248

Shelter Cost : unknown

They have cows and they cultivate rice

Laxmi Dunghel is a member of Jagaran Nepal in Mainapokhra and is the owner of the house, she has been living in this house for 35 years. Her husband is a mason, when building the house he didn t request an architect to help him design and build. After the earthquke they brought some modifications to keep using the kitchen and reinvested the first floor into a livingroom in where they watch TV, but they never feel safe to actually sleep inside. Which is why they currently live in shelters they built nextdoor. Being a mason, her husband received a new training to build following the anti-seismic rules. Hence, they re planning on building the new house in the field. In the meantime, no one came from government to check on the house and offer a grant to build the shelters nor the new house.


We were afraid the house’s second fLoor would fall on the toilets, so we deconstructed it The house they used to live in before the earthquake Stable

The shelter they live in today Water tank

Vi. appendix 249


27

0

the house

West elevation

East elevation

Storage Kitchen

Groundfloor plan

250

Bathroom

5m


materials & structure 0

3m

wood

stone blocks

stone tiles stone tiles

wood planks

wood column

stone and mud mortar bearing walls

Vi. appendix 251


28

dan bahedurkale 54 year old, farmer

27’’64’18.84’’ n, 86’’10’64.68’’ E

GENERAL CONTEXT

sociological context

Dadagau, Namdu VDC

5 family members used live in the house

Building is set on a sharp slope

147,5 m2

NPR

No electricity power

Daily one hour walk to fill one water bucket

252

Shelter Cost : 40 000 NPR

They have cows and they cultivate rice

This five members family built their house only 2 years before the April 2015 earthquake. At the time it cost them 700 000 NRP. But it got pretty damaged after the earthquake, which is why they are currently living in shelters they built themselves with a loan they got. They are currently waiting for the government grant to demolish the old house and start building a new one according to the N As guidelines. Beside from being farmers, the family owns a little grocery shop they built down the hill close to the main road. Having to water pipe reaching their land, the women of the family walk daily up the hill during an hour to fill buckets for the day. They have to walk an hour to fill the bucket and now they have a pipeline. When speaking to the daughter in law, she told us about her experience when the earth uake happened, it s a kind of fear she never wants to g through again.


I don’t want my son to grow up to be a farmer, i’d like him to fIND A GOOD JOB The neighbour s shelter The house they used to live in before the earthquake The shelter they live in today Hen house The land they cultivate The grocery shop downhill

Vi. appendix 253


28

the house

0

5m

South facade

Storage

Stable Kitchen

Groundfloor plan

254

Storage

irst floor plan

Bedroom


materials & structure

wood

stone blocks

corrugated galvanized iron

Totally collapsed last floor and stone tiles roof

tarpaulin

Tarpaulin

CGI roof

Wood columns

Wooden floor structure and mud flooring

Stone and mud mortar bearing walls

Transversal section

1:50 0

3m

Vi. appendix 255


29

DAdhiram ghimire 40 year old, farmer

27’’64’02.94’’ n, 86’’10’60.71’’ E

GENERAL CONTEXT

Dadagau, Namdu VDC

Building is set on a sharp slope

Weak almost no power

Water tank is less than 5 min away

256

sociological context 5 family members used live in the house

55 m2 Three storey house before EQ NPR

Shelter Cost : 1 200 000 NPR

They have cows and they cultivate rice

Dadhiram Ghimire built this cement blocks house thinking he could also turn it into a restaurant, which is why he designed dining tables on the balcony all made of bamboo. Unfortunately due to a lack of water, he never got to open the restaurant. Having a large open space on the inside, it is divided into different sleeping areas and a living room. This house is one of kind since all the spaces are located on the same level along with the kitchen. He decided to build this house that he considers a shelter right after the earth uake when the upper floors of his traditional house right nextdoor collapsed. In the near future he is planning on demolishing this «shelter» in order to build a stronger house made of RCC columns an brick filling walls.


Even WITH CEMENT BLOCKS WE DON’T FEEL SAFE ENOUGH, I THINK BUILDING AN RCC STRUCTURE IS THE SAFEST DESPITE THE HIGH COST

Baboo cladding

CGI roof

CGI walls Old house level

Old stones house

Cement blocks wall

Wood columns

Vi. appendix 257


29

the house

Storage

0

Bathroom

irstfloor collapsed

Restaurant

Kitchen

Groundfloor plan

258

irst floor plan

Living space

5m


materials & structure

corrugated galvanized iron

East elevation

mud plaster

bamboo

wood

cement block

stone blocks

South elevation

Vi. houses appendix 259 III. diagnosis and building practices of the surveyed 51


30

Dhal Prashad kuikel 75 YEARS OLD, wife, 3 sons

27’’38’28.43’’ n, 86’’06’21.07’’ E

GENERAL CONTEXT Dadagau, Namdu VDC

Building is set on a light slope Dhal Prashad Kuikel has 3 sons, one lives in Dubai, another one in Kathmandu and the third one in Namdu. They used to live in three separate houses. The first one, built by Dhal Prashad s father before 1934, suffered the earthquake which happened in 1934. Several cracks had been repaired. Originally, the roof was made of wood. It was replaced for thatched roof in 1990 and is now covered with CGI since 2004. The two other houses have been built by Dhal Prashad Kuikel, his sons and some neighbors 15 years ago and demolished by the last earthquake.

260

Good current, the son pay for the three families

Water tanks

sociological context 10 family members in the shelters

Three separate houses

Cows and goats

The decision had been taken to demolish the three houses and reconstruct a single house for everybody. To construct the shelters they currently live in, they reused the wood that fell down from the balconies. Save The Children NGO contributed to the cost of a sceptic tank (45 000 NPR).


We have dupliCated what we could observe on the old house to build two other ones A

TO CHARIKOT

That house is an exception, it has been built before the earthquake of 1934

To Mainapokhari B

The shelter they live in today

C

That house has been built in a second phase, they duplicated the technics of the oldest house, some in a wrong way

That house has been completely demolished by the earthquake

That courtyard used to be a beautiful garden

Vi. appendix 261


30

0

the house

materials & structure

corrugated galvanized iron

Main facade - East

North elevaion

wood

stone tiles Groundfloor plan

262

5m

A


B

Second floor plan

Shelters

Groundfloor plan

materials & structure

wood Main facade - West

corrugated galvanized iron

Vi. appendix 263


30

0

the house materials & structure

corrugated galvanized iron

Backstore

wood

Groundfloor plan

Main facade - West

264

5m

irst floor plan

Attic plan

C


Vi. appendix 265


31

Evalal giri 64 YEARS OLD, housewife and 2 sons

27’’38’25.59’’ n, 86’’06’38.94’’ E

GENERAL CONTEXT Dadagau, Namdu VDC

Building is set on a sharp slope

Good current, the house is built next to an electricity pylon

Water tank of 300L

266

sociological context One couple, one son livingin Dubai another one is a priest in Maina Pokhari

120 m2 Four storey house NPR

Allocation: 27 000 NPR Toilets cost: 70 000 NPR

Agriculture and cattle

Evali Giri is a christian farmer. He lives with his wife in a 60 years old house. The groundfloor has been built by his father, he added the secondfloor later on. He has two sons, one is working in Dubai, the other one is a priest in Maina Pokhari. He lives in a bamboo and CGI shelter. His two sons came back right after the earthquake to build the shelters with help of masons (6 person/day during 3 days). He was growing bamboo to make furniture, so after the earthquake he was able to build his own shelter very easily. He is waiting for the NRA installment payment and money from his son in Dubai to rebuild a three room house on the same spot. They will divide the land in two parts to build a separate house for his son. He fears the bamboo shelters could be blown by a hurricane. He earns money from selling goats. A healthy goat brings 10 000 NPR, a «bad one» brings 6 000 NPR.


We maintain our own bamboo forest to build shelters. That is an heritage from my father. TO Mainapokhari Shelter for guests

Cattle

Bamboo shelter

Restroom with sceptic tank New kitchen with bamboo structure

Vi. houses appendix 267 III. diagnosis and building practices of the surveyed 59


31

the house

0

Main facade - West

Groundfloor plan

268

Second floor plan

3m


materials & structure The restroom is made of wood and stones. It was built 2 months before the earthquake by his son. It cost 70 000 NPR. Evalal Giri expects to rebuild onestorey house with at least 3 rooms to be able to receive his sons.

wood

CGI roof on the demolished house

Restroom built thanks to his son with sceptic tank

Drain behing the shelter

Current kitchen

stone blocks

Sandwich roof in CGI

Vi. houses appendix 269 III. diagnosis and building practices of the surveyed 61


GIS mapping methodology for geographic information system mapping

a method for ngo collection of datas The following document has been created by DSA Architecture & Major Risks students from Paris Belleville School of Architecture in order to help people to integrate pieces of information they sketched during a site survey in a GIS software. That approach is very important and may help NGO’s or any other organization to rework your datas. To create our document, we used « QGIS » and « Maps me ».

DADAGAU

NAMDU

270

qgis « QGIS » is a free software using open sources files. This system allowed us to use all the work that has been already done by others organizations and shared on internet.

maps me « Maps me » is an application for smartphones that can give you your satellite localization at any time and without internet connection.


gis mapping method

importing/ exporting layers

Registering localisations During our survey in Dolhaka, we used « Maps me » to register any building or network element we saw and analysed. For example, to register the localisation of the hotel in Maina Pokhari where we stayed, you need to open the app on your smartphone and press on the arrow. It gives you the GPS coordinates and the altitude. Then you save the localisation and give a name for this point.

When we got back to Paris, we downloaded layers on open source websites such as buildings, contours lines, rivers or roads. We started « QGIS» and added vector layers and brought the .shp files we previously downloaded from internet. When we had all the information we needed on our file extract from internet, we added the datas we collected in Dolakha. We created an excel file with all our GPS coordinates registered previously on « Maps me » then we added it in QGIS by creating a delimited text layer. Our file has the perfect localisation of the houses we surveyed and the network we saw. This new file, as it has been done is now usable by associations, NGOs or anyone using open source softwares.

more infos To download Nepalese open source layers suitable for QGIS: -http://directrelief.maps.arcgis.com/apps/ MapJournal/index.html?appid=0fdb96293c6440 ac84b9a62136b61e72 - http://nepal.piensa.co/ - h t t p : / / rd s . i c i m o d . o rg / D a t a s e t M a s t e r s / Download/9224

Vi. appendix 271


GIS mapping method step 1

272


gis mapping method Step 2

Vi. appendix 273


GIS mapping method step 3

274


gis mapping method step 4

Vi. appendix 275





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