Prioritizing Children: Environmental Health Indicators for China
Annex H: Literature Review Results for Each Indicator Candidate
No.
Measure
Proposed indicator
18
Ambient air pollution exposure
Annual mean concentration of PM2.5 in the given administrative location (μg/m3)
20
Smoking environment
Number of children under 18 years of age living in households in which at least one adult smokes on a regular basis
62
Lead poisoning
Average blood lead level among children under 18 years of age
79
Chronic respiratory illness
Prevalence of asthma among children under 18 years of age
87
Children’s cancer
Prevalence of leukemia among children under 18 years of age
31
Diarrhea
Incidence of diarrhea among children under 5 years of age
9
Congenital malformations
Incidence of congenital malformations in children under 1 year of age
110
Preterm birth
Incidence of preterm birth
13
Low birth weight
Incidence of low birth weight (<2,500 grams)
27
Water
Percentage of drinking water supplies failing national water quality standards
85
Hygiene
Percentage of population with basic handwashing facility
74
Literature review results – from strongest to weakest association with environmental factors Abundant strong evidence suggests an association between environmental exposures and children’s health or the specific health outcome
Abundant medium-to-strong evidence suggests an association between environmental exposures and children’s health or the specific health outcome
Abundant medium-strength evidence suggests an association between WASH and children’s health
