Theories of Personality 11th Edition by Duane P. Schultz – Test Bank

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Description Theories of Personality 11th Edition by Duane P. Schultz – Test Bank Sample Questions Instant Download With Answers Chapter 3—Carl Jung: Analytical Psychology

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Jung’s view of personality differs from Freud’s in that Jung: placed an even greater emphasis on the unconscious. emphasized social factors in personality. considered human nature to be shaped solely by future goals. placed more emphasis on sex.

ANS: A PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Introduction REF: 82 FEEDBACK: A significant point of difference between Jung’s view and Freud’s view of personality revolved around the unconscious. Rather than minimizing the role of the unconscious Jung placed an even greater emphasis on it than Freud did. He probed more deeply into the unconscious and added an entirely new dimension: the inherited experiences of all human and even prehuman species.

2.

3.

Jung’s theory is concerned with: inherited primal experiences. c.

consciousness, much more than Freud’s.

4.

the development of social relationships. d. aspirations.

past events, not future

ANS: A PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Introduction REF: 82 FEEDBACK: He probed more deeply into the unconscious and added an entirely new dimension: the inherited experiences of all human and even prehuman species.

Although Freud had recognized the influence of inherited primal experiences, Jung made it the core of his system of personality.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Carl Jung’s childhood experiences included: a typically happy and peaceful Swiss family life. the attention and adoration of a young and attractive mother. a life of ease based on his father’s success in business. personal loneliness plus the marital conflicts and mental instability of his parents.

ANS: D PTS: 1 A-HEAD: The Life of Jung (1875–1961) REF: 82 FEEDBACK: Jung’s difficult and unhappy childhood years were marked by deaths and funerals, neurotic parents in a failing marriage, religious doubts and conflicts, bizarre dreams and visions, and a wooden doll for his only companion. Although kind and tolerant, Jung’s father experienced periods of moodiness and irritability and failed to be the strong authority figure his son needed. Jung’s mother was by far the more powerful parent, but her emotional instability led her to behave erratically.

4.

5.

Jung’s early life was characterized by: a secure relationship with his parents.

6.

7.

8.

religious doubts and conflicts and bizarre dreams and visions. a high degree of self-confidence and an intense ambition to succeed. parents who held extremely strict religious views and emphasized the virtue of hard work.

ANS: B PTS: 1 A-HEAD: The Life of Jung (1875–1961) REF: 82 FEEDBACK: Jung’s difficult and unhappy childhood years were marked by deaths and funerals, neurotic parents in a failing marriage, religious doubts and conflicts, bizarre dreams and visions, and a wooden doll for his only companion.

5.

6.

7.

Jung’s theory of personality differs sharply from Freud’s concerning the: role of unconscious. c. understanding of dreams. early childhood experiences. d. inner growth of an individual.

ANS: D PTS: 1 A-HEAD: The Life of Jung (1875–1961) REF: 83 FEEDBACK: Jung’s loneliness is reflected in his theory, which focuses on the inner growth of the individual rather than on relationships with other people. In contrast, Freud’s theory is concerned more with interpersonal relationships, perhaps because Freud, unlike Jung, did not have such an isolated and introverted childhood.

6.

7.

Jung broke from Freud’s concepts because: he decided to follow his own ideas and viewpoints on personality. c. had no contact with Freud on a regular basis.

8.

Freud was Jewish and Jung was a non-Jew. d. he placed far more importance to sexuality in shaping personality than Freud did.

Jung

ANS: A PTS: 1 A-HEAD: The Life of Jung (1875–1961) REF: 84 FEEDBACK: Jung had his own ideas and unique view of the human personality, and when he began to express these notions to Freud, it became inevitable that they would part.

They severed their relationship in 1913.

7.

How did Carl Jung overcome his neurotic disturbance, which later influenced his theory of personality?

8.

By confronting with his conscious mind 9.

Through the exploration of his dreams and fantasies 10.

By laboratory experiments in psychology 11.

Through word-association tests

ANS: B PTS: 1 A-HEAD: The Life of Jung (1875–1961) REF: 85 FEEDBACK: Jung overcame his neurotic disturbance by confronting his unconscious through the exploration of his dreams and fantasies. Out of Jung’s confrontation with his unconscious he fashioned his approach to personality. Jung established his theory on an intuitive base, which derived from his personal experiences and dreams.

8.

9.

10.

Identify an area of disagreement between Jung and Freud.

The existence of homosexuality c.

The importance of dreams The existence of the unconscious d.

The nature of libido

ANS: D PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Psychic Energy: The Basis of Jung’s System REF: 86 FEEDBACK: One of the first points on which Jung disagreed with Freud involved the nature of libido.

Jung did not believe that libido was primarily a sexual energy; he argued instead that it was a broad, undifferentiated life energy.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

Jung considered libido as: a broader and more generalized form of psychic energy. the primitive and carnal desires inherent in all individuals. an individual’s urge to engage in sexual activity. a series of developmental stages within an individual.

ANS: A PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Psychic Energy: The Basis of Jung’s System REF: 86 FEEDBACK: To Jung, libido meant a broader and more generalized form of psychic energy. Jung did not believe that libido was primarily a sexual energy; he argued instead that it was a broad, undifferentiated life energy.

10.

11.

12.

ANS: B

What is the term given by Carl Jung for “personality”?

Ego c.

Persona Psyche d.

Libido

PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Psychic Energy: The Basis of Jung’s System REF: 86 FEEDBACK: Jung used the term libido in two ways: first, as a diffuse and general life energy, and second, from a perspective similar to Freud’s, as a narrower psychic energy that fuels the work of the personality, which he called the psyche. It is through psychic energy that psychological activities such as perceiving, thinking, feeling, and wishing are carried out.

11.

All of the following are principles explain the functioning of psychic energy except _____.

12. differentiation principle c. equivalence principle 13. opposition principle d. entropy principle

ANS: A PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Psychic Energy: The Basis of Jung’s System REF: 86 FEEDBACK: Jung drew on ideas from physics to explain the functioning of psychic energy. He proposed three basic principles: opposites, equivalence, and entropy.

12.

13.

Which of the following best describes Jung’s principle of opposites?

The psychic energy expended in bringing about some condition is not lost but rather is shifted to another part of a personality. c.

The psychic energy is continually redistributed within a personality.

14.

The conflict between polarities is the primary motivator of behavior and generator of psychic energy. d.

The sharper the conflict between opposing tendencies in a personality, lesser the psychic energy is produced.

ANS: B PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Psychic Energy: The Basis of Jung’s System REF: 86

FEEDBACK: Jung noted the existence of opposites or polarities in psychic energy in the universe. According to him, every wish or feeling has its opposite. This opposition—this conflict between polarities—is the primary motivator of behavior and generator of energy.

13.

14.

In principle of equivalence, Jung argued that: the greater the conflict between the opposing processes or tendencies in a personality, the greater will be the psychic energy produced. c. psychic energy is continually redistributed within a personality.

1.

only one among a pair of psychological functions is dominant, as even the functions in a pair are opposing. d. there is a tendency toward maintaining a balance or equilibrium in a personality.

ANS: C PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Psychic Energy: The Basis of Jung’s System REF: 86 FEEDBACK: For his principle of equivalence, Jung applied the physical principle of the conservation of energy to psychic events. He stated that energy expended in bringing about some condition is not lost but rather is shifted to another part of the personality.

The principle of equivalence dictates that energy is continually redistributed within the personality.

14.

Jung applied the principle of _____ to psychic energy by proposing that there is a tendency toward maintaining a balance or equilibrium in the personality.

15. individuation c. entropy 16. opposites d. animus revertendi

ANS: C PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Psychic Energy: The Basis of Jung’s System REF: 86–87 FEEDBACK: In physics, the principle of entropy refers to the equalization of energy differences. Entropy is a tendency toward balance or equilibrium within the personality; the ideal is an equal distribution of psychic energy over all structures of the personality.

Jung applied this law to psychic energy by proposing that there is a tendency toward maintaining a balance or equilibrium in the personality.

15.

According to Jung’s principle of _____, if two desires or beliefs differ greatly in intensity or psychic value, energy will flow from the more strongly held to the weaker.

16. opposites c. entropy 17. equals d. equivalence

ANS: C PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Psychic Energy: The Basis of Jung’s System REF: 87 FEEDBACK: In physics, the principle of entropy refers to the equalization of energy differences. Jung applied this law to psychic energy by proposing that there is a tendency toward maintaining a balance or equilibrium in the personality. If two desires or beliefs differ greatly in intensity or psychic value, energy will flow from the more strongly held to the weaker.

16.

According to Jung’s principle of entropy, if a perfect balance of psychic energy is attained over all the aspects of a personality: 17. only rational functions will dominate in the personality. c. the personality would have no psychic energy.

18.

ego would disappear from the personality. d. unconscious merge in the personality.

personal and collective

ANS: C PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Psychic Energy: The Basis of Jung’s System REF: 87 FEEDBACK: If perfect balance or equilibrium were attained, then the personality would have no psychic energy because the opposition principle requires conflict for psychic energy to be produced. Ideally, the personality has an equal distribution of psychic energy overall its aspects, but this ideal state is never achieved.

17.

18.

19.

According to Jung, the _____ is the conscious aspect of personality. ego c. superego id d. archetype

ANS: A PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 87 FEEDBACK: The ego is the center of consciousness, the part of the psyche concerned with perceiving, thinking, feeling, and remembering. It is our awareness of ourselves and is responsible for carrying out all the normal everyday activities of waking life.

18.

According to Jung, all of the following are distinct aspects of the total personality except _____.

19. ego c. personal unconscious 20. collective conscious d. collective unconscious

ANS: B PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 87–93 FEEDBACK: Jung believed that the total personality, or psyche, is composed of several distinct systems or aspects that can influence one another: the ego (the conscious mind), the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious.

19.

Which of the following best describes Jung’s beliefs on introversion and extraversion?

20.

A person has equal characteristics of both introversion and extraversion.

21.

A person typically has a dominant attitude toward either introversion or extraversion.

22.

A person’s dominant attitude affects his or her personal unconscious.

23.

A person remains either introverted or extraverted throughout the life.

ANS: B PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 87 FEEDBACK: According to Jung, all of us have the capacity for both introversion and extraversion, but only one becomes dominant in our personality. Much of our conscious perception of our environment, and how we react to it, is determined by these opposing mental attitudes.

20.

Which of the following applies to the mental attitudes of extraversion and introversion?

21.

The dominant attitude directs a person’s consciousness and behavior.

22.

Only one of the attitudes becomes dominant in a person’s personality.

23.

The nondominant attitude becomes part of a person’s personal unconscious.

24.

All of these are correct.

ANS: D PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 87 FEEDBACK: According to Jung, all of us have the capacity for both attitudes, but only one becomes dominant in our personality. The dominant attitude then tends to direct our behavior and consciousness. The nondominant attitude still remains influential, however, and becomes part of the personal unconscious, where it can affect behavior.

21.

22.

23.

According to Jung, all of the following are functions of the psyche except: thinking. c. imagining. intuiting. d. sensing.

ANS: C PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 87 FEEDBACK: Jung posited four functions of the psyche: sensing, intuiting, thinking, and feeling. These functions refer to different and opposing ways of perceiving both the external real world and our subjective inner world.

22.

23.

24.

ANS: C PTS: 1

Which of the following is grouped as rational psychological functions?

Imagining and hoping c.

Thinking and feeling Intuiting and sensing d.

Thinking and sensing

A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 88 FEEDBACK: Thinking and feeling are rational functions that involve making judgments and evaluations about our experiences. Although thinking and feeling are opposites, both are concerned with organizing and categorizing experiences.

23.

Sensing and intuiting are grouped together as nonrational psychological functions because: 24. they are involved in making conscious judgments about experiences.

25. they evaluate experiences and express and in terms of like or dislike, pleasantness or unpleasantness, stimulation or dullness.

26. they remain submerged in the personal unconscious.

27. they do not use the processes of reason to evaluate experiences.

ANS: D PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 87 FEEDBACK: Sensing and intuiting are grouped together as nonrational functions because they do not use the processes of reason. These functions accept experiences and do not evaluate them.

24.

25.

Jung proposed eight psychological types, based on the interactions of the: four psychological functions. c. two psychological attitudes and four psychological functions.

26. two psychological attitudes and four archetypes. d. four archetypes.

ANS: C PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 88 FEEDBACK: Jung proposed eight psychological types, based on the interactions of the two attitudes (introversion and extraversion) and four functions (thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting).

25.

According to Jung, the _____ personality types tend to be outgoing, pleasure seeking, and adaptable.

26. extraverted sensing c. introverted sensing 27. extraverted feeling d. introverted feeling

ANS: A PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 88 FEEDBACK: The extraverted sensing types focus on pleasure and happiness and on seeking new experiences. They are strongly oriented toward the real world and are adaptable to different kinds of people and changing situations.

26.

According to Jung, which of the following personality types tend to be logical and objective and live strictly by society’s rules?

27.

Introverted feeling types c.

Extraverted thinking types 28.

Introverted sensing types d.

Extraverted intuiting types

ANS: C PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 88 FEEDBACK: The extraverted thinking types live strictly in accordance with society’s rules. These people tend to repress feelings and emotions, to be objective in all aspects of life, and to be dogmatic in thoughts and opinions.

27.

Based on Jung’s psychological types, the extraverted intuiting type of person would be: 28. creative, able to inspire others, and able to seize opportunities.

29. focused on pleasure and on seeking new experiences.

30. very sensitive to the feelings of others and have values and high morals.

31. very cold and rigid in their opinions.

ANS: A PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 88 FEEDBACK: The extraverted intuiting types find success in business and politics because of a keen ability to exploit opportunities. They are attracted to new ideas, tend to be creative, and are able to inspire others to accomplish and achieve.

28.

29.

According to Jung, the personal unconscious is: a reservoir of material that was once conscious but has been forgotten or suppressed. c. a core or pattern of emotions, memories, perceptions, and wishes organized around a common theme.

30. the part of the psyche concerned with perceiving, thinking, feeling, and remembering. d. a psychic energy that fuels the work of a personality.

ANS: A PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 89 FEEDBACK: The personal unconscious in Jung’s system is similar to Freud’s concept of the preconscious. It is a reservoir of material that was once conscious but has been forgotten or suppressed because it was trivial or disturbing.

29.

According to Jung, a(n) _____ is a core or pattern of emotions, memories, perceptions, and wishes in one’s personal conscious organized around a common theme.

30. id 31. libido 32. archetype 33. complex

ANS: D PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 90 FEEDBACK: To Jung, a core or pattern of emotions, memories, perceptions, and wishes in the personal unconscious organized around a common theme, such as power or status.

Complexes may be conscious or unconscious.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

Which of the following is true of Jung’s concept of complexes?

Complexes are strictly under conscious control.

A person with a complex can easily observe its effects.

Complexes are specifically stored in the collective unconscious.

Complexes that are not under conscious control can interfere with consciousness.

ANS: D PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 90 FEEDBACK: Complexes may be conscious or unconscious. Those that are not under conscious control can intrude on and interfere with consciousness.

31.

According to Jung’s belief, which of the following is responsible for the formation of complexes in the personal unconscious of an individual?

32.

The childhood experiences c.

The ancestral experiences 33.

The adult experiences d.

All of these are correct.

ANS: D PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 90 FEEDBACK: Complexes may be conscious or unconscious. Jung believed that complexes originate not only from our childhood and adult experiences, but also from our ancestral experiences, the heritage of the species contained in the collective unconscious.

32.

33.

34.

The most unusual and controversial aspect of Jung’s system is the: libido c. personal unconscious. collective unconscious. d. persona.

ANS: B PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 90 FEEDBACK: The deepest and least accessible level of the psyche, the collective unconscious, is the most unusual and controversial aspect of Jung’s system. Jung

believed that just as each of us accumulates and files all of our personal experiences in the personal unconscious, so does humankind collectively, as a species, store the experiences of all our human and pre-human ancestors in the collective unconscious.

33.

According to Jung, which of the following is the deepest and least accessible level of the human psyche?

34.

Personal unconscious c.

Collective unconscious 35.

Preconscious d.

Subconscious

ANS: C PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 90 FEEDBACK: The deepest and least accessible level of the psyche that contains the accumulation of inherited experiences of human and pre-human species is the collective unconscious. It is also the most unusual and controversial aspect of Jung’s system.

34.

Jung believed that humankind collectively, as a species, store the experiences of all our human and pre-human ancestors in the _____.

35. personal unconscious 36. preconscious 37. collective unconscious 38. subconscious

ANS: C PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 90 FEEDBACK: Jung believed that just as each of us accumulates and files all of our personal experiences in the personal unconscious, so does humankind collectively, as a

species, store the experiences of all our human and pre-human ancestors in the collective unconscious. This heritage is passed to each new generation.

35.

The ancient experiences contained in the collective unconscious are manifested by recurring themes or patterns, which Jung termed _____.

36. archetypes c. personas 37. complexes d. psychological functions

ANS: A PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 91 FEEDBACK: The ancient experiences contained in the collective unconscious are manifested by recurring themes or patterns, which Jung called archetypes. Jung also used the term primordial images.

36.

37.

38.

Jung proposed all of the following major archetypes except the _____. persona c. anima and animus ego d. shadow

ANS: B PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 91 FEEDBACK: Among the archetypes Jung proposed are the hero, the mother, the child, God, death, power, and the wise old man. The major archetypes include the persona, the anima and animus, the shadow, and the self.

37.

38.

According to Jung, the persona archetype refers to the: masculine aspects of the female psyche. c. feminine aspects of the male psyche.

39. public face or role a person presents to others. d. dark side of a personality.

ANS: B PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 91 FEEDBACK: The persona archetype is a mask, a public face we wear to present ourselves as someone different from who we really are. The word persona refers to a mask that an actor wears to display various roles or faces to the audience.

38.

39.

40.

The anima and animus express Jung’s idea that all humans are essentially _____. transsexual c. bisexual homosexual d. heterosexual

ANS: C PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 92 FEEDBACK: The anima and animus archetypes refer to Jung’s recognition that humans are essentially bisexual. On the biological level, each sex secretes the hormones of the other sex as well as those of its own sex. On the psychological level, each sex manifests characteristics, temperaments, and attitudes of the other sex by virtue of centuries of living together.

39.

Which of the following archetypes contains the basic, primitive animal instincts and has the deepest roots among all?

40.

41.

The persona c.

The anima d.

The animus The shadow

ANS: D PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 92 FEEDBACK: The most powerful archetype has the sinister and mysterious name of shadow, which contains the basic, primitive animal instincts and therefore has the deepest roots of all archetypes. Behaviors that society considers evil and immoral reside in the shadow, and this dark side of human nature must be tamed if people are to live in harmony.

40.

41.

Which of the following is true of the shadow archetype?

The shadow should be totally suppressed to maintain vitality and creativity. c.

The behaviors that society considers evil and immoral reside in the shadow.

42.

A person resorts to deception if the shadow is not completely suppressed. d.

The shadow is a mask people wear to present themselves as someone different from who they really are.

ANS: C PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 92 FEEDBACK: The shadow archetype contains the basic, primitive animal instincts and therefore has the deepest roots of all archetypes. Behaviors that society considers evil and immoral reside in the shadow, and this dark side of human nature must be tamed if people are to live in harmony.

41.

42.

According to Jung, the self archetype refers to the: unity, integration, and harmony of the total personality.

43.

44.

45.

basic, primitive animal instincts of a personality. masculine aspects of the female psyche. feminine aspects of the male psyche.

ANS: A PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 93 FEEDBACK: The self archetype represents the unity, integration, and harmony of the total personality. To Jung, the striving toward that wholeness is the ultimate goal of life.

This archetype involves bringing together and balancing all parts of the personality.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

Jung believed that the self archetype does not emerge until: the complexes in personal unconscious are resolved. the shadow is completely suppressed. all the other systems of the psyche have developed. the adolescent years.

ANS: C PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 93 FEEDBACK: The self cannot begin to emerge until all the other systems of the psyche have developed. This occurs around middle age, a crucial period of transition in Jung’s system, as it was in his own life.

43.

44.

45.

Jung believed the full realization of the self lies in the _____. future c. personal unconscious past d. collective unconscious

ANS: A PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 93 FEEDBACK: The full realization of the self lies in the future. It is a goal—something to always strive for but which is rarely achieved. The self serves as a motivating force, pulling us from ahead rather than pushing us from behind.

44.

45.

46.

According to Jung’s view on personality development, the ego begins to develop in:

early childhood. c. adolescence. d.

middle age. old age.

ANS: A PTS: 1 A-HEAD: The Development of the Personality REF: 93 FEEDBACK: The ego begins to develop in early childhood, at first in a primitive way because the child has not yet formed a unique identity. What might be called children’s personalities are, at this stage, little more than a reflection of the personalities of their parents.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

ANS: B

Jung used the term psychic birth for the period when: a child is able to distinguish between himself and other people. the psyche assumes a definite form and content. the ego begins to develop in a primitive way in a person. a person is able to resolve his adaptation problems of young adulthood.

PTS: 1 A-HEAD: The Development of the Personality REF: 94 FEEDBACK: Jung believed that it is not until puberty that the psyche assumes a definite form and content. He termed this period psychic, which is marked by difficulties and the need to adapt.

46.

According to Jung, _____ one’s interests must shift from the physical and material to the spiritual, philosophical, and intuitive.

47. during early childhood c. in young adulthood 48. during adolescence d. at middle age

ANS: D PTS: 1 A-HEAD: The Development of the Personality REF: 95 FEEDBACK: Jung believed that middle age is a natural time of transition in which the personality is supposed to undergo necessary and beneficial changes. At middle age, the focus on consciousness must be tempered by an awareness of the unconscious.

One’s interests must shift from the physical and material to the spiritual, philosophical, and intuitive.

47.

According to Jung’s view, which of the following personality changes must occur in an individual during his or her middle age?

48.

The attitude of the personality must shift from extraversion to introversion c.

The process of realizing or actualizing the self must begin 49.

The psychic energy must be rechanneled to different activities and interests d.

All of these are correct.

ANS: D PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Development of the Personality REF: 95 FEEDBACK: During middle age the attitude of the personality must shift from extraversion to introversion. The focus on consciousness must be tempered by an awareness of the unconscious.

48.

49.

In Jung’s view, which of the following is true of individuation?

It involves fulfilling one’s capacities and developing one’s self. c.

The tendency toward individuation is extrinsic and evitable.

50.

The psyche becomes more diffuse while attaining individuation. d.

It is dependent on one’s self-mage and not on any of the environmental forces.

ANS: A PTS: 1 A-HEAD: The Development of the Personality REF: 95 FEEDBACK: Individuation involves becoming an individual, fulfilling one’s capacities, and developing one’s self. The tendency toward individuation is innate and inevitable, but it can be helped or hindered by environmental forces, such as one’s educational and economic opportunities and the nature of the parent–child relationship.

49.

Which of the following steps in Jung’s theory of individuation involves one’s acceptance of his or her genuine self that is generally covered by a public face?

50.

Confronting the unconscious 51.

Transcend 52.

Dethroning the persona 53.

Accepting the anima and animus archetype

ANS: C PTS: 1 A-HEAD: The Development of the Personality

REF: 95–96 FEEDBACK: In the midlife process of individuation, the first change involves dethroning the persona. Although we must continue to play various social roles if we are to function in the real world and get along with different kinds of people, we must recognize that our public personality may not represent our true nature. Further, we must come to accept the genuine self that the persona has been covering.

50.

Which of the following did Jung believe was the most difficult step in the individuation process?

51.

Uniting all the opposing aspects within the psyche c.

Concealing the forces of the shadow from others 52.

Recognizing the characteristics of the other sex within the self d.

Dominating the unconscious forces into conscious awareness

ANS: B PTS: 1 A-HEAD: The Development of the Personality REF: 96 FEEDBACK: In the individuation process a man must be able to express his anima archetype, or traditionally feminine traits such as tenderness, and a woman must come to express her animus, or traditionally masculine traits such as assertiveness. Jung believed that this recognition of the characteristics of the other sex was the most difficult step in the individuation process because it represents the greatest change in our self-image.

51.

In the process of individuation, the developmental stage that is characterized by an innate tendency toward unity or wholeness in the personality, uniting all the opposing aspects within the psyche is termed as _____ by Jung.

52. internalization c. transcendence 53. compensation d. personification

ANS: C PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Development of the Personality REF: 96 FEEDBACK: Once the psyche’s structures are individuated and acknowledged, the next developmental stage can occur. Jung referred to this as transcendence, an innate tendency toward unity or wholeness in the personality, uniting all the opposing aspects within the psyche.

52.

53.

54.

55.

56.

According to Jung, transcendence is the: struggle of environmental factors. innate tendency toward unity or wholeness in the personality. realization of the conscious. understanding of the feminine side by a man.

ANS: B PTS: 1 A-HEAD: The Development of the Personality REF: 96 FEEDBACK: Once the psyche’s structures are individuated and acknowledged, the next developmental stage can occur. Jung referred to this as transcendence, an innate tendency toward unity or wholeness in the personality, uniting all the opposing aspects within the psyche.

53.

According to Jung, Western culture places too much emphasis on _____, which can affect the ability of human race to appreciate the forces of the unconscious.

54. optimism about the future.

55. materialism and empirical science.

56. mysticism and paranormal phenomena.

57. spirituality.

ANS: B PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Questions about Human Nature REF: 97 FEEDBACK: Jung opined that by placing too great an emphasis on materialism, reason, and empirical science, Western cultures are in danger of failing to appreciate the forces of the unconscious. He referred to this danger as a sickness of dissociation.

54.

Jung used all of the following assessment techniques to evaluate personality except: 55.

IQ tests. c.

Word-association tests.

56. dream analysis. d. symptom analysis.

ANS: A PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Assessment in Jung’s Theory REF: 98 FEEDBACK: Three relatively formal techniques Jung used to evaluate personality were the word-association test, symptom analysis, and dream analysis. Jung’s techniques for assessing the functioning of the psyche drew on science and the supernatural, resulting in both an objective and a mystical approach.

55.

In Jung’s word-association test, which of the following factors indicated the presence of a complex in a subject’s psyche?

56.

Delay in responding 57.

Slips of the tongue 58.

Same response to different words 59.

All of these are correct.

ANS: D PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Assessment in Jung’s Theory

REF: 98 FEEDBACK: Jung used word association to uncover complexes in his patients. A variety of factors indicated the presence of a complex, including physiological responses, delays in responding, making the same response to different words, slips of the tongue, stammering, responding with more than one word, making up words, or failing to respond.

56.

57.

58.

59.

60.

Jung believed that dreams are _____ and _____ in nature. periodical; retrospective prospective; compensatory predictable; neurotic recurrent; unpredictable

ANS: B PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Assessment in Jung’s Theory REF: 98–99 FEEDBACK: Jung believed that dreams were more than unconscious wishes. First, dreams are prospective; that is, they help us prepare for experiences and events we anticipate will occur. Second, dreams are compensatory; they help bring about a balance between opposites in the psyche by compensating for the overdevelopment of any one psychic structure.

57.

58.

59.

Jung used the method of _____ to analyze his patients’ dreams. free association c. manifest analysis amplification d. word association

ANS: B PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Assessment in Jung’s Theory REF: 99

FEEDBACK: Jung used amplification to analyze dreams. Jung focused on the original dream element and asked the patient to make repeated associations and responses to it until he detected a theme.

58.

59.

60.

61.

62.

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is: the updated version of the Maudsley Personality Inventory. a test to assess Jung’s psychological types and attitudes. the current version of the word-association test. a test which was used by Jung to assess his clients.

ANS: B PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Assessment in Jung’s Theory REF: 99 FEEDBACK: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is an assessment test based on Jung’s psychological types and the attitudes of introversion and extraversion. Today, the MBTI is the most popular and most frequently used personality test ever devised and is taken by more than two million people every year for hiring and promotion decisions (Cunningham, 2012).

59.

Which of the following methods involves an extensive recollection of a person’s past experiences in which Jung sought to identify the developmental patterns he believed led to the present neurotic condition?

60.

Symptom analysis c.

Life-history reconstruction 61.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator d.

Word-association test

ANS: C PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Research on Jung’s Theory REF: 100

FEEDBACK: Jung, like Freud, used the case study method, which Jung called life-history reconstruction. It involved an extensive recollection of a person’s past experiences in which Jung sought to identify the developmental patterns he believed led to the present neurotic condition.

60.

Which of the following is true of Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) scores of college students in different studies?

61.

Medical school students who became primary care physicians scored high in intuiting and extraversion.

62.

Police officers and dental school students scored high in extraversion and in sensing and thinking.

63.

Students in liberal arts college who were most likely to drop out before graduation scored high in introversion and intuiting.

64.

Extraverted sensing type students had higher grade point averages than other psychological types.

ANS: B PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Research on Jung’s Theory REF: 101 FEEDBACK: Different psychological types may be drawn to different professions (Hanewitz, 1978).

The MBTI was given to a large sample of police officers, schoolteachers, and social work and dental school students. Police officers and dental school students, who deal with people in different ways from teachers and social workers, scored high in extraversion and in sensing and thinking.

61.

In the context of midlife crisis in women, which of the following statements is true?

62.

Women who had to cope with more stressful changes before they reached their middle age were far more prepared.

63.

Jung believed both men and women to be equally vulnerable to midlife crisis.

64.

Heterosexual women were more satisfied at midlife than lesbians.

65.

Midlife transition was easier for career women than those who opted for a domestic life.

ANS: D PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Research on Jung’s Theory REF: 103 FEEDBACK: One study found that the midlife transition was less difficult for women who had actively pursued careers than for women who stayed at home and focused on marriage and family. The career women felt significantly less need to make major changes at midlife.

62.

Despite the significance of Jung’s contributions in the field of psychology, the bulk of his theory was not received enthusiastically by psychologists because: 63. his books contain many inconsistencies and contradictions. c. he inferred the stories of sexual seduction in patients’ childhood from his analysis of the symptoms, without really hearing his patients say so.

64. there are discrepancies between his notes on his therapy sessions and the case histories he published, which supposedly were based on these notes. d. his research is based on a small and unrepresentative sample of people, restricted to himself and those who sought psychoanalysis with him.

ANS: A PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Reflections on Jung’s Theory REF: 105 FEEDBACK: Despite the significance of these formulations, the bulk of Jung’s theory was not received enthusiastically by psychologists. One reason concerns the difficulty of understanding Jungian concepts. Jung did not write for the general public. Reading his work can be frustrating, because his books contain many inconsistencies and contradictions.

63.

Jung’s use of _____ and _____ is the source of most of the criticism directed at his theory.

64. extraversion; introversion c. dream analysis; free association 65. archetypes; the persona d. the occult; the supernatural

ANS: D PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Reflections on Jung’s Theory REF: 105 FEEDBACK: Jung’s embrace of the occult and the supernatural is probably the source of most of the criticism directed at his theory. Evidence from mythology and religion is not in favor in an era when reason and science are considered the most legitimate approaches to knowledge and understanding.

64.

65.

66.

_____ was the first to emphasize the role of the future in determining behavior.

Alfred Adler c.

Erik Erikson Raymond Cattell d.

Carl Jung

ANS: D PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Reflections on Jung’s Theory REF: 105 FEEDBACK: Jung was the first to emphasize the role of the future in determining behavior, an idea adopted by Alfred Adler. Maslow, Erik Erikson, and Raymond Cattell embraced Jung’s suggestion that middle age is a time of crucial personality change.

65.

66.

Which of the following is true of Jung’s contributions to psychology?

Jung’s writings are internally consistent and easy to understand. c.

Jung’s embrace of the occult and the supernatural is most acclaimed.

67.

The word-association test, developed by Jung, became a standard projective technique. d.

Jung devised the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), which is currently the most frequently used personality assessment test.

ANS: B

PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Reflections on Jung’s Theory REF: 105 FEEDBACK: Jung made several important and lasting contributions to psychology. The word-association test became a standard projective technique and inspired the development of the Rorschach inkblot test and the so-called lie-detection techniques.

The concepts of psychological complexes and of introverted versus extraverted personalities are widely accepted in psychology today.

TRUE/FALSE

1.

Freud viewed human beings as victims of the past, whereas Jung believed that human beings are shaped by both their past and future events.

ANS: T PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Introduction REF: 82 FEEDBACK: A major area of disagreement between Freud and Jung concerned the direction of the forces that influence personality. Freud viewed human beings as prisoners or victims of past events, Jung believed that people are shaped by their future as well as their past.

2.

Jung believed that the most crucial stage in personality development was middle age.

ANS: T PTS: 1 A-HEAD: The Life of Jung (1875–1961) REF: 85

FEEDBACK: Jung concluded that the most crucial stage in personality development was not childhood, as Freud believed, but middle age, which was the time of his own crisis.

3.

Jung represented libido as a broad, undifferentiated life energy, whereas Freud believed that libido was primarily a sexual energy.

ANS: T PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Psychic Energy: The Basis of Jung’s System REF: 86 FEEDBACK: Jung did not believe that libido was primarily a sexual energy; he argued instead that it was a broad, undifferentiated life energy. Jung used the term libido in two ways: first, as a diffuse and general life energy, and second, from a perspective similar to Freud’s, as a narrower psychic energy that fuels the work of the personality, which he called the psyche.

4.

According Jung’s principles of psychic energy, the principal of equivalence refers to the equalization of psychic energy over all structures of a personality.

ANS: F PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Psychic Energy: The Basis of Jung’s System REF: 86 FEEDBACK: For his principle of equivalence, Jung applied the physical principle of the conservation of energy to psychic events. He stated that energy expended in bringing about some condition is not lost but rather is shifted to another part of the personality.

5.

ANS: F

According to Jung, the id is the center of consciousness.

PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 87 FEEDBACK: The ego is the center of consciousness, the part of the psyche concerned with perceiving, thinking, feeling, and remembering.

6.

According to Jung, everyone has the capacity for both mental attitudes of extraversion and introversion, but only one becomes dominant in the personality.

ANS: T PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 87 FEEDBACK: According to Jung, all of us have the capacity for both attitudes, but only one becomes dominant in our personality. The dominant attitude then tends to direct our behavior and consciousness. The nondominant attitude still remains influential, however, and becomes part of the personal unconscious, where it can affect behavior.

7.

In the context of the psychological types proposed by Jung, people with extraverted thinking type of psychology may be perceived as rigid and cold.

ANS: T PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 88 FEEDBACK: An extraverted thinking type individual may be perceived as rigid and cold.

These people tend to repress feelings and emotions, to be objective in all aspects of life, and to be dogmatic in thoughts and opinions.

8.

According to Jung, introverted feeling types are emotional, sensitive, and sociable.

ANS: F PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 89 FEEDBACK: The introverted feeling types repress rational thought and they are capable of deep emotion but avoid any outward expression of it. They seem mysterious and inaccessible and tend to be quiet, modest, and childish.

9.

Collective unconscious is a core or pattern of emotions, memories, perceptions, and wishes organized around a common theme.

ANS: F PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 90 FEEDBACK: A complex is a core or pattern of emotions, memories, perceptions, and wishes organized around a common theme. Collective unconscious is the deepest level of the psyche containing the accumulation of inherited experiences of human and prehuman species.

10.

The ancient experiences contained in the collective unconscious are manifested by recurring themes or patterns which Jung called archetypes.

ANS: T PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 91

FEEDBACK: The ancient experiences contained in the collective unconscious are manifested by recurring themes or patterns, which Jung called archetypes. He also used the term primordial images.

11.

According to Jung, both the animus and the anima archetypes exist and must be expressed.

ANS: T PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 92 FEEDBACK: The anima and animus archetypes refer to Jung’s recognition that humans are essentially bisexual. Jung insisted that both the anima and the animus must be expressed.

12.

Jung believed that the personality of an emotionally healthy middle-aged individual should be dominated by unconscious forces.

ANS: F PTS: 1 A-HEAD: The Development of the Personality REF: 95 FEEDBACK: At middle age the unconscious forces must be assimilated and balanced with the conscious. At this time of life, no single aspect of personality should dominate.

13.

Contrary to Freud, Jung believed our personality is affected more by our experiences in middle age and by our hopes and expectations for the future than our experiences in childhood.

ANS: T

PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Questions about Human Nature REF: 96 FEEDBACK: Jung disagreed with Freud on the importance of childhood experiences. Jung thought they were influential but did not completely shape our personality by age 5. We are affected more by our experiences in middle age and by our hopes and expectations for the future.

14.

According to Jung, the ultimate goal in life is the realization of the self.

ANS: T PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Questions about Human Nature REF: 96 FEEDBACK: The ultimate and necessary goal of life is the realization of the self. Although it is rarely achieved, we are continually motivated to strive for it.

15.

In Jungian word-association tests, the patient begins with measuring their knowledge of definitions from a word list.

ANS: F PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Assessment in Jung’s Theory REF: 98 FEEDBACK: The word-association test, in which a subject responds to a stimulus word with whatever word comes immediately to mind, has become a standard laboratory and clinical tool in psychology. In the early 1900s, Jung used the technique with a list of 100 words he believed were capable of eliciting emotions.

16.

Dream analysis, one of the techniques used by Jung to evaluate personality, focuses on the symptoms reported by the patients and is based on the patient’s free associations to those symptoms.

ANS: F PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Assessment in Jung’s Theory REF: 98 FEEDBACK: Dream analysis is a technique involving the interpretation of dreams to uncover unconscious conflicts. Jung agreed with Freud that dreams are the “royal road” into the unconscious.

17.

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), an assessment test based on Jung’s psychological types and the attitudes of introversion and extraversion.

ANS: T PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Assessment in Jung’s Theory REF: 99 FEEDBACK: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is an assessment test based on Jung’s psychological types and the attitudes of introversion and extraversion. The MBTI is considered the most visible practical outgrowth of Jung’s work on the human personality.

18.

Jung’s case study method, which he called life-history reconstruction was reliable, gathered in a systematic fashion, and based on objective observation.

ANS: F PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Research on Jung’s Theory

REF: 100 FEEDBACK: The criticisms of Freud’s data and research methods also apply to Jung’s lifehistory reconstruction. Jung’s data did not rely on objective observation and were not gathered in a controlled and systematic fashion.

19.

Jung’s embrace of the occult and the supernatural is probably the source of most of the criticism directed at his theory.

ANS: T PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Reflections on Jung’s Theory REF: 105 FEEDBACK: Jung’s embrace of the occult and the supernatural is probably the source of most of the criticism directed at his theory. Evidence from mythology and religion is not in favor in an era when reason and science are considered the most legitimate approaches to knowledge and understanding.

20.

The word-association test became a standard projective technique and inspired the development of the Rorschach inkblot test and lie detection techniques.

ANS: T PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Reflections on Jung’s Theory REF: 105 FEEDBACK: The word-association test became a standard projective technique and inspired the development of the Rorschach inkblot test and the so-called lie-detection techniques. The concepts of psychological complexes and of introverted versus extraverted personalities are widely accepted in psychology today.

ESSAY

1.

Elaborate the three major points of disagreements between Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung.

ANS: 1. The first point on which Jung came to disagree with Freud was the role of sexuality. Jung broadened Freud’s definition of libido by redefining it as a more generalized psychic energy that included sex but was not restricted to it.

2.

The second major area of disagreement concerned the direction of the forces that influence personality. Whereas Freud viewed human beings as prisoners or victims of past events, Jung believed that “man is not necessarily doomed forever to be shoved about by traumas over which he could exercise little control.” Jung argued that people are shaped by their future as well as their past. They are affected not only by what happened to them as children, but also by what they aspire to do in the future.

3.

The third significant point of difference revolved around the unconscious. Rather than minimizing the role of the unconscious, Jung placed an even greater emphasis on it than Freud did. He probed more deeply into the unconscious and added an entirely new dimension: the inherited experiences of all human and even prehuman species. Although Freud had recognized the influence of inherited primal experiences, Jung made it the core of his system of personality. He brought together ideas from history, mythology, anthropology, and religion to form his own image of human nature.

PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Introduction REF: 81–82

2.

Explain how Jung applied the principle of entropy to psychic energy in his theory of personality.

ANS: In physics, the principle of entropy refers to the equalization of energy differences.

Jung applied this law to psychic energy by proposing that there is a tendency toward maintaining a balance or equilibrium in a personality. If two desires or beliefs differ greatly in intensity or psychic value, energy will flow from the more strongly held to the weaker. Ideally, a personality has an equal distribution of psychic energy over all its aspects, but this ideal state is never achieved. If perfect balance or equilibrium were attained, then the personality would have no psychic energy because the opposition principle requires conflict for psychic energy to be produced.

PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Psychic Energy: The Basis of Jung’s System REF: 86–87

3.

Describe the principal of equivalence in Jung’s personality model and give a reallife example.

ANS: Jung, for his principal of equivalence, applied the physical principle of the conservation of energy to psychic events. He stated that energy expended in bringing about some condition is not lost but rather is shifted to another part of the personality.

Thus, if the psychic value in a particular area weakens or disappears, that energy is transferred elsewhere in the psyche.

Howard spent his adolescence chasing his dream of securing a high-paying job to give his career the ideal start. However, soon after he got placed in a top multinational company, he started dedicating more time and attention to his family and relationships than he did to his current job.

PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Psychic Energy: The Basis of Jung’s System REF: 86

4.

Define the attitudes of extraversion and introversion. List three characteristics of extraverts and introverts.

ANS: Extraversion can be defined as an attitude of the psyche characterized by an orientation toward the external world and other people. Introversion is an attitude of the psyche characterized by an orientation toward one’s own thoughts and feelings.

Extraverts are open, sociable, assertive, oriented toward others, and the external world.

Introverts are withdrawn, shy, may be focused on themselves and their own thoughts and feelings.

PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 87

5.

Jung proposed several major archetypes, such as the persona, the anima and animus, the shadow, and the self. Define each archetype and give an illustration for each of them.

ANS: Students’ answers will vary.

The persona archetype refers to a mask, a public face a person wears to present himself as someone different from who he really is to others. For example, Jim is the nicest guy at work, but when he gets home he beats his dog and gets mad at his wife.

Anima archetype comprises feminine aspects of the male psyche. For example, Jim can be very nurturing toward his children.

Animus archetype comprises masculine aspects of the female psyche. For example, Jessica, a high school girl, likes to smoke cigars and play baseball with the local men’s team.

The shadow archetype is the dark side of the personality; the archetype that contains primitive animal instincts. For example, Sam is frightened by dreams he has about himself being an “evil mischief-maker” who frightens children on their way to school.

The self archetype represents the unity, integration, and harmony of the total personality. For example, Jessica has just now learned to become a good student and that she can be a fairly-decent mom to her kids, and, even though she is still working on this area, she is accepting her role as a spouse who can create a whole new way to enliven her marriage relationship.

PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Aspects of Personality REF: 91–93

Chapter 5—Karen Horney: Neurotic Needs and Trends

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1.

2.

3.

Horney strongly disagreed with Freud about: free association. c. penis envy. the importance of the superego. d. the nature of the unconscious.

ANS: C PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Introduction REF: 135–136 FEEDBACK: An early feminist, Horney argued that psychoanalysis focused more on men’s development than on women’s. To counter Freud’s contention that women are driven by penis envy, she proposed that men are envious of women for their ability to give birth.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Which of the following is true of Horney’s theory on personality?

It relates only to an adult’s personality development.

It focuses on aggression as the core of personality.

It reflects a feminist viewpoint of psychoanalysis.

It stresses biological determinants of personality.

ANS: C PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Introduction REF: 135, 136 FEEDBACK: An early feminist, Horney argued that psychoanalysis focused more on men’s development than on women’s. To Horney, people are motivated not by sexual or aggressive forces but rather by the needs for security and love, which clearly reflected her life experiences.

3.

4.

5.

Horney’s theory was influenced by her: close association with Jung. c. work with Anna Freud. personal experiences. d. experience with Allport.

ANS: B PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Introduction REF: 136 FEEDBACK: Horney’s theory was strongly influenced by her personal experiences in childhood and adolescence, as well as by social and cultural forces that were different from those that had influenced Freud.

4.

5.

6.

Karen Horney incorporated her own childhood experience of _____ into her theory. sexual abuse c. racial discrimination physical abuse d. neglect and want for love

ANS: D PTS: 1 A-HEAD: The Life of Horney (1885–1952) REF: 136–137 FEEDBACK: Horney’s personality theory is rooted in her childhood experiences. For most of her youth, she doubted that her parents wanted her and believed they loved Berndt, her older brother, more than they loved her.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

What factor in Horney’s childhood is reflected in her personality theory?

Her sufferance of sexual conflict Her loneliness as an only child Her fear of being unwanted by her parents Her exhibition of perfectionist tendencies

ANS: C PTS: 1 A-HEAD: The Life of Horney (1885–1952) REF: 136–137 FEEDBACK: For most of her youth, Horney doubted that her parents wanted her and believed they loved her older brother Berndt more than they loved her. At 16, she wrote in her diary, “Why is everything beautiful on earth given to me, only not the highest thing, not love!”

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

As a child, Horney was: excessively pampered. interested in sports. ambitious and rebellious. severely punished.

ANS: C PTS: 1 A-HEAD: The Life of Horney (1885–1952) REF: 137 FEEDBACK: Until the age of 8, Horney was a model child, clinging and compliant.

Despite her efforts, however, she did not think she was getting sufficient love and security. Her self-sacrifice and good behavior were not working, so she changed tactics and deliberately became ambitious and rebellious, deciding that if she could not have love and security, she would take revenge for her feelings of unattractiveness and inadequacy.

7.

8.

9.

Horney decided to undergo psychoanalysis after: failing to secure admission into a law school. realizing her inability to alleviate her depression and emotional problems otherwise.

10. realizing that despite her happiness, she did not have fulfillment in life.

11. facing verbal and physical racial discrimination.

ANS: B PTS: 1 A-HEAD: The Life of Horney (1885–1952) REF: 137–138 FEEDBACK: During and after her marriage, Horney had a number of love affairs. When she realized these attachments were not helping to alleviate her depression and other emotional problems, she decided to undergo psychoanalysis.

8.

Which of the following is the reason for the breakdown of Horney’s relationship with Erich Fromm?

9.

Horney felt rejected when Fromm made disparaging comments about her appearance.

10.

Fromm gave Horney’s daughter, Marriane, the confidence to confront her mother for the first time.

11.

Horney did not feel any attachment to Fromm who was 15 years older than her.

12.

Horney suffered from loneliness in Fromm’s absence, who travelled extensively on business.

ANS: B PTS: 1 A-HEAD: The Life of Horney (1885–1952) REF: 138 FEEDBACK: Horney’s most intense love affair was with another analyst, Erich Fromm, who was 15 years younger. When it ended after 20 years, she was deeply hurt. One event that led to the breakdown of the relationship was that she persuaded Fromm to

analyze her daughter Marriane, and he helped the woman to understand her hostility toward her mother, giving Marriane the confidence to confront Horney for the first time.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

Horney agreed with Freud about the: importance of the early childhood years in shaping the adult personality. primacy of instincts. dominant role of the unconscious. greater impact of biological forces as compared to social factors on personality.

ANS: A PTS: 1 A-HEAD: The Childhood Need for Safety and Security REF: 139 FEEDBACK: Horney agreed with Freud on one major point—the importance of the early years of childhood in shaping the adult personality. However, she differed from him on the specifics of how personality is formed.

10.

11.

Which statement does not reflect Horney’s views about childhood?

The fulfillment of safety needs of children can ensure their endurance to traumatic events.

12.

Biological forces are more important than social forces in shaping personality.

13.

There should be no discrimination based on gender.

14.

A child’s security depends entirely on how the parents treat the child.

ANS: B PTS: 1 A-HEAD: The Childhood Need for Safety and Security REF: 139 FEEDBACK: An early feminist, she argued that psychoanalysis focused more on men’s development than on women’s. Horney believed that social forces in childhood, not biological forces, influence personality development. Horney believed that childhood

was dominated by the safety need, by which she meant the need for security and freedom from fear. A child’s security depends entirely on how the parents treat the child.

11.

According to Horney, children can develop feelings of security in spite of traumatic events when: 12. they are provided with a structured routine.

13. parents show warmth and affection.

14. parents treat them like adults.

15. they are provided with unrestricted freedom.

ANS: B PTS: 1 A-HEAD: The Childhood Need for Safety and Security REF: 139 FEEDBACK: The major way parents weaken or prevent security is by displaying a lack of warmth and affection. Horney believed that childhood was dominated by the safety need, by which she meant the need for security and freedom from fear. She believed children could withstand much that is usually considered traumatic, such as abrupt weaning, occasional beatings, or even premature sexual experiences, as long as they feel wanted and loved and, therefore, secure.

12.

13.

14.

In Horney’s view, the more afraid a child is of his or her parents, _____. the more the child represses hostility c. the lesser the child’s guilt the lesser the child represses hostility d. the greater the child’s guilt

ANS: A PTS: 1 A-HEAD: The Childhood Need for Safety and Security REF: 140

FEEDBACK: Children can easily be made to feel fearful of their parents through punishment, physical abuse, or more subtle forms of intimidation. The more frightened children become, the more they will repress their hostility.

13.

In Horney’s view, the more _____ a child feels, the more the child represses his or her hostility toward the parents.

14. protected 15. secure 16. ambitious 17. guilt

ANS: D PTS: 1 A-HEAD: The Childhood Need for Safety and Security REF: 140 FEEDBACK: According to Horney, guilt is a reason why children repress hostility. The more guilt the child feels, the more deeply repressed will be the hostility. They may be made to feel unworthy, wicked, or sinful for expressing or even harboring resentments toward their parents.

14.

15.

16.

Helplessness, fear, and hostility create what Horney called _____. basic negativism c. cognitive complexity basic anxiety d. conditions of worth

ANS: B PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Basic Anxiety: The Foundation of Neurosis REF: 140

FEEDBACK: Horney defined basic anxiety as an “insidiously increasing, all-pervading feeling of being lonely and helpless in a hostile world” (Horney, 1937, p. 89). It is the foundation on which all later neuroses develop, and it is inseparably tied to feelings of hostility, helplessness, and fear (see Hjertass, 2009).

15.

16.

17.

To Horney, basic anxiety is: the foundation of neurosis. c. the fear of the unknown. d.

a latent trait. a cardinal trait.

ANS: A PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Basic Anxiety: The Foundation of Neurosis REF: 140 FEEDBACK: According to Horney, basic anxiety is the foundation on which all later neuroses develop, and it is inseparably tied to feelings of hostility, helplessness, and fear. Regardless of how we express basic anxiety, the feeling is similar for all of us.

16.

In Horney’s view, in which of the following ways do children strive to protect against basic anxiety?

17.

By seeking affection or love c.

By withdrawing from people 18.

By attaining power d.

All of these are correct.

ANS: D PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Basic Anxiety: The Foundation of Neurosis REF: 140–141 FEEDBACK: In childhood, we try to protect ourselves against basic anxiety in four quite different ways: securing affection and love, being submissive, attaining power, or withdrawing.

17.

Horney believed that _____ people must repress their personal desires and cannot defend against abuse.

18. powerful c. indifferent 19. submissive d. affectionate

ANS: B PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Basic Anxiety: The Foundation of Neurosis REF: 141 FEEDBACK: Being submissive as a means of self-protection involves complying with the wishes of either one particular person or of everyone in our social environment.

Submissive people must repress their personal desires and cannot defend against abuse for fear that such defensiveness will antagonize the abuser.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

Horney compensated for her feelings of helplessness as a child by: giving in to her parents’ demands. using rage and retribution toward everyone. striving for academic success. avoiding members of the opposite sex.

ANS: C PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Basic Anxiety: The Foundation of Neurosis REF: 141 FEEDBACK: Horney compensated for her feelings of helplessness as a child by striving for academic success. By attaining power over others, a person can compensate for helplessness and achieve security through success or through a sense of superiority.

19.

According to Horney, one of the self-protective devices used to cope with basic anxiety involves: 20. creating feelings of loss and regret. c. withdrawing from people psychologically.

21. manifesting physical symptoms of pain. d. acting out sexually.

ANS: C PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Basic Anxiety: The Foundation of Neurosis REF: 141 FEEDBACK: In childhood, we try to protect ourselves against basic anxiety in four quite different ways: securing affection and love, being submissive, attaining power, or withdrawing. The fourth way of protecting oneself against basic anxiety involves withdrawing from other people, not physically but psychologically. Such a person attempts to become independent of others, not relying on anyone else for the satisfaction of internal or external needs.

20.

In Horney’s view, a child who isolates himself and refuses to play with others may be experiencing: 21. the castration anxiety. c. withdrawal.

22. self-actualization. d. the Oedipus complex.

ANS: C PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Basic Anxiety: The Foundation of Neurosis REF: 141 FEEDBACK: A child who isolates himself and refuses to play with others may be experiencing withdrawal. The withdrawn person achieves independence with regard to

internal or psychological needs by becoming aloof from others, no longer seeking them out to satisfy emotional needs.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

The four self-protective mechanisms that were proposed by Horney: indicate a person’s drive for perfection. defend against basic anxiety. provide happiness and pleasure. guarantee food, shelter, warmth, and love.

ANS: B PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Basic Anxiety: The Foundation of Neurosis REF: 141 FEEDBACK: The four self-protective mechanisms Horney proposed have a single goal: to defend against basic anxiety. They motivate the person to seek security and reassurance rather than happiness or pleasure.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

According to Horney, neurotic needs are: irrational defenses against anxiety. spontaneous and seemingly purposeless behaviors. the innate needs to understand and overcome difficulties. consciously planned aspects of behavior.

ANS: A PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs REF: 141 FEEDBACK: Horney listed 10 needs that she termed neurotic needs because they are irrational solutions to one’s problems. She believed that any of the self-protective mechanisms could become so permanent a part of the personality that it assumes the characteristics of a drive or need in determining the individual’s behavior.

23.

24.

25.

All of the following are neurotic needs according to Horney except: safety. c. admiration. power. d. exploitation.

ANS: A PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs REF: 141–142 FEEDBACK: The 10 neurotic needs as listed by Horney are affection and approval, a dominant partner, power, exploitation, prestige, admiration, achievement or ambition, self-sufficiency, perfection, and narrow limits of life. Horney termed these needs neurotic needs because they are irrational solutions to one’s problems.

24.

The neurotic needs, as proposed by Horney, should become a cause for concern if a person: 25. manifests any of them, even in a transient sense.

26. is found to pursue one of them compulsively.

27. experiences more than three of them.

28. exhibits all of the neurotic needs.

ANS: B PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs REF: 142 FEEDBACK: Horney noted that we all manifest these needs to some degree. None of the needs is abnormal or neurotic in an everyday, transient sense. What makes them neurotic is the person’s intensive and compulsive pursuit of their satisfaction as the “only” way to resolve basic anxiety.

25.

In Horney’s view, _____ includes the neurotic needs for self-sufficiency, perfection, and narrow limits to life.

26. gaining affection c. attaining power 27. withdrawing d. being submissive

ANS: B PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs REF: 142 FEEDBACK: Among the four ways to protect ourselves against basic anxiety, encompassed by the neurotic needs, withdrawing includes the needs for self-sufficiency, perfection, and narrow limits to life.

26.

According to Horney, individuals of the aggressive personality type try to protect themselves against anxiety by expressing the neurotic need for _____.

27. perfection c. admiration 28. self-sufficiency d. affection

ANS: C PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs REF: 142 FEEDBACK: The neurotic needs encompass the four ways of protecting ourselves against anxiety: gaining affection, being submissive, attaining power, and withdrawing.

Attaining power relates to the needs for power, exploitation, prestige, admiration, and achievement or ambition. Horney noted that we all manifest neurotic needs to some extent.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

Which of the following is true of neurotic trends as described by Horney?

They are elaborations of the self-protective mechanisms.

They are displayed indiscriminately in any and all situations.

They are compulsive attitudes and behaviors.

All of these are correct.

ANS: D PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs REF: 142–143 FEEDBACK: Neurotic trends evolve from and elaborate on the self-protective mechanisms and involve compulsive attitudes and behavior. They are also displayed indiscriminately, in any and all situations.

28.

According to Horney, the neurotic trend of moving toward other people is associated with the: 29. compliant personality. c. detached personality.

30. aggressive personality. d. intuitive personality.

ANS: A PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs REF: 143 FEEDBACK: The compliant personality displays attitudes and behaviors that reflect a desire to move toward other people. Such a person has an intense and continuous need for affection and approval, an urge to be loved, wanted, and protected. Compliant personalities display these needs toward everyone, although they usually have a need for one dominant person, such as a friend or spouse, who will take charge of their lives and offer protection and guidance.

29.

As noted by Horney, individuals who manipulate others to achieve their own ends represent the neurotic trend of moving _____ people.

30. toward c. with 31. against d. away from

ANS: A PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs REF: 143 FEEDBACK: The compliant personality displays attitudes and behaviors that reflect a desire to move toward other people. Compliant personalities manipulate other people, particularly their partners, to achieve their goals.

30.

31.

According to Horney, people with a compliant personality: are insensitive to the needs of others. c. regard themselves as superior to others.

32. are incapable of manipulating others. d. feel helpless and weak about themselves.

ANS: D PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs REF: 143 FEEDBACK: The attitude of compliant people toward themselves is consistently one of helplessness and weakness. They are willing to assume blame and defer to others, never being assertive, critical, or demanding.

31.

To Horney, a person who is excessively dependent on others belongs to the _____ personality type.

32. aggressive c. detached 33. compliant d. withdrawing

ANS: B PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs REF: 143 FEEDBACK: Because the security of compliant personalities depends on the attitudes and behavior of other people toward them, they become excessively dependent, needing constant approval and reassurance. Any sign of rejection, whether actual or imagined, is terrifying to them, leading to increased efforts to regain the affection of the person they believe has rejected them.

32.

Horney believed that people with a(n) _____ personality type may become highly successful in their careers, although the work itself will not provide them any intrinsic satisfaction.

33. detached c. compliant 34. withdrawing d. aggressive

ANS: D PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs REF: 144 FEEDBACK: People with an aggressive personality type drive themselves hard to become the best. As a result, they may actually become highly successful in their careers, although the work itself will not provide intrinsic satisfaction.

33.

According to Horney, people who rely on their own resources, have a great need for privacy and deny feelings for others represent the _____ personality type.

34. psychotic c. aggressive 35. detached d. compliant

ANS: B PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs REF: 144 FEEDBACK: Detached personalities have an almost desperate desire for privacy. They suppress or deny all feelings toward other people, particularly feelings of love and hate.

If they are to function as detached personalities, they must rely on their own resources, which must be well developed.

34.

In Horney’ view, a person with a(n) _____ personality type would need to feel superior to others by automatic recognition of his or her uniqueness without struggle or involvement with others.

35. aggressive c. dominant 36. compliant d. detached

ANS: D PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs REF: 144 FEEDBACK: Individuals with a detached personality type need to feel superior, but not in the same way aggressive personalities do. Because detached people cannot actively compete with other people for superiority—that would mean becoming involved with others—they believe their greatness should be recognized automatically, without struggle or effort on their part.

35.

36.

37.

Horney’s compliant personality is similar to Adler’s: avoiding type. c. getting type. defying type. d. ruling type.

ANS: C PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs REF: 144 FEEDBACK: Similarities exist between the three personality types proposed by Horney and the styles of life in Adler’s personality theory. Horney’s compliant personality is similar to Adler’s getting type, the aggressive personality is like the dominant or ruling type, and the detached personality is similar to the avoiding type.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

In Horney’s system, conflict in personality: derives from incompatibility among the three neurotic trends. decreases in intensity when one neurotic trend prevails over the others. decides the outcome of determinism versus free will for an individual. occurs between the anima and the animus archetype.

ANS: A PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs REF: 144 FEEDBACK: In Horney’s system, conflict is defined as the basic incompatibility of the three neurotic trends; this conflict is the core of neurosis. All of us, whether neurotic or normal, suffer some conflict among these basically irreconcilable modes.

37.

According to Horney, a normal person differs from a neurotic in that a normal person: 38. experiences no conflict among the neurotic trends.

39. expresses all neurotic trends as circumstances warrant.

40. experiences only one of the neurotic trends.

41. shows complete absence of neurotic trends.

ANS: B

PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs REF: 144–145 FEEDBACK: Horney found that in the neurotic person, one of these three trends is dominant, whereas the other two are present to a lesser degree. In the person who is not neurotic, all three trends can be expressed as circumstances warrant.

38.

Horney believed that a self-image is constructed by a(n) _____ person built on a realistic appraisal of their own abilities, potentials, and weaknesses.

39. normal c. detached 40. neurotic d. introverted

ANS: A PTS: 1 A-HEAD: The Idealized Self-Image REF: 145 FEEDBACK: In normal people, the self-image is built on a realistic appraisal of our abilities, potentials, weaknesses, goals, and relations with other people. This image provides a sense of unity and integration to the personality and a framework within which to approach others and ourselves.

39.

40.

41.

The idealized self-image of the neurotic person leads to a problem Horney called the:

Jonah complex. c. midlife crisis. d.

ANS: D PTS: 1

realistic self-image. tyranny of the shoulds.

A-HEAD: The Idealized Self-Image REF: 145 FEEDBACK: In attempting to realize their unattainable idealized self-image, neurotics engage in what Horney called the tyranny of the shoulds. Because they find their real self-image so undesirable, they believe they must live up to their illusory, idealized selfimage, in which they see themselves in a highly positive light, for example, being virtuous, honest, generous, considerate, and courageous.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

In Horney’s view, the self-image of a neurotic: does not develop until he or she reaches middle age. is based on an unrealistic self-appraisal. does not differ from that of the normal person. is formed due to the predominance of the shadow archetype.

ANS: B PTS: 1 A-HEAD: The Idealized Self-Image REF: 145 FEEDBACK: For normal people, the self-image is an idealized picture of oneself built on a flexible, realistic assessment of one’s abilities. For neurotics, the self-image is based on an inflexible, unrealistic self-appraisal.

41.

Identify a true statement about Horney’s belief regarding the construction of an idealized self-image.

42.

It leads to a state of self-regret. c.

It is based on perfection.

43.

It is doomed to failure. d.

All of these are correct.

ANS: D PTS: 1 A-HEAD: The Idealized Self-Image

REF: 145 FEEDBACK: In attempting to realize an unattainable ideal, neurotics engage in what Horney called the tyranny of the shoulds. Their attempt is doomed to failure because their self-image is not based on a realistic appraisal of their strengths and weaknesses.

Instead, it is based on an illusion, an unattainable ideal of absolute perfection. They can never achieve their unrealistic self-image and end up in a state of self-hatred with no ability to forgive themselves or others.

42.

Horney’s idea that men envy women because of a woman’s capacity for motherhood: 43. showed that men desire to be women.

44. was later accepted by Freud.

45. was based on the pleasure of experiencing childbirth.

46. was not displayed by most of her male patients.

ANS: C PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Feminine Psychology REF: 146 FEEDBACK: Horney countered the idea of penis envy by arguing that men envied women because of their capacity for motherhood. Her position on this issue was based on the pleasure she said she had experienced in childbirth.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

Horney believed that men often express and compensate for womb envy: by undergoing sex-change surgeries. with feelings of depression and inferiority. by seeking achievement in their work. through the mechanism of reaction formation.

ANS: C PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Feminine Psychology

REF: 147 FEEDBACK: Men have such a small part to play in the act of creating new life that they must sublimate their womb envy and overcompensate for it by seeking achievement in their work. Womb envy and the resentment that accompanies it are manifested unconsciously in behaviors designed to disparage and belittle women and to reinforce their inferior status.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

According to Horney, a woman’s sense of inferiority is: realistic and true for all women. a consequence of penis envy. biologically based. socially and culturally based.

ANS: D PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Feminine Psychology REF: 147 FEEDBACK: Horney did not deny that many women believed themselves to be inferior to men. After generations of social, economic, and cultural discrimination, it is understandable that many women saw themselves in that light.

45.

Identify a true statement about the flight from womanhood as proposed by Horney.

46.

It leads to the denial of femininity.

47.

It inhibits sexual desire.

48.

It results in distrusting and resenting men.

49.

All of these are correct.

ANS: D PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Feminine Psychology REF: 147 FEEDBACK: As a result of the feelings of inferiority, women may choose to deny their femininity and to wish, unconsciously, that they were men. These women distrust and resent men and reject their sexual advances.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

In Horney’s view, the Oedipus complex in boys: develops when parents act to undermine a child’s security. does not exist. is biologically based. results from the envy of the female capacity for motherhood.

ANS: A PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Feminine Psychology REF: 148 FEEDBACK: According to Horney, Oedipal feelings develop only when parents act to undermine their child’s security. By removing sex from the Oedipus complex, she reinterpreted the situation as a conflict between dependence on one’s parents and hostility toward them.

47.

In context of defining roles, Horney believes that modern women experience psychological conflict between: 48. adolescence and middle age.

49. love and work.

50. love for their children and love for their parents.

51. the ego and the superego.

ANS: B PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Feminine Psychology

REF: 148 FEEDBACK: Modern women are torn between love and work and are consequently dissatisfied in both. It remains as troublesome for some women in the 21st century to combine marriage, motherhood, and career as it was for Karen Horney in the 1930s.

48.

Horney believed that neuroses and conflicts can be avoided when children are raised: 49. with love, acceptance, and trust.

50. with independence and discipline.

51. to compromise with others.

52. to become power oriented.

ANS: A PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Questions about Human Nature REF: 149 FEEDBACK: Horney believed that neuroses and conflicts can be avoided if children are raised with love, acceptance, and trust. Parent–child relationships will either satisfy or frustrate the child’s need for safety.

49.

50.

51.

52.

53.

According to Horney, the urge toward self-realization derives from: an innate potential to fulfill life’s ultimate goal. the impact of social forces in adolescence. our need to become self-sufficient. a continuous conflict among the neurotic trends.

ANS: A PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Questions about Human Nature REF: 149

FEEDBACK: Horney’s image of human nature is considerably more optimistic than Freud’s. Each of us has the innate potential for self-realization, and this is our ultimate and necessary goal in life. Our intrinsic abilities and potential will blossom as inevitably and naturally as an acorn grows into an oak tree.

50.

51.

52.

53.

In Horney’s view, although childhood influences are important, _____. middle age is the phase of transformation from extraversion to introversion later experiences also shape personality due to the flexibility of human nature adolescent experiences are more important than the earliest childhood experiences 54. the idealized self-image of a person will be the greatest influence throughout his or her life

ANS: B PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Questions about Human Nature REF: 149 FEEDBACK: Horney believed that we have the capacity to consciously shape and change our personality. Because human nature is flexible, it is not formed into immutable shapes in childhood. Each of us possesses the capacity to grow.

51.

52.

53.

Horney used _____ to assess the functioning of the human personality. hypnosis c. projective tests and self-report inventories neurological evaluation d. free association and dream analysis

ANS: D PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Assessment in Horney’s Theory REF: 150

FEEDBACK: The methods Horney used to assess the functioning of the human personality were essentially those favored by Freud—free association and dream analysis—but with some modification. The most basic difference in technique between Horney and Freud was in the relationship between analyst and patient.

52.

53.

54.

55.

56.

Unlike Freud, Horney: believed in a cooperative therapist–client working relationship. was too passive and distant with her patients. delved into presumed infantile sexual fantasies. placed more emphasis on the ego than on the id.

ANS: A PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Assessment in Horney’s Theory REF: 150 FEEDBACK: The most basic difference in technique between Horney and Freud was in the relationship between analyst and patient. Horney believed that Freud played too passive a role and was too distant and intellectual. She suggested that analysis should be an “exquisitely cooperative enterprise” between patient and therapist.

53.

In the context of the free association method used by Horney to assess the functioning of her patients’ personality, which of the following statements is true?

54.

She followed Freud’s lead in trying to probe their unconscious mind.

55.

She delved into their presumed infantile sexual fantasies.

56.

She focused on her patients’ visible emotional reactions toward her.

57.

She believed that patients would always be truthful about their feelings about the events they remembered.

ANS: C PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Assessment in Horney’s Theory REF: 150

FEEDBACK: Horney focused on her patients’ visible emotional reactions toward her, believing that these could explain her patients’ attitudes toward other people. She did not delve into presumed infantile sexual fantasies but inquired about the early years of patients’ life only after evaluating their present attitudes, defenses, and conflicts.

54.

55.

56.

Horney believed that dreams were: reliable sources of true memories. c. prospective in nature. nothing more than reflections of the past. d. actual attempts to resolve problems.

ANS: D PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Assessment in Horney’s Theory REF: 150 FEEDBACK: Horney believed that dream analysis could reveal a person’s true self, and that dreams represented attempts to solve problems, in either a constructive or a neurotic way. Dreams can show us a set of attitudes that may differ from those of our self-image.

55.

56.

57.

58.

59.

Horney’s actual research approach relied mainly on: experimental observations to measure response to stimuli. correlational research involving self-report inventories. behavioral assessment through case studies. hypnosis and neurological assessments.

ANS: C PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Research on Horney’s Theory REF: 151

FEEDBACK: Horney used the case study method. Horney focused on her patients’ visible emotional reactions toward her, believing that these could explain her patients’ attitudes toward other people.

56.

57.

58.

59.

60.

Horney was opposed to: taking verbatim notes of her sessions. formulating hypotheses. testing her hypotheses in therapeutic situations. making clinical observations of her patients.

ANS: A PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Research on Horney’s Theory REF: 151 FEEDBACK: Horney was opposed to taking verbatim notes of her patients’ recollections.

However, she tried to be rigorous and scientific in her clinical observations, formulating hypotheses, testing them in therapeutic situations, and maintaining that her data were tested the same way scientists in other fields test theirs.

57.

Which of the following has been found to be true according to research on the neurotic trends as proposed by Horney?

58.

College students preparing for careers in helping professions such as nursing and social work scored higher in compliance.

59.

Children who scored highest on the detached scale were found to be low in school achievement and have psychiatric problems.

60.

Shy girls with the neurotic trend of moving away from people became aloof adults with marital and job instability.

61.

Aggressive and ill-tempered children with the neurotic trend of moving against people were found to have inaccurate and negative self-images.

ANS: A PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Research on Horney’s Theory

REF: 151 FEEDBACK: A 35-item self-report inventory, the CAD, was devised to measure Horney’s three neurotic trends, the Compliant, Aggressive, and Detached personality types.

Research using the CAD inventory found that college students preparing for careers in helping professions such as nursing and social work scored higher in compliance than did students considering careers in business or science. Those high in aggressiveness were found to be low in school achievement and to have psychiatric problems.

58.

In the context of neurotic competitiveness as proposed by Horney, hypercompetitive men: 59. scored high in self-esteem. c. were likely to be found across all cultures.

60. were obsessed in competing only with themselves. d. believed women to be unworthy of respect or consideration.

ANS: D PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Research on Horney’s Theory REF: 152 FEEDBACK: Hyper-competitive men were found to be hyper-masculine or macho, who believe that women are sex objects who deserved neither respect nor consideration.

People who scored high on competitiveness were also high in narcissism, neuroticism, authoritarianism, dogmatism, and mistrust, and low in self-esteem and psychological health.

59.

Between the two types of competitiveness identified by researchers, competing to excel (CE): 60. is linked to feelings of loneliness. c. is linked to having a low self-esteem.

61. deals with a need to dominate others. d. deals with surpassing one’s personal goals.

ANS: D PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Research on Horney’s Theory REF: 152 FEEDBACK: CE competing was linked to high self-esteem and low depression among high school students. Researchers identified two types of competitiveness: competing to win (CW) in order to dominate others, and competing to excel (CE) to surpass one’s personal goals.

60.

61.

62.

Horney’ concept of the real self and self-realization were used by _____.

Frederick Taylor c.

Sigmund Freud Abraham Maslow d.

Carl Jung

ANS: B PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Reflections on Horney’s Theory REF: 153 FEEDBACK: Horney’s work had a significant impact on the personality theories developed by Erik Erikson and Abraham Maslow. Maslow used her concept of the real self and self-realization, and her notion of basic anxiety is similar to Erikson’s concept of basic mistrust.

61.

62.

63.

64.

65.

A valid criticism of Horney’s personality theory by Freudians is that her theory: emphasizes excessively on sexuality. does not address trauma in childhood. denies the importance of biological instincts. is greatly influenced by rural European culture.

ANS: C PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Reflections on Horney’s Theory REF: 154

FEEDBACK: To the Freudians, Horney’s denial of the importance of biological instincts and her reduced emphasis on sexuality and the unconscious were obvious weaknesses.

Horney’s personality theory has also been criticized on the grounds that it is not as completely or consistently developed as Freud’s.

62.

63.

Today, there is a renewed interest in Horney’s ideas: primarily due to her opposition to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator personality inventory.

64. primarily due to the women’s movement that began in the 1960s.

65. since Horney believed only biological contributions affect personality.

66. since Horney made much use of research data from sociology and anthropology.

ANS: B PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Reflections on Horney’s Theory REF: 154 FEEDBACK: Primarily due to the women’s movement that began in the 1960s, Horney’s books again attracted attention. Her writings on feminine psychology and sexuality may constitute the most influential of her contributions, of value to scholars on the role of women in society well more than 50 years after Horney’s death.

TRUE/FALSE

1.

Horney suffered from an inferiority complex from events that occurred when she was a young girl.

ANS: T PTS: 1 A-HEAD: The Life of Horney (1885–1952) REF: 136–137

FEEDBACK: Horney envied her older brother, Berndt, because he was a boy, and girls were considered inferior. She also felt belittled and rejected when her father often made disparaging comments about her intelligence and appearance.

2.

Although Karen Horney was married, she was constantly looking for other relationships.

ANS: T PTS: 1 A-HEAD: The Life of Horney (1885–1952) REF: 137 FEEDBACK: During and after her marriage, Horney had a number of love affairs. A biographer wrote: “When she did not have a lover, or a relationship was breaking down, she felt lost, lonely, desperate, and sometimes suicidal.”

3.

According to Horney, basic anxiety is the “all-pervading feeling of being lonely and helpless in a hostile world.”

ANS: T PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Basic Anxiety: The Foundation of Neurosis REF: 140 FEEDBACK: Horney defined basic anxiety as an “insidiously increasing, all-pervading feeling of being lonely and helpless in a hostile world.” It is the foundation on which all later neuroses develop, and it is inseparably tied to feelings of hostility, helplessness, and fear.

4.

In Horney’s view, neurotic needs were actual rational solutions to one’s problems.

ANS: F PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs REF: 141 FEEDBACK: Horney listed 10 such needs, which she termed neurotic needs because they are irrational solutions to one’s problems. Horney believed that any of the selfprotective mechanisms could become so permanent a part of the personality that it assumes the characteristics of a drive or need in determining the individual’s behavior.

5.

According to Horney, neurotic needs become less severe and are likely be overcome in late childhood even with no intervention on the part of the parents.

ANS: F PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs, Questions about Human Nature REF: 141, 149 FEEDBACK: Neurotic needs are 10 irrational defenses against anxiety that become a permanent part of personality and that affect behavior. Parent–child relationships will either satisfy or frustrate the child’s need for safety. If that need is frustrated, the outcome is neurotic behavior.

6.

A person, according to Horney, will manifest all 10 neurotic needs to some degree.

ANS: T PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs REF: 142 FEEDBACK: Horney noted that we all manifest 10 neurotic needs to some degree. None of the needs is abnormal or neurotic in an everyday, transient sense.

7.

According to Horney, there are three categories of behaviors and attitudes toward oneself and others that express a person’s needs.

ANS: T PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs REF: 142 FEEDBACK: From her work with patients, Horney concluded that the needs could be presented in three groups, each indicating a person’s attitudes toward the self and others. She called these three categories of directional movement the neurotic trends.

8.

According to Horney, a person exhibiting a neurotic trend of moving against other people is most likely to have a neurotic need for perfection.

ANS: F PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs REF: 142 FEEDBACK: According to Horney, a person exhibiting a neurotic trend of moving against other people is most likely to have a neurotic need for power, exploitation, prestige, admiration, and achievement.

9.

Horney proposed the concept of the idealized self-image that helps us to improve and control their personality.

ANS: F PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Idealized Self-Image REF: 145 FEEDBACK: Neurotics, who experience conflict between incompatible modes of behavior, have personalities characterized by disunity and disharmony. They construct an idealized self-image for the same purpose as normal people do: to unify the personality. But their attempt is doomed to failure because their self-image is not based on a realistic appraisal of their strengths and weaknesses.

10.

According to Horney, neurotics tend to look for a problem in other people but blame themselves for it.

ANS: F PTS: 1 A-HEAD: The Idealized Self-Image REF: 146 FEEDBACK: One way in which neurotics attempt to defend themselves against the inner conflicts caused by the discrepancy between idealized and real self-images is by externalization, projecting the conflicts onto the outside world. This process may temporarily alleviate the anxiety caused by the conflict but will do nothing to reduce the gap between the idealized self-image and reality.

11.

Karen Horney was influenced by Freud, but she argued that men envied women because of their capacity for motherhood.

ANS: T PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Feminine Psychology REF: 146 FEEDBACK: Horney countered Freud’s ideas that women were forever envious and resentful of men for possessing a penis by arguing that men envied women because of

their capacity for motherhood. She uncovered in her male patients what she called womb envy.

12.

Karen Horney was against the use of self-analysis, free association, and dream analysis.

ANS: F PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Assessment in Horney’s Theory REF: 149–150 FEEDBACK: Horney was so confident of our capacity for self-growth that she emphasized self-analysis in her therapeutic work as well as in her own life. The methods Horney used to assess the functioning of the human personality were essentially those favored

by Freud—free association and dream analysis—but with some modification.

13.

Horney agreed with Freud’s belief that therapy should be passive and intellectual.

ANS: F PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Assessment in Horney’s Theory REF: 150 FEEDBACK: Horney believed that Freud played too passive a role and was too distant and intellectual. She suggested that analysis should be an “exquisitely cooperative enterprise” between patient and therapist.

14.

Horney selected the case study method that is similar to the method used by Freud, Jung, and Adler while working with their patients.

ANS: T PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Research on Horney’s Theory REF: 151 FEEDBACK: Horney used the case study method. Therefore, her approach, data, and interpretations are subject to the same criticisms made earlier of the work of Freud, Jung, and Adler.

15.

Horney considered neurotic competitiveness as an indiscriminate need to win at all costs.

ANS: T PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Research on Horney’s Theory REF: 152 FEEDBACK: Horney defined it as an indiscriminate need to win at all costs. The attitude of the person manifesting this need can be “compared to that of a jockey in a race, for whom only one thing matters—whether he is ahead of the others.”

ESSAY

1.

Describe the change in Horney’s attitude and behavior toward her parents after the age of eight. Mention how this affected her adult personality.

ANS: As a way of retaining her mother’s affection, she acted the part of the adoring, obedient daughter. Until the age of eight, she was a model child, clinging and compliant.

Despite her efforts, however, she did not think she was getting sufficient love and security. Her self-sacrifice and good behavior were not working, so she changed tactics and deliberately became ambitious and rebellious, deciding that if she could not have love and security, she would take revenge for her feelings of unattractiveness and inadequacy.

For most of her youth, she doubted that her parents wanted her and believed they loved her older brother Berndt more than they loved her. Although she desperately wanted her father’s love and attention, he intimidated her with his fierce eyes and stern, demanding manner. She felt belittled and rejected when he often made disparaging comments about her intelligence and appearance.

As an adult, she realized how much hostility she had developed as a child. Her personality theory describes how a lack of love in childhood fosters anxiety and hostility.

A biographer concluded, “In all her psychoanalytic writings Karen Horney was struggling to make sense of herself and to obtain relief from her own difficulties.

PTS: 1 A-HEAD: The Life of Horney (1885–1952) REF: 136–137

2.

Define basic anxiety. Describe the different ways in which we try to protect ourselves against basic anxiety in our childhood.

ANS: Horney defined basic anxiety as an “insidiously increasing, all-pervading feeling of being lonely and helpless in a hostile world.” It is the foundation on which all later neuroses develop, and it is inseparably tied to feelings of hostility, helplessness, and fear. In childhood, we try to protect ourselves against basic anxiety in four quite different ways: securing affection and love, being submissive, attaining power, or withdrawing.

Securing Affection: By securing affection and love from other people, the person is saying, in effect, “If you love me, you will not hurt me.” There are several ways by which we may gain affection, such as trying to do whatever the other person wants, trying to bribe others, or threatening others into providing the desired affection.

Being Submissive: Being submissive as a means of self-protection involves complying with the wishes of either one particular person or of everyone in our social environment.

Submissive people avoid doing anything that might antagonize others. They must repress their personal desires and cannot defend against abuse for fear that such defensiveness will antagonize the abuser. Most people who act submissive believe they are unselfish and self-sacrificing.

Attaining Power: By attaining power over others, a person can compensate for helplessness and achieve security through success or through a sense of superiority.

Such people seem to believe that if they have power, no one will harm them.

Withdrawing: The fourth way of protecting oneself against basic anxiety involves withdrawing from other people, not physically but psychologically. Such a person attempts to become independent of others, not relying on anyone else for the satisfaction of internal or external needs. The withdrawn person achieves independence with regard to internal or psychological needs by becoming aloof from others, no longer seeking them out to satisfy emotional needs. The process involves a blunting, or minimizing, of emotional needs.

PTS: 1 A-HEAD: Basic Anxiety: The Foundation of Neurosis REF: 140–141

3.

List the 10 neurotic needs identified by Horney, and classify them on the four ways in which an individual protects himself or herself against basic anxiety.

ANS: Horney listed 10 needs that she termed neurotic needs because they are irrational solutions to one’s problems. The 10 neurotic needs are as follows: 1.

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Affection and approval A dominant partner Power Exploitation Prestige Admiration Achievement or ambition Self-sufficiency Perfection Narrow limits to life