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Industrial Democracy in the Former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Ana-Maria Paponja*
* Erasmus Master Exchange Student at University of Milan, May 2016.
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1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 2
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 3
3
Political, Economic and Social Background Preceding Yugoslavian Industrial Democracy ............... 4
4
Development of Labour Law in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) ............................ 5 4.1
The first period .............................................................................................................................. 5
4.2
The second period ......................................................................................................................... 6
4.2.1
Instruction on founding and work of workers’ councils of State commercial companies .... 7
4.2.2
Trade Unions ......................................................................................................................... 7
4.3
The Third Period ........................................................................................................................... 8
4.3.1 4.4
The Constitution of Socialistic Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1963 ...................... 11
The 4th Period .............................................................................................................................. 12
4.4.1
The Constitution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ..................................... 13
4.4.2
Law on the associated labour .............................................................................................. 14
5
Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 16
6
Literature:............................................................................................................................................ 18
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2 INTRODUCTION Emerging concern about multinational corporations in Europe during 80s and 90s, has urged many countries to increase control over international companies due to their proven reluctance to respect the fundamental human rights of workers employed. However, this concern was present in some countries far earlier. During 50s of past century, industrial democracy in form of creating collective workers’ bodies, so-called “workers’ councils” was already on force, aimed to ensure certain amount of workers’ participation in decision making process regarding questions of direct interest for them. Of course, this was all due to different reasons – for example in Germany in order to prevent potential dictatorship 1 and for the little different reason in Former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (hereinafter “SFRY” or “Yugoslavia”) – to implement Marxist ideology without influence of Stalinist socialism centralised concept. It took decades for European Union member states to come together on the same terms after several attempts from before, and this process is still ongoing. Nonetheless, the focus of this paper will be on industrial democracy model existed in former SFRY, as one of the pioneer countries in realising the concept of workers’ participation to achieve the democratic working conditions. In order to understand better the model itself, I will provide a necessary short overview on the legal situation preceding it, considering the economic, social and political factors that were present in the countries entering the Monarchy of Serbians, Croatians and Slovenian (later the Monarchy of Yugoslavia) and general situation that Yugoslavia has been in that influenced creation of workers’ collective bodies following the timeline of different levels of industrial level and state systems that SFRY has passed through till becoming socialist country. In doing so, I will highlight the most important legal documents that played pivotal role in introducing industrial democracy in Yugoslavia, that were not always necessarily in direct relationship with collective workers’ participation, but rather have a role on explaining the conditions under this type of participation was developing.
1
A.T.J.M. Jacobs, “Manual for the course European Labour Law at the Universita Statale di Milano”, p.271. 2016.
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Additionally, I will give my conclusion regarding the matter of discussion, considering the positive and negative aspects of communistic society that led to final dissolution and crash of SFRY for the reason that one of the pillars of such state was the collective workers’ participation, together with strong control and manipulation of society development by Communistic Party of Yugoslavia, combined with powerful role of the president.
3 POLITICAL,
ECONOMIC
AND
SOCIAL
BACKGROUND
PRECEDING YUGOSLAVIAN INDUSTRIAL DEMOCRACY The beginning and development of the Labour Law in todays’ Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, FYR Macedonia and Kosovo was conditioned by the Yugoslavian legislation, whose creation again was quite complicated process deeply impacted by the World War I, and especially World War II. Herewith, it is important to mention the division between the different legislations that were actual in countries entering the Monarchy of Serbians, Croatians and Slovenians (hereinafter “Monarchy SCS”) in 1918: the countries that were under occupation such as Slovenia, Croatia, Slavonia, Dalmatia, Vojvodina, Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and finally, Montenegro and Serbia, that have gained independency from Ottomans and resisted to occupation of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy before entering the Monarchy SCS. In each of this country there was, depending on positive legislation of occupier country, different legislation, however, it did not prevent these countries in merging into independent monarchy. Some years later, after some reforms, the Monarchy SCS was renamed into Monarchy of Yugoslavia and the various applicable labour laws of this countries were on force till 1921, when the new laws on employment relations were brought such as the Law on Work Inspection. Soon after, the Law on protection of workers followed in 1922, as well as the Law on the social security of workers and the other, similar laws and legal documents. This process is considered to be concluded by adopting the Law on actions in 1931 that presents the biggest reach of the “old” 4|Page
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Yugoslavian laws within the field. In this period, Yugoslavia became the member of ILO and therefore, ratified numerous conventions from this organisation.2
4 DEVELOPMENT OF LABOUR LAW IN SOCIALIST FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA (SFRY) To approach the matter of industrial democracy in Yugoslavia, it is needed to understand processes that led to it. At the time of existence of so-called “Second Yugoslavia”, the Labour law has been developing together with phases of development of political, economic and legal system of SFRY. The fundaments of labour law legislation was built upon Marxist philosophy about socialist state and its role in the field of labour relations. There are several notable phases we can highlight here, dividing them into four main phases.
4.1 THE FIRST PERIOD
The first period started during the World War I, or more accurately, in conditions Yugoslavian territory was into, it was antifascist peoples’ fight for liberation of the German and Italian occupiers, as well as the fight against newly established Nazis’ “Independent State of Croatia” and movement of Croatian Nazis called “ustashe”(ustaše) and Serbian Nazis called “chetnici” (četnici). During this rapturous period, since 1941 till 1945, many legal acts regulating the issues of salaries, workers’ protections and social aid have been brought. The executive board of The Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ) has brought many decisions related to questions of salaries, pensions, employment and so on. After the end of the World War II,
2
Dr. S. Dedić, Dr. J. Gradaščević-Sijerčić “Radno Pravo”, University of Sarajevo, 2005, [Bosnian].
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Yugoslavia was in the terrible economic situation, bearing estimated 61 billion dollars of damages3 made by German and Italian troops, out of which only one billion dollars was compensated; it became the country with destroyed farming funds, damaged infrastructure, scattered population and production capacities decreased for half.4
4.2 THE SECOND PERIOD
The second period begun with the new Constitution of Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia5 (FPRY) brought in 1946. This was a period when the era of increasing the rights of workers has started. The Communistic Party of Yugoslavia (KPY) gave initiative for increasing the role of workers in production and its organisation. The renovation of ideas of counselling of directors with outstanding workers in sphere of production begun. The idea of decentralisation of state administration occurred as political alternative in conflict with a Stalinism ideology of centralised state. Simultaneously, this idea also meant the revival of the revolutionary democratic self-governance back from the war time, but under the new terms. The Government of SFRY has formulated the Workers’ Councils idea by drafting and issuing the “Instruction on founding and work of workers’ councils of State commercial companies” in December 1949 the workers’ councils had been implemented in almost three hundred Yugoslavian companies. The first workers’ council was elected in 1949 in cement factory “Prvoborac” in Solin near Split (today’s Croatia).6
3
R. Bićanič, “Ekonomika FNRJ”, p. 84, Zagreb, 1951, [Croatian].
4
V. Ribić, “Pregled ekonomske literature na osnovi teoretskih, koncepcijskih I kokretizacijskih problema privredne
zbilje”, Zagreb, 1988, [Croatian]. 5
The Official gazette of FPRY, br.10/19469, January 1946 [Serbo-Croatian]
6
D. Marković and others, “Hronika o upravljanju o radničkom samoupravljanju – Fabrike radnimica”, Belgrade, 1964,
[Serbian].
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Instruction on founding and work of workers’ councils of State commercial companies
The Instruction on founding and work of workers’ councils of state companies played a pivotal role in preparing the ground for the Fundamental Law on administering commercial companies and higher commercial associations from 1950. The instruction promoted the active role of employers in the state commercial companies; the aim was to reach the optimal situation in the production by making it possible for workers to gain better experience and proper education to be involved in decisions concerning administering of companies and control over the production. The role and duties of the director of the certain company was elaborated in order not to diminish his importance, but however, to dissolve him from exclusive power in the decision making, in regard to questions concerning these two supra mentioned aspects. The right to control the company’s business was taxatively described as the right to consider economic plans of the company, to suggest measures for better organisation of work, for eradicating and eliminating technical administrative deficiencies, to give recommendations on improving the quality of products, rationalisation of production process, the working norms, decrease of waste, participate in brining/changing the rulebooks of the company, to be involved in the monitoring and to be able to suggest sanctions in cases of damaging the State property and similar. The special task of Workers’ council was to constantly put efforts for eliminating difficulties occurred regarding the planned production plans and to fight the opportunistic and unfriendly phenomena that can be seen in underestimation of collective forces.
4.2.2
Trade Unions
The role of the trade unions in period of introduction of workers’ councils is starting to change a bit as with a workers’ self-governance has diminished their impact within the field. The role of Trade unions is now focusing on the most important part of their work – nurturing and general cultural upbringing of workers. Under the governance of Communistic Party of Yugoslavia, they were in charge of bringing the workers, who are mostly peasants, on the highest level of the 7|Page
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consciences of workers concentrated on building more beautiful and happier lives for everyone in communistic society. Even though the workers’ councils gained the self-governing rights within the state commercial companies, the trade unions remaining jurisdiction in doing tasks in governing the socialistic competitions and mobility factor of workers’ class with purpose of executing planned tasks, was still on force.7
4.3 THE THIRD PERIOD
As it could be already told from the previous period, the epoch of the workers’ self-governance has begun, and in its third period starting in 1950 with a new Fundamental law on administering State commercial companies and higher commercial associations by working collectives 8, the Instruction was now fortified and many competences that have been held before by the State have been transferred to working collectives. In this period, numerous legal acts regulating the salaries, the consistency of employment, protection of women and youths, protection of employment, protection of unemployed ones and other similar issues, were adopted. The rights from social security have been regulated as well. By now there were already 520 companies that have implemented the Instruction9 and founded workers’ councils. The Law has closely elaborated the general principles of implementation, that were based on the view that all commercial subjects are State’s goods governed by workers’ collectives throughout workers’ councils and executive companies’ boards from now on. The mandate of workers’ council, once elected, was one year, with included possibility of re-election of its individual members even before expiration of his/her mandate.
7
J.B. Tito, „O radničkom upravljanju privrenim poduzećem“, Belgrade, 1950, [Croatian].
8
The Official Gazette No. 43, 1950, [Serbo-Croatian]
9
See supra page 4
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The workers’ council had authority of electing and dissolving the board of executives of the company and exercise other rights proscribed by law. According to the same law, the director of the company was simultaneously the member of the Board of Executives of the company and the Board was in charge of governing the State’s commercial company or higher commercial association. The Director was hold liable towards Executive Board of the same company and to the Director and Executive Board of the higher State’s commercial associations and towards the State. The Director of the higher State’s commercial association was held responsible under State’s jurisdiction and the Board of Executives of the same association. The workers’ councils were consisting out of minimum number of fifteen members, with a 120 members set as an upper limit. The number of members of workers’ councils of each company was determined by rulebooks of the company and in the correlation to size and structure of the company. The elections for the mandate in working council was being held on the beginning of the each year. The government had authority to move the election period at any other time during the year in order to be more suitable for the certain branches of economy. In the companies that had less than 30 workers and public servants, the entire working collective was constituting the worker’ council. The workers’ self-governance was emerging in the undeveloped country, with many contradictions, the strong influence of the state in economy and society and the strong elements of the Stalinist ideology that had bureaucratic tendencies that were not being diminished even with increase of workers’ participation. The outside factors – the state and the Communistic Party, have significantly influenced on the organisation and work of the companies. The law and its application had principle meaning because the first time in the socialistic world the conception of the Stalinist centralism and the state’s property as a permanent form of property in socialism, was opening the perspective for the new forms of social organisations. Many reforms brought by new laws and practices after some years aroused the constitutional reform as well. In January 1953, the new Constitutional Law on grounds of social and political
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order of Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia and federal authority organs10 has been passed. Within this Constitutional Law, the social ownership over the production assets was proclaimed, as well as the self-governance of producers in economy, self-governance of the working population in municipalities, cities and kotors (the second degree of the administrative local self-governance unit), and self-governance of working population in administrative unit for education, culture and social services. FPRY was declared as a socialistic, federal and democratic country with sovereign and equitable peoples. All the government in the country was belonging to working people throughout their representatives in different bodies (peoples’ committees, peoples’ councils, workers’ councils and other self-governing organs); and by the direct elections, revocation of representatives, citizens’ councils, constituents’ assemblies, by participation of the citizens in the administration and judiciary, and by other means of self-governance that have been being proclaimed as basis of a system in whole. Certain rights and freedoms became guaranteed, such as the right to work, freedom of association of working people with purpose of realising democratic, political, economic, social, scientific, cultural, artistic, sport or other common interest. Also, the personal freedoms were guaranteed, together with some other human and civil rights. In the field of representatives’ bodies, this was visible in the introduction of the Council of producers as a House of Representative of Professions, next to the already existing political house. The principle of dual division of the authorities has been abounded, and Federal Peoples’ parliament was announced the supreme representative of sovereignty.11 By the end of the 1957, the two new laws have been passed: the Law on the Labour Relations and the Law on the Public Servants, entering into force in January 1958. This two laws have
10
“Ustavni zakon o temeljima socijalnog i političkog uređenja Federativne Narodne Republike Jugoslavije”, The
Official Gazette of FPRY, No. 3, January, 1953, [Serbo-Croatian] 11
Online
Yugoslavian
Archives,
link:
http://www.arhivyu.gov.rs/active/sr-
latin/home/glavna_navigacija/leksikon_jugoslavije/konstitutivni_akti_jugoslavije/ustavni_zakon_1953.html [Serbian]
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represented the first codification of the Labour law in Yugoslavia. From 60s and onwards, the making of legal grounds for reducing the differences in labour relations of public servants and labour relations of workers employed in economy sector was core objective. This tendency was present till the Law on associated work expired, though, it was clear even than that this cannot be accomplished considering the nature of business carried out by public servants on the one hand, and other workers on the other hand.12
4.3.1
The Constitution of Socialistic Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1963
The Constitution of Socialistic Republic of Yugoslavia13 has been enacted in 1963 as an result of beliefs of main-stream governing structures of SFRY that self-governing relations have not been enough implemented and alive in real life, and that they deserve the new and final constitutional level of formation. The definition of the state hereby is now being defined as not just a federal state, but socialistic democratic community, too. This was due to the tendencies towards realisation of Marxist ideal of dying of the state. Further on, the social ownership, self-governance and self-organisation of working people was presenting now the basis of economic regulations. The social self-governance was proclaimed indisputable. Moreover, according to estimations from that times, the systematic conditions for the further development of self-governance were made, and that tendency, originating in workers’ participation in decision-making process of company, has further deeply influenced different sets of law and legal measures that even caused the administrative and territorial re-organisation. In accordance with the new Constitution, the new Fundamental Law on Labour Relations14 was brought, aiming to regulate labour relations of all persons that are in labour relationship on basis
12
Dedić, Gradaščević-Sijerčić, “Radno pravo”, 2005., p. 30, [Bosnian]
13
The Official Gazette of SFRY, No. 14, April, 1963 [Serbo-Croatian]
14
The Official Gazette of SFRY, No. 64, 1965, [Croatian]
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on constitutional principle on equal socio-economic position of all persons, regardless where they are employed. The novice of this law is that it brought new terminology, such as “working people” for the persons in the labour relationship. Nonetheless, the aforementioned Constitution has been amended in total 42 until the new constitution was adopted. Such practice was indicating the fact that stability of the institutions was not set on the long-term run. The same amendments introduced us to the new period of the labour law in SFRY.
4.4 THE 4TH PERIOD
The fourth period in the development of the industrial democracy in Yugoslavia and labour law in general, begins with the Constitutional amendments XX-XLII in 1971, and for the Labour Law point of view, the special role played the so-called ‘‘workers’ amendments’’. With such legislation the fundamental organisation of associated labour, as a basic form of the labour and basic form for the assets of associations, has been proclaimed. In the fundamental organisation of associated labour, the workers were indirectly and equally determining in-between relationships in the labour, they were deciding on conditions and results of their work and were regulating the inter-relationships by self-governing agreements, social agreements and by the other types of general acts. The process of forming the self-governing system, from the aspect of the constitutional law, is being ended by brining the new Constitution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia15 in 1974, and by the Law on associated labour16 from 1976 year.17
15
The Official Gazette of SFRY, February, 1974 [Serbo-Croatian]
16
The Official Gazette of SFRY, No. 53/76., 57/83, 1976, November, 1976 [Croatian]
17
Dedić, Gradaščević-Sijerčić, “Radno parvo”, 2005., p. 34, [Bosnian]
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The Constitution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
The new Constitution remained on the force till dissolution of Yugoslavia in the 90s. It just partially changed the decentralisation implemented already by amendments on the previous constitution. With 406 articles, it was one of the longest constitutions in the world. The role of the new constitution was additional strengthening and protection of self-governing system from interference of the state and thus, additionally strengthen the representativeness of the republics and counties in the all electoral and political bodies. In accordance to this constitution, the republics (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro and Macedonia) were defined as states and self-governing communities. Kosovo and Vojvodina, the two constituent provinces of Serbia, received substantially increased autonomy, including de facto veto power in the Serbian parliament. Also, Josip Broz Tito was proclaimed as lifelong president. Considering the reforms brought by previous constitutional amendments, the new Constitution in the sphere of constituting characters and contents of functions and relations in the new federal state, didn’t bring any important changes. The Constitution has further clarified in greater scope the self-governing interested communities as a relative new form of the linking. The new obligation of constituting the local communities was imposed as the basic form of self-governing organisation of working people and citizens at the local level. In addition, the social protection of self-governing rights and social ownership was emphasised and elaborated further, as well as the bodies that are exercising the same protection by introducing some novices within this field. The Social Ombudsman was newly introduced body, constituted as an independent body that was in charge for initiating the procedures for protection of self-governing rights of the working people and social ownership. Whatsoever, in practical application of normatively circled model of self-governing society, the many issues started to pop out, and both the science and practice could not give an answers as solutions. This is regards to organisation and functioning the economy, but also on the organising and functioning of public services, or to be more accurate, the professions out of special social interest. The many new demands for the state economy and extra-economic matters during the 80s of the last century is starting to question the entire concept of self-governing organisation in the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. By proclaiming the six Republics and two autonomous 13 | P a g e
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provinces, many controversies have been brought as the centralistic-oriented political started to emerge at their greatest power during Yugoslavia, and also, constant economic crisis and inflation, combined with a death of Tito and murder of his right-hand Džemal Bijedić, and unresolved inbetween conflicts of the Republics dating even from the World War I, had inevitably led to dissolution.
4.4.2
Law on the Associated Labour
The formal need for this kind of law occurred with first organisations of associated labour. After adopting Law on the Associated Labour, that form became the only valid form under which companies and institution could conduct business. In principle, the main goal of the all the legal reforms of that time was further empowerment of self-governing socialism, as an attempt to prevent escalations of conflicts within the country, considering the massive political protests such as student protests in 1968, protests in Kosovo, massive national movement in Croatia and numerous strikes in various companies across the Yugoslavia.18 The western part of Yugoslavia wanted reforms and abounding of unitary state system and planned market, whereas the Eastern Republics of Yugoslavia were strongly either in pro SSSR system or having the neutral attitude. When the Law entered in force, the implementation started and this process was quite complicated for the Yugoslavian economy that was already bounded by too many laws and administration that was controlling and implementing it. After some time, the special Courts of associated work have been founded as the regular courts have found that they cannot deal with that matter. Thus, due to bureaucracy this law has imposed, the law turned into antidote for itself. Instead of increasing unnecessary administrative obstacles and liberating the labour, it caused the opposite effect.
18
N. Sejdinović, Article “30 godina of Ustava SFRJ iz 1974. godine: Pokušaj spasavanja, a ne razbijanja Jugoslavije” ,
link:
http://www.nedimsejdinovic.com/30-godina-od-ustava-sfrj-iz-1974-godine-pokusaj-spasavanja-a-ne-
razbijanja-jugoslavije/ , [Montenegrian].
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The main problem in application of the Law on associated labour was that in comparing to the background idea on workers’ self-governance, the Fundamental organisations of associated labour, in practice, started to have the characteristics of the company oriented by principle of selfmanagement, while workers’ organisations, of which Fundamental organisations of associated labour was the part of, fell in the second plan. For the consequence, the Fundamental organisations of associated labour started to look like actioners’ societies from the Western world countries, and by that, the control of natural characteristic capital from the side of workers substantially was getting lost. In other words, the essential idea of socialism was becoming lost. Each of the Fundamental Organisation of Associated Labour had its own financial instruments, independent from the finances of workers’ organisations to which they belonged to. This was corrected by the Law on amendments of the Law on Associated Labour, in which the financial administration was transferred on the workers’ organisations. However, in this times, the movement of workers across the world was losing the battle against the capital. So, the successes of Yugoslavian society model, self-governing of workers and this law in general, became invisible in the variety of the products that was offered by the system oriented towards maximizing and pushing out the capital from the society. Undisputable success and results that were accomplished by the Law on Associated Labour and self-governing idea in total can be seen in the high working standards set, unforced labour and high economic and cultural product of entire Yugoslavian society.
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5 CONCLUSION Looking at all driving forces that influenced the founding and development of industrial democracy in the Former Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia, it is impressive to note how industrial democracy itself, in the form of workers’ self-governing bodies, was catalyst of society reforms. The self-governing councils constantly demanded higher degree of autonomy and caused even the constitutional reforms and territorial and administrative re-division. However, it all caused a lot of negative consequences. In the planned market state, where administration controls product fluctuations on the market, the administration was already big and by constantly increasing in order to satisfy the demand for the equal participation, the opposite effect was inevitable. Moreover, growing political and economic crisis within the state, that was attempted to be resolved by constant increase of autonomy of Republics of Yugoslavia and by imposing the ideology of Yugoslavian nationality (especially considering pluralism of different nationalities living within this territory), has led to penetration of progressive Leninism oriented representatives in the decision making bodies. The huge problem was also that entire system’s ideology was tightly connected and almost completely dependent on the single person-president Tito and completely in hands of Communistic Party of Yugoslavia, that interpreted the role of “in charge” of monitoring and controlling this processes in a way that resulted in massive emigrations of the oppressed workers, a huge number of unclear deaths of any person attempting to oppose the system in any way, montaged judicial processes, the total control on freedom of expression and religion – that all led to oppressed society in huge crisis, where the workers’ participation seemed to be in quite equal role with representatives of the state, but actually was just in the frame where members of those councils don’t present the threat to the society, and the that was really the wide scope as it was regarded even on expression of your thoughts and it was followed by very disproportionately draconic sanctions, rendered in unfair judicial and unjudicial trials. Nevertheless, it is interesting to see how big and important role the workers’ councils played. Even though in the conditions of planned market, and of course, not in the form we see industrial democracy today, it can serve as a good example how it can impact and encourage entire state reforms, cause the wave of the numerous administrative and territorial reorganisations and be the starting point for the political and social streams that can change entire history of one country. 16 | P a g e
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It is also important in a matter of “learning on the examples of the others�, as the legislative in this domain had certain successes at already mentioned workers’ standard, but unfortunately for Yugoslavia, it came in the wrong times, but anyways, this model, with necessary modifications and adaptations to 21st century industrial democracy, looks promising.
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6 LITERATURE: Books: - Dr. S. Dedić, Dr. J. Gradaščević-Sijerčić “Radno Pravo”, University of Sarajevo, 2005 - A. Ravnić, “Osnove radnog prava”, Law Faculty, University of Zagreb, 2004 - V. Ribić, “Pregled ekonomske iterature na osnovo teoretskih, koncepcijskih i konkretizacijskih problema privredne zbilje”, Zagreb, 1988.
Legislation: - Prvodecembarski akt, 1. decembar 1918. - Vidovdanski ustav, 28. jun 1921. - Zakon o kraljevskoj vlasti i vrhovnoj državnoj upravi, 6. januar 1929. - Oktroisani ustav, 3. septembar 1931. - Rezolucija o osnivanju AVNOJ-a, 27. novembar 1942. - Rezolucija o proglašenju AVNOJ-a za Privremenu narodnu skupštinu DFJ, 10.avgust 1945. - Deklaracija o proglašenju FNRJ, 29. novembar 1945. - Ustav FNRJ, 31. januar 1946. - Ustavni zakon, 13. januar 1953. - Ustav SFRJ, 7. april 1963. - Amandmani na Ustav SFRJ iz 1963. godine - Ustav SFRJ, 21. februar 1974. - Amandmani na Ustav iz 1974. Godine - Uputstvo o osnivanju i radu radničkih savjeta državnih gospodarskih poduzeća, 1949 18 | P a g e
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- Osnovni zakon o upravljanju državnim privrednim poduzećima i višim privrednim udruženjima od strane kolektivnih tijela, 1950 - Opći zakon o nardonim odborima, 1952.
Online sources: - Online Yugoslavian Archive: http://www.arhivyu.gov.rs/active/srlatin/home/glavna_navigacija/leksikon_jugoslavije/konstitutivni_akti_jugoslavije/ustavni_zakon _1953.html - Yugoslavia: Political Innovation and the 1974 Constitution, www.country-data.com (Encyclopaedia of the Nations)
Articles: - N. Sejdinović, Article “30 godina of Ustava SFRJ iz 1974. godine: Pokušaj spasavanja, a ne razbijanja
Jugoslavije”
http://www.nedimsejdinovic.com/30-godina-od-ustava-sfrj-iz-1974-
godine-pokusaj-spasavanja-a-ne-razbijanja-jugoslavije/
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