Affordable sanitation products
choo bora
NA mazingira safi KONGWA DISTRICT
acronyms . UPM - Polytechnic University of Madrid . GCSASD - Grupo de Cooperación de Sistemas de Agua y Saneamiento para el Desarrollo ( Water and Sanitation Systems for Development Cooperation Group) . VIP - Ventilated improved pit latrine . Sanplat - Sanitary Platform . Tsh - Tanzanian shillings . ToT - ‘Trainings of Trainers’, usually refers to those who took part in it
units and measures . ft - foot / feet . ‘‘ - inch . m - meter . m3 - cubic meter . cm - centimeter . l - liter . tank - 200l . Kg - Kilograms . mixing ratio: cement : sand : crushed stone . wood strip - 1’’ x 8’’ x 12 ft . wiremesh - 4 X 8 ft . iron bar 12mm x 40 ft . bag of cement - 50Kg . bucket - 10l (real capacity filled to the brim: 12,5l) . bucket of sand with no hump - 20.76 Kg . bucket of sand with hump - 21.96 Kg . bucket of crushed stone with no hump - 20.50 Kg . bucket of crushed stone with hump - 22.40 Kg For best ease of use, the units of measure in this catalogue are those which were found most common among the local artisans, despite not being homogenous: . ‘bucket’ for ‘sand’, ‘crushed stone’ and small amounts of ‘water’ . ‘tank’ for big amounts of water . ‘bag’ for ‘cement’. When the amount is small, ‘Kg’ is used instead . ‘inch’ (“) for small measurements of materials, e.g.: wood thickness . ‘feet’ (ft) for big measurements of materials, e.g.: wood strip length The size of the blocks and bricks used for the estimations are shown above, even though other sizes are also available in Kongwa District.
15 cm
45 cm 21 cm block
2
10 cm
30 cm
15 cm brick
summary
. Introduction
4
. How to use it
5
. Supply chain
6
. Useful contacts
7
. Sanitation ladder
8-9
> types of latrines
10-15
11
. Simple pit latrine
. Ventilated improved pit latrines
12-13
. Pour flush latrine
14
> options and cost
16-29
. pit
16-19
. slab
20-23
. superstructure
24-27
. ACCESSORIES
28
. hand washing
29
3
introduction
Why this catalogue has been created? : Overall, it responds to the challenges the sanitation and hygiene sector have been facing in the past decades worldwide and also in Tanzania. In the case of Dodoma Region the statistics of the last survey conducted during the elaboration of UMATA Baseline speak for themselves. In the three districts studied, Bahi, Chamwino and Kongwa, it was observed that:
. Just 22 % of the households have access to improved sanitation facilities . Just 4 % of the adults can demonstrate effective hand washing
This situation has direct impact on the health of the population as the spread of diarrhoea, which is ranked third among the top ten causes of mortality for under five children in Tanzania. That poses a great burden for the families to overcome the poverty cycle as it affects directly their capacity to attend livelihood activities reducing the available time for productive activities, undermines the health of all the family, specially the children, implies additional risks for women, kids and vulnerable groups and reduces dignity, among other things. In fact, the districts mentioned above are among the bottom twenty districts with the higher under five mortality rate in the country. To tackle this problem effectively, programs have to work on the demand, through hygiene and sanitation promotion activities, but as well on the offer, ensuring that once there is the willingness to build or improve a sanitation facility, affordable and adequate products are available and are reaching the communities. It is specifically on this second aspect where a clear gap has been identified, and this catalogue’s intention is to contribute to fill it by providing technical support and guidelines to artisans and entrepreneurs. The approach adopted has been focused on the compilation of best practices observed during the field work in Kongwa and the improvements and recommendations have been developed jointly with local artisans, the main final users of this document.
4
how to use it
This catalogue has been conceived in order to provide artisans and entrepreneurs a tool that can help them to: 1. Identify the most convenient supply chain, including whole sellers (see Supply chain) 2. Establish a linkage between themselves and also with the Local Government Leaders (see Useful contacts) 3. Explain to the customers which options are available and which ones are the most suitable for their needs: In case the work to be done is to build a new latrine or rehabilitate it, the artisan can advise the customer by going through the chapter TYPES OF LATRINES and checking the advices given for each option. Theses are the most important features used in this catalogue (at the bottom of the page for each type of latrine): water required for flushing is low
hand-washing must be used with the latrine
safe for children
re-used water for flushing is appropriate
the slabs and shelter can be re-used
disabled people can use all kind of latrines if they are properly adapted
water required for flushing is high
the lid must be used for keeping odours and flies away
water seal: odour and flies free
pipe must have a net at the end for keeping flies away
4. Explain to the customer where the costs come from and prepare a preliminary budget for the customer: Once the artisan and the customer have agreed on the work that needs to be done, a first approximate budget can be issued by examining the chapter OPTIONS AND COST. For a new latrine construction, one option for each one of these 4 elements shall be picked:
. Pits . Slabs . Superstructures . Hand washing
The total amount may vary depending on the options chosen according to the options available in this catalogue. Unit price of materials do not include transportation. 5
supply chain
Village Ward office Chitego
Ward with whole seller and entrepreneurs shops
Pingalame
Village with entrepreneurs shops Zoissa
Leganga
Kinangali
Mogeseni Matongoro
Mlanje
Makawa
Norini
Mkoka
Songambele B Banyibanyi Mkutani
Msunjulile Ngomai
Hogoro
Njoge
Chamae Msunjilili
Manyata
Ndalibo
Sejeli
Mbande
Mtanana A
Vilundilo
Kibaigwa
Pandambili
Majawanga
Ndurungumi Moleti
Lengaji
Mautya
Laikala Msingisa
Kongwa
Kiteto Lenjulu
Mtanana B
Machenje
Ugogoni
Hembahemba
Chigwingwili
Ibwaga Sagara
Vihingo
Gairo
Chiwe
Ijaka Ihanda Mlali-Iyegu
Iduo-Kisimani Suguta Tubugwe
Chamkoroma
Pembamoto
Mlali-Bondeni Ng’humbi
Mang’weta Mseto
Mbagilwa
This map shows to artisans and entrepreneurs where they can get materials from a Whole Seller in order distribute them later. Those entrepreneurs who are already acting as retailers in the villages are also reflected in the map. Additionally, two artisans per village have been selected and trained. 6
useful contacts Write with a pencil the contacts of reference people in your ward
PUGU (Pata Ujuzi Gawia Umma - Get Skills Share Community)
Start-Up constituted by the artisans who attended ToT. It innovates in products and business models. It can credit materials to the artisans that request them as well as provide technical advice. They are linked with the District Council. Ward KONGWA SEJELI KONGWA UGOGONI KONGWA UGOGONI
Village MLANGA MBANDE MLANGA CHIMOTOLO KONGWA IBWAGA
Name COSMAS MGASSA BARAKA NHENJE ATHANASIO CHILONWA ISAACK MTAMBULO ABUBAKARI MJILI CLEMENT LUGWALU
Phone 0755 367167 / 0782 862 445 0757 390 388 / 0764489308 0656 470 969 0684 543 927 / 0758 216 326 0716 835 835 / 0759 812 982 0652 873 618
WEO (Ward Executive Officer) The moulds to build new slabs during the project have been donated to the artisans and the WEO was in charge of distributing them. Ward
Village
Name
Phone
VEO (Willage Executive Officer)
In charge of checking and signing the report about the progression done by the artisans of his village. Ward
Village
Name
Phone
ENTREPRENEURS
Their main role is to provide the materials needed to produce sanitation products and facilities to households and artisans. Ward
Village
Name
Phone
ARTISANS
They rehabilitate or construct sanitation products and facilities for households and institutions. They can ask PUGU for technical assistance. Ward
Village
Name
Phone
7
This sanitation ladder is adapted to the case of Kongwa District.
improved sanitation
In order to ‘climb’ the ladder leaving behind unsafe practices towards improved sanitation, the households should use, at least, hand washing facilities and latrines with washable slab, roof and door. Different technological options are available as follows, arranged from the simplest to the more advanced:
. Simple pit latrine: pit on-site and sanplat with lid, superstructure with roof and door.
. Ventilated improved latrine:
W
HO
. VIP with bamba and pit on-site, superstructure with roof and door.
. VIP with traditional pour flush with pit off-site and superstructure with roof and door.
. Pour flush:
SIMPLE PIT LATRIN
. Pour flush with p-trap, superstructure with roof and door.
An example of each option is described next in this chapter.
BASIC PIT . LID
. WASHABLE S
OPEN DEFECATION
not improved sanitation
Latrine is im 8
sanitation ladder
n
E
P
W
HO
IM TO
E
V RO
R
U YO
RIN T LA
POUR FLUSH LATRINE
VENTILATED IMPROVED LATRINE
VIP latrine with bamba
RINE
BLE SLAB
VIP latrine with traditional pour flush
improved only if it is used together with hand-washing facility with ash or soap 9
10
simple pit latrine
Latrine is improved only if it is used together with hand-washing facility with ash or soap
Lid to keep odours and flies away
Washable slab
Advantages . Affordable . Privacy . Washable . Durable . The slabs and shelter can be re-used . Sanitary when used together with handwashing . Appropriate where water is scarce
When the soil is unstable the pit must be lined with bricks, blocks or stones.
Disadvantages . Faeces not fully isolated . Odours when is not used properly
0
0.5 m
1m
2m
11
VIP latrine with bamba and pit on-site Vent pipe with mosquito net on the top. The pipe can be inside or outside the latrine. air flow
Latrine is improved only if it is used together with hand-washing facility with ash or soap
Advantages . Affordable . Privacy . Less chances of transmission of excreta related diseases . Little odour and no flies compared with the simple pit latrines Disadvantages . No water seal . Superstructure cannot be used in case the pit is full
When the soil is unstable the pit must be lined with bricks, blocks or stones
12
0
0.5 m
1m
2m
ventilated pit latrine VIP latrine with traditional pour flush and pit off-site
air flow
Vent pipe with mosquito net on the top.
Latrine is improved only if it is used together with hand-washing facility with ash or soap When the soil is unstable the pit must be lined with bricks, blocks or stones. If so, pit drains are also recommended Pipe with slight slope towards pit
Advantages . Affordable . Privacy . Water required for flushing is low . Less chances of transmission of excreta related diseases . Little odour and no flies compared with the simple pit latrines . Superstructure can be used in case the pit is full Disadvantages . No water seal
0
0.5 m
1m
2m
13
14
POUR FLUSH LATRINE
Latrine is improved only if it is used together with hand-washing facility with ash or soap When the soil is unstable the pit must be lined with bricks, blocks or stones. Instead of a simple pit with drains, often septic tank with soakaway is constructed Water seal Pipe with slight slope towards pit
Advantages . Privacy . Water seal . Smell an odours free . Has longer life span . Improves hygiene Disadvantages . Water required for flushing is high (not appropriate where water is not available) . Still risk of ground and surface water contamination
0
0.5 m
1m
2m
15
Advices: . The option chosen depends on the type of soil. . When the soil is unstable the pit must be lined with bricks, blocks or stones. Burnt bricks have been chosen by default for when budgeting the pits because the cost of lining with them (materials and labour charge) is lower compared to the other options. . When the soil is stable the top of the pit should be completed with partial lining. . In areas of high water tables the pit must be raised, the distance between the botton and the water table must be 2 m. . The distance between the pit and water source must be at least 30 m. . Latrine foundation / pit lining should be raised enough to avoid flood during the rain season . The wind direction should be taken into account to avoid odour issues at home. . Off-site pit should not be placed in areas where people stay or pass through.
Life span: . Size of the pit should depend on the kind of latrine and the number of people who will use it Standard size (the width and the length of the pit depends on the size of the slab. An standard ‘bamba kubwa’ is 1,5 x 1,5 m):
. Depth of pit around 3 m . Breadth/width of pit around 1,5 m
. The pit volume can be found using the following formula:
V= 4/3 x C x P x N
V = Volume of the pit C = Pit capacity/ solid accumulation rate ( 0.04 m3/person/year for wet pit, 0.06 m3/person/year for dry pit) N = Design period (years) P = Design population 4/3 = Design factor introduced because the pit should be dislodged when is ž full . When the off-site pit is full, the most common solution is to dig another pit and connect it with the full pit or the existing latrine as shown in the picture.
1
2
2 1 1
16
2
1. first pit 2. additional pit
pits
Different kinds of pits: On-site pit Suitable for Simple pit latrine, VIP latrine
Unlined on-site pit
Lined on-site pit
Off-site pit Suitable for VIP Traditional Pour Flush, Pour Flush
Unlined off-site pit
Lined off-site pit
Septic tank and soakaway Suitable for Pour Flush
Septic tank
Soakaway 17
Unlined on-site (1x1x3 = 3 m3) Description Quantity Unit Unit price* Amount* 15,000 Tsh Digging 3 m3 Burnt bricks 80 piece 100 Tsh 8,000 Tsh Cement 10 Kg 330 Tsh 3,300 Tsh Sand 5 bucket 250 Tsh 1,250 Tsh Water 4 bucket 25 Tsh 100 Tsh Labour charge for partial lining (digging excluded) 15,000 Tsh TOTAL 42,650 Tsh
. mixing ratio: 1:7
Lined on-site (1,2x1,2x3 = 4,3 m3) Description Quantity Unit Unit price* Amount* 20,000 Tsh Digging 4,3 m3 Burnt bricks 384 piece 100 Tsh 38,400 Tsh Cement 2 bag 16,500 Tsh 33,000 Tsh Sand 42 bucket 250 Tsh 10,500 Tsh Water 1.5 tank 500 Tsh 750 Tsh Labour charge for lining (digging excluded) 25,000 Tsh TOTAL 127,650 Tsh
. mixing ratio: 1:7
Unlined off-site (1x1x3 = 3 m3)
. mixing ratio pit 1:7 . mixing ratio cover 1:4:8 18
Description Quantity Unit Unit price* Amount* Pit 15,000 Tsh Digging 3 m3 Burnt bricks 80 piece 100 Tsh 8,000 Tsh Cement 10 Kg 330 Tsh 3,300 Tsh Sand 5 bucket 250 Tsh 1,250 Tsh Water 4 bucket 25 Tsh 100 Tsh Labour charge for partial lining (digging excluded) 15,000 Tsh Subtotal 42,650 Tsh Cover Cement 25 Kg 330 Tsh 8,250 Tsh Sand 7 bucket 250 Tsh 1,750 Tsh Crushed stone 13 bucket 300 Tsh 3,900 Tsh Trees 8 piece 500 Tsh 4,000 Tsh Sack 2 piece 200 Tsh 400 Tsh Water 4 bucket 25 Tsh 100 Tsh Pipe 4’’ 1.5 m 2,500 Tsh 3,750 Tsh Labour charge for the Cover 3,000 Tsh Subtotal 25,150 Tsh TOTAL 67,800 Tsh
pits Lined off-site (1,2x1,2x3 = 4,3 m3)
. mixing ratio pit 1:7 . mixing ratio cover 1:4:8
Description Quantity Unit Unit price* Amount* Pit 20,000 Tsh Digging 4,3 m3 Burnt bricks 384 piece 100 Tsh 38,400 Tsh Cement 2 bag 16,500 Tsh 33,000 Tsh Sand 42 bucket 250 Tsh 10,500 Tsh Water 1.5 tank 500 Tsh 750 Tsh Labour charge for lining (digging excluded) 25,000 Tsh Subtotal 127,650 Tsh Cover Cement 25 Kg 330 Tsh 8,250 Tsh Sand 7 bucket 250 Tsh 1,750 Tsh Crushed stone 13 bucket 300 Tsh 3,900 Tsh Trees 8 piece 500 Tsh 4,000 Tsh Sack 2 piece 200 Tsh 400 Tsh Water 4 bucket 25 Tsh 100 Tsh Pipe 4’’ 1.5 m 2,500 Tsh 3,750 Tsh Labour charge for the Cover 3,000 Tsh Subtotal 25,150 Tsh TOTAL 152,800 Tsh
Septic tank and soakaway
Septic tank
Soakaway
. mixing ratio pit 1:7 . mixing ratio cover 1:4:8
Description Quantity Unit Unit price* Amount* 3 Septic tank ( 1.2 x 2.4 x 2.4 = 7 m ) 60,000 Tsh Digging 7 m3 Burnt bricks 600 piece 100 Tsh 60,000 Tsh Cement 8 bag 16,500 Tsh 132,000 Tsh Sand 126 bucket 250 Tsh 31,500 Tsh Crushed stone 30 bucket 300 Tsh 9,000 Tsh Water 5 tank 500 Tsh 2,500 Tsh Wiremesh 1 piece 17,000 Tsh 17,000 Tsh Iron bar 12mm 1 piece 16,000 Tsh 16,000 Tsh Labour charge for the Septic tank (digging excluded) 150,000 Tsh Subtotal 478,000 Tsh Soakaway ( diameter = 2.5 m // depth = 3 m ) 80,000 Tsh Digging 23.5 m3 Burnt bricks 600 piece 100 tsh 60,000 Tsh Cement 8 bag 16,500 Tsh 132,000 Tsh Sand 126 bucket 250 Tsh 31,500 Tsh Crushed stone 30 bucket 300 Tsh 3,000 Tsh Water 5 tank 500 Tsh 2,500 Tsh Wiremesh 1 piece 17,000 Tsh 34,000 Tsh Iron bar 12mm 4 piece 16,000 Tsh 64,000 Tsh Binding wire 1 Kg 3,000 Tsh 3,000 Tsh Wood board 1’’x8’’ 8 piece 14,000 Tsh 112,000 Tsh Wood strip 2’’x4’’ 2 piece 7,500 Tsh 15,000 Tsh Ceiling board 1 piece 15,000 Tsh 15,000 Tsh Nails 2’’ 0.5 Kg 4,000 Tsh 2,000 Tsh Labour charge for the Soakaway (digging excluded) 200,000 Tsh Subtotal 754,000 Tsh TOTAL 1,232,000 Tsh
*The cost is likely to change depending on the market price of materials. Kongwa District 2014 Unit price of materials do not include transportation
19
20
slab
Slabs for rehabilitation:
. Sungura . Bamba ndogo
Slabs for new construction:
. Traditional pour flush slab . Bamba kubwa . Squat pan
Advices for construction: . To prevent water from dropping out of the sanplat, the surface could have a gentle slope towards the squat hole ( around 5% )
Different shapes for squat holes:
30cm
30cm 30cm
The measurements shown in the figure beside may help to ensure the proper placement of the foot-rest . The edge of the heel of the foot-rest should be aligned with the center of the hole . The angle between the foot-rest and the longitudinal axis of the slab should be close to 20 ยบ
17cm 10cm
. The suggested hole size is 30 cm long and 17 cm wide
20ยบ
21
Sungura sanplat and lid
Lid
. mixing ratio 1:4:4
Description Cement Sand Crushed stone Water Wiremesh Labour charge
Quantity Unit Unit price* Amount* 4 kg 330 Tsh 1,320 Tsh 1 bucket 250 Tsh 250 Tsh 1 bucket 300 Tsh 300 Tsh 1 bucket 25 Tsh 25 Tsh 2 5,718 Tsh 2,060 Tsh 0.6 x 0.6 m 1,500 Tsh TOTAL 5,455 Tsh
. The platform below this slab should be strong enough to support the weight of the sungura and user . Additional cost to fix the sungura in the platform . Needs expensive plastic mould
Bamba ndogo Description Cement Sand Crushed stone Water Wiremesh Labour charge
. mixing ratio 1:4:4
Quantity Unit Unit price* Amount* 4 Kg 330 Tsh 1,320 Tsh 1 bucket 250 Tsh 250 Tsh 1 bucket 300 Tsh 300 Tsh 1 bucket 25 Tsh 25 Tsh 2 5,718 Tsh 2,060 Tsh 0.6 x 0.6 m 1,500 Tsh TOTAL 5,455 Tsh
. The platform below this slab should be strong enough to support the weight of the sungura and user . Additional cost to fix the bamba ndogo in the platform
Traditional pour-flush slab Description Cement Sand Burnt brick Mud Water Pipe PVC 4’’ Labour charge
. mixing ratio 1:7
22
Quantity Unit Unit price* Amount* 12,5 Kg 330 Tsh 4,125 Tsh 6 bucket 250 Tsh 1,500 Tsh 20 piece 100 Tsh 2,000 Tsh 3 bucket 25 Tsh 75 Tsh 2 m 2,500 Tsh 5,000 Tsh 10,000 Tsh TOTAL 22,700 Tsh
. Dry cleaning material may block the system . Laundry, bathing or any other similar water can be used to flush
slab
Bamba kubwa Description Cement Sand Crushed stone Water Wiremesh Labour charge
. mixing ratio 1:4:4
Quantity Unit Unit price* Amount* 16 Kg 330 Tsh 5,280 Tsh 3 bucket 250 Tsh 750 Tsh 3 bucket 300 Tsh 900 Tsh 4 bucket 25 Th 100 Tsh 2 5,718 Tsh 8,240 Tsh 1.5 x 1.5 m 5,000 Tsh TOTAL 20,270Tsh
. Should be strong enough to support the weight of the user
Squat pan Description Squat pan P-trap Cement Sand Water Pipe 4’’ Labour charge
. mixing ratio 1:2
Quantity Unit Unit price* Amount* 1 piece 18,000 Tsh 18,000 Tsh 1 piece 5,000 Tsh 5,000 Tsh 20 Kg 330 Tsh 6,600 Tsh 3 bucket 250 Tsh 750 Tsh 1 bucket 25 Tsh 25 Tsh 3 m 2,500 Tsh 7,500 Tsh 15,000 Tsh TOTAL 52,875 Tsh
. Dry cleaning material may block the system . Laundry, bathing or any other similar water can be used for flushing
Wood lid TOTAL
3,000 Tsh
. The lid must be used for keeping odours and flies away
*The cost is likely to change depending on the market price of materials. Kongwa District 2014 Unit price of materials do not include transportation
23
Superstructure: . Plastered (inside and outside): Plastering the walls of the superstructure is recommended for longer durability. Description Cement Sand Water Labour charge
Quantity Unit Unit price* Amount* 2 Bag 16,500 Tsh 33,000 Tsh 42 bucket 250 Tsh 10,500 Tsh 1 tank 500 Tsh 500 Tsh 20,000 Tsh TOTAL 64,000 Tsh
. Foundation: When the pit is off-site the superstructure needs foundation. Common size: 1,5 x 1,5 x 2,2 m . mixing ratio: 1:7
Description Burnt bricks Cement Sand Water Labour charge
Superstructure position relative to pit position:
24
Quantity Unit Unit price* Amount* 80 piece 100 Tsh 8,000 Tsh 10 Kg 330 Tsh 3,300 Tsh 5 bucket 250 Tsh 1,250 Tsh 3 bucket 25 Tsh 75 Tsh 15,000 Tsh TOTAL 27,625 Tsh
superstructure
Superstructure with bathroom: . Every superstructure in the catalogue can be built together with a bathroom facility.
Latrine
Latrine with bathroom
Door: . The most common kind of doors are both the one made from iron sheet (A) and the one made entirely from wood (B). The first one (A) has been chosen by default when budgeting the superstructures because its cost is approximately half of the other one’s cost. . A B
Roof: . The iron sheets should be properly joined to the superstructure by the artisan to reduce the risk of being removed by heavy rain/wind. . Tembe should be well built in a way that will not allow rainfall to pass through during the rain season. . Tembe roof is suitable where the availability of tembe and trees is enough.
*The cost is likely to change depending on the market price of materials. Kongwa District 2014 Unit price of materials do not include transportation
25
Superstructure with mud and tembe Description Quantity Unit Unit price* Amount* Mud Water 4 tank 500 2,000 Tsh Wood for 4 piece 1,500 Tsh 6,000 Tsh columns Wood for beams 2 piece 1,500 Tsh 3,000 Tsh Sticks 4 piece 300 Tsh 1,200 Tsh Thin branches 100 piece 30 Tsh 3,000 Tsh Iron sheet door 1 piece 21,000 Tsh 21,000 Tsh with frame Hinge 2 piece 1,000 Tsh 2,000 Tsh Locker 1 piece 2,000 Tsh 2,000 Tsh Labour charge 20,000 Tsh TOTAL 60,200 Tsh
Superstructure with unburnt bricks and tembe Description Quantity Unit Unit price* Amount* Unburnt Brick 400 piece 50 Tsh 20,000 Tsh Mud Water 4 tank 500 Tsh 2,000 Tsh Wood for 4 piece 1,500 Tsh 6,000 Tsh columns Wood for beams 2 piece 1,500 Tsh 3,000 Tsh Sticks 4 piece 300 Tsh 1,200 Tsh Thin branches 100 piece 30 Tsh 3,000 Tsh Iron sheet door 1 piece 21,000 Tsh 21,000 Tsh with frame Hinge 2 piece 1,000 Tsh 2,000 Tsh Locker 1 piece 2,000 Tsh 2,000 Tsh Labour charge 40,000 Tsh TOTAL 100,200 Tsh
Tembe mud sacks or plastic sheet grass thin branches sticks beams
columns
26
superstructure
Superstructure with unburnt bricks and iron sheet Description Unburnt bricks Mud Water Iron sheet Nails Wood strip 2’’ x 4’’ Hinge Iron sheet door with frame Locker Labour charge
Quantity Unit Unit price* Amount* 400 piece 50 Tsh 20,000 Tsh 4 tank 500 Tsh 2,000 Tsh 2 piece 12,000 Tsh 24,000 Tsh 0.5 Kg 4,000 Tsh 2,000 Tsh 2 piece 7,500 Tsh 15,000 Tsh 2 1
piece piece
1,000 Tsh 21,000 Tsh
1
piece
2,000 Tsh
2,000 Tsh 21,000 Tsh
2,000 Tsh 50,000 Tsh TOTAL 138,000 Tsh
Superstructure with burnt bricks and iron sheet Description Quantity Unit Unit price* Amount* Burnt bricks 400 piece 100 Tsh 40,000 Tsh Mud Water 4 tank 500 Tsh 2,000 Tsh Iron sheet 2 piece 12,000 Tsh 24,000 Tsh Nails 0.5 Kg 4,000 Tsh 2,000 Tsh Wood strip 2 piece 7,500 Tsh 15,000 Tsh Hinge 2 piece 1,000 Tsh 2,000 Tsh Iron Sheet Door 1 piece 21,000 Tsh 21,000 Tsh with frame Locker 1 piece 2,000 Tsh 2,000 Tsh Labour charge 50,000 Tsh TOTAL 158,000 Tsh
Superstructure with blocks and iron sheet
. mixing ratio: 1:7
Description Block Cement Sand Water Wood strip 2’’x4’’ Wood door Hinge Iron Sheet Nails Locker Labour charge
Quantity Unit Unit price* Amount* 110 piece 1,000 Tsh 110,000 Tsh 2,5 bag 16,500 Tsh 41,250 Tsh 51 bucket 250 Tsh 12,750 Tsh 4 tank 500 Tsh 2,000 Tsh 2 piece 7,500 Tsh 15,000 Tsh 1 2 2 0.5 1
piece piece piece Kg piece
21,000 Tsh 1,000 Tsh 12,000 Tsh 4,000 Tsh 2,000 Tsh
21,000 Tsh 2,000 Tsh 24,000 Tsh 2,000 Tsh 2,000 Tsh 60,000 Tsh TOTAL 292,000 Tsh
*The cost is likely to change depending on the market price of materials. Kongwa District 2014 Unit price of materials do not include transportation
27
accessory Accessories for disabled people . Disabled people can use all kind of latrines if properly adapted . Removable stool: . Wood seat: 14,000 Tsh . Iron handles: 5,000 Tsh
. Fixed stool Description Quantity Unit Unit price* Amount* Cement 25 Kg 330 Tsh 8,250 Tsh Sand 2 ndoo 250 Tsh 500 Tsh Crushed stone 2 ndoo 300 Tsh 600 Tsh 2 5,718 Tsh 5,718 Tsh Wiremesh 1 m TOTAL 15,068 Tsh
. Blind people . Rope leading to the latrine
. Marked path leading to the latrine
. Cross hatched foot-rest to make it less slippery when wet.
Cleaning materials:
. a bucket with clean water for hygiene or other cleaning materials. . a broom and stick: to keep the latrine clean. . a bin to put used cleaning materials.
28
hand washing To have full sanitary conditions is necessary to use the latrine together with hand-washing
Tip-tap Description Branches Bottle Rope
Quantity Unit 3 1 2
Unit price* Amount* piece 500 Tsh 1,500 Tsh piece 1,500 Tsh 1,500 Tah m 250 Tsh 500 Tsh TOTAL 3,500 Tsh
Bucket with tap Description Bucket and tap Stool
Quantity Unit 1 1
Unit price* Amount* piece 7,000 Tsh 7,000 Tsh piece 3,000 Tsh 3,000 Tsh TOTAL 10,000 Tsh
By using a tap that can be opened and closed with the elbow the transmission of bacteria from contaminated hands is avoided.
Clay pot with tap Description Cement Sand Water Tap Burnt brick Iron bar 12mm Thin wiremesh Labour charge
Quantity Unit Unit price* Amount* 1 bag 16,500 Tsh 16,500 Tsh 2 bucket 250 Tsh 500 Tsh 4 bucket 150 Tsh 600 Tsh 1 piece 7,500 Tsh 7,500 Tsh 20 piece 100 Tsh 2,000 Tsh 0.25 m 1,340 Tsh 335 Tsh 2 4,500 Tsh 4,500 Tsh 1 m 8,000 Tsh TOTAL 39,435 Tsh
*The cost is likely to change depending on the market price of materials. Kongwa District 2014 Unit price of materials do not include transportation
29
acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the help given by the following contributors in the development of this catalogue: Firstly we owe particular thanks to the inhabitants of the villages of Kongwa District for their kindness when carrying out the field work. The collaboration of the Local Government Leaders was also very remarkable and they definitely facilitated our interaction with the communities. We are grateful to the participants of UMATA (Usafi wa Mazingira Tanzania - Sanitation Program in Tanzania), the program that constitutes the framework of this work; especially to LVIA (Lay Volunteers International Association), for its help during the field research and for sharing its knowledge about the area, but also to Plan International Tanzania for its guidance, support and for effectively promoting networking among all the stakeholders. We also would like to thank ‘Catholic Relief Services’ and ‘Social and Economic Development Initiative’ for their teamwork done. During the development of innovative sanitation solutions we were very lucky to work jointly with the artisans from ‘UFUNDI Kongwa’ and also with those that took part in ONGAWA’s Training of Trainers, ‘ToT’ who provided as well their feedback and technical advice when revising the preliminary version of this document.
30
Produced in partnership with: Grupo de Cooperación de Sistemas de Agua y Saneamiento para el Desarrollo (GCSASD) Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería y Diseño Industrial. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid C/Ronda de Valencia 3, 28012 Madrid, España
Bsc.Environmental Engineering(EE) Department of Environmental Engineering School of Environmental Science and Technology(SEST) Ardhi University P.O.BOX 35176 Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
ONGAWA Ingeniería para el desarrollo Humano C/Vizconde de Matamala 17, 3ºplanta, 28028 Madrid, España
Team: Ana Esteban Zazo - Catalogue Coordinator UPM Clemence Mweche - Project manager Alfonso Zapico - Project manager technical advisor Steven Kiboko - Project officer Tito Mwambala - Project officer Paul Thobias Seleman - Student from Ardhi University
Photographs: ONGAWA and GCSASD except pg. 28: 1 2 3 4
1-3. Water Aid/ Jane Wilbur 4. Plan Indonesia / Agus Haru
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This catalogue is one of the main outputs from the project “Improving access to sanitation for the most disadvantaged, through applied research on appropriate solutions” funded by the “Water and Sanitation Systems for Development Cooperation Group” (GCSASD) of the Polytechnic University of Madrid from its ‘XIV Call for grants for university development cooperation actions 2013”. Its main objective is to identify, analyse, develop and promote a range of affordable, suitable and sustainable sanitation solutions, in the context of Kongwa district. Its implementation was carried out by a partnership between the GCSASD and ONGAWA in collaboration with the Ardhi University. That project is complementary to UMATA program, funded by the Global Sanitation Fund, that aims to increase the access and use of improved sanitation facilities with changed sanitation and hygiene behaviours at scale. It is designed to strengthen the Tanzanian National Sanitation Campaign and during its first phase is being implemented in three districts of Dodoma Region: Bahi, Chamwino and Kongwa. The elaboration of this first edition took place from June to November 2014 in Kongwa District. Research on sanitation products and prototype testing is still being carried out at the time of this publication.
This catalogue is available in English and Swahili.
All the users and readers are kindly encouraged to provide as many suggestions and comments as possible so that next editions can be improved according to them. For this purpose or further information please refer to the following contact data: Postal adress: Grupo de Cooperación de Sistemas de Agua y Saneamiento para el Desarrollo Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería y Diseño Industrial C/ Ronda de Valencia, 3 28012 Telephone: +34 91 336 68 76 / 46 email: cooperacion.agua.etsidi@upm.es website: http://sistemasdeaguaysaneamientoparaeldesarrollo.wordpress.com
Published by “Water and Sanitation Systems for Development Cooperation Group” (GCSASD) and ONGAWA. ISBN 978-84-697-1719-6 Sponsored by Polytechnic University of Madrid