172 Otherwise, at most one type-specifier may be given in a declaration. If the type-specifier is missing from a declaration, it is taken to be int. Types may also be qualified, to indicate special properties of the objects being declared. type-qualifier: const volatile
Type qualifiers may appear with any type specifier. A const object may be initialized, but not thereafter assigned to. There are no implementation-dependent semantics for volatile objects. The const and volatile properties are new with the ANSI standard. The purpose of const is to announce objects that may be placed in read-only memory, and perhaps to increase opportunities for optimization. The purpose of volatile is to force an implementation to suppress optimization that could otherwise occur. For example, for a machine with memory-mapped input/output, a pointer to a device register might be declared as a pointer to volatile, in order to prevent the compiler from removing apparently redundant references through the pointer. Except that it should diagnose explicit attempts to change const objects, a compiler may ignore these qualifiers.
A.8.3 Structure and Union Declarations A structure is an object consisting of a sequence of named members of various types. A union is an object that contains, at different times, any of several members of various types. Structure and union specifiers have the same form. struct-or-union-specifier: struct-or-union identifieropt{ struct-declaration-list } struct-or-union identifier struct-or-union: struct union
A struct-declaration-list is a sequence of declarations for the members of the structure or union: struct-declaration-list: struct declaration struct-declaration-list struct declaration struct-declaration:
specifier-qualifier-list struct-declarator-list;
specifier-qualifier-list: type-specifier specifier-qualifier-listopt type-qualifier specifier-qualifier-list opt struct-declarator-list: struct-declarator struct-declarator-list , struct-declarator Usually, a struct-declarator is just a declarator for a member of a structure or union. A structure member may also consist of a specified number of bits. Such a member is also called a bit-field; its length is set off from the declarator for the field name by a colon. struct-declarator: declarator declaratoropt : constant-expression