Construction Craft Worker Front Matter

Construction Craft Worker contains procedures commonly practiced in industry and the trade. Specific procedures vary with each task and must be performed by a qualified person. For maximum safety, always refer to specific manufacturer recommendations, insurance regulations, specific job-site and plant procedures, applicable federal, state, and local regulations, and any authority having jurisdiction.

The material contained herein is intended to be an educational resource for the user. Neither LiUNA nor American Technical Publishers assume any responsibility or liability in connection with this material or its use by any individual or organization.

CSI MasterFormat is a registered trademark of the Construction Specification Institute, Inc. Kevlar is a registered trademark of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. Kraft Tool Co. is a registered trademark of the Kraft Tool Company. LEED is a registered trademark of the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). McElroy is a registered trademark of McElroy Manufacturing, Inc. Monel is a registered trademark of Huntington Alloys Corporation. Plyform is a registered trademark of APA—The Engineered Wood Association. QuickLink, QuickLinks, Quick Quiz, and Quick Quizzes are registered trademarks of American Technical Publishers. Torx is a registered trademark of Textron Inc. Velcro is a trademark of Velcro Industries.

© 2020 by American Technical Publishers and Labourers’ International Union of North America Local 1059 All rights reserved ISBN 978-0-8269-9936-8 Version 1.0

Acknowledgements Thanks to the entire LiUNA Training Network for contributions made to trade-specific curriculum: LiUNA Training and Education Fund LiUNA Local 183 LiUNA Local 493 LiUNA Local 506 LiUNA Local 527 LiUNA Local 607

LiUNA Local 625 LiUNA Local 837 LiUNA Local 1036 LiUNA Local 1059 LiUNA Local 1089

Further recognition is given to the following for investments/contributions made relating to Low Carbon Building Skills.

– EllisDon Sustainable Building Services, EllisDon Corporation Kathleen Agustin Yannick Choquet Jolene McLaughlin Maye Nufal Kaitlyn Tyschenko Jonathan Waltr – Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities Thanks to the following companies and organizations for providing information, photographs, and technical assistance.

American Saw & Mfg. Company Ballymore Company, Inc. © Case Foundation The Crosby Group, Inc. David White Instruments ECO-Block, LLC The Euclid Chemical Company Fluke Corporation Gates & Sons, Inc. Harrington Hoists, Inc. Hilti, Inc. Hobart Welders ITW Ramset/Rehand Jackson Safety, Inc. Klein Tools, Inc. Kraft Tool Co.® Leica Geosystems Inc. Lift-All Company, Inc. Liteguard Master Lock Company LLC Miller Fall Protection

Milwaukee Tool Corporation North by Honeywell PERI Formwork Systems, Inc. PLS • Pacific Laser Systems Portland Cement Association Quad-Lock Building Systems Ltd. Sellstrom Manufacturing Co. Shermco Industries Shutterstock Stabila, Inc. Stanley Tools The Stanley Works STIHL, Inc. Symons Corporation Tower Manufacturing Company TUFF-N-DRI® Wacker Neuson Corporation WATCHDOG WATERPROOFING Werner Ladder Co. Western Forms, Inc.

CONTENTS

1

Construction Safety Unit 1

1 1

Occupational Health Hazards • Employer Responsibilities • Worker Responsibilities • Personal Protective Equipment • Safe Work Habits • Good Housekeeping • Electrical Safety • Safety Inspections • Worker Hazard Reporting • Job Hazard Analyses • Ladders • Scaffold Safety • Effective Communication

Unit 2

21

Personal Fall-Arrest Systems • Confined Spaces • Confined Space Hazards • Hazard Controls for Confined Spaces • Controls for Hazardous Energy • Lockout/Tagout • Air Monitoring • Work Practices • Emergency Plans • Excavations • Fire Prevention

2

Blueprints and Specifications

3

Construction Tools

4

Stationary Equipment

45

Math Fundamentals • Specifications • Prints • Builder’s Levels • Automatic Levels • Transit-Levels • Care of Levelling Instruments • Laser Levels • Total Station Instruments • Building Sites • Laying Out Foundation Walls

97

Tapes and Rules • Fastening Tools • Prying Tools • Shovels • Handsaws • Power Tool Safety • Hand Tool and Portable Power Tool Hazards • Circular Saws • Reciprocating Saws • Chain Saws • Angle Grinders • Portable Power Drills • Impact Wrenches • Power Screwdrivers • Power Drill, Impact Wrench, and Screwdriver Safety • Selecting the Right Tool • Powder-Actuated Tools • Welding and Metal-Cutting Operations

Unit 1

157 157

Stationary Equipment • Pumps • Compressors • Fluid Level Sight Glass • Generators • Lighting Stations • Worksite and Setup

Unit 2

163

Pump Placement • Pump Components and Use • Suction Hose Installation • Discharge Hose Installation • Setting Engine Speed

CONTENTS

5

Hoisting, Rigging, and Material Handling Unit 1

167 167

Safety • Lift Plans • Load Control • Slings • Vertical Hitches • Basket Hitches • Choker Hitches • Bridle Hitches • Sling Loads • Load Triangles • Signalpersons • Signals

Unit 2

195

Chain • Chain Slings • Wire Rope Slings • Eye Terminations • Hardware Attachments • Knot Tying • Rope Terminology • Load Balance • Rigging Symmetry • Load Weight • Hoists

6

Introduction to Formwork Unit 1

217 217

Forming Materials and Methods • Job-Built Forms • Panel Forms • Flatwork • Ground-Supported Slabs • Concrete Reinforcement • Welded Wire Reinforcement • Walls

Unit 2

233

Full Basement Foundations • Formwork Panel Maintenance • Foundation and Basement Forms • Reinforcing Steel • Construction Joints • Doubling Up Walls • Patented Ties and Waler Systems • Pilaster, Column, and Beam Forms • Foundation Design for Heavy Construction • Piles • Caissons • Insulating Concrete Forms

7

Introduction to Concrete Unit 1

261 261

Hand Tools • Concrete Equipment • Hand Tool Maintenance • Power Equipment Maintenance • Concrete Placement • Placing Equipment

Unit 2 Placing Concrete in Forms • Walls • Finishing Procedures • Concrete Curing

275

CONTENTS

8

Introduction to Scaffolds Unit 1

289 289

Scaffolds • Site Preparation and Design • Sectional Metal-Framed Scaffolds • Scaffold Regulations and Standards • Scaffold Safety

Unit 2

297

Tube-and-Clamp Scaffolds • Right Angle (Rigid) Couplers • Swivel Couplers • Base Plates • Systems Scaffolds • Attached Stairs and Ladder Units • Tie-Ins and Guylines

9

Earthwork, Barriers, and Controls Unit 1

315 315

Heavy Equipment • Excavator Hand Signals • Operators • Traffic Control • Moisture Control • Capillary Action • Mould Prevention • Soil Compaction Equipment • Small Engine Inspection and Maintenance

Unit 2

335

Environmental Protection • Protective Barriers • Silt Fences • Straw Bales • Silt Cocks/Coir Logs • Water Bars

10 Masonry 339 Unit 1

339

Worksite Setup & Layout • Job Site Setup • Job Site Setup for Cold Weather • Setup of Your Personal Work Area • Stocking Material • Stocking Blocks and Bricks • Tools, Equipment, and Materials Required for Masonry Tasks • Mortar Hand Mixing Tools • Masonry Saws • Types of Masonry Saws • Safety Tips for Masonry Saws • Mortar Mixers • Safety Precautions for Mortar Mixers

Unit 2

353

Mortar • The Two States of Mortar • The Hardened State • The Components of Mortar • Water as the Primary Mixing Agent • Types of Cement • Worker Safety • Product Safety • First Aid • Additives and Admixtures • Mechanical Batch Mixing • Hand Mixing • Mixing Mortar in Different Weather Conditions • Cleaning Masonry • Cleaning with Water – General Information • Chemical Cleaning • Types of Stains

CONTENTS

11 Utilities and Pipeline Unit 1

365 365

Clearing Crew Tasks • Environmental Considerations • Rigging Equipment • Cribbing Methods • Sandblasting and Coating • Sanitary Sewer Systems

Unit 2

380

Pipe Parts and Appurtenances • Mechanical Joints and All-Thread • Mechanical Joint Assembly • Push-on Joint Assembly • Common Water Pipe Installation and Assembly Techniques • Polyethylene Pipe Fusion Techniques • Mechanical Joint Wedge Action Restraint • Pipe Flushing and Testing • Hydrostatic Testing Procedures • Tapping Procedures for Ductile Iron Pipe

12 Roadwork 399 Unit 1

399

The Asphalt Paver • Parts of a Paver • Importance of Compaction • Distributor • Asphalt Rollers • Surface and Subgrade Preparation • The Prime Coat • Directing Asphalt Trucks • Shoveling • Raking • Driveways and Approaches • Paving along Curbs, Manholes, and Catch Basins • Rolling and Compaction • Cleanup • Sealing

Unit 2

412

Asphalt Patching and Repair Work • Types of Asphalt Damage • Asphalt Repairs • Asphalt Sawing and Milling • Surface and Subgrade Preparation • Asphalt Placement and Levelling • Skim Patch Repairs

Glossary 419 Index 437

foreword Why sustainability? Our clients’ motives for incorporating sustainability can be diverse, including lowering their operating costs, improving occupants’ comfort, marketing, saving the world, tenant attraction, corporate social responsibility (CSR), or just simply best practices. Regardless of motives, sustainability means meeting the needs of the present without jeopardizing those of the future, which should be encouraged. It’s important to look for creative and unique opportunities to incorporate sustainability into all aspects of your job.

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is the process of analyzing the environmental impact of a material or product through all the stages of its life, from raw material extraction to processing, to manufacture, to distribution, to actual usage, to repair and maintenance, to end-of-life disposal, or ideally, recycling. The results of this process can be used to analyze the sustainability impacts of different materials when designing a building. For example, default data may reveal that a concrete column consumes twice as much fossil fuel and has higher eutrophication potential (growth of plants and algae in water) than the same column made out of hollow structural steel over their respective life cycles.

It’s important to develop a critical eye when evaluating sustainable or “green” claims. Does a recycled content label on a package mean that the product contains recycled content, the product is able to be recycled at the end of its life, or simply that the packaging itself contains recycled content? It’s difficult to spot “greenwashing,” so look for third-party certifications, seals of approval, or similar documentation that can confirm sustainability claims.

In addition to supporting manufacturing, jobs, and the economy, selecting materials and products that have been extracted and manufactured close by helps reduce negative sustainability impacts from transportation and could help shorten delivery times and reduce waste.

There are a number of sustainability frameworks in the marketplace helping to provide structure and guidance to project teams looking to incorporate sustainability into their projects.

The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) system is the most popular and encourages a holistic approach to sustainability, from energy-efficient and water-efficient designs and products, to incorporating sustainable materials and practices into construction, to providing a healthy indoor environment for future occupants. Passive House is a more challenging system, focusing on conservation through an airtight and extremely well-insulated envelope, resulting in extremely low heating and cooling requirements. Net Zero, while gaining in popularity, can occasionally be confusing. A net zero energy building either generates or purchases green power equal to what it consumes annually, while a net zero carbon building can include the life cycle impact of building materials. It is important to be aware of the different frameworks and systems as each have different areas of focus and priorities.

foreword Quality workmanship and attention to detail are especially important when working on projects that have a sustainability mandate. On conventional buildings, heating and cooling systems are typically oversized “off-the-shelf” components with additional capacity through larger fans and pumps. If there is an issue with the quality of the building envelope, these oversized systems can still heat and cool the building, but at the cost of additional energy. On highperformance sustainable buildings, heating and cooling systems are typically “right-sized” based on complex calculations and the assumption of quality workmanship. However, if there is an issue with the quality of the building envelope, these systems may not be able to keep the building properly conditioned and comfortable. Sustainability is often an integrative, multi-disciplinary process that relies on everyone’s best practices, high quality, and attentive efforts in order to deliver results.

EllisDon SBS