The Long Shadow by Amber Morena

T H E LO N G S H A D OW

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THE

LONG SHADOW The Lutcher-Stark arkk Lumber Dynastyy

Ellen Walker Rienstra Jo Ann Stiles

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University of Texas, Austin

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All rights reserved Printed in TK First edition, 2016 Requests for permission to reproduce material from this work should be sent to: Permissions University of Texas Press P.O. Box 7819 Austin, TX 78713-7819 http://utpress.utexas.edu/index.php/rp-form The paper used in this book meets the minimum requirements of ansi/niso z39.48-1992 (r1997) (Permanence of Paper).

L I B R A R Y O F C O N G R E S S C ATA L O G I N G - I N - P U B L I C AT I O N D ATA

TK doi:TK

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✭ For Our Families Judy, Tom, John, David, Allen, Carol, Dan (1963–1996) Trey, Ruth Ann, David, Joseph and the People of Southeast Texas

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Contents

Acknowledgments Prologue

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PA R T I . T H E V I S I O N A R Y

1. “May His Shadow Never Grow Less” 2. Lutcher and Moore

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PA R T I I . T H E C A P I TA L I S T

3. The Quiet Man

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4. Romance and the “Empire of Trees” t5. The Heir

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6. “Over There . . .” 7. Mamoose

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8. The Longhorns

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9. “Old Man Depression . . .” 10. Change and Loss

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11. “Kiss the Boys Goodbye . . .”: World War II 12. Shangri-La

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Notes

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Bibliography Index

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13. The Cypress Tree Epilogue: Nelda

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Prologue

. . . for the tree of the ﬁeld is man’s life . . . —deu teronomy 20:19

n the twilight of his life, Henry Jacob Lutcher Stark often walked in an Eden of his own creation, huge gardens he had carved from woods and wetlands on his family’s property near his hometown of Orange, Texas. The gardens were the fruit of years of the hard labor of many, including himself. Lutcher Stark, as he was called, had named his Southeast Texas paradise “Shangri-La” after the mythic land high in the Himalayas featured in a 1933 best-selling novel, Lost Horizon. At the pinnacle of his physical, mental, and financial power and realm of influence, he had created his own climate, much like that other icon of the Himalayas, Mount Everest. But in his later years, he increasingly took refuge here, in Shangri-La, his private garden kingdom. He particularly enjoyed contemplating a huge, gnarled old pond cypress brooding at the water’s edge of Adams Bayou, deep in the heart of the gardens, its myriad knees clustered like beggars at its base. He had placed a bench near it, and when he took his walks in Shangri-La, he would settle himself on the bench and gaze by the hour at the natural scene around him. The tree was an anomaly, since pond cypresses did not ordinarily grow in Southeast Texas, but here it thrived, having defied natural law in this foreign spot for twelve hundred years. On Christmas Day in the year 800 A.D., near the time the tree had begun to grow, Charlemagne had been crowned Emperor of the Romans in the old St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome. In fact, the story of Lutcher Stark’s family had begun with trees—at first with the white pine and hemlock of Pennsylvania’s Susquehanna River Valley and later with the vast virgin forests of cypress and longleaf yellow pine of Southeast Texas and Louisiana. With the trees grew the his-

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tory of three illustrious generations of the Lutcher-Stark lumber dynasty, three regimes marked by singular achievement: • Stark’s grandfather, Henry Jacob Lutcher—the visionary, who foresaw the boundless1 potential of the Texas and Louisiana timber forests and reaped their bounty; • Stark’s father, William Henry Stark—the genius capitalist, who expanded and diversified the lumber kingdom into a complex network of interrelated enterprises; • And Lutcher Stark himself—the philanthropist and the last of the triumvirate, who channeled his inheritance into largesse for uncounted charities, particularly toward his alma mater, The University of Texas, where he served for many years as chairman of its Board of Regents. But his rock-hard traditional beliefs and values eventually collided with elemental changes in the world and at his beloved University, and he ultimately saw his power and influence wane amid acrimony and a series of personal crises and major losses of his own. In bitter disillusionment, he returned his attention to his native Southeast Texas, where he continued his philanthropies in his home territory. Now, he was nearing the end of his own prodigious life. After years of estrangement, he had at last accepted the University’s invitation to join the Longhorn Hall of Honor. And with his third wife, he created a lasting legacy: Orange’s Nelda C. and H. J. Lutcher Stark Foundation, its aim to improve and enrich the quality of life in the Southeast Texas region, where the family made their fortune—and their home. In the course of their lives, separately and together, these three generations significantly altered the course of the economic and cultural history of Orange, Southeast Texas, and The University of Texas. Just as the old tree still lived, so would the legacy of this extraordinary family.

ur goal in writing this history has been to discover the truth about the Lutcher and Stark families and to write accurately from that body of facts, divesting them of accrued myth. In telling their story, we hope to capture their essence, to remain true to their spirits, and to place them squarely within the framework of the times and places in which they lived.

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Ellen Walker Rienstra Jo Ann Stiles Orange, Texas

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PA R T I

THE

VISIONARY

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CHAPTER ONE

“May His Shadow Never Grow Less . . .

. . . and good luck always be his portion.” — daily sun and banner , williamsport, pennsylvania, article on henry jacob lu tcher, oc tober 13, 1881

n the frigid Pennsylvania January of 1877, two young lumbermen, Henry Jacob Lutcher and his business partner, Gregory Bedell Moore, set out from their home town of Williamsport to “cruise for timber,” as they called it in the industry.1 The handwriting stood plainly on the wall, and Lutcher and Moore had read it: timber, especially white pine, was growing scarce in the Susquehanna River Valley, and indeed in all of Pennsylvania.2 Lutcher and Moore had been successful in Williamsport. The rapid growth of the young republic of the United States, followed by the added demands of the Civil War, had prompted ever-increasing needs for lumber and other building materials, and the wealth of white pine and Eastern hemlock in Pennsylvania’s forests served as a plentiful source, fostering a lumber boom in the Susquehanna Valley, beginning in the 1850s. Williamsport, Lycoming County, lying in northcentral Pennsylvania on the West Branch of the Susquehanna and surrounded by these forests of prime softwood, was situated in an optimal spot to profit enormously from the new urgency.3 This was the town and the world in which Henry Jacob Lutcher and Bedell Moore had first formed their business association, then flourished. Lutcher, the senior in age by four years and the visionary and dominant personality of the two men, was a native of Pennsylvania and of German stock, the third child and elder son of Maria Barbara Beerweiler and Ludwig Friedrich Lutscher and the second of their children to be born on American soil.4 Pennsylvania was a haven for German settlers, and the young couple and their two-year-old daughter, Rosina Dorothea

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Figure 5.21. Nita Hill as Lutcher Stark’s bride, 1911. Stark Foundation Archives

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(later Americanized to Rosanna, or Rosa), had immigrated in 1833 from Degerloch, a village near Stuttgart, Wurttemberg, via Holland to settle briefly in the borough of Mill Hall, Centre County (present-day Clinton County), in the Nittany Valley. Here their second daughter, Maria Barbara (Mary), arrived August 2, 1834, followed two years later by a son, Jacob Heinrich (Henry Jacob), born November 4, 1836.5 Soon thereafter, the family relocated to the nearby town of Williamsport in Lycoming County and settled in a house on William Street.6 Most of the German immigrants coming into Pennsylvania during that period were of the middle class—merchants, farmers, laborers. Lutscher was a butcher by trade, and at some point he opened a shop in the “city market” in Williamsport, near the city’s Market Square.7 The Lutschers would have five more children: Christiana (Christina), Louisa, Henriette (Henrietta), Albert William (probably originally Albrecht Wilhelm, although there is no record), and Amalia Elisabeth (Amelia).8 The Lutschers Americanized their own first names, becoming “Lewis Frederick” and “Mary Barbara” to their New World neighbors, although, unlike their children, they would retain the German spelling of their last name throughout their lives.9 On February 3, 1841, Lewis Lutscher would fi le his intention in the Lycoming County Court of Common Pleas to become a citizen of the United States, and on February 13, 1844 At the time of the Lutschers’ arrival in Williamsport, a lumber boom was as yet unimagined. The little town of less than a thousand inhabitants

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nestled comfortably in the heart of the beautiful Susquehanna River Valley on the north bank of the wide, slow-moving river, among gently rolling hills.11 Game abounded in the dense stands of hardwood, hemlock, and white pine surrounding the town, and trout swam thick in the rocky, tumbling streams. Farms dotted the surrounding countryside, farming and home industry being the two main occupations of the populace. The 1796 log-built Russell’s Inn and Tavern, the first structure in Williamsport, served as the hub of the town, which also boasted a post office, a newspaper, a courthouse, and a jail, as well as a few shops, blacksmiths, doctors, lawyers, and other tradespeople and craftsmen.12 In August 1831, the town acquired a cultural amenity: a band, consisting of flutes, clarinets, a piccolo, and one French horn. It would later name itself the Repasz Band, after one of its conductors.13 In 1834, the year following the Lutschers’ arrival, the first mule-drawn packet boats plied the waters of the newly opened West Branch Canal, hauling freight and later passengers, and in May 1835, the first public schools opened in town.14 It must have been a whirlwind courtship; on January 23, 1858, within a year of her move to Williamsport, they married.15 She was barely seventeen and he was just twenty-one. A fragile handwritten poem entitled “How Henry Lutcher Courted His Bride,” found in one of the Lutcher family Bibles and probably composed, if not written, by Frances Ann herself, tells the story of their courtship and elopement: Oh listen to the story I will tell It will please you to death I know very well It’s of a Henry Lutcher,1 a butcher by trade Who inveigled the affections of a young fair maid. This gallant young butcher was fair to see And quite spruce in his uniform blue He was born in Pennsylvania, was a sweet-spoke boy And became a young woman’s joy. After her parents had both gone to bed Out of the house as still as a mouse she would tread All for to see this young man who had loved her full well And listen to the stories he would tell. This gallant young butcher he soon won her heart And she vowed that from him she never would part On her sweet lips the contract was sealed And they went to be married by a Mr. Hatfield.

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The fair bride as a servant was dressed While the gallant H. Lutscher was dressed up at his best. The knot was soon tied without other losses And she went right home and he looked to his horse. When the morning came the fair young woman Resolved to live with her gallant young man So she went to her mother and told her outright What she and the butcher had just been about.16

The rhymed tale reveals two facets of Frances Ann’s personality that would remain dominant throughout her life: her independence and her resolve, extraordinary in a female of her time. Even at seventeen, she knew what she wanted, and she set about accomplishing it. But the poem also illustrates her sense of propriety: after they had eloped, she “went right home” and the next morning told her “mother” (her stepmother, Matilda) “what she and the butcher had just been about.”17

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PA R T I I

THE

C APITALIST

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CHAPTER THREE

The Quiet Man

“They came to this new land with boundless dreams, They often felt the keen-edged blade of grief, But even this could not dim hope’s bright ﬂame . . .” —unknow n, found in stark family papers 18

n the shadowed reaches of the great East Texas Piney Woods, another family was carving out an existence among the same towering pines that held such prosperous potential for the Lutcher clan. Jeremiah Stark, the grandfather of that strong, quick young sawyer, William Henry Stark, was the ﬁrst member of his particular branch of the Stark family to come to Texas, bringing his wife and children from Ohio in 1837, shortly after Texas had become a republic. Jeremiah and his son, John Thomas Stark, would struggle with life in a frontier republic, a secession crisis, a brutal civil war, and a harsh postwar period. But the third Stark generation, William Stark and his siblings, would live in a Texas once more under the Stars and Stripes, with an economy stable enough to allow William’s talents as an entrepreneur to bloom. And bloom they did; a man of quiet, even disposition and thoughtful, deliberative action, William Stark was also blessed with an enviable work ethic and a gift for developing business concerns that would serve him well indeed. A fortuitous marriage would set his feet on the path to extraordinary material success for himself, his family, and the entire East Texas region, but those intrinsic qualities that would enable him to achieve so greatly lay rooted in his family history and his personal experiences in the forests of East Texas, especially during the Civil War. William Stark’s ancestors entered the British royal colony of New Hampshire from Scotland and Ireland in the early eighteenth century. Three brothers immigrated: Archibald, James, and John, the sons of Glasgow merchant John Stark and the grandsons of another John Stark,

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Figure 1.3. The great Susquehanna Boom, Williamsport, Pennsylvania. Henry Lutcher utilized the idea for this innovation when he moved his lumber operations to Texas. Collection of the Lycoming County -Historical Society and Thomas T. Taber Museum.

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a Glasgow bishop. Little is known about John, the youngest of the three. The oldest, Archibald, emigrated with his family from Scotland to Londonderry, Ireland, where he trained as a carpenter, but after the English King James II laid siege to Londonderry during religious turmoil in 1688– 89, he and his extended family left the Old World for the New, moving to the aptly-named Londonderry in New Hampshire in 1719–1720.19 He lived in that area for the rest of his life, working as a carpenter and farmer.20 A strong Stark presence remains there today. William Stark’s ancestors entered the British royal colony of New Hampshire from Scotland and Ireland in the early eighteenth century. Three brothers immigrated: Archibald, James, and John, the sons of Glasgow merchant John Stark and the grandsons of another John Stark, a Glasgow bishop. Little is known about John, the youngest of the three. The oldest, Archibald, emigrated with his family from Scotland to Londonderry, Ireland, where he trained as a carpenter, but after the English King James II laid siege to Londonderry during religious turmoil in 1688– 89, he and his extended family left the Old World for the New, moving to the aptly-named Londonderry in New Hampshire in 1719–1720.19 He lived in that area for the rest of his life, working as a carpenter and farmer.20 A strong Stark presence remains there today.

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Notwithstanding, John Thomas’s personality harbored a softer side. Music was of great importance to him as well as to his family, and he loved its soothing and pleasurable eﬀect; he played violin all of his life, as had his father, Jeremiah. This love of music was also shared by many of his children, especially Eugenia, Bud, Jerry (both the latter two played violin as well21), and later, two of his younger children, Hobby and Lilly. Eugenia would later remember that, in her childhood, their grandfather, Jeremiah, frequently rode the thirty miles by horseback to visit the family, always bringing his own violin. After supper, father and son, Jeremiah and John Thomas, would play late into the night. The rest of the family would go to bed, but not Eugenia. She described herself as a little thin, big-eyed girl, sitting by the big ﬁreplace listening with all my soul while those two men played on and on, until after midnight, too much absorbed in their music to notice me and make me go to bed. I never heard but one violin like that of my father’s, and it was in the last chautauqua here . . . When I go to heaven, I know I will hear music like that!22

When John Thomas went off to war, he took his violin with him, and it would still be in his possession at his death in 1893.23 A Stark family story holds that he acquired the violin as he was traveling by horseback through a rural area of East Texas when he saw a group of children playing in the sand with an old, battered violin, pretending it was a toy sled. Recognizing its fine workmanship, he bought it at a reasonable price and had it repaired, and it was this instrument that he played for the rest of his life. At his death, the executor of his estate placed the violin in a group of other items to be sold, fi xing its price at ten dollars. His widow (his third wife, Donna Jerusha Smith Stark) bought it for their son A.M.H. “Hobby” Stark, who loved to play. When the violin was appraised after Hobby’s death, it was found to be an Amati,24 worth $5,000. Or so the story went.25

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CHAPTER FOUR

Romance and the “Empire of Trees”

“Wait until you come home to give me that scolding. I can tell better then how mad you are and you will have more to scold me about. It would do me good to hear you scold a while. I have not had a quarrel for so long that don’t know whether I could conduct one properly or not . . . As ever, whether you like it or not . . . —william stark in or ange to miriam lu tcher in williamsport, april 13, 1879

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hat October of 1871, William Stark rode south through the Piney Woods of East Texas, heading toward a life he could not have predicted. Although only twenty years old, he had proved himself from his earliest years to be bright, conscientious, hard-working, and reliable, and within a few weeks he found employment in Orange, working at a job that would today be classiﬁed as entry-level—“jacking” (lifting and moving) logs and pitching out tree bark and other debris at the R.B Russell and Son Sawmill.26 Several weeks after his arrival, the still-irate John Thomas Stark wrote to William’s employer, mill owner Robert B. Russell, to enlist his assistance in persuading his son to return to Newton. Russell’s eﬀorts were unsuccessful. “I received your letter in regard to William and tried to get him to go home but to no purpose,” he responded politely. “He Says that [he] is willing to Stay here and if you wanted his wages that you were welcome to them, I shall therefore withhold his wages subject to your order as long as he works for us.”27 John Thomas Stark’s response, if there was one, does not survive, but apparently he relinquished any claim he might have made on his son’s earnings; William continued to work for Russell and would later be made a sawyer—a job requiring strength, coordination, and quick wits. The availability of work for William depended entirely on his employer’s decisions either to run the mill or, for a number of reasons

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CHAPTER ELEVEN

“Kiss the Boys Goodbye . . .” world war ii

“. . . it was hard to realize what was going on at ﬁrst, and then when you did realize it, why, it was pretty shocking . . . because we were sitting there, and we couldn’t do nothing.31 —joe rouge au, pe arl harbor, december 7, 1941

xactly eight months after Ruby and Lutcher’s wedding, on the morning of December 7, 1941, Japanese planes bombed the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, in a surprise attack. During the two-hour conflagration, the Japanese forces sank or disabled twenty-one ships of the American Pacific fleet, destroyed or damaged over three hundred aircraft, and killed over two thousand Americans.32 A scant twentyone years after the world powers had signed the Treaty of Versailles, bringing World War I to an end, war was again raging. In the aftermath of the Great Depression, fascism had taken root and had grown, particularly in Germany, Italy, and Japan. These three nations, to become known as the Axis powers, operated with the common goal of gaining world domination.33 In 1939, Britain and France declared war against Germany. The fall of France and the Reich’s blitzkrieg bombing of London in 1940 brought Americans to a full realization of the menace, and the United States moved from neutrality to undeclared war against the Axis powers. In the meantime, Japan had begun to expand its territories, and in September 1940 signed the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy, obligating the Axis powers to declare war on any nation who entered into a conflict with one of them, making the totalitarian threat worldwide. In the spring of 1941, diplomatic negotiations between the United States and Japan failed, paving the way for the assault on Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941.34 The attack abruptly changed the rules. The horror of Pearl Harbor dispelled the last traces of American isolationism and united the countr.

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Notes

Chapter 1 1. “G. Bedell Moore’s Personal Account of 15-Day Trek through Texas January 11–February 13, 1877,” Las Sabinas Historical Journal, Orange County Heritage Society, Orange, Texas, vol 2, 1(Winter, 1976), 14–39. 2. “Timber!” Pennsylvania Lumber Museum, 6 Jan 2012, http://www.lumbermuseum .org/history.html, 2. 3. Ibid., 2. 4. Ludwig Friedrich (later Lewis Frederick) Lutscher was born Sept 22, 1803, and Maria Barbara (Mary Barbara) Beerweiler Lutscher, Feb 28, 1811. They were married in Germany before their immigration to the United States, but the date of their marriage is unknown. The Holy Bible, Lutscher family Bible, 4th Edition (New York: American Bible Society, 1860), family records section, no pagination, gift of Charles Robert and Jeannette Lutcher, Williamsport, Pennsylvania, to the Nelda C. and H. J. Lutcher Stark Foundation, Orange, Texas. Also see Henry Jacob Lutcher, U.S. passport application, Jan 5, 1898, and Frances A. Lutcher, U.S. passport application, May 9, 1921, the Nelda C. and H. J. Lutcher Stark Foundation Archives, Orange, Texas. 5. Lutscher family Bible. The Bible gives the German version of Henry Jacob Lutcher’s name as “Jacob Heinrich.” Whether the inversion of the two names was accidental or deliberate is unknown. 6. Records of the Court of Common Pleas, Lycoming County Courthouse, Williamsport, Pennsylvania; Lutscher family Bible; Daily Gazette and Bulletin, Williamsport, PA, April 9, 1883, clipping, Stark Foundation Archives; H. J. L. Stark to Lawrence J. Lutcher, July 10, 1961, Stark Foundation Archives.

Chapter 2 1. “Lumbering in the Lone Star State,” The Weekly Sun & Banner, Williamsport, PA, 13 October 1881, clipping, Stark Foundation Archives. 2. “Appomattox Court House,” National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, http://www.nps.gov/apco/index.htm. 3. “Repasz Band 1831: Williamsport, PA, Civil War History,” Repasz Band in the Civil War, http://www.lycoming.org/repaszband/Main/civilwarhistory.htm. 4. Daniell, “Henry J. Lutcher, Orange,” Texas—the Country and Its Men, 470; “Henry

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Jacob Lutcher Thrived as Wealthy Sawmill Operator,” The Orange Leader, 25 July 1985; “Henry J. Lutcher,” typescript of interview made during Lutcher’s lifetime, Stark Foundation Archives. For the month of September 1862, Lutcher was taxed for owning eighteen head of cattle and one calf. State of Pennsylvania,Tax Rolls, Division No. 7, Collection District No. 18. 5. Lycoming County Deed Records, vol. 50, p. 232; Frances A. Lutcher, typescript of obituary, Williamsport newspaper, 12 November 1924; interviews with Charles Robert Lutcher, descendant of Henry Jacob Lutcher’s brother, Albert William Lutcher, by Patsy Herrington, Jo Ann Stiles, and Ellen Rienstra, at his home, South Williamsport, PA, April 7, 2010. 6. Lycoming County Deed Records, vol. 50, p. 232. 7. Ibid., vol. 58, p. 175.

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Bibliography

Archival Sources Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin Heritage House Museum and Library and Archives, Orange, Texas James V. Brown Library, Williamsport, Pennsylvania Legislative Reference Library of Texas Lorenzo de Zavala State Library and Archives Lycoming College Library, Williamsport, Pennsylvania Mary and John Gray Library, Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas Messiah Lutheran Church Archives, Williamsport, Pennsylvania Nelda C. and H. J. Lutcher Stark Foundation Archives, Orange, Texas Nettie Lee Benson Latin American Collection, University of Texas at Austin Newton County Historical Society Archives Orange Public Library, Orange, Texas Texas Forestry Museum, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas Texas Legislative Reference Library, Austin, Texas Texas History Center, Austin, Texas Thomas T. Taber Museum of the Lycoming County Historical Society, Williamsport, Pennsylvania Tyrrell Historical Library, Beaumont, Texas Woodville Pioneer House Museum Family Archives

Newspapers and Magazines Alcalde American Lumberman Austin American-Statesman Beaumont Enterprise Beaumont Journal Chicago Tribune Daily/Weekly Sun and Banner (Williamsport, Pennsylvania) Daily Gazette and Bulletin (Williamsport, Pennsylvania) Daily Texan (Austin, Texas) Dallas Morning News

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Fort Worth Star-Telegram Galveston Daily News Houston Chronicle Houston Post

Publications Adair, A. Garland, and E. H. Perry, collaborators. Austin and Commodore Perry. Austin: Texas Heritage Foundation, 1956. Alexander, Charles. Crusade for Conformity: The Ku Klux Klan in the Southwest, 1920–1930. Houston: Texas Gulf Coast Historical Association, 1962. “American Collection: Severin Roesin (1815–1872), German-Born American Painter.” Santa Barbara Museum of Art Docent Council. http://www.sbmadocents.org. American Lumbermen, Vol. 2, The Personal History and Public and Business Achievements of One Hundred Eminent Lumbermen of the United States Second Series, Chicago: The American Lumberman. Memphis: RareBooksClub.com, General Books LLC, 2012. Anderson, Stephen C. J. W. Edgar: Educator for Texas. Austin: Eakin Press, 1984. Annual Catalogue of the Offi cers and Students of Dickinson Seminary from 10 June 1854 to 10 June 1855. Elmira, PA: Fairman Brothers, Printers and Binders, 1855. Records, Lycoming College (formerly Dickinson Seminary), Williamsport, Pennsylvania. Annual Catalogue of the Offi cers and Students of Dickinson Seminary from 10 June 1855 to 10 June 1856. Williamsport, PA: Barrett & Butt, Printers, 1856. Records, Lycoming College (formerly Dickinson Seminary), Williamsport, Pennsylvania. Annual Catalogue of the Offi cers and Students of Dickinson Seminary from 10 June 1856 to 10 June 1857. Elmira, PA: Fairman & Co.’s Steam Printing Establishment, 1857. Records, Lycoming College (formerly Dickinson Seminary), Williamsport, Pennsylvania. Anonymous. Texas Merry-Go-Round. Houston: Sun Publishing, 1933. Berry, Margaret C. “Bellmont, L. Theodore.” Handbook of Texas Online. Accessed 18 September 2012. http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/f beaa. Uploaded 12 June 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association. ———. “Benedict, Harry Yandell.” Handbook of Texas Online. Accessed 10 January 2015. http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/f be48. Uploaded 12 June 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.

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