Old Habits Die Hard by Alex Wieselman

Old Habits Die Hard Alex Wieselman spring 2016

Designed by Alex Wieselman. Class project for Typographic Systems at the University of Kansas, Spring 2016. The text was compiled from the following sources: Elements of Typographic Style by Robert Bringhurst, Getting it Right with Type: the Doâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s and Donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ts of Typography by Victoria Square, Mac is Not A Typewriter by Robin Williams. This book is not to be sold to the public and to only be used by the designer for their reference and student design portfolio.

Table le of Contents 02. Typographic Rules 09. Rules Check Sheet 12. Special Characters 16. Quotes and Apostrophes 19. Hyphens and Dashes 23. Small Caps 28. Numerals/Figures 31. Kerning 35. Combining Typefaces 43. Grids Structures 51. Column Width 55. Hyphenation Rules 60. Leading 65. Justification 72. Legibility 82. Paragraph Breaks 93. Heads and Subheads 101. Captions and Notes

Old Habits Die Hard

Typographic T ypographic rules 01. Insert only a single space after all punctuation

Inserting two spaces after a period was common when using a typewriter. Monospace typefaces were designed to occupy the same amount of space no matter the width of the character. Therefore, two spaces were needed to identify the end of a sentence and the beginning of another sentence. With the introduction of the Mac and digital type, characters are designed proportionately, which allows for the correct practice of using one space after all punctuation.

02.

Use proper ‘em’ dashes, ‘en’ dashes, and hyphens

An em is a unit of measure equal to the point size that you are using. An em dash is a type of punctuation used to offset clauses in a sentence or to indicate an abrupt change in thought. An en dash is equal to half the length of an em dash. En dashes are used to denote duration (time.)

03. Use proper quote and apostrophe marks Use true quotation marks and apostrophes instead of using inch marks and feet marks. Place all punctuations inside the quotation marks.

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04. Use True Small Caps When setting text that contains acronyms, select a typeface with small caps as a family. Selecting small caps from the style menus is a poor choice because the compute reduces the overall size of the type by 80%. This changes the stroke weight and the feel of the font. Expert sets in the Adobe Type Library have small caps options.

05.

Add letter spacing to capitalized text and small caps

Letterspacing is the amount of space between characters in a word. Some software programs caller letterspacing tracking. Use positive number values (to about 2 or 3) to open up letterspacing to capitalized text and small caps, except when periods are used between characters.

06. Use old style figures when appropriate Old style figures, also known as non-lining figures do not line up on the baseline as regular or lining numerals do. They can be found in various fonts. If the body text has a significant amount of numbers, research a font family where they are included. If non-lining numerals are not available, use a slightly smaller point size for the lining numbers. Think of lining numbers as upper case numbers and non-lining numbers as lower case numbers.

07. Use caps properly With options given to you by almost any type family (bold, point size, etc) you will seldom need to use all caps to draw attention to your text. Not all typefaces are legible when set in all caps; esp. true for script and decorative typefaces. Short headlines may be the once exception to this rule.

08. Use copyright, register, and trademark marks properly The copyright, register, and trademark characters need to be reduced to work with body text. At times, depending on the typeface, you may need to reduce the mark between 50% and 70%. The goal is to match the x-height. The copyright mark should be approximately 70% of the surrounding text. Unlike the ™ symbol, the © should NOT be superscripted and should remain on the baseline. ™ is usually superscripted for the chosen font. ™ and ® are normally set higher then other marks. If you choose to superscript ®, reduce it to about 60% of the size.

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Old Habits Die Hard

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09. Ellipsis Character Use the ellipsis character and NOT three periods. You can access the ellipsis by typing Option + : (colon). Allow a small amount of space before and after. However if it is not crowding the text, leave no space at all. 10. Avoid underlined text This was useful back in the days of the typewriter to draw attention to the text. With digital type and their families, you should not need to use underlined text.

10. Increase line spacing to improve readability in body text Line spacing (aka leading) refers to the space between lines of text. It is important for readability and appearance. Leading is measured from baseline to baseline. As a rule of thumb, allow leading that is 120% of the point size. For sans serif, you may need 130% or more. When setting headlines, solid leading (leading = point size, 12/12) or negative leading (leading =< point size, 12/10) may be appropriate.

11. Body copy size Body text is set anywhere from 9-12 points. When you print text, it is usually larger than what it looked like on the screen. So, print out your text before finalizing your layout. Type studies will help you determine the proper size before you proceed with your layout.

12. Altering fonts Donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t alter the original typeface by stretching or condensing the letters improperly. Certain type families provide you with a lot of flexibility, so you should not need to destroy/alter text.

13. Legibility of fonts Sans serif typefaces work well for headlines and to set text that is aligned to vertical/horizontal lines. Certain sans serif typefaces which are not very geometrical work well for body copy (i.e. Frutiger, Meta, Scala Sans, etc.)

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Old Habits Die Hard

14. Decrease line length and increase margins Line length is a measure of text on one line. Any measure between 45 and 75 characters is comfortable for single column widths. The ideal measure for body text length is 66 characters (counting both letters, punctuation, and spaces.) For multiple columns, a measure between 40 and 50 characters is ideal.

15. Avoid letterspacing lowercase body copy Don’t letterspace body copy as it really hampers legibility. Use letterspacing when working with caps. small caps, numbers and display text where looser type spacing may increase legibility.

16. Word spacing should be fairly close For text meant for extended reading, the amount of space between words in a paragraph should be fairly close–about the width of a lowercase “i.” If the word spacing is too close, it appears as one giant word and legibility is decreased. Keep the spaces between words fairly thin, consistent and even!

17. Ideal column width For single-column pages, 4.25 inches is ideal. For two-column width, columns can be as narrow as 2 inches. Turning on the hyphenation feature can improve word spacing.

18. Legibility of fonts Justification can be appropriate in certain places. However, it can create certain problems such as rivers and word spacing. Adjusting size of margins, decreasing body copy size, turning on auto hyphenation and manually hyphenating the text are all examples of possible solutions.

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19. Choose the alignment that fits Make sure the alignment chosen for all areas of text are legible and consistent with the design and guidelines. Left-aligned text is easier to read and set. Justified text is harder to set w/o inevitable word spacing problems. Right-aligned and centered are generally not used for body copy.

20. Rules of hyphenation Don’t rely on the software to judge where hyphens should be placed. At the end of lines, leave at least two characters behind and take at least three forward. For example, “ele-gantly” is acceptable, but “elegant-ly” is not because it takes too little of the word to the next line. Avoid leaving the stub end of a hyphenated word or any word shorter then four letters as the last line of a paragraph. Avoid more then 3 consecutive hyphenated lines. Avoid hyphenating or breaking proper names and titles. Creating a non-breaking space before and after the name will ensure that the name will not break.

21. Avoid beginning three consecutive lines with the same word Since software programs deal with line breaks automatically based upon a number of variables, it is possible to have paragraphs with consecutive lines beginning with the same word. When this happens simply adjust the text to avoid/fix the problem.

22. Always spell check! Once you are finished with your design, spell check the text using both of the following: a. Use spell=check option that comes with the software you are using for the project. b. Print the document and read it. The monitor and design of the document will make text look perfect when it may not be. Even if text is given to you by a client, check it. Never ever assume that it is correct. Keep a dictionary close as well.

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Rules Checksheet The following is a compendium of the rules established in this book. Check through the checksheet before when you are doing the final refinements of a project.

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Old Habits Die Hard – Use only one space between sentences. – Use real quotation marks. – Use real apostrophes. – Make sure the apostrophes are where they belong. – Hang the punctuation off the aligned edge. – Use en or em dashes, use consistently. – Kern all headlines where necessary. – Never use the spacebar to align text, always set tabs and use the tab key. – Leave no widows or orphans. – Avoid more than 3 hyphenations in a row. – Avoid too many hyphenations in any paragraph. – Avoid hyphenating or line brakes of names and proper nouns. – Leave a least 2 characters on the line and 3 following. – Avoid beginning consecutive lines with the same word. – Avoid ending consecutive lines with the same word. – Avoid ending lines with the words: the, of, at, a, by... – Never hyphenate a words in a headline and avoid hyphenation in a callout. – Never justify the text on a short line. – Keep the word spacing consistent. – Tighten up the leading in lines with all caps or with few ascenders and descenders. – Use a one-em first-line indent on all indented paragraphs. – Adjust the spacing between paragraphs. – Either indent the first line of paragraphs or add extra space between them – not both. – Use a decimal or right-aligned tab for the numbers in numbered paragraphs. – Never have one line in a paragraph in the column or following. – Never combine two serif fonts on one page. – Rarely combine two sans serif fonts on one page. – Rarely combine more than three typefaces on one page. – Use the special characters whenever necessary, including super- and subscript. – Spend the time to create nice fraction or chose a font that has fractions. – If a correctly spelled word needs an accent mark, use it.

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Old Habits Die Hard

Special Characters Characte 12/98

The following is a list of the most oftenused special characters and accent marks.

“ Option [ opening double quote ” Option Shift [ closing double quote ‘ Option ] opening single quote ’ Option Shift ] closing single quote; apostrophe – Option Hyphen en dash — Option Shift Hyphen em dash x Option ; ellipsis • Option 8 bullet (easy way to remember as it’s the asterisk key) ﬁ Option Shift 5 ligature of f and i ﬂ Option Shift 6 ligature of f and l © Option g copyright ™ Option 2 trademark ® Option r registered ° Option Shift 8 degree symbol (e.g., 102°F) ¢ Option $ cent symbol € Option Shift 2 Euro symbol ⁄ Option Shift 1 (one) fraction bar ¡ Option 1 (one) ¿ Option Shift ? £ Option 3 ç Option c Ç Option Shift c 13/98

Old Habits Die Hard

Use copyright, register, and trademark emark marks ks properly The copyright, register, and trademark characters need to be reduced to work with body text. At times, depending on the typeface, you may need to reduce the mark between 50% and 70%. The goal is to match the x-height. The copyright mark should be approximately 70% of the surrounding text. Unlike the ™ symbol, the © should NOT be superscripted and should remain on the baseline. ™ is usually superscripted for the chosen font. ™ and ® are normally set higher then other marks. If you choose to superscript ®, reduce it to about 60% of the size.

Ellipsis Character Use the ellipsis character and NOT three periods. You can access the ellipsis by typing Option + : (colon). Allow a small amount of space before and after. However if it is not crowding the text, leave no space at all.

Accent Marks Remember, to set an accent mark over a letter, press the Option key and the letter, then press the letter you want under it. ´ Option e ` Option ~ (upper-left or next to the Spacebar) ¨ Option u ˜ Option n ˆ Option i

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Old Habits Die Hard

Quotes and Apostrophes Use true quotation marks and apostrophes instead of using inch marks and feet marks. Place all punctuations inside the quotation marks.

se real quotation marks – never those grotesque generic marks that actually symbolize ditto/inch or foot marks: use “and” – not “and”. Most software applications will convert the typewriter quotes to the real quotes for you automatically as you type. Check the preferences for your application – you’ll find a check box to tell your application to automatically set something like “typographer’s quotes,” “smart quotes,” or “curly quotes.” Then as you type using the standard ditto key (“), the software will set the correct quotation marks for you.

It is necessary to know how to set smart quotes/real quotes yourself because sometimes the software doesn’t do it or does it wrong.

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Quotes Opening double quote: “ Type: Option [ Closing double quote: ” Type: Option Shift ] Opening single quote: ‘ Type: Option [ Closing single quote: ‘ Type: Option Shift ]

Bridge Clearance: 16’ 7” The young man stood 6’ 2” The length of the wall is 153 9”.

Apostrophe Apostrophe: ‘ option shift ] As as aside, people often are confused about where the apostrophe belongs. There are a couple of rules that work very well.

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Old Habits Die Hard

For possessives: Turn the phrase around. The apostrophe will be placed after whatever word you end up with. For example, in the phrase the boys’ camp, to know where to place the apostrophe say to yourself, “The camp belongs to the boys.” The phrase the boy’s camp says “The camp belongs to the boy.” “The big exception to this is “its.” “Its” used as a possessive never has an apostrophe! The word it only has an apostrophe as a contraction — “it’s” always means “it is” or “it has.” Always.

For contractions: The apostrophe replaces the missing letter. For example: your’re always means you are; the apostrophe is replacing the a from are. That’s an easy way to distinguish it from your as in your house and to make sure you don’t say: Your going to the store. As previously noted, it’s means “it is”; the apostrophe is indicating where the i is left out. Don’t means “do not”; the apostrophe is indicating where the o is left out.

For omission of letters: In a phrase such as Rock ‘n’ Roll, there should be an apostrophe before and after the n, because the a and the d are both left out. And don’t turn the first apostrophe around — just because it appears in front of the letter does not mean you need to use the opposite single quote. An apostrophe is still the appropriate mark (not ‘n’). In a phrase such as House o’ Fashion, the apostrophe takes the place of the f. There is not earthly reason for an apostrophe to be set before the o. In a phrase such as Gone Fishin’ the same pattern is followed — the g is missing. In a date when part of the year is left out, an apostrophe needs to indicate the missing year. In the 80s would mean the temperature; In the ’80s would mean the decade. (Notice there is no apostrophe before the s! Why would there be? It is not possessive, nor is it a contraction — it is simply plural.

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Hyphen ns & Dashe es

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The hyphen and the dash deserve lot of attentions as they are often misused. They come in a variety pf sizes. hyphen en dash – em dash —

Hyphens (-) Hyphens are, first off, used as a symbol to break words. Although every software program has a setting for automatic hyphenation most designers will turn off this setting to avoid multiple hyphenation. The reason for manual hyphenation is that compound words are best divided into their components, as in infra-red or job-center. The next step is to hyphenate prefixes and suffices like pre-school. The second use of a hyphen is a trait d’union. A hyphen is added when two consonants or vowels are pronounced separately rather than as a diphthong, for instance in bowl-like or antiintellectual. Finally the hyphen is sometimes used in dates 9-8-2016 or phone numbers 785-666-2525 although full stops are more frequently used. 9.8.2016 or 785.666.2525. You might have bee given text that uses a double hyphen -- to indicate a dash. This is a typewriter convention because typewriters didn’t have the real dash used in professional typesetting. On a Mac, no one needs to use the double hyphen—we have a professional em dash, the long one, such as you see in this sentence. We also have an en dash, which is a little shorter than the em dash.

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En Dash (–) option An en dash is half of the em rule (the width of a capital N). The en dash is longer than the hyphen ash is used to demarcate a parenthetical thought or to indicate a sudden change of direction as in, for instance: ‘Unfortunately the document to be discussed – which you received via email – is no longer up to date’. Typically these dashes can be replaced by commas, or the phrase can be bracketed. Therefore it is very important to decide which option is best. If dashes frequently occur – thereby disturbing the reading comfort – using a comma might be a better option. If a sentence really needs to stand out, and if they are not used to open, dashes are the best choice. The end says is used to indicate a range of values, such as those between dates, times and numbers and approximately replace the word ‘to’: 1914 – 1918 May 2 – 8 6:30 – 8:45 A.M. or in the meaning ‘from…to’ the New York – New Haven train.

– the en dash is used to indicate parenthetical thought – as a replacement for the word ‘to’ – in the meaning ‘from…to’ - as a minus sign – as a bullet sign

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Old Habits Die Hard

Em Dash (—) option shift An em is a unit of measure equal to the point size that you are using. The em dash is twice as long as the en dash—it’s about the size of a capital letter M in whatever size and typeface you’re using at the moment. This dash is often used in place of a colon or parentheses, or it might indicate an abrupt change in thought, or it’s used in a spot where a period is too strong and a comma is too weak. It is also used for attribution of text. —Mac is not a Typewriter

Our equivalent on the typewriter was the double hyphen, but now we have a real em dash. Using two hyphens (or worse, one) where there should be an em dash makes your look very unprofessional.

When using an—no space is used on either side

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Small Caps Small caps are uppercase (capital) letters that are about the size of normal lowercase letters in any given typeface. Small caps are less intrusive when all uppercase appears within normal text or can be used for special emphasis. Computer programs can generate small caps for a any typeface, but those are not the same as true small caps. True small caps have line weights that are proportionally correct for the typeface, which me and that they can be used within a body of copy without looking noticeably wrong.

Use true small caps fonts. Avoid simply resizing capital letters or using the small caps feature in some programs. Instead use typefaces that have been specifically created as small caps.

When setting text that contains acronyms, select a typeface with small caps as a family. Selecting small caps from the style menus is a poor choice because the compute reduces the overall size of the type by 80%. This changes the stroke weight and the feel of the font. Expert sets in the Adobe Type Library have small caps options.

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MrsEaves Real: There is No Rest for the Wicked. MrsEaves Fake: THE WICKED ARE VERY WEARY. Baskerville Real: There is No Rest for the Wicked. Baskerville Fake: THE WICKED ARE VERY WEARY. Filosofia Real: There is No Rest for the Wicked. Filosofia Fake: THE WICKED ARE VERY WEARY. Caslon Real: There is No Rest for the Wicked. Caslon Fake: The Wicked are Very Weary.

Bodoni Real: There is No Rest for the Wicked. Bodoni Fake: The Wicked are Very Weary.

Meta Real: There is No Rest for the Wicked. Meta Fake: THE WICKED ARE VERY WEARY. Scala Real: There is No Rest for the Wicked. Scala Fake: THE WICKED ARE VERY WEARY.

Harriet, an FBI agent, turned on CNN to get the dirt on the CIA

before going to bed at 9:30 PM.

Use small caps for acronyms. Set acronyms such as or NASDAQ in small caps when they appear in body text or headlines. Use small caps for common abbreviations. Set common abbreviations such as AM or PM in small caps so they donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t overpower the accompanying text. Use small caps for A.M. and P.M.; space once after the number, and use periods.

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Numerals & Decimals 28/98

In typography, the symbols used to represent numbers are commonly referred to as figures or numerals.

Lining figures

(also called aligning, cap, or modern figures) approximate capital letters in that they are uniform in height, and generally align with the baseline and the cap height. In some traditional typefaces, certain numerals extend slightly above and/or below the baseline and/or the cap height.

Oldstyle figures

(also known as non-lining figures) do not line up on the baseline as regular or lining numerals do. Oldstyle figures can be found in various fonts. Oldstyle figures are a style of numeral which approximate lowercase letterforms by having an x-height and varying ascenders and descenders. They are considerably different from the more common “lining” (or “aligning”) figures. They have more of a traditional, classic look and are very useful and quite beautiful when set within text. However, they are only available for certain typefaces, sometimes as the regular numerals in a font, but more often within a supplementary or expert font. The figures are proportionately spaced, eliminating the white spaces that result from monospaced lining figures, especially around the numeral one.

Meta : 1234567890 Filosofia: 1234567890 Mrs Eaves: 1234567890 29/98

Old Habits Die Hard

12 134 17 1023 323

12.5 134.76 17.8567 1023.4 323.12

Unlike lining figures, Oldstyle figures blend in without disturbing the color of the body copy. They also work well in headlines since theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re not as intrusive as lining figures. In fact, many people prefer them overall for most uses except charts and tables. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s well worth the extra effort to track down and obtain typefaces with oldstyle figures; the fonts that contain them might well become some of your favorites.

If the body text has a significant amount of numbers, research a font family where they are included. If non-lining numerals are not available, use a slightly smaller point size for the lining numbers. Think of lining numbers as upper case numbers and non-lining numbers as lower case numbers.

Use oldstyle numbers in the following example: Dear John, please call me at 438. 9762 at 3:00 to discuss marriage or write me at Route 916, zipcode 87505

wUse aligning numbers in an example: Dear John, please call me at 438. 9762 at 3:00 to discuss marriage or write me at Route 916, zipcode 87505

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Kerning

Old Habits Die Hard

Kerning

is an adjustment of the space between two let-

ters. The characters of the Latin alphabet emerged over time; they were never designed with mechanical or automated spacing in mind. Thus some letter combinations look awkward without special spacing considerations. Gaps occur, for example, around letters whose forms angle outward or frame an open space (W, Y, V, T). In metal type, a kerned letter extends past the lead slug that supports it, allowing two letters to fit more closely together. In digital fonts, the space between letter pairs is controlled by a kerning table created by the type designer, which specifies spaces between problematic letter combinations. Working in a page layout program, a designer can choose to use metric kerning or optical kerning as well as adjusting the space between letters manually where desired. A well-designed typeface requires little or no additional kerning, especially at text sizes.

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Metric Kerning Metric Kerning uses the kerning tables that are built into the typeface. When you select metric kerning in your page layout program, you are using the spacing that was intended by the type designer. Metric kerning usually looks good, especially at small sizes. Cheap novelty fonts often have little or no built-in kerning and will need to be optically kerned.

â&#x20AC;&#x153; I shall never forget my first experiencein Holland. How eagerly and laughingly we gazed about us at our new surroundings. Was it, then, possible that land could be as flat as this? At times, I fancied it a smooth green carpet, dotted here and there with windmills which looked like pegs designed to keep tapestry in place.â&#x20AC;?

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Optical Kerning Optical Kerning is executed automatically by the page layout program. Rather than using the pairs addressed in the fontâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s kerning table, optical kerning assesses the shapes of all characters and adjusts the spacing wherever needed. Some graphic designers apply optical kerning to headlines and metric kerning to text. You can make this process efficient and consistent by setting kerning as part of your character styles.

â&#x20AC;&#x153; I shall never forget my first expe exp riencein Holland. How eagerly and laughingly we gazed about us at our new surroundings. Was it , then, possible that land could be as flat as this? At times, I fancied it a smooth green carpet, dotted here and there with windmills which looked like pegs designed to keep tapestry in place. â&#x20AC;?

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Combinding Typefaces When combining serif and sans serif text fonts, one shroud try and match the characteristics of form and type color: proportion, x-heights. â&#x20AC;&#x153;There is not binding recipe for type combinations. It is a matter of typographic sensitivity and experience. Expert typographers, as well as careless amateurs permit themselves combinations that would horrify colleagues with more traditional sympathies.â&#x20AC;? Although there is not recipe there is a place to start: keep an eye on the characteristic shapes of the letterform. A well designed page contains no more than two different typefaces or four different type variations such as type size and bold or italic style. {Using 2 different serif fonts or 2 different sans serifs fonts in the same composition is never a good idea}

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Typeface: Baskerville

36pt: Header

Words in Liberty Typeface: Avenir Next

18pt: Subhead

A P R O LO G U E TO F U T U R I S M Typeface: Avenir Next

18/18pt: Intro Text, Pull Quotes

Futurism rejected traditions and glorified contemporary life, mainly by emphasizing two dominant themes, the machine and motion. Typeface: Baskerville

9/12pt: Body Text

The works were characterized by the depiction of several successive actions of a subject at the same time. Marinettiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s manifesto glorified the new technology of the automobile and the beauty of its speed, power, and movement. He exalted violence and conflict and called for the sweeping repudiation of traditional cultural, social, and political values and the destruction of such cultural institutions as museums and libraries. The manifestoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rhetoric was passionately bombastic; its tone was aggressive and inflammatory and was purposely intended to inspire public anger and amazement, to arouse controversy, and to attract widespread attention.

Font Combination Rational

These two fonts work together because the lightness in Baskerville compliments and contrasts with the boldness of Avenir.

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Typeface: Futura

36pt: Header

Words in Liberty Typeface: Courier New

18pt: Subhead

A PROLOGUE TO FUTURISM Typeface: Courier New

18/18pt: Intro Text, Pull Quotes

Futurism rejected traditions and glorified contemporary life, mainly by emphasizing two dominant themes, the machine and motion. Typeface: Futura

9/12pt: Body Text

Font Combination Rational

These two fonts work together because the lightness of Courier New is made up by the darkness and presence of futura.

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Typeface: Didot

36pt: Header

Words in Liberty Typeface: Helvetica

18pt: Subhead

A P R O L O G U E TO F U T U R I S M Typeface: Helvetica

18/18pt: Intro Text, Pull Quotes

Futurism rejected traditions and glorified contemporary life, mainly by emphasizing two dominant themes, the machine and motion. Typeface: Didot

9/12pt: Body Text

Font Combination Rational

These two fonts work together because it creates an interesting combination between and old and modern typeface.

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Typeface: DIN Alernate

36pt: Header

Words in Liberty Typeface: Garamond

18pt: Subhead

A PRO L O G U E T O FU T U R I S M Typeface: DIN Alternate

18/18pt: Intro Text, Pull Quotes

Futurism rejected traditions and glorified contemporary life, mainly by emphasizing two dominant themes, the machine and motion. Typeface: Garamond

9/12pt: Body Text

Font Combination Rational

These two fonts work together because both typeface have a large x-height but are on different ends of the light dark spectrum.

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Typeface: Athelas

36pt: Header

Words in Liberty Typeface: Chivo

18pt: Subhead

A P R O L O G U E TO F U T U R I S M Typeface: Chivo

18/18pt: Intro Text, Pull Quotes

Futurism rejected traditions and gloriﬁed contemporary life, mainly by emphasizing two dominant themes, the machine and motion. Typeface: Athelas

9/12pt: Body Text

The works were characterized by the depiction of several successive actions of a subject at the same time. Marinetti’s manifesto glorified the new technology of the automobile and the beauty of its speed, power, and movement. He exalted violence and conflict and called for the sweeping repudiation of traditional cultural, social, and political values and the destruction of such cultural institutions as museums and libraries. The manifesto’s rhetoric was passionately bombastic; its tone was aggressive and inflammatory and was purposely intended to inspire public anger and amazement, to arouse controversy, and to attract widespread attention.

Font Combination Rational

These two fonts work together because the boldness of Chivo compliments the lightness of Athelas.

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Typeface: Futura

36pt: Header

Words in Liberty Typeface: Courier New

18pt: Subhead

A P RO L O G U E TO F U T U R I S M Typeface: Courier New

18/18pt: Intro Text, Pull Quotes

Futurism rejected traditions and glorified contemporary life, mainly by emphasizing two dominant themes, the machine and motion. Typeface: Futura

9/12pt: Body Text

Font Combination Rational

These two fonts work together because each typeface has multiple levels of color and can be interchanged to compliment the different levels of hierarchy.

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Structures Grid

Grid Structures When Designing a layout and working with text and/or images the use of a grid is essential, as it is the basis on which information is organized and clarified, ensuring legibility. The grid provides a framework were text, image and space can be combined into a cohesive manner.

A grid subdivides a page vertically and horizontally into margins, columns, inter-column spaces, lines of type, and spaces between blocks of type and images. These subdivisions form the basis of a modular and systematic approach to the layout, particularly for multi-page documents, making the design process quicker, and ensuring visual consistency between related pages.

At its most basic, the sizes of a grid’s component parts are determined by ease of reading and handling. From the sizes of type to the overall page or sheet size, decision-making is derived from physiology and the psychology of perception as much as by aesthetics. Type sizes are generally determined by hierarchy—captions smaller than body text and so on—column widths by optimum word counts of eight to ten words to the line, and overall layout by the need to group related items. This all sounds rather formulaic, and easy. But designers whose grids produce dynamic or very subtle results take these rules as a starting point only, developing flexible structures in which their sensibility can flourish.

Grids often need to be designed to give more flexibility than the single column of text per page (Jan Tschichold’s grid). This is due to to a change in our reading patterns. Grid structures have to accommodate a greater variety of material such as photographs, illustrations, headings, captions, references, charts; they need to be more complicated than a grid using only text and may utilize more modules. The design of the grid had to be relevant to the purpose.

“ The grid system is an aid, not a guarantee. It permits a number of possible uses and each designer can look for a solution appropriate to his personal style. But one must learn how to use the grid; it is an art that requires practice.” —Josef Müller-Brockmann 45/98

Old Habits Die Hard

Tschicholdâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s grid / symmetrical grid

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The Golden Section (Fibonacciâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sequence) The Golden ratio is a special number found by dividing a line into two parts so that the longer part divided by the smaller part is also equal to the whole length divided by the longer part.

Column Grid

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Asymetrical grid

Baseline Grid A baseline grid is an underlying structure that helps guide the vertical spacing of your design.

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Modular Grid

Modular grids

are created by positioning horizontal guidelines in relation to a baseline grid that governs the whole document. Baseline grids serve to anchor all (or nearly all) layout elements to a common rhythm. Create a baseline grid by choosing the type size and leading of your text, such as 10-pt Scala Pro with 12 pts leading (10/12). Avoid auto leading so that you can work with whole numbers that multiply and divide cleanly. Use this line space increment to set the baseline grid in your document preferences. Adjust the top or bottom page margin to absorb any space left over by the baseline grid. Determine the number of horizontal page units in relation to the number of lines in your baseline grid. Count how many lines fit in a full column of text and then choose a number that divides evenly into the line count to create horizontal page divisions. A column with forty-two lines of text divides neatly into seven horizontal modules with six lines each. If your line count is not neatly divisible, adjust the top and/or bottom page margins to absorb the leftover lines. Illustrate a baseline grid.

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Column Width 51/98

Old Habits Die Hard

Having the right amount of characters on each line is key to the readability of your text. It shouldn’t merely be your design that dictates the width of your text, it should also be a matter of legibility.

The optimal line length for your body text is considered to be 50-60 characters per line, including spaces. Reading takes place in small leaps of 5–10 characters at a time. 55–60 characters per line could be considered an appropriate line length, allowing the eye 6–12 quick stops on each line. Narrower lines would cause the reader to have to switch from line to line unnecessarily often, and they also cause problems with the way justified columns appear.

If a line of text is too long the visitor’s eye will have a hard time focusing on the text. This is because the length makes it difficult to get an idea of where the line starts and ends. Furthermore it can be difficult to continue from the correct line in large blocks of text. If a line is too short the eye will have to travel back too often, breaking the reader’s rhythm. Too short lines also tend to stress people, making them begin on the next line before finishing the current one (hence skipping potentially important words).

Reminder: A general guideline for determining if your line length is long enough to satisfactorily justify the text: the line length in picas should be about twice the point size of the type; that is, if the type you are using is 12 point, the line length should be at least 24 picas (24 picas is 4 inches-simply divide the number of picas by 6, as there are 6 picas per inch). Thus 9-point type should be on an 18-pica line (3 inches) before you try to justify it, and 18-point type should be on a 36-pica line (6 inches). The rulers in most programs can be changed to picas, if you like.

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Rivers In typography, rivers, or rivers of white, are visually unattractive gaps appearing to run down a paragraph of text. They can occur with any spacing, though they are most noticeable with wide word spaces caused by either full text justification or monospaced fonts.

Widows and Orphans Never leave widows and orphans bereft on the page. Avoid both of these situations. If you have editing privileges, rewrite the copy, or at least add or delete a word or two. Sometimes you can remove spacing from the letters, words, or lines, depending on which program youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re working in. Sometimes widening a margin just a hair will do it. But it must be done. Widows and orphans on a page are wrong.

Widow When a paragraph ends and leaves fewer than seven characters (not words, characters) on the last line, that line is called a widow. Worse than leaving one word at the end of a line is leaving part of a word, the other part being paraphrased on the line above.

Orphan When the last line of a paragraph, be it ever so long, wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t fit at the bottom of a column and must end itself at the top of the next column, that is an orphan. ALWAYS correct this.

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Hyphenation

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rules 56/98

Don’t rely on the software to judge where hyphens should be placed. At the end of lines, leave at least two characters behind and take at least three forward. For example, “ele-gantly” is acceptable, but “elegant-ly” is not because it takes too little of the word to the next line. Avoid leaving the stub end of a hyphenated word or any word shorter then four letters as the last line of a paragraph. Avoid more then 3 consecutive hyphenated lines. Avoid hyphenating or breaking proper names and titles. Creating a nonbreaking space before and after the name will ensure that the name will not break. Avoid beginning three consecutive lines with the same word Since software programs deal with line breaks automatically based upon a number of variables, it is possible to have paragraphs with consecutive lines beginning with the same word. When this happens simply adjust the text to avoid/fix the problem.

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Old Habits Die Hard

Hyphenation rules pay attention to: — how the text is read avoid widows (one word on the last line of a paragraph) — avoid hyphenating or line brakes of names and proper nouns — leave a least 2 characters on the line and 3 following — avoid beginning consecutive lines with the same word — avoid ending consecutive lines with the same word — avoid ending lines with the words: the, of, at, a, by... — never hyphenate a words in a headline and avoid hyphenation in a callout

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Leading 60/98

Line spacing is the vertical distance between lines of text. Leading is the hot-metal printing term that refers to the strips of lead that were inserted between text measures in order to space them accurately. Leading is specified in points and refers now days to the space between lines of a text block. Leading introduces space into the text block and allows characters to “breathe” so that the information is easy to read.

To achieve a balanced and and well-spaced text block, leading usualy has a higher point size than the text it is associated with, for example 9pt text maybe set with 12pt leading.

Most writers use either double-spaced lines or single-spaced lines—nothing in between—because those are the options presented by word processors. These habits are held over from the typewriter era. Originally, a typewriter’s carriage could only move vertically in units of a single line. Therefore, linespacing choices were limited to one, two, or more lines at a time. Double spacing became the default because single-spaced typewritten text is dense and hard to read. But double-spacing is still looser than optimal.

NEGATIVE

SET SOLID

NORMAL

EXTREME

Line spacing is the vertical distance between lines of text. Leading is the hotmetal printing term that refers to the strips of lead that were inserted between text measures in order to space them accurately. Leading is specified in points and refers now days to the space

Old Habits Die Hard

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NEGATIVE

SET SOLID

NORMAL

EXTREME

Line spacing is the vertical distance

between lines of text. Leading is the hot-

metal printing term that refers to the

strips of lead that were inserted between

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Old Habits Die Hard

NEGATIVE

SET SOLID

NORMAL

EXTREME

Line spacing is the vertical distance between lines of text. Leading is the hot-metal printing term that refers to the strips of lead that were inserted between text measures in order to space them

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Justifi cation

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Justify text only if the line is long enough to prevent awkward and inconsistent word spacing. The only time you can safely justify text is if your type is small enough and your line is long enough, as in books where the text goes all the way across the page. If your line is shorter, as in newsletter, or if you don’t have many words on the line, than as the type aligns to the margins the words space themselves to accommodate it. It usually looks awkward. You’ve seen newspaper columns where all text is justified, often with a word stretching all the way across the column, or a little word on either side of the column with a big gap in the middle. Gross. But that’s what can happen with justified type. When you do it, the effect might not be as radical as the newspaper column, but if your lines are relatively short, you will inevitably end up with uncomfortable gaps in some lines, while other lines will be all squished together. When your work comes out of the printer, turn it upside down and squint at it. The rivers will be very easy to spot. Get rid of them. Try squinting at the example on the bottom of the previous page.

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Min: 10% Max: 60%

Min: 30% Max: 100%

Letters are too spaced out

Letters look clean and

and are being cut off and

evenly spaced out.

abreviated.

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Min: 10% Max: 60%

Min: 30% Max: 100%

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Old Habits Die Hard

Min: 10% Max: 60%

Min: 30% Max: 100%

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Legibility

Old Habits Die Hard

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Legibility is the concern of the typographer to select a typeface with appropriate clarity of design for the intended use at the intended size. The typeface chosen should be legible. That is, it should be read without effort. Sometimes legibility is simply a matter of type size; more often, however, it is a matter of typeface design. In general, typefaces that are true to the basic letterforms are more legible than typefaces that have been condensed, expanded, embellished, or abstracted.

Legibility is different from readability. Readability is the ease with which a reader can recognize words, sentences, and paragraphs. Legibility is a component readability. Other typographic factors that affect readability include font choice, point size, kerning, tracking, line length, leading, and justification. In typography, color can also describe the balance between black and white on the page of text. A typefaceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s color is determined by stroke width, x-height, character width and serif styles. As a designer, if you are only asked to make the text readable on the page the following questions should be askedâ&#x20AC;Ś

Who is to read it? Someone that wants to read it? Someone that has to read it?

How will it be read? Quickly. In passing. Focused. Near. Far.

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Xxhg Xxhg

Old Habits Die Hard

Didot Firmin Didot

Baskerville John Baskerville

8.5/12 x-height: average character width: narrow color: light

8.5/12 x-height: small character width: wide color: dark

Xxhg

8.5/12 x-height: large character width: average color: dark

Athelas Jose Scaglione

Bell MT Richard Austin

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Xxhg Xxhg Cochin Matthew Carter

Footlight MT Ong Chong Wah

8.5/12 x-height: small character narrow color: light

8.5/12 x-height: average character width: narrow color: dark

Xxhg Xxhg Courier New Howard Kettler

Garamond Claude Garamond

8.5/12 x-height:average character width: wide color: light

8.5/12 x-height: small character width: narrow color: light

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Xxhg Perpetua Eric Gill

Xxhg

Old Habits Die Hard

72 point

Times Victor Lardent

8.5/12 x-height: small character width: narrow color: light

8.5/12 x-height: average character width: narrow color: dark

Xxhg Xxhg

72 point

Rockwell Frank Pierpont

mrs eaves zuzana licko

8.5/12 x-height: large character width: wide color: dark

8.5/12 x-height: small, large or average character width: wide, narrow, average color: light or dark or..

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Xxhg

Avenir Adrian Frutiger

Chivo Omnibus Type

8.5/12 x-height: large character wide color: light

8.5/12 x-height: large character width: wide color: light

Xxhg Xxhg Century Gothic Monotype

DIN Alternate Albert Ian Pool

8.5/12 x-height:large character width: average color: light

8.5/12 x-height: large character width: narrow color: dark

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Xxhg Xxhg

Old Habits Die Hard

72 point

Futura Paul Renner

Avenir Next Adrian Frutiger

8.5/12 x-height: average character width: wide color: dark

8.5/12 x-height: average character width: average color: light

Xxhg

Gill Sans Eric Gill

8.5/12 x-height: average character width: wide color: dark

72 point

Concolas Lucas de Groot

8.5/12 x-height: average character width: wide color: light

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Xxhg Helvetica Max Miedinger

8.5/12 x-height: large character narrow color: dark

Old Habits Die Hard

Xxhg Inconsolata Ralph Levien Futurism was first announced on February 20, 1909, when the Paris newspaper Le Figaro published a manifesto by the Italian poet and editor Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. The name Futurism, coined by Marinetti, reflected his emphasis on discarding what he conceived to be the static and irrelevant art of the past and celebrating change, originality, and innovation in culture and society. Futurism rejected traditions and glorified contemporary life, mainly by emphasizing two dominant themes, the machine and motion. The works were characterized by the depiction of several successive actions of a subject at the same time. Marinetti’s manifesto glorified the new technology of the automobile and the beauty of its speed, power, and movement.

8.5/12 x-height: average character width: narrow color: light

Xxhg Xxhg Letter Gothic Std Roger Roberson

Optima Hermann Zepf

8.5/12 x-height:large character width: wide color: light

8.5/12 x-height: large character width: wide color: dark

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Paragraph Breaks

Paragraph breaks set a rhythm for the reader. The breaks have a relationship with the column of text as well as the page margins. A break may be introduced as an indentation, as a space or both. The over all page feel will be influenced by your choice.

In typography there are 4 rules regarding paragraph breaks: 1. first first line line at at the the beginning beginning of of an an article article should should be be flush flush left left (do (do not not indent indent first first paragraph) paragraph)

block paragraphs are flush left and are separated by extra leading not a full return

the amount indent is = to the leading (sometimes needs a bit more)

never hit two returns between paragraphs

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Old Habits Die Hard

Futurism was first announced on February 20, 1909, when the Paris newspaper, Le Figaro, published a manifesto by the Italian poet and editor Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. The name Futurism, coined by Marinetti, reflected his emphasis on discarding what he conceived to be the static and irrelevant art of the past and celebrating change, originality, and innovation in culture and society.1 Futurism rejected traditions and glorified contemporary life, mainly by emphasizing two dominant themes, the machine and motion. The manifesto’s rhetoric was passionately bombastic; its tone was aggressive and inflammatory and was purposely intended to inspire public anger and amazement, to arouse controversy, and to attract widespread attention. But is is the movements which survive, oddly, here where we live and work as poets and artists: or, if not the movements, then their sense of art as an life itself. All of which, as futurism, had come sharply into focus by the start of the world war: a first radical mix of art and life, the epitome in the poplar mind of an avant-garde. It was, on both its Russian & Italian sides, the first great “art” movement led by poets; and if its means now sometimes seem exaggerated or unripe in retrospect, they carry within them the seed of all that we were later to become. While Marinetti’s opening manifesto for Italian Futurism bristled with a polemical stance in favor of the transformed present (1909), the later manifestos of Futurist poets and artists offered formal, “technical” approaches to the works then getting under way. The key term--still resonant today-was parole in liberta2, by which poetry was to become “an uninterrupted sequence of new images… (a) strict bet of images or analogies, to be cast into the mysterious sea of phenomena.” This freedom-of-the-world, while it resembled other forms of collage and of image juxtaposition, more fully explored the use of innovative and expressive typography in the visual presentation of language, as set in motion by forerunners like Mallarme. Outrageous and aggressive, the Futurists’ performances mixed declamation and gesture, events and surroundings, indifference and engagement, to break the barriers between themselves and those who came to jeer or cheer them. Wrote Marinetti selbst3 (circa 1915), “Everything of any value is theatrical.”

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Futurism was first announced on February 20, 1909, when the Paris newspaper Le Figaro published a manifesto by the Italian poet and editor Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. The name Futurism, coined by Marinetti, reflected his emphasis on discarding what he conceived to be the static and irrelevant art of the past and celebrating change, originality, and innovation in culture and society.1 Futurism rejected traditions and glorified contemporary life, mainly by emphasizing two dominant themes, the machine and motion. The manifesto’s rhetoric was passionately bombastic; its tone was aggressive and inflammatory and was purposely intended to inspire public anger and amazement, to arouse controversy, and to attract widespread attention. But is is the movements which survive, oddly, here where we live and work as poets and artists: or, if not the movements, then their sense of art as an life itself. All of which, as futurism, had come sharply into focus by the start of the world war: a first radical mix of art and life, the epitome in the poplar mind of an avant-garde. It was, on both its Russian & Italian sides, the first great “art” movement led by poets; and if its means now sometimes seem exaggerated or unripe in retrospect, they carry within them the seed of all that we were later to become. While Marinetti’s opening manifesto for Italian Futurism bristled with a polemical stance in favor of the transformed present (1909), the later manifestos of Futurist poets and artists offered formal, “technical” approaches to the works then getting under way. The key term--still resonant today-was parole in liberta2, by which poetry was to become “an uninterrupted sequence of new images… (a) strict bet of images or analogies, to be cast into the mysterious sea of phenomena.” This freedom-of-the-world, while it resembled other forms of collage and of image juxtaposition, more fully explored the use of innovative and expressive typography in the visual presentation of language, as set in motion by forerunners like Mallarme. Outrageous and aggressive, the Futurists’ performances mixed declamation and gesture, events and surroundings, indifference and engagement, to break the barriers between themselves and those who came to jeer or cheer them. Wrote Marinetti selbst3 (circa 1915), “Everything of any value is theatrical.”

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Futurism was first announced on February 20, 1909, when the Paris newspaper Le Figaro published a manifesto by the Italian poet and editor Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. The name Futurism, coined by Marinetti, reflected his emphasis on discarding what he conceived to be the static and irrelevant art of the past and celebrating change, originality, and innovation in culture and society.1 Futurism rejected traditions and glorified contemporary life, mainly by emphasizing two dominant themes, the machine and motion. The manifesto’s rhetoric was passionately bombastic; its tone was aggressive and inflammatory and was purposely intended to inspire public anger and amazement, to arouse controversy, and to attract widespread attention. But is is the movements which survive, oddly, here where we live and work as poets and artists: or, if not the movements, then their sense of art as an life itself. All of which, as futurism, had come sharply into focus by the start of the world war: a first radical mix of art and life, the epitome in the poplar mind of an avant-garde. It was, on both its Russian & Italian sides, the first great “art” movement led by poets; and if its means now sometimes seem exaggerated or unripe in retrospect, they carry within them the seed of all that we were later to become. While Marinetti’s opening manifesto for Italian Futurism bristled with a polemical stance in favor of the transformed present (1909), the later manifestos of Futurist poets and artists offered formal, “technical” approaches to the works then getting under way. The key term--still resonant today--was parole in liberta2, by which poetry was to become “an uninterrupted sequence of new images… (a) strict bet of images or analogies, to be cast into the mysterious sea of phenomena.” This freedom-of-theworld, while it resembled other forms of collage and of image juxtaposition, more fully explored the use of innovative and expressive typography in the visual presentation of language, as set in motion by forerunners like Mallarme. Outrageous and aggressive, the Futurists’ performances mixed declamation and gesture, events and surroundings, indifference and engagement, to break the barriers between themselves and those who came to jeer or cheer them. Wrote Marinetti selbst3 (circa 1915), “Everything of any value is theatrical.”

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Old Habits Die Hard

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Futurism was first announced on February 20, 1909, when the Paris newspaper Le Figaro published a manifesto by the Italian poet and editor Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. The name Futurism, coined by Marinetti, reflected his emphasis on discarding what he conceived to be the static and irrelevant art of the past and celebrating change, originality, and innovation in culture and society.1 Futurism rejected traditions and glorified contemporary life, mainly by emphasizing two dominant themes, the machine and motion. The manifesto’s rhetoric was passionately bombastic; its tone was aggressive and inflammatory and was purposely intended to inspire public anger and amazement, to arouse controversy, and to attract widespread attention. But is is the movements which survive, oddly, here where we live and work as poets and artists: or, if not the movements, then their sense of art as an life itself. All of which, as futurism, had come sharply into focus by the start of the world war: a first radical mix of art and life, the epitome in the poplar mind of an avant-garde. It was, on both its Russian & Italian sides, the first great “art” movement led by poets; and if its means now sometimes seem exaggerated or unripe in retrospect, they carry within them the seed of all that we were later to become. While Marinetti’s opening manifesto for Italian Futurism bristled with a polemical stance in favor of the transformed present (1909), the later manifestos of Futurist poets and artists offered formal, “technical” approaches to the works then getting under way. The key term--still resonant today--was parole in liberta2, by which poetry was to become “an uninterrupted sequence of new images… (a) strict bet of images or analogies, to be cast into the mysterious sea of phenomena.” This freedom-of-theworld, while it resembled other forms of collage and of image juxtaposition, more fully explored the use of innovative and expressive typography in the visual presentation of language, as set in motion by forerunners like Mallarme. Outrageous and aggressive, the Futurists’ performances mixed declamation and gesture, events and surroundings, indifference and engagement, to break the barriers between themselves and those who came to jeer or cheer them. Wrote Marinetti selbst3 (circa 1915), “Everything of any value is theatrical.”

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Old Habits Die Hard

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HEADERS SUBHEADS CROSSHEADS

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Old Habits Die Hard

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Words in Liberty A Prologue to Futurism

Radical mix of art and life But is is the movements which survive, oddly, here where we live and work as poets and artists: or, if not the movements, then their sense of art as an life itself. All of which, as futurism, had come sharply into focus by the start of the world war: a first radical mix of art and life, the epitome in the poplar mind of an avant-garde. It was, on both its Russian & Italian sides, the first great “art” movement led by poets; and if its means now sometimes seem exaggerated or unripe in retrospect, they carry within them the seed of all that we were later to become. While Marinetti’s opening manifesto for Italian Futurism bristled with a polemical stance in favor of the transformed present (1909), the later manifestos of Futurist poets & artists offered formal/”technical” approaches to the works then getting under way. The key term--still resonant today-was parole in liberta 2 , by which poetry was to become “an uninterrupted sequence of new images… (a) strict bet of images or analogies, to be cast into the mysterious sea of phenomena.” This freedom-of-theworld, while it resembled other forms of collage and of image juxtaposition, more fully explored the use of innovative and expressive typography in the visual presentation of language, as set in motion by forerunners like Mallarme. But the verbal liberation didn’t end with the page; it moved, rather, toward a new performance art and a poetry that “scurried off the page in all directions at once,” as Emmett Williams phrased it for the “language happenings” of a later decade. Outrageous and aggressive, the Futurists’ performances mixed declamation and gesture, events and surroundings, indifference and engagement, to break the barriers between themselves and those who came to jeer or cheer them. Wrote Marinetti selbst 3 (circa 1915): Everything of any value is theatrical.”

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Old Habits Die Hard

Words in Liberty A Prologue to Futurism

Radical mix of art and life But is is the movements which survive, oddly, here where

we live and work as poets and artists: or, if not the movements, then their sense of art as an life itself. All of which, as futurism, had come sharply into focus by the start of the world war: a first radical mix of art and life, the epitome in the poplar mind of an avant-garde. It was, on both its Russian & Italian sides, the first great “art” movement led by poets; and if its means now sometimes seem exaggerated or unripe in retrospect, they carry within them the seed of all that we were later to become. While Marinetti’s opening manifesto for Italian Futurism bristled with a polemical stance in favor of the transformed present (1909), the later manifestos of Futurist poets & artists offered formal/”technical” approaches to the works then getting under way. The key term--still resonant today--was parole in liberta 2 , by which poetry was to become “an uninterrupted sequence of new images… (a) strict bet of images or analogies, to be cast into the mysterious sea of phenomena.” This freedom-of-the-world, while it resembled other forms of collage and of image juxtaposition, more fully explored the use of innovative and expressive typography in the visual presentation of language, as set in motion by forerunners like Mallarme. But the verbal liberation didn’t end with the page; it moved, rather, toward a new performance art and a poetry that “scurried off the page in all directions at once,” as Emmett Williams phrased it for the “language happenings” of a later decade. Outrageous and aggressive, the Futurists’ performances mixed declamation and gesture, events and surroundings, indifference and engagement, to break the barriers between themselves and those who came to jeer or cheer them. Wrote Marinetti selbst 3 (circa 1915): Everything of any value is theatrical.”

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Words in Liberty

A Prologue to Futurism

Radical mix of art and life

But is is the movements which survive, oddly, here where we live and work as poets and artists: or, if not the movements, then their sense of art as an life itself. All of which, as futurism, had come sharply into focus by the start of the world war: a first radical mix of art and life, the epitome in the poplar mind of an avant-garde. It was, on both its Russian & Italian sides, the first great “art” movement led by poets; and if its means now sometimes seem exaggerated or unripe in retrospect, they carry within them the seed of all that we were later to become.

While Marinetti’s opening manifesto for Italian Futurism bristled with a polemical stance in favor of the transformed present (1909), the later manifestos of Futurist poets & artists offered formal/”technical” approaches to the works then getting under way. The key term--still resonant today--was parole in liberta 2 , by which poetry was to become “an uninterrupted sequence of new images… (a) strict bet of images or analogies, to be cast into the mysterious sea of phenomena.” This freedom-of-the-world, while it resembled other forms of collage and of image juxtaposition, more fully explored the use of innovative and expressive typography in the visual presentation of language, as set in motion by forerunners like Mallarme. But the verbal liberation didn’t end with the page; it moved, rather, toward a new performance art and a poetry that “scurried off the page in all directions at once,” as Emmett Williams phrased it for the “language happenings” of a later decade. Outrageous and aggressive, the Futurists’ performances mixed declamation and gesture, events and surroundings, indifference and engagement, to break the barriers between themselves and those who came to jeer or cheer them. Wrote Marinetti selbst 3 (circa 1915): Everything of any value is theatrical.”

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Old Habits Die Hard

Words in Liberty A Prologue to Futurism Futurism was first announced on February 20, 1909, when the Paris newspaper Le Figaro published a manifesto by the Italian poet and editor Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. The name Futurism, coined by Marinetti, reflected his emphasis on discarding what he conceived to be the static and irrelevant art of the past and celebrating change, originality, and innovation in culture and society.1 Futurism rejected traditions and glorified contemporary life, mainly by emphasizing two dominant themes, the machine and motion. The works were characterized by the depiction of several successive actions of a subject at the same time. Marinetti’s manifesto glorified the new technology of the automobile and the beauty of its speed, power, and movement. He exalted violence and conflict and called for the sweeping repudiation of traditional cultural, social, and political values and the destruction of such cultural institutions as museums and libraries. The manifesto’s rhetoric was passionately bombastic; its tone was aggressive and inflammatory and was purposely intended to inspire public anger and amazement, to arouse controversy, and to attract widespread attention. But is is the movements which survive, oddly, here where we live and work as poets and artists: or, if not the movements, then their sense of art as an life itself. All of which, as futurism, had come sharply into focus by the start of the world war: a first radical mix of art and life, the epitome in the poplar mind of an avant-garde. It was, on both its Russian & Italian sides, the first great “art” movement led by poets; and if its means now sometimes seem exaggerated or unripe in retrospect, they carry within them the seed of all that we were later to become. While Marinetti’s opening manifesto for Italian Futurism bristled with a polemical stance in favor of the transformed present (1909), the later manifestos of Futurist poets & artists offered formal/”technical” approaches to the works then getting under way. The key term--still resonant today--was parole in liberta 2 , by which poetry was to become “an uninterrupted sequence of new images… (a) strict bet of images or analogies, to be cast into the mysterious sea of phenomena.” This freedom-of-the-world, while it resembled other forms of collage and of image juxtaposition, more fully explored the use of innovative and expressive typography in the visual presentation of language, as set in motion by forerunners like Mallarme. But the verbal liberation didn’t end with the page; it moved, rather, toward a new performance art and a poetry that “scurried off the page in all directions at once,” as Emmett Williams phrased it for the “language happenings” of a later decade. Outrageous and aggressive, the Futurists’ performances mixed declamation and gesture, events and surroundings, indifference and engagement, to break the barriers between themselves and those who came to jeer or cheer them. Wrote Marinetti selbst 3 (circa 1915): Everything of any value is theatrical.”

Radical mix of art and life 98/98

Words in Liberty

A Prologue to Futurism

Radical mix of

art and life

While Marinetti’s opening manifesto for Italian Futurism bristled with a polemical stance in favor of the transformed present (1909), the later manifestos of Futurist poets & artists offered formal/”technical” approaches to the works then getting under way. The key term--still resonant today-was parole in liberta 2 , by which poetry was to become “an uninterrupted sequence of new images… (a) strict bet of images or analogies, to be cast into the mysterious sea of phenomena.” This freedom-of-theworld, while it resembled other forms of collage and of image juxtaposition, more fully explored the use of innovative and expressive typography in the visual presentation of language, as set in motion by forerunners like Mallarme. But the verbal liberation didn’t end with the page; it moved, rather, toward a new performance art and a poetry that “scurried off the page in all directions at once,” as Emmett Williams phrased it for the “language happenings” of a later decade. Outrageous and aggressive, the Futurists’ performances mixed declamation and gesture, events and surroundings, indifference and engagement, to break the barriers between themselves and those who came to jeer or cheer them. Wrote Marinetti selbst

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Old Habits Die Hard

Words in Liberty A Prologue to Futurism

Futurism was first announced on February 20, 1909, when the Paris newspaper Le Figaro published a manifesto by the Italian poet and editor Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. The name Futurism, coined by Marinetti, reflected his emphasis on discarding what he conceived to be the static and irrelevant art of the past and celebrating change, originality, and innovation in culture and society.1 Futurism rejected traditions and glorified contemporary life, mainly by emphasizing two dominant themes, the machine and motion. The works were characterized by the depiction of several successive actions of a subject at the same time. Marinetti’s manifesto glorified the new technology of the automobile and the beauty of its speed, power, and movement. He exalted violence and conflict and called for the sweeping repudiation of traditional cultural, social, and political values and the destruction of such cultural institutions as museums and libraries. The manifesto’s rhetoric was passionately bombastic; its tone was aggressive and inflammatory and was purposely intended to inspire public anger and amazement, to arouse controversy, and to attract widespread attention. Radical mix of art and life But is is the movements which survive, oddly, here where we live and work as poets and artists: or, if not the movements, then their sense of art as an life itself. All of which, as futurism, had come sharply into focus by the start of the world war: a first radical mix of art and life, the epitome in the poplar mind of an avant-garde. It was, on both its Russian & Italian sides, the first great “art” movement led by poets; and if its means now sometimes seem exaggerated or unripe in retrospect, they carry within them the seed of all that we were later to become. While Marinetti’s opening manifesto for Italian Futurism bristled with a polemical stance in favor of the transformed present (1909), the later manifestos of Futurist poets & artists offered formal/”technical” approaches to the works then getting under way. The key term--still resonant today-was parole in liberta 2 , by which poetry was to become “an uninterrupted sequence of new images… (a) strict bet of images or analogies, to be cast into the mysterious sea of phenomena.” This freedom-of-theworld, while it resembled other forms of collage and of image juxtaposition, more fully explored the use of innovative and expressive typography in the visual presentation of language, as set in motion by forerunners like Mallarme. But the verbal liberation didn’t end with the page; it moved, rather, toward a new performance art and a poetry that “scurried off the page in all directions at once,” as Emmett Williams phrased it for the “language happenings” of a later decade. Outrageous and aggressive, the Futurists’ performances mixed declamation and gesture, events and surroundings, indifference and engagement, to break the barriers between themselves and those who came to jeer or cheer them. Wrote Marinetti selbst 3 (circa 1915): Everything of any value is theatrical.”

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Captions Notes

and

Old Habits Die Hard

Footnotes and endnotes are necessary components of scholarly and technical writing. Theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re also frequently used by writers of fiction, from Herman Melville (Moby-Dick) to contemporary novelists. Whether their intent is academic or artistic, footnotes present special typographic challenges. Specifically, a footnote is a text element at the bottom of a page of a book or manuscript that provides additional information about a point made in the main text. The footnote might provide deeper background, offer an alternate interpretation or provide a citation for the source of a quote, idea or statistic. Endnotes serve the same purpose but are grouped together at the end of a chapter, article or book, rather than at the bottom of each page. These general guidelines will help you design footnotes and endnotes that are readable, legible and economical in space. (Note that academic presses and journals can be sticklers for format: before proceeding, check with your client or publisher to see if they have a specific stylesheet that must be followed.)

Numbers or Symbols:

Footnotes are most often indicated by placing a superscript numeral immediately after the text to be referenced. The same superscript numeral then precedes the footnoted text at the bottom of the page. Numbering footnotes is essential when there are many of them, but if footnotes are few they can be marked with a dagger, asterisk, or other symbol instead. Endnotes should always use numerals to facilitate easy referencing.

Size:

Footnotes and endnotes are set smaller than body text. The difference in size is usually about two points, but this can vary depending on the size, style and legibility of the main text. Even though theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re smaller, footnotes and endnotes should still remain at a readable size.

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Words in Liberty A Prologue to Futurism

1. Philip Meggs, History of

two dominant themes, the machine and motion. The works were characterized by the depiction of several successive

Graphic Design, Van Nostrand

actions of a subject at the same time. Marinetti’s manifesto glorified the new technology of the automobile and the beauty

Reinhold, 1988

of its speed, power, and movement. He exalted violence and conflict and called for the sweeping repudiation of traditional cultural, social, and political values and the destruction of such cultural institutions as museums and libraries. The manifesto’s rhetoric was passionately bombastic; its tone was aggressive and inflammatory and was purposely intended to inspire public anger and amazement, to arouse controversy, and to attract widespread attention.

2. parole in liberta = words set

uninterrupted sequence of new images… (a) strict bet of images or analogies, to be cast into the mysterious sea of phe-

free (liberty)

nomena.” This freedom-of-the-world, while it resembled other forms of collage and of image juxtaposition, more fully explored the use of innovative and expressive typography in the visual presentation of language, as set in motion by forerunners like Mallarme. But the verbal liberation didn’t end with the page; it moved, rather, toward a new performance art and a poetry that “scurried off the page in all directions at once,” as Emmett Williams phrased it for the “language happenings” of a later decade. Outrageous and aggressive, the Futurists’ performances mixed declamation and gesture, events and surroundings, indifference and engagement, to break the barriers between themselves and those who came to jeer or cheer them. Wrote Marinetti selbst 3 (circa 1915): Everything of any value is theatrical.”

3. selbst = himself

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Old Habits Die Hard

Words in Liberty A Prologue to Futurism

, by which poetry was to become “an uninterrupted sequence of new images… (a) strict bet of images

or analogies, to be cast into the mysterious sea of phenomena.” This freedom-of-the-world, while it resembled other forms of collage and of image juxtaposition, more fully explored the use of innovative

1. Philip Meggs, History of

and expressive typography in the visual presentation of language, as set in motion by forerunners like

Graphic Design, Van Nostrand

Mallarme. But the verbal liberation didn’t end with the page; it moved, rather, toward a new performance art and a poetry that “scurried off the page in all directions at once,” as Emmett Williams phrased it for the “language happenings” of a later decade. Outrageous and aggressive, the Futurists’ performances mixed

Reinhold, 1988 2. parole in liberta = words set free (liberty) 3. selbst = himself

declamation and gesture, events and surroundings, indifference and engagement, to break the barriers between themselves and those who came to jeer or cheer them. Wrote Marinetti selbst 3 (circa 1915): Everything of any value is theatrical.”

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Words in Liberty

A Prologue to Futurism

Radical mix of

1. Philip Meggs, History of Graphic Design, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1988

art and life

While Marinetti’s opening manifesto for Italian Futurism bristled with a polemical stance in favor of the transformed present (1909), the later manifestos of Futurist poets & artists offered formal/”technical” approaches to the works then getting under way. The key term--still resonant today-was parole in liberta 2 , by which poetry was to become “an uninterrupted sequence of new images… (a) strict bet of images or analogies, to be cast into the mysterious sea of phenomena.” This freedom-of-theworld, while it resembled other forms of collage and of image juxtaposition, more fully explored the use of innovative and expressive typography in the visual presentation of language, as set in motion by forerunners like Mallarme. But the verbal liberation didn’t end with the page; it moved, rather, toward a new performance art and a poetry that “scurried off the page in all directions at once,” as Emmett Williams phrased it for the “language happenings” of a later decade. Outrageous and aggressive, the Futurists’ performances mixed declamation and gesture, events and surroundings, indifference and engagement, to break the barriers between themselves and those who came to jeer or cheer them. Wrote Marinetti selbst

2. parole in liberta = words set free (liberty)

3. selbst = himself

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Old Habits Die Hard

Words in Liberty A Prologue to Futurism

1. Philip Meggs, History of Graphic Design, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1988

2. parole in liberta = words set free (liberty)

3. selbst = himself

While Marinetti’s opening manifesto for Italian Futurism bristled with a polemical stance in favor of the transformed present (1909), the later manifestos of Futurist poets & artists offered formal/”technical” approaches to the works then getting under way. The key term--still resonant today-was parole in liberta 2 , by which poetry was to become “an uninterrupted sequence of new images… (a) strict bet of images or analogies, to be cast into the mysterious sea of phenomena.” This freedom-of-theworld, while it resembled other forms of collage and of image juxtaposition, more fully explored the use of innovative and expressive typography in the visual presentation of language, as set in motion by forerunners like Mallarme. But the verbal liberation didn’t end with the page; it moved, rather, toward a new performance art and a poetry that “scurried off the page in all directions at once,” as Emmett Williams phrased it for the “language happenings” of a later decade. Outrageous and aggressive, the Futurists’ performances mixed declamation and gesture, events and surroundings, indifference and engagement, to break the barriers between themselves and those who came to jeer or cheer them. Wrote Marinetti selbst 3 (circa 1915): Everything of any value is theatrical.”

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Words in Liberty

A Prologue to Futurism

1. Philip Meggs, History of Graphic Design, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1988

Radical mix of art and life

2. parole in liberta = words set free (liberty)

3. selbst = himself

While Marinetti’s opening manifesto for Italian Futurism bristled with a polemical stance in favor of the transformed present (1909), the later manifestos of Futurist poets & artists offered formal/”technical” approaches to the works then getting under way. The key term--still resonant today-was parole in liberta 2 , by which poetry was to become “an uninterrupted sequence of new images… (a) strict bet of images or analogies, to be cast into the mysterious sea of phenomena.” This freedom-of-theworld, while it resembled other forms of collage and of image juxtaposition, more fully explored the use of innovative and expressive typography in the visual presentation of language, as set in motion by forerunners like Mallarme. But the verbal liberation didn’t end with the page; it moved, rather, toward a new performance art and a poetry that “scurried off the page in all directions at once,” as Emmett Williams phrased it for the “language happenings” of a later decade. Outrageous and aggressive, the Futurists’ performances mixed declamation and gesture, events and surroundings, indifference and engagement, to break the barriers between themselves and those who came to jeer or cheer them. Wrote Marinetti selbst 3 (circa 1915): Everything of any value is theatrical.”

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Old Habits Die Hard

1. Philip Meggs, History of Graphic Design, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1988 2. parole in liberta = words set free (liberty)

3. selbst = himself

Radical mix of art and life 108/98