Winter 2017 by The IFJ

WINTER 2017 www.the-ifj.com

ATTACKS ON THE DIGITAL FRONTIER Cyber theats to Individuals’ Online Security Page. 35

4 Emily Winston REORGANIZATION IN THE LUXURY RETAIL MARKET Is Tapestry the Solution Coach Needs?

Nina Zhao UP CLOSE AND PERSONAL DATA The Implications of Linke dIn’s Lawsuit

21 Hallie Wolff JOB SECURITY IN THE AGE OF MACRON France’s Reaction to Labor Re form

THE IFJ TEAM

DESIGN & LAYOUT

PAUL MEUSER HEAD OF DESIGN & LAYOUT SOCIAL MEDIA & MARKETING

EMILY WINSTON HEAD OF SOCIAL MEDIA & MARKETING EMILY WINSTON, ESTEBAN SAFRANCHIK INTERCOLLEGIATE EXPANSION

EXECUTIVE BOARD

KATHARINE JESSIMAN-KETCHAM PRESIDENT MICHAEL JANIGIAN PRESIDENT

VANESSA ZHANG EXECUTIVE SECRETARY DHEERAJ NAMBURU HEAD OF FINANCE

PAUL MEUSER HEAD OF DESIGN & LAYOUT

JONATHAN GOMEZ HEAD OF INTERCOLLEGIATE EXPANSION

EDITORIAL BOARD

BEAUDOIN

GILLIAN LEE MARKETS EDITOR

RUJUL SINGH, VIKAS RAJESAKARAN, AARON SAM, SAM CAI, TEDDY

CAMPUS MANAGERS

CALVIN CHU UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MANAGER MIRZA UDDIN HARVARD UNIVERSITY MANAGER

BHAKTI VARMA NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY MANAGER

THOMAS ANDREWS UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA MANAGER

YASH SANGHRJKA UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKLEY MANAGER OPERATIONS & EVENTS

ALEC FUJII HEAD OF OPERATIONS & EVENTS

MINGYI WU HEAD OF OPERATIONS & EVENTS

AMANDA CHOW, BILLY FUJII, HEDI XU, JENNIFER ZHANG, PRIYAL GUPTA, SHIBEI GUO

BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT & ADVERTISING

JONATHAN GOMEZ HEAD OF BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT & ADVERTISING ALEX RAFATJOO, WAYLON JIN, SHIBEI GUO MARKETING & PROMOTIONS

EMILY WINSTON HEAD OF MARKETING & PROMOTIONS ILAN BIGIO HEAD OF VIDEO PROMOTIONS

ARTON DOKIC, ESTEBAN SAFRANCHIK, AARON SAM, PRIYAL GUPTA, HEIDI XU, GISELA HOXHA, SIMRAN ARORA

TIFFANY CHEN EDITOR-IN-CHIEF BEN BOSIS TECHNOLOGY EDITOR

VARUN NARAYAN POLITICAL ECONOMY EDITOR BEN WINSTON ON CAMPUS EDITOR SAM CAI COPY EDITOR

SENIOR STAFF WRITERS

BENJAMIN BOSIS, LIZZY DOYKAN, JAKE GOODMAN, AMANDA CHOW, RYAN MA, ARVIND VELUVALI, BENJAMIN WINSTON, EMILY WINSTON,

HALLIE WOLFF, ETHAN SHIRE, BENJAMIN CHIACCHIA, NEIL GOH, NINA ZHAO STAFF WRITERS

KIRBY BELMONTE, PRIYAL GUPTA, SALLY PAN, VIKAS RAJESAKARAN, ALAN YU FIRESIDE CHATS

VANESSA ZHANG HEAD OF FIRESIDE CHATS

TYLER LEVIN, NINA ZHAO, ALAN YU, MAX ALWEISS, VERONICA ESPAILLAT BLOG TEAM

BEN BOSIS HEAD OF BLOG

DIANA DANGOOR, AARON SAM, GISELA HOXHA WEB TEAM

BRENDAN WALSH WEB DEVELOPER ALAN YU WEB DEVELOPER

TABLE OF CONTENTS Markets

Political Economy

4 Emily Winston REORGANIZATION IN THE LUXURY RETAIL MARKET Is Tapestry the Solution Coach Needs?

7 Priyal Gupta “THERE SHE IS, MISS AMERICA!” An Exploration of Job Security and Self-Security Associated with the Frilly World of Beauty Pageants

23 Ethan Shire ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF DECERTIFICATION Would Re-enacting Harsh Economic Sanctions Against the Iranian Regime Assist American Diplomatic Goals?

Ryan Ma OUT OF AMMO Why the Gun Industry Bubble will Burst Under Trump

Benjamin Chiacchia REQUIEM FOR A NATION Somalia and the Future of Climate Conflict

Neil Goh BANKING FOR THE POOR Analyzing the Sustainability and Ethics of Mi crofinance Institutions

Carl Harris UNIVERSAL BASIC INCOME A Solution To Automation?

On Campus 15

Nina Zhao UP CLOSE AND PERSONAL DATA The Implications of LinkedIn’s Lawsuit

17 Jake Goodman THE FUTURE OFFICE SPACE Capitalizing on Shifts in Commercial Of ce Space 19

Arvind Veluvali THE FEAR FACTOR How the Advertising Industry Preys on Your Deepest Fears — and Why It Works So Well

Hallie Wolff JOB SECURITY IN THE AGE OF MACRON France’s Reaction to Labor Reform

Technology 29

Aaron Sam ENSNARED IN THE WORLD WIDE WEB The Dangers of Smart Devices

Samuel Cai KEEPING SMART CITIES SMART Balancing Urban Potential with Security Risks

Morgan White AN ITCH FOR PRIVACY How the NSA is Getting Under Everyone’s Skin

Alec Fujii ATTACKS ON THE DIGITAL FRONTIER Cyber theats to Individuals’ Online Security

Emily Winston

REORGANIZATION IN THE LUXURY RETAIL MARKET Is Tapestry the Solution Coach Needs?

The Growth of Coach Coach is an American brand that has shaped the fashion industry for the past 80 years. Original Coach styles — the Dinky, the Saddle Bag, the Slim Satchel, the Duffle — are now viewed as vintage products, yet their classic designs continue to influence the creation

of leather goods. Consumers today can easily identify bags as distinctively Coach by the double C logo on their exteriors. These bags, introduced in 2001 through Coach’s Signature line, continue to influence customer visions of Coach. Coach’s affordable prices and distribution in factory outlet stores, enable it to attract a demographic of consumers that other luxury companies are unable to reach. Its handbags are “affordable luxuries”, costing anywhere between $100 to $500 USD. Handbags at Burberry, Hermes, or Prada, in comparison, are typically sold for upwards of $1,000, and thus lack the same appeal that Coach does amongst middle class consumers. But with falling shares and slumping sales, Coach is moving away from discounting and department stores and towards full priced items, in an effort to become a leader in modern luxury. No Longer a Singular Entity To regain market share, Coach purchased Stuart Weitzman in 2015 for $574 million. As a luxury footwear brand popular amongst celebrities and fashionistas,

1000logos.net

orporate restructuring enables Google to diversify through Alphabet. Other technology companies followed Google’s footsteps through renaming and restructuring, and in recent years, this process of reorganization has permeated the fashion industry. The domination of e-commerce and the lure of inexpensive retail alternatives place pressures on brands and retailers to retain their market share. Amidst this dynamic environment, retailers embrace acquisitions in efforts to remain competitive. After acquiring Stuart Weitzman in 2015 and Kate Spade in 2017, Coach will be changing its corporate name to Tapestry. Will such a move threaten the brand security that exists, or, will this rebranding provide an opportunity for growth and innovation, just as it did for Google and Alphabet?

Stuart Weitzman affords Coach the opportunity to expand its other product lines in addition to handbags. Prior to the acquisition, clothing, shoes, and accessories including hats, scarves, gloves, and watches were all sold by Coach, but overshadowed by the sale of handbags. With the acquisition of this industry leader, Coach has been able to focus on the quality and design of its shoes. Coach CEO Victor Luis was attracted to, “the size, scope and vibrancy of the Stuart Weitzman brand, along with the continuity of its management team.”

The concept of Tapestry mirrors that of LVMH, a multinational luxury goods conglomerate in Europe, on a smaller scale. LVMH is one of the world’s most valuable companies, integrating 70 brands in addition to

The profitable move of acquiring Stuart Weitzman prompted Coach to make another major purchase. In May of 2017, Coach spent $2.4 billion for Kate Spade, one of its competitors in the handbag industry. According to Luis, Kate Spade is, “an additional vehicle for driving long-term, sustainable growth.” Kate Spade, founded fifty years after Coach, can benefit from an established brand with a reputation, while Coach can diversify its products and customer base through the colorful designs and prints of Kate Spade products that attract millennials.

Louis Vuitton and Moet Hennessy, into one entity. It encompasses not only luxury fashion houses, but other industries such as wines and spirits, perfumes and cosmetics, and watches and jewelry. This diversification provides stability for LVMH, as one industry’s slow growth doesn’t necessarily impede the company’s overall performance. Inspired by the success of LVMH, Luis seeks to do the same for Coach, acquiring companies, renaming, and restructuring, all indicating that continued expansion is on the horizon.

These acquisitions culminated in Coach’s most recent expansionary move: changing its corporate name to Tapestry. Such a change will enable Coach to reflect its position as a multi-brand company rather than as a singular entity. While Coach, Kate Spade, and Stuart Weitzman will retain their unique names and identities, their corporate name, Tapestry, will encompass all three under the same umbrella.

While “Tapestry” is still foreign to customers and poses risks to Coach’s stability, it symbolizes the evolving

Rebranding for Coach opens new opportunities to expand beyond handbags, to appeal

to millennials, and to become a global luxury leader.

What’s in a Name? Tapestry rests upon the idea that diversification will attract more customers, which in turn will increase stock value. Coach is determined to rebrand itself as the leader in modern luxury, and believes Tapestry is the platform for doing so. The combination of the sophisticated Stuart Weitzman and the colorful Kate Spade is a financial move to improve the company’s sales and branding. This further goes to reflect the wider

retail landscape. Tapestries are composed of various threads that are woven together to create a final image. For Coach, Stuart Weitzman, and Kate Spade, Tapestry is more than just a name. It represents inclusivity and connectivity of brands, while at the same time celebrating the uniqueness of each. Rebranding for Coach opens new opportunities to expand beyond handbags, to appeal to millennials, and to become a global luxury leader. Will Tapestry continue to weave together brands of the future or will it fall apart at the seams?

showboxcaptcha.com

A Tapestry of Brands

industry trend of uniting labels under one parent company.

Priyal Gupta

“THERE SHE IS, MISS AMERICA!” An Exploration of Job Security and Self-Security Associated with the Frilly World of Beauty Pageants

Groggy-eyed, clicking a few links and scrolling through Twitter revealed that Brown alumna Cara Mund ‘16 had been crowned Miss America 2017. Reading the headline might leave one in a stupefied daze, filled with emotions ranging from awe to pride — but also peppered with a sprinkle of confusion. Mund, a Brown graduate with a Business, Entrepreneurship and Organizations (BEO) degree, had seemingly decided to pursue the beauty industry in a complete 360 degree career change. Closer inspection reveals that her new title goes hand in hand with her future law school plans. Beauty is in the Eye of the Beholder The definition of beauty has expanded and evolved over the centuries. Beauty appreciation has manifested itself in the public’s eyes through events 7

and programs such as fashion shows, magazine covers, and beauty pageants. Upon first glance, beauty pageants scream “superficial” and participants are frequently associated with human Barbie dolls. However, upon closer inspection, there exist two broad categories within the pageant market: beauty pageants and academic, scholarship-awarding pageants. Miss America is a prime example of the latter.

to compete in these competitions. Some cite monetary rewards of $10,000 to $50,000 as the prime incentive, while others cite reasons such as gaining stage confidence, showcasing talents, and accruing valuable life skills as the main motivation. Oftentimes, Miss America participants are strong, talented, and intelligent women who are in need of additional financial support for education or other endeavours.

Miss America lays its claim to both scholarship and beauty by “providing quality scholarship assistance and honoring their commitment to helping others”. For winning Miss America, Mund will not only receive $50,000 USD towards law school but also receive thousands of dollars to pursue social endeavors. The pageant also awards thousands of dollars to runner-up candidates. These huge rewards raise a few questions; while participants are fighting for this highly sought-after title, what is the nature and magnitude of the costs they incur in the process? Another big question is what kind of job security remains for contestants after the pageant ends.

Cost of The Crown

Direct costs associated with participation can also con-

Beauty Pageant Viewership 25

Miss Teen USA

Miss USA

Miss Universe

Miss America

20 15 10 5 0 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Housholds (millions)

Research shows that over 17 million people tuned into Miss America back in the 1960s. Today, viewership has dipped almost fourfold, to just 5 million viewers who watched Mund get crowned this past September. Despite this evidence of declining popularity for beauty pageants, there are many forces that drive pageant participants

As devoted as they are to winning the crown, Miss America candidates undergo rigorous training to ensure that their investment in terms of time and money they put into these competitions is not riskier than

it needs to be. Cost estimates by pageant coach Victory Mohamed revealed that the bulk of participants pay between $810 to $2,900 to remain competitive in the pageant. A cost breakdown reveals the following: gown purchase ($5002000), interview outfits ($200), swimsuit ($50-300), coaching ($40-300/ hour), and other miscellaneous costs like makeup and brand design constitute this grand total. While this is a conservative cost estimate of the amount contestants spend during the span of the pageant, some industry specialists note the figure to be closer to tens of thousands for higher level pageants such as Miss America.

sist of wardrobe consultants, physical fitness trainers, voice coaches, etiquette lessons, interview suit, talent costume, accessories, and more. Some even report that coaches charge thousands for a week’s worth of pageant preparation, which sums to a monstrous figure. More often than not, contestants work on the side and gain local business sponsorship to showcase their products on a grand stage. All this struggle — to finance a future which may or may not pay dividends in the form of other opportunities. This comes with no reassuring labels of guarantee or warranty. Realistically, such an investment is extremely risky when an individual has no sense of their rate of return.

The Opportunity Never Closets According to Professor Levey Friedman from Brown University, Miss America contestants are constantly developing “particular skills that are transferable to the political arena… you can develop them more quickly and at an earlier age..in Miss America.” The ability to maintain grace and composure when asked to opine on sensitive matters that Miss America contestants go through creates a positive branding for the contestant. This branding trickles down to become a major component of the political campaign they can potentially lead in the future. Thus, it is no surprise that the ramp has

become a highway with the ultimate destination: the arena of politics. If not politics, these strong and independent women pursue various fields including, but not limited to, journalism,performing arts, activism, and entrepreneurship. The definition of beauty has evolved and with it, the opportunities pageants open up for pageant queens and participants. While for contestants, job security is most likely ensured, the beauty of pageants inspires young girls and women all over the world to be confident about their own selves: beauty is BE-YOU-ty more than anything.

Ryan Ma

OUT OF AMMO Why the Gun Industry Bubble will Burst Under Trump

The Bill of Rights ensures every American citizen’s right to own and carry firearms. This right, established with the founding of our country, has sparked centuries of intense debate between politicians, businessmen, and ordinary Americans. President Trump, who received an endorsement from the National Rifle Association, has outlined his relaxed gun agenda, stating he has little to no intention to reform any firearm related policies. Upon first glance, many people would assume the gun industry, already a billion dollar industry, will flourish under President Trump. However, due to his lax stance on gun ownership, the gun industry may see its lowest numbers in the past decade. Fear is the Most Powerful Motivator According to Albert Einstein, fear is one of the three greatest forces in the natural world, in conjunction with greed and stupidity. Fear itself plays a large role in determining

consumer behavior. Whether it’s the fear of missing out or the fear for personal safety, fear plays an important role in what consumers purchase. During his time in office, President Obama urged state and local authorities to enforce gun laws that were already in place and criticized the gun lobby as easy access to guns. Following the Sandy Hook shooting of 2012, Obama signed numerous executive orders, including one attempting to ban the sale and possession of all assault rifles. The gun and ammunition industry, a multi-billion dollar industry, used this platform as a scare tactic, spinning Obama’s words to make him appear anti-Second Amendment. Jennifer Baker, spokeswoman for the NRA, during this time commented, “[Obama would] stop at nothing to strip people of their constitutional rights to self-protection.” The rhetoric used by the NRA and the rest of the gun lobby sent gun owners into a state of panic. The thought of having their guns taken and their gun rights stripped away sent gun owners flooding to the firearms market.

From Obama’s election in 2008 through 2015

the gun industry grew from $19.1 billion to

$49.3 billion — a 258 percent increase.

It would be unfair to claim that Obama’s views on guns and gun control were the only reasons that gun sales skyrocketed, but they were a major contributing factor. Ultimately, Forbes reports, from Obama’s election in 2008 through 2015 the gun industry grew from $19.1 billion to $49.3 billion — a 258 percent increase, earning Obama the nickname “Gun Salesman-in-Chief.” Now, in 2017, many people assume that the gun market will continue to surge under a Republican president. Trump has yet to make any definitive statements about his gun control platform. Thanks to his endorsement from the NRA, however, there appears to be no threat to the second amendment, so gun owners will be allowed to purchase the same types of guns for the foreseeable future. Since President Trump took office, gun sales have plummeted, as the quantity of background checks processed in July fell over 25 percent and gun producing companies, such as Sturm Ruger have seen revenue drop by 22 percent for the quarter, according to Fortune. Due to Trump’s stance on firearms, there is no sense of urgency to purchase a firearm like in the Obama years. With Trump less than a year into his presidency, it is probable that gun sales, on the whole, could continue to decrease until the 2020 election. A Changing Demographic Under Republican presidencies, gun sales generally trend downward as gun owners are less worried of having their rights stripped down. Although gun sales should trend downward under Trump, gun

ownership may remain constant or even have a slight uptick in light of recent events. Over the past 50 years, there has been a shift in the average gun owner. In the past, says Pew Research Center, gun owners were primarily semi-educated, white, middle aged men who used their rifles and shotguns for hunting. Today, however, there is a diverse population purchasing firearms, particularly in the LGBTQ+ community. According to the Washington Post, fear of discriminatory violence under President Trump and the recent Orlando shooting have

led to an increase of firearm sales by those who identify as part of the LGBTQ+. Additionally, the type of gun purchased has changed over the last 30 years. For years, rifles and shotguns were the primary choice of firearm as they are used for hunting and sport. Now, according to a Pew Research study, 72 percent of all gun owners own at least one handgun. But Why? Originally, people wanted the right to bear arms in order to protect themselves from the possibility of tyrannical government. Most

Americans still own guns for security, but a different type: personal security. As more and more groups are threatened, people are turning to guns as a source of security and safety. As the needs for guns change, US citizens have shifted to carrying handguns to defend themselves. However, under the Republican presidency, fewer people are stockpiling guns in fear that they will not be able to purchase them in the future, leading to an overall decrease in gun sales, despite more people owning guns.

Gun Sales in relation to Mass Shootings in the U.S.

Neil Goh

BANKING FOR THE POOR

Analyzing the Sustainability and Ethics of Microfinance Institutions

Is it ethical to maximize profit off of the poor? Along the spectrum of social enterprise from philanthropy to pure profit, it’s difficult to pinpoint where Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) lie. Microfinance was originally developed to lend to unemployed or low-income rural and urban-based clients at much smaller amounts than traditional banks. On one end of the spectrum, MFIs have made borrowing a viable option for individuals without verifiable credit histories — agricultural workers and small business owners from impoverished backgrounds have entirely owed their returns to taking out small loans from MFIs to kickstart their businesses. It’s no surprise that it’s an increasingly popular source of capital for aspiring low-income entrepreneurs. On the other side of the spectrum, however, there’s a huge cost to taking out these loans — exorbitant interest rates. While ostensibly simple, the sustainability of microloans is questionable, since extremely high

interest rates trap poor, misinformed clients in layers of debt. So where do we draw the line of ethics in doing business with the poor? While the anecdotal successes of microloans in developing countries point to the shining opportunity for small businesses to grow, whether the bulk of these institutions is truly charitable and transparent in their motives is a suspicious area of discussion. The Seeds of Microfinance While the origins date back to the 19th century, the modern conception of microfinance is the brainchild of Bangladesh’s Muhammad Yunus, who began to provide small loans to low-income basket weavers while working at Chittagong University in the 1970s. Yunus trusted that he could rely on the common working class to repay loans on market-based enterprises without subsidy. Soon, contemporary microfinancing efforts manifested into a surge of successful small nonprofit organizations, such as the volunteer project Accion, which issued 885 loans to help create 1,386 jobs for impoverished Brazilian entrepreneurs in 1973. Investing in microcredit institutions has become increasingly attractive to a variety of companies. Nonprofit organizations

The bottom line is that every dollar of a

microcredit bank’s

profit comes from the

the pockets of poor laborers.

such as Kiva use the platform to make it easy for anyone to lend money to low-income entrepreneurs and students, while for-profit corporations such as Citigroup market their partnership with MFIs to improve their corporate social responsibility. The microfinance scene today is active, serving individuals in US metropolitan areas below the poverty line, as well as individuals in destitute communities abroad. With its social investors largely comprised of commercial banks, philanthropists, and governments, the industry is estimated at a steep $60 to 100 billion, with over 200 million clients, according to recent data reported by the World Bank. Mufiya Khatoon: a Microlending Success Providing small loans is a proven means of overcoming financial hurdles and stimulating developing economies by assisting with basic startup costs and, in turn, increasing the income of loan recipients. Anecdotes of the success of micro-credit returns sustain the prosperity and reputation of microcredit banks. Take the example of Mufiya Khatoon: once an illiterate young woman desperate for rice and basic commodities in the wake of the 1976 Bangladeshian famine, she took out a $22 USD-equivalent one-year loan from Grameen Bank, a newly established MFI in her local area, to begin her own bamboo business. After a year of consistent business, she repaid her loan, granting her more control of her financial destiny.

Lucrative banks such as Compartimos, the larg-

est microfinance bank in Latin America, are notorious for shortchanging villages in developing

countries at 200 percent annual rates

Mufiya Khatoon is a typical example of the potential for MFIs to empower marginalized groups in disadvantaged areas around the world. MFIs have the potential to shatter the stigma of poor credit and security, planting new markets and bringing to light the idea that individuals from underprivileged backgrounds can be remarkable entrepreneurs, capable of growing profitable businesses and serving as valuable communal resources. Social Responsibility as a Marketing Hoax Behind the gentle image of these financial centers, however, are dubious, often exploitative motives. “We created microcredit to fight the loan sharks; we didn’t create microcredit to encourage new loan sharks”, declared Yunus at a United Nations meeting for financial officials, acknowledging the economic disparities in impoverished communities where MFI’s are prevalent. His vision was nearsighted, however, missing the reality that these lending opportunities create selfish opportunities

to capitalize exorbitant amounts of interest rates off small businesses. In the pursuit of “socially conscious” profitability, it’s not uncommon for today’s international microcredit providers to charge daunting rates that exceed 100 percent. It’s a price marketably justified by high operational costs, involving laborious loan disbursement methods that require loan officers to physically seek and match the needs of clientele residing in slums or villages. Regardless, it remains doubtful that a farmer with a severely inelastic demand for capital funding will end up better off after repaying these costly loans. Given the low productivity of villages and disadvantaged neighborhoods, there is a general unwillingness to consume the goods and services of microcredit-backed businesses. Even with the assistance of microloans, low-income small business owners are often confronted with a cyclical debt trap caused by a disparity between this lack of demand and their supply, leaving business owners with no profits to pay off these loans. Lucrative banks such as Compartimos, the largest microfinance bank in Latin America, are notorious for shortchanging villages in developing countries at 200 percent annual rates, mirroring the works of illegal American loan sharks that target desperate families. The bottom line is that every dollar of a microcredit bank’s profit comes from the pockets of poor laborers. In determining the ethics of these corporations, supporting this essentialist approach to corporate responsibility — simply engaging with the poor without full transparency

— is insufficient. If they choose to do business with poor individuals with volatile sources of income and a lack of stability, MFIs need to extend their efforts towards ensuring long-term profitability and tracking client progress, so that they may help create assets and develop security. There should be a healthy balance between attracting investors and making transparent decisions, whether that means reducing interest rates or making a greater effort to warn clients what they’re getting themselves into. So, Who’s the Real Winner? A socially-oriented enterprise should ultimately strive to meet social efficiency. Paradoxically, microlending has underlying capitalistic intentions. The message is simple: “we provide the money, and then you’re on your own.” As more awareness and research surrounding the ethical downfalls of MFIs become available, there has been a greater push towards transparency and more investigation into where the line of exploitation lies, as manifested by Chuck Waterfield’s Micro-Finance Transparency, a nonprofit that scrutinizes both regulatory issues and how microloan prices are set on an international scale. Spurious promises of hefty returns make it difficult to completely understand the motives of microfinance programs, but one fact remains: globally, there is no net positive impact, and borrowers are worse off than before. Tackling structural issues requires the development of structural solutions; telling a banker to ignore bad credit scores won’t restore entire broken communities.

searchenginejournal.com

Nina Zhao

UP CLOSE AND

PERSONAL DATA The Implications of LinkedIn’s Lawsuit

he key of job searching is networking, and the key of networking is … to set up a LinkedIn profile! But when you choose to make your LinkedIn profile “visible to everyone”, your personal information may reach well beyond the people you want to connect with. HiQ Labs is a data analytics startup that predicts the likability of an individual employee leaving his/her company by analyzing data from LinkedIn. This past summer, the company had a legal dispute with LinkedIn and received a ceaseand-desist letter, preventing it from using Linkedin’s data. The case between LinkedIn and hiQ raises an important question: how much control should social media companies have over public information? As social media users, it’s time to reconsider the cost of disclosing our personal information.

before they become threats to large companies, which then acquire or destroy them. The dispute between these two companies has much deeper implications than business competition. Rather, the central debate lies in whether data scrapers are stealing unauthorized data or whether they are simply using publicly available information. A New Form of Capital Data scrapers are a side effect of the growing industry of data analytics, where companies use powerful software to extract and analyze data in order to find patterns and make predictions. According to research firm IDC, the global revenue from data analytics will reach $150.8 billion at the end of this year, an increase of 12.4 percent over 2016. The revenue is expected to grow at an annual rate of 11.9 percent through 2020, when the revenue will be more than $210 billion.

Data Scrapers As a “data scraper,” hiQ does not have its own database but instead collects information from social media sites and search engines. This information is accessible to everyone on the internet. HiQ scraped information from LinkedIn and used its proprietary algorithms to map out the skill sets of LinkedIn users, analyzed their job searching activities, and predicted their future movements.

In a digital economy, data has become the new kind of capital. Cutting edge technologies, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, are useless unless there is a comprehensive database to run analysis on. If technologies are recipes, then data are ingredients without which even the best cook cannot do anything. Startups like hiQ lack the “ingredients” and must scrape information from other sources.

Though hiQ has been scraping LinkedIn’s data since 2012, conflict first arose this year when LinkedIn developed its own product that is similar to hiQ’s skill mapper. Linkedin now views hiQ as a competitor. This is a common theme amongst large technology companies– allow small startups to test out new ideas

On the other hand, big tech companies like LinkedIn, Twitter and Facebook, amass their data easily from their users, who give out their personal information unaware of its value. People are constantly revealing

their interests, the places they have been to, the people they met; they are giving out their entire story for free. As a result, these companies have well-rounded information about their users and have many ways to make use of such information, such as sending you personalized advertisements. Privacy vs. Free Speech In this legal dispute between LinkedIn and hiQ, LinkedIn argues that it is protecting the privacy of its users. In the cease-and-desist letter to hiQ, Linkedin states that it “has earned its members’ trust by acting vigilantly to keep their data secure.” This seems quite hypocritical considering LinkedIn has allowed hiQ to scrape their information for more than five years. However, LinkedIn does make a point that in protecting privacy, it is protecting free speech. Imagine that you have to think carefully about each post and click because every move you make on the internet is watched closely by a third party. For social media like LinkedIn, the core momentum of its business is the willingness of its users to share their information. Digital security is the prerequisite of such willingness. Failure to protect users’ privacy could be devastating to a social networking platform. There is much vagueness, particularly surrounding the line between public and private information, that makes this issue even more complicated. Keeper of the Data HiQ has won the first round of the lawsuit. The federal judge ruled that

LinkedIn violated the antitrust laws and ordered it to remove any technological barriers preventing hiQ from accessing public profiles. The court’s decision implies that public profiles on LinkedIn are not private property; rather, they belong to the public. This is far from the closure of the dispute. LinkedIn immediately appealed the court’s ruling, and the case has gained more and more attention from society. Public data is different from intellectual property, since the information shared on social media is not creative ideas or works, but “facts” about the users. However, as data analytics grows quickly today, it’s not only innovation that makes money; the data itself promises huge profits as well. Allowing third parties to make use of the data gives them a free ride to generate revenue from naive social media users. The law of digital security is no longer compatible with the development of the data analytics industry. The ownership of publicly available data has yet to be decided. Who has control over the information online: the company, the users, or the public? While the rules about public digital security remain vague, we should seriously reconsider the explicit and implicit value of the private information we give out so easily. Next time when you are roaming on social media, pause and think. What are the possible ways that your information could be used? Are the service and products you get from social media worth the privacy you give up? As personal data turns into a new form of capital, we become both the consumers and the products in the digital economy of 21st century.

Jake Goodman

THE FUTURE OFFICE SPACE Capitalizing on Shifts in Commercial Office Space

s the 21st century has progressed, technology has forced workers to adapt to changing economic environments. Office space is not immune to such a trend. While the US office market is robust now, the American worker has become increasingly mobile, threatening the long term stability of the US office market. The traditional office is being upended by changes in technology, and students should be aware of such trends, specifically co-working spaces and the tech village model, as they transition into the working world. The Threat of Remote Work While US office demand and supply has remained robust, the future of office space is more opaque. Indicative trends are already shaping how the American worker interacts with the office. One such trend that could strongly impact future office demand is remote work, also known as telecommuting. Gallup found that in 2016, 43 percent of employees worked remote for at least some of the time, compared with 39 percent in 2012. Gallup attributes some of

the jump to companies doing more to help remote workers get remote work right. Better video conferencing technology, business messaging apps like Slack, and increasingly transparent digital documentation have eased the transition to remote working for some workers. A recent report from US software giant Citrix forecast that in 2017, some 50 percent of businesses would have a mobile working policy, and by 2020, 70 percent of people would work away from the office as often as they worked at a desk. According to a 2016 Society for Human Resource Management benefits survey, 60 percent of companies offer their employees telecommuting opportunities, which is a threefold increase from 1996. With less workers in the office, companies have responded by cutting down on office space. Office space usage per worker decreased from 225 square feet per worker in 2010 to 150 in 2017. While downsizing on office space obviously cuts costs, mobile working also seems to make workers happier. Gallup’s “State of the American Workplace” report found that the workers who were happiest with their jobs were neither the workers who spent the majority of the week in the office nor the workers who spent the entire week at home; rather, the happiest workers were those who spent 60 to 80 percent of their week working from home and a minority of their time in the office. Yet companies seem to largely be in disagreement about the effects of telecommuting on worker productivity. While some companies have

lauded the flexibility and mobility of telecommuting, some notable corporations have scaled back telecommuting and demanded workers return to the office. In May, IBM chose to dismantle its decades-old remote work program to bring employees back to the office. IBM argues that putting workers in the same physical space hastens the speed of work and sparks innovation. Yahoo made a similar decision in 2013 along with more recent decisions by Bank of America Corp., Aetna Inc., and Best Buy. On the other hand, Amazon. com, American Express, UnitedHealth Group, and Salesforce.com all allow employees to work remotely at least some of the time. These employers often cite reduced rent, improved employee satisfaction, and help with retention and recruiting as persuasive reasons to allow for remote work. Overall, remote work has accelerated in the past couple of years, but corporate backlash may stifle its rise. The fundamental benefits of corporate office space — collaboration, relationship building, and streamlined work processes — have led to the creation of an emerging market for a new type of office space. A 21st Century Type of Office For those workers who still work in an office, the layout of office space itself is changing. A survey conducted by the International Facility Management Association found that 70 percent of US companies have some type of open floor plan. Open floor plans, with large communal workspaces, are most notable among the blossoming technology

sector; according to Randy Howder at Gensler, a design firm, tech firms devote around 14 square meters to each employee, a quarter less than other industries. A big idea championed by such firms is “activity-based working,” which encourages employees to work in various spaces around an office rather than a fixed workstation. This idea is meant to encourage collaboration, accessibility, and communication. A New Office Niche To address the demands that technology has placed upon the workplace, entrepreneurs have also stepped in. The most notable example of such a phenomenon is WeWork, a New York-based startup that rents desk space to freelancers and businesses. The growing startup that has more than 135 locations in 14 countries. With its most recent round of funding in July of 2017, the company is valued at about $21 billion, placing it among the world’s five most-valuable private technology startups, and it plans to complete an IPO but hasn’t given a timeline for such a process yet. The company’s “co-working” office-space trend, which offer shortterm commitments, has wooed large investors, including Legend Holdings, Softbank Group, JP Morgan, Fidelity, and Harvard Management. While the booming startup is most popular in the technology and startup worlds, it hasn’t shied away from corporate office space either. In April of this year, WeWork announced it would offer personalized WeWork centers to be leased by big companies but managed by WeWork

Global Number of Co-working Spaces

Arvind Veluvali 40,000

37,000

30,000

24,900

25,000 20,000

16,100

15,000 10,000 5,000 0

600

1,130

2010

2011

2,070 2012

3,400 2013

for fees. WeWork owns 3.1 million square feet in the New York area and will have 3.8 million square feet by the end of the year. While WeWork is the dominant player in the market, a variety of start-ups have entered the co-working market on a global scale. Co-working spaces are expected to reach 37,000 by 2018 according to Kroll Bond Rating Agency. WeWork and its competitors seem to be echoing a phenomenon seen in the hotel industry with the likes of Airbnb — a fundamental change in the workplace to accommodate shifting demand. In a sense, co-working companies like WeWork solve a fundamental problem for office real estate assets — they have turned the traditional office into an untraditional office while retaining value for the asset. They have also managed to introduce a level of dynamic configurability to office spaces and a revamped approach to space design, lease administration, and lease duration.

5,780

2010

7,800

2015

2016E

2017F

http://www.mercurynews.

35,000

THE FEAR FACTOR How the Advertising Industry Preys on Your Deepest Fears — and Why It Works So Well

2018F

Students, Be Prepared! While technology has decentralized the modern employee and increased remote working, innovation has pushed back and shifted the office paradigm. Students should expect to enter an office environment that is dramatically different than the office environment typical of previous generations. As tech villages and co-working spaces continue to gain prominence, students will likely encounter both as they transition to the workforce. It’s worth familiarizing yourself with these two models to develop preferences about what office style most suits you as you prepare for post-graduation employment.

or most people, oral care consists of three things: brushing their teeth, flossing, and rinsing their mouths with mouthwash. In 1920, Dr. Joseph Lister, the inventor of Listerine, saw an enormous potential use for his antiseptic: as mouthwash. Though bad breath had been around for millennia, Dr. Lister gave it a medical-sounding name: “halitosis”, a word that remains in our vernacular even today. He ran a slew of ads. One boldly proclaimed that “Halitosis makes you unpopular”; another described the travails of a halitosis-beset woman who couldn’t find a husband, try as she might. Dr. Lister’s crusade against halitosis was so effective that members of the marketing industry refer to similar efforts as “halitosis appeal”: the use of fear to sell product. A Growing Fear Listerine is no anomaly. Modern consumers are beset from all sides with so-called “fear appeals”: when companies convey that their

products are the only means of safety in an increasingly dangerous world. Fear of physical harm is an obvious and pressing concern, and consumers act accordingly. Why else would gun purchases skyrocket after terrorist attacks, or hand sanitizer sales after a SARS outbreak? Advertisers effectively prey upon consumers’ fears. Today’s 24 hour news networks have a perverse fixation on tragedy in a bid for viewers’ attention. The packaging on antibacterial soap warns of assault from deadly bacteria. However, in our modern world, people fear something else just as much: social rejection. In 2014, psychologists Kai Jonas and Marte Otten published a paper positing that humiliation is the most intense human emotion. By measuring the subject’s brain activity when exposed to different emotions, the researchers found that the most intense “spike” in late positive potential (an indicator of the brain’s surface activity) came when subjects were made to feel humiliation. This suggests that humiliation causes a higher degree of mental preoccupation than other emotions, and it may be why the Listerine campaign was so powerful: no one believes that bad breath is deadly, but the fear that Joseph Lister created about social rejection was enough to drive sales of his product. Protection Motivation Theory If it’s been established that fear-based marketing is an effective tool for advertisers, why is it the case? Roger’s Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) offers a plausible explanation. PMT propounds that people wish to protect themselves from physical and social threats, such as those previously

mentioned. When people are faced with some threat, they will subconsciously initiate a response that consists of four parts: severity of the threat; the likelihood that harm will occur if the threat is unaddressed; availability of a solution; and the individual’s ability to carry out the solution. Using this conceptualization, it is easy to see why fear appeals are so potent. If firms can convince consumers that some danger exists and that their product can mitigate that threat, then consumers will buy that firm’s product. The PMT response may be triggered by ads in print or on the screen. Volkswagen’s “Safe Happens” campaign, which depicted the lifesaving potential of its airbag technology, or Michelin’s print ads showing a baby next to a tire along with the tagline “Michelin: Because So much is riding on your tires”, exemplify the use of fear appeals. The PMT calculus can even be triggered by something as simple as a company slogan. FedEx’s 1978 mantra, “Absolutely, positively overnight” is another fantastic example. It is not unreasonable to worry about a package being delayed, and shipping through FedEx is an easy way to ease one’s mind. Behavioral psychologist Dr. Wyatt Woodsmall summarizes the utility of fear-based advertising perfectly. “If you can find out what people’s worst nightmare is,” he says, “and amplify the nightmare… [they’ll] do anything…to get out of that situation.” Without a doubt, fear is the most effective weapon in the marketer’s arsenal. Whether it’s physical or social harm that the consumer dreads, the solution exists—for a price.

http://www.todayonline.com/

Hallie Wolff

JOB SECURITY IN THE AGE OF MACRON France’s Reaction to Labor Reform

ith batons drawn and shields raised, the stony-faced guards of the French National Police formed an impenetrable wall from one sidewalk of Rue Saint-Jacques to the other. I raised my Sorbonne student ID card and proclaimed my right to pass. I was both extremely late to class and extremely regretful to have made the left turn off of Rue des Écoles on my way to school. Though they understood the French sentence that I stammered over the sound of chanting students and blaring megaphones, they did not budge. I was hemmed in on all sides. It was the 26th of September, the day that France’s President Emmanuel Macron stood before an audience of students at the Sorbonne University in Paris to lay out his vision of European Union reform. Outside the prestigious institution, students raised their voices and their banners in protest against Macron’s proposals. They spoke out against government budget cuts for education and APL (Aide Personnalisée au Logement, or aid given to low-income citizens to subsidize their housing costs), and they condemned the president’s most recent actions concerning France’s labor code.

changes he has pushed for during his first months in office. Chief among these contentious reforms is the overhaul of the nation’s sacred labor code, which has historically defended the security of unions and workers’ rights over those of employers. Its costly regulations are also regarded as some of the largest contributors to the country’s stunted gross domestic product (GDP) growth and high unemployment. With the unemployment rate hovering around 10 percent, Macron believes that a legislative makeover would gradually bolster the employment rate and strengthen the market. He intends to upend the traditional structure of the French labor market, placing more control in the hands of those who hire. The new law is comprised of 36 measures, all of which aim to create more flexibility in the labor market. The measures detail reforms such as the liberation of work contracts and negotiations, which will make it easier for companies to hire and fire workers, and to set the terms of agreements. Others are alterations of ancient regulations, such as those regarding severance payments and other terms of leave. Of course, this major act of labor deregulation has been met with defiance from workers’ unions, as it renders them nearly incapable of ensuring job security for their members. Organizations such as the General Confederation of Labor (C.G.T.) have declared their opposition.

Insecure and Unsure Many throughout France feel exasperation and outrage towards President Macron and the monumental

This major act of labor deregulation has been met with defiance from workers’ unions, as it renders them nearly incapable of ensuring job security for their members.

The French Fight Back While his predecessor Francois Hollande backed down from labor reform in the face of massive union protests, Macron has forged ahead with his own ambitious plans even as the masses take to the streets and his popularity plunges. In fact, as he stated in early September, he has no plans to give in “to slackers, nor to cynics, nor extremists.” Over the past few months, French workers staged large-scale strikes and demonstrations to express their extreme opposition to the changes proposed. Streets were blocked off, some businesses closed, and transportation ran with massive delays as the country’s backbone made its voices heard. Their anger is deep-seated. While union members fear for employment security, they also take to the streets to defend the security of a more ideological notion. The core purpose of the country’s Code du Travail, a document that spans thousands of pages and dates back to the Napoleonic era, is to protect workers from capitalist oppression. Throughout history, labor unions, syndicats in French, have flooded the streets of France to protect this tenet, which has guided the country’s somewhat infamous relationship with work and workers’

rights. This time around, however, it didn’t work in their favor. The Road Ahead Via an ordinance, Macron signed his hotly contested reforms into law in early September. With the bold swipe of Macron’s pen, French workers lost much of the security they had enjoyed in the labor market for decades on end. Though many believe these changes will doom the common laborers of France, Macron plans to take further steps to ensure they are not left behind. In November, the president and his government will begin discussions with unions and business leaders on how best to reform apprenticeships and professional training programs, striving to make them more efficient and easily accessible. He has promised to invest billions of dollars into improving the system, a move that would pull many of the otherwise - unemployed into the workforce. While the country debates the efficacy of President Macron’s newest labor reforms, rising anger and frustration are not misdirected. With increased competition comes increased vulnerability, and it remains to be seen if the president’s labor reform will bring about positive economic change, or simply break the spirits of the nation’s working class.

Ethan Shire

Even if the US were to pull out of the nuclear agreement, it is possible, and in fact likely, that the other member nations would remain in the agreement.

ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF DECERTIFICATION Would Re-enacting Harsh Economic Sanctions Against the Iranian Regime Assist American Diplomatic Goals?

he Iranian regime has presented one of the greatest threats to US national security since the 1979 Islamic revolution and ensuing 444-day hostage crisis in the final years of the Carter Administration. Iran is regarded as the world’s foremost state-sponsor of terrorism and its support for non-state actors from Hezbollah in Lebanon to the Houthis in Yemen has further amplified the regime’s power in the Middle East and destabilized America’s allies. Moreover, the Iranian regime has played a vital role in assisting Bashar Al-Assad in Syria and allowing him to remain in power. In 2015, the United States signed the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), more commonly referred to as the “Iran Deal,” along with China, France, Russia, Great Britain, and Germany. In an attempt to restrict Iran’s nuclear capabilities by placing limits on Iran’s uranium stockpiles and the number and type of centrifuges it is able to operate. The Trump

Administration must now evaluate if this deal is in accordance with US national security interests or if it is best to reenact stringent economic sanctions and abandon the deal. Dirt on the Deal In recent weeks, the Trump Administration has discussed de-certifying the Iran deal over concerns that Iran is not abiding by the agreement. The deal aims to restrict Iran’s nuclear capabilities by lifting harsh economic sanctions on Iran. In order to ensure Iranian compliance, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the UN nuclear watchdog organization, has been granted access to Iranian nuclear facilities. To this point, the IAEA has confirmed that Iran is complying with nuclear restrictions, although German intelligence has indicated that some nuclear facilities are kept outside the purview of the IAEA. In 2016, the Iranian economy grew 6.5 percent and had a gross domestic product (GDP) of $1.455 trillion — making Iran the 19th largest economy in the world. Iran’s economy is dependent on its oil exportation, which accounts for 80 percent of its gross exports. In the wake of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPA), Iran is looking to double its oil exports to 2.3 million barrels a day. Most consumers of Iranian crude oil are China, Turkey, India, Japan and South Korea, notably not the United States. Since 2007, Iran has been conducting all foreign exports, including that of oil, in Euros to signal that the Iranian economy can be viable without American support.

Follow the Leader Even if the US were to pull out of the nuclear agreement, it is possible, and in fact, likely, that the other member nations would remain in the agreement. Helga Schmid, Secretary General of the EU’s foreign policy service commented, “This is not a bilateral agreement, it’s a multilateral agreement. As Europeans, we will do everything to make sure it stays.” If the US were to re-enact economic sanctions and abandon the deal, our soft power abilities would be significantly undercut, if not rendered futile, if the other member nations continued trade with Iran. Specifically, US departure from the agreement would open the door for Russia to deepen its ties with Tehran. The Russian based oil company, Rosneft, has become a significant buyer Iranian crude oil since its July acquisition of Essar Oil. Increased cooperation between Iran and Russia presents another significant geopolitical threat as our adversaries share common interests over Iranian crude oil.

The United States can definitively assert that it is in its security interests to limit Iran’s economic and military capabilities. The Iranian regime has systematically attempted to destabilize large portions of the Middle East by supporting its terrorist proxies throughout the region, especially Hezbollah, which is seeking even greater control of Lebanon after forcing Prime Minister Saad al-Hariri’s resignation earlier this month. However, it is far less clear how the United States can best limit Iran’s geopolitical power. The Trump Administration can either decide to remain in the nuclear deal, thereby allowing Iran to increase its oil exports and accrue tremendous wealth while we maintain surveillance over its nuclear program, or, we can withdraw from the deal, reenact rigorous economic sanctions, and entreat member nations in Asia and Europe to follow suit, although there is no assurance they would. US policy makers must pursue with caution as any misstep could have lethal consequences for our national security.

thegroundtruthproject.org

IRAN OIL EXPORTS

Benjamin Chiacchia

REQUIEM FOR A NATION

Somalia and the Future of Climate Conflict

ew places on Earth today must reckon with the consequences of climate change as directly as Somalia must. While the country’s security situation has incrementally improved, the spectre of environmental catastrophe threatens to undo all of its hard fought progress. Water, food, and the few goods Somalia exports are all in short supply thanks to years of drought and an absentee state. Somalia is among the weakest states on Earth today, with an Human Development Index ranking to match. The threat of worsening environmental constraints poses even more of a risk to such countries, which has been racked by years of civil war and insurgency. With current projections indicating that the dire consequences will reach cataclysmic levels by mid century, Somalia may be the bellwether for the future of international security: climate fueled irregular conflict. Anarchy in East Africa During the period of dictatorship under Siad Barre, conservation and environmentalist efforts to build sustainable infrastructure, financed by American aid, made significant progress towards mitigated the effects of

climate related disasters. However, as his regime grew more oppressive, aid was revoked and internal dissent grew, culminating in the 1991–2006 Civil War that gave the modern world its longest natural experiment in anarchy. During this time, conservation efforts floundered; drought, famine, and pestilence all became significant problems that only exacerbated the mobilization of warring factions and later the rise of religious radicalism in the country’s South. There has been no return to substantive focus on these issues since. Following an Ethiopian-led, USbacked invasion to oust an Islamist government in 2006, the Civil War gave way to the al-Shabaab insurgency still taking place today. The gains made against this and other militant groups in the country have largely been the result of expensive, resource heavy intervention by the United States and the Somali government it finances. This peace is an unstable one, however, as the population remains without significant economic opportunities, a fact that leaves them susceptible to radicalization by Islamist militias or even by more secular militant groups. Without the continued presence of military forces, the vacuum of opportunity and powerful actors would create a breeding ground for insurgents that would return the country to the pre-2006 Civil War period. Anchors Aweigh Amongst the notable manifestations of degradation in Somalia is piracy. During the mid-2000s to early-2010s, hundreds of ships were harassed or hijacked by Somali pirates, with notable incidents including the hijackings of MV Samho Jewelry and MV Maersk Alabama, both of which were ended by violent confrontation. Piracy in the region emerged due to the collapse of fishing on parts of the coast, a trend attributed to overfishing by foreign fishing interests, and by lack of alternative economic opportunities. While the piracy threat

had been eliminated by 2013 thanks to NATO-led military intervention, recent reports indicate the possibility of piracy’s reemergence, as 2017 has seen a number of piracy related attacks off of the Somali Coast Water You Waiting For? While less readily apparent than piracy or other easily-sensationalized physical conflicts, the current drought wreaking havoc in East Africa. The Somali side of the drought has been particularly destructive, as the country is the least equipped of the those in the region to deal with drought. Poor flow from waterways into the country in conjunction with poor rainfall has left Somalia’s arable land (only 1.6 percent of all land) effectively useless. While the official drought has only been going on since February, the aridity of the Somali climate and the increase thereof over the past few decades has helped accelerate the decline of agriculture and the subsistence economy, a fact that has contributed to migration, political instability, and the rise of militant groups like al-Shabaab. The worsening of this situation will only exacerbate current strife, and the leave the entire region susceptible to increased migration, terrorist activity, and economic decline. The Boiling Point Based on an estimated two degree centigrade increase in global temperature, it is projected that much of Somalia will have hot season daytime temperatures in excess of those currently felt in Death Valley, California by mid century. If this projection holds true, much of the country will be rendered functionally uninhabitable thanks to heat, lack of water, and the absence of arable land. Thus, Somalia could become another area of the world like the Afghan-Pakistan border region, the portion of the Sahara in North-Central Africa, or jungles of Colombia: an ungovernable hinterland that fos-

ters the operation of non-state combatant forces.

Carl Harris

The humanitarian dimension adds to the problem of security. As the country becomes less hospitable, climate refugees will become an increasingly common occurrence, and one that will not be easy to address. While Europe and some Middle Eastern countries had the resources to help partially address the humanitarian crisis of Syria, the same is not the case of Somalia; Ethiopia, Djibouti, and Kenya are all susceptible to the same environmental and security concerns, and the Bab el-Mandeb will likely become an equivalent to the Mediterranean for refugees (thus living up to its moniker of ‘the gate of tears’). It is important to remember that Somalia is not alone. While it will likely be amongst the first states to fall victim to this new security paradigm, it will not be the last. The underdeveloped states of the Global South will have a challenging time dealing with climate change alone, and in conjunction with any security threats or challenges to governance that exist already may not be able to contain the crisis.

UNIVERSAL BASIC INCOME A Solution to Automation

niversal basic income, the idea of giving citizens a basic level of “guaranteed money” to use as they wish, has transitioned from a fringe-left policy into a legitimate solution for countries facing widening income inequality and potential job loss due to automation. In many developed countries, including the United States, many human-based occupations are being phased out and replaced with machines which can often complete these jobs in a way that is more precise, cost effective and efficient. This can be seen today in the loss of approximately five million manufacturing jobs between 2001 and 2010, about 85 percent of which can be attributed to technological change. As a result, the rise in automation and the subsequent shifts in the labor market are issues that must be addressed today.

Increasing aridity of Somalia’s climate,

excessive logging and

Death by Tech

overgrazing, are leading degradation

Africa

Anja-Christina

Beier,

country. —

thegroundtruthproject.org

to rapid environmental

Eva Stephansson

Traditionally, automation has been a danger to process-oriented, manual occupations, as seen by new technologies ranging from computerized grocery store self-checkout booths to assembly-line robots. As computer technology improves exponentially, so too will the range of occupations capable of being automated. For example, according to Ian Steadman at Wired magazine, IBM’s Watson has a lung cancer diagnosis rate of 90 percent, while the diagnosis rate for human oncologists lags behind

at a mere 50 percent. Furthermore, automation of currently human-only occupations is a problem that must be addressed today, as approximately 45 percent of existing work activities can already be automated using current technology, according to a report from McKinsey & Company. In the face of this global labor market shift, universal basic income has emerged as a potential solution to this transition from a human-centric labor market to a machine-centric one. Tech entrepreneur and Tesla CEO Elon Musk is one of universal basic income’s most vocal proponents, and he argues that this policy will become increasingly necessary as a solution to automation over the coming decades. According to Musk, speaking in an interview at the World Government Summit this year, there will “be fewer and fewer jobs that a robot cannot do better.” He believes this “is going to be a massive social challenge” and that “eventually [global economies] will need to have some kind of basic social income.” Data supports Musk’s claim, as a study from PricewaterhouseCoopers indicates that approximately 38 percent of jobs will be lost to automation within the next 15 years. To Musk and other Silicon Valley entrepreneurs, notably Mark Zuckerberg, universal basic income is regarded as the necessary solution to the permanent problem of mass automation. Back to the Future In considering the uncertainty and dangers of automation, it is worth contemplating historical similarities to add perspective to this issue. One comparison that can be drawn with the modern automation problem is that of the industrial revolution, in which British textile workers’ jobs were made obsolete by mechanical looms. At the time, a similar sentiment to that of today’s automation was present, as textile workers found themselves structurally unemployed. As a response, workers broke into textile factories, attempting to destroy the machines that had taken

their jobs. In the present day, this is a parallel to the anger lower middle class workers feel towards automation of their occupations. In keeping with this historical parallel, it is worth considering that the labor market during the industrial revolution adapted over time. Eventually, as workers changed their specializations, the labor market rebounded and stabilized. It is possible that the current automation “revolution” is similar to the industrial revolution and that the labor market will adapt in a similar way; the “employment doomsday” predictions of people like Musk and Zuckerberg may remain unrealized. However, regardless of whether or not this is the case, the labor market, both historically and in the present day, has taken a significant amount of time to adjust as workers are retrained and educated, so universal basic income must still be considered as a solution to this structural employment issue whether it is temporary or permanent. Universally Reliant Although universal basic income has potential when implemented properly, it does risk deterring workers from finding jobs as they become reliant on the guaranteed income. This could create a self-fulfilling prophecy, where the need for universal basic income stems from the implementation of the policy itself. According to Tim Worstall of Forbes Magazine, there have been a number of studies that examine long-term employment trends following monetary changes in welfare policies and show this effect of less incentivized job-seekers. One study that Worstall cites is the long-term decline of labor force participation among veterans following increased benefits from the Veterans’ Affairs Disability Compensation program. Although it is important to remember that a number of valid reasons prevent veterans from re-entering the labor force after serving in the military, it does demonstrate a trend that could

present challenges if implemented on a large scale across the country. This self-fulfilling prophecy is a critical problem that must be addressed if universal basic income is enacted in a country like the United States. Without incentives for innovation, the United States risks falling behind in an increasingly innovative global market. By preventing the traditional rewards for entrepreneurship and labor, universal basic income could create obstacles ranging from increased drug addiction to a loss of the traditional American ideal of hard work as a method for upward social mobility. Universal basic income is a policy with controversy ranging from its political and economic ramifications to its impact on social structure and identity. However, automation of the United States’ labor market is a reality, and with automation comes ensuing structural unemployment. It remains unclear whether this job loss will result in the mass-unemployment that some, like Elon Musk and Mark Zuckerberg, believe will occur. Regardless of whether the labor market will change in this way, universal basic income is a policy that has massive potential to provide a more secure life to millions of Americans, provided policies exist that prevent the discouragement gainful employment and that properly incentivize entrepreneurship.

i.pinimg.com

Aaron Sam

ENSNARED IN THE WORLD WIDE WEB The Dangers of Smart Devices

hether we admit it or not, technology has taken over our lives and there is no escaping from it. We communicate with loved ones on our smartphones, do work on our computers, and turn to our television sets for entertainment. Virtual assistants like Siri, the Google Assistant, and Alexa continue to get more intelligent in an effort to make our lives more comfortable.Privacy concerns are at an all time high as more smart devices enter the market. Google, especially, has come under fire in recent years for the amount of personal data they stored about users. Tech companies have done their best to keep their devices as secure as possible by developing new means of user authentication. The most popular solution is using biometric data like the fingerprint, face, and even the iris to ensure devices can be unlocked only by the rightful owners. On the other hand, these security measures raise the stakes of a privacy breach. If hackers are able to break into a smartphone and gain access to the users fingerprints, they could potentially steal the person’s identity. A TV Show Becoming Reality Black Mirror is a dark, satirical television show that delves into the interactions between humans and technology. Some of its episodes hit very close to home, showcasing the potential harm that might occur if our personal data gets into the wrong hands. In the episode, “Nosedive,” people are ranked on the basis of their behaviour. Their work, business loans,

home and social standing all depends on other people ranking their activities. Something similar is already happening in China where a few local governments have already started compiling digital records of their citizens and plan to base their credit score them. These records are going to come into play when they apply for loans, plan to rent a house, or even want to book a luxury hotel. Citizens will receive negative points if they fail to adhere to rules like paying installments on time or abide by the family planning policies. Their internet browsing habits and interactions with other people will also be taken into account. In another episode, “Shut Up and Dance,” a young man is forced to do the bidding of a sinister organization after hackers managed to retrieve footage of him masturbating to child pornography through his laptop’s webcam. The fact that, last year, former FBI director James Comey urged us to cover computer webcams with opaque tape suggests that scenarios like the one shown in “Shut Up and Dance” are much realer than we think. Additionally, the shows more futuristic episodes serve as blatant warnings to mankind as we continue to innovate. The Truth Behind Personalized Ads Odds are you have come across targeted ads during one of your browsing sessions. For instance, you made a search query on where you can get affordable sunglasses and then right after, you see an ad for

sunglasses on another website. This phenomenon is known as “remarketing.” Most websites get their ads from ad networks. Each ad network puts a bit of code called a “cookie” on your computer. When you visit one of the member sites, the site recognizes the cookie and lets the ad network know where you are so it can send you personalized ads. Even worse, the member sites share what you do on their sites to build a database of what you like and don’t like, or even specific items you looked at. This makes it easier for the ad network to send you ads that it thinks you’ll click on. It is troubling to think of what other data these “ad networks” could be keeping track of.

The prospect of being able to control your home’s temperature and brew coffee all from your mobile devices seems very promising, but IoT devices are among the most vulnerable.

Shortcomings of the Smart Home Another area of concern is the rapidly growing market for the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT refer to a group of devices connected and controlled over the internet like your Nest security cameras or smart thermostats. The prospect of being able to control your home’s temperature and brew coffee all from your mobile devices seems very promising, but IoT devices are among the most vulnerable. A study by HP Security Research showed that 70 percent of the objects within the IoT contained major security flaws. 90 percent of IoT devices used unencrypted network service and 70 percent had weak passwords. Smart speakers like the Google Home and Amazon Echo pose major privacy risks since these devices are always “listening.” They are

supposed to activate only after specific trigger words are spoken but who is to say that these speakers are not recording other kinds of conversations? For instance, a major defect was detected in the newly-unveiled Google Home Mini speaker that allows it to secretly record conversations without users knowing. It is equally possible that hackers could access these devices remotely and achieve similar results. Technology has undoubtedly made life easier in the 21st century but it is up to us weigh the convenience we get from these devices against the risks they pose to our private information. Risks that relate mainly to the accessibility of information and the manipulation thereof.

Samuel Cai

KEEPING SMART CITIES SMART Balancing Urban Potential with Security Risks

ccording to the MIT department of urban studies, 4.6 billion people will live in urban areas by 2025. Another 2.6 billion people will move to or be born in an urban area by 2050. Having a global urban majority is a relatively new development, but this shift has spurred interest in social experimentation and urban problem solving, leading to the innovations that make for a smart city. Engines of Growth Smart cities use technology to improve the efficiency of services and connectivity. A hallmark of the smart city is regulating the flow of the movements of people and materials by developing and connecting existing networks. As a result, new technologies have developed from data mining techniques, networked infrastructure, and automating technologies like autonomous vehicular location and cars. Existing smart city projects, from Singapore’s iN2015 project to China’s Guangzhou

Knowledge City to Portugal’s Plan IT, all differ in their development model. They are all, however, grounded in the foundational principles of smart cities: an urban competitiveness, a push towards connection and innovation, and an empowerment of citizens. The smart cities movement has reinvented cities as engines of growth. A Business Opportunity Smart cities are on the rise. This movement is driven by demographic concerns, global warming, and lingering economic stability. Support for smart cities comes from not only large information technology companies, like IBM and Siemens, but also academics and philanthropists, who admire the efficiency and citizen empowerment. Because of the pressure to modernize, the innovation associated with smart cities presents significant business opportunities, serving not only as a fertile environment for the development of these technologies, but also as a new market for these sensing, management, and forecasting products. The use of smart technology to coordinate urban systems will introduce new employment opportunities, increase wealth and economic growth. The growth is compounded by the fact that smart cities become attractive sites for both people and businesses, expanding the economic value of the city. The market for smart cities is expected to boom, with a value of $1.565 trillion globally by 2020. San Francisco San Francisco has been a burgeoning site for smart city innovation, ranked as the 4th best smart city globally in 2016 by Juniper Research. This comes

as little surprise, since the culture of San Francisco is creative and innovative, providing the capacity to develop and adopt new technologies. One project that is being tested is SFpark, a transit-based smart parking system. SFpark seeks to improve the efficiency of parking by integrating a traffic count data and an intelligent reservation system for real time information about parking availability. It controls the amount of parking by having smart parking meters with changes that reflect conditions of the location and time of day. The project has been successful on many fronts — average hourly parking rates dropped by 14 cents, parking citations decreased, and commute minutes decreased for those who used the smart parking app. Another project is being spearheaded by Lennar Urban and Bosch technologies at The Shipyard Communities. The Smart Community app that they are developing will give residents of the San Francisco Shipyard information about transportation and surveillance. In addition, Lennar Urban and Bosch technologies are building a parking garage with sensors using Bosch technology that will minimize time spent searching for parking spots. These projects build the backbone for what has become a smart city hub of technology. Columbus Columbus, Ohio may not stereotypically be considered a center of innovation the same way San Francisco is, but the city recently won the Smart City challenge by the US Department of Transportation and has earned $500 million in financial commitments to support its smart city innovations. The funding comes from many sources,

with $40 million coming from the USDOT, but there have been significant private investors as well. Vulcan gave a $10 million grant, and Singularity University, a Silicon Valley think tank, announced a smart city accelerator for the city. Smart Columbus, the name of the smart city project, has many projects in the works; the projects sponsored by the USDOT are focused on transportation system technologies, such as integrated data exchange, smart mobility hubs, LED street lighting, multimodal trip planning, and Connected Columbus Transportation Networks (traffic signals with traffic and pedestrian detection). The $10 million grant from Vulcan inc. will focus on incorporation of electric vehicles. One particularly exciting project is connected electric autonomous vehicles, which will communicate with GPS mapping and sensors to avoid collisions. The projects by Vulcan are in collaboration with American Electric Power, which plans to install 1250 electric vehicle recharging stations around Columbus. The various projects all achieve different ends, but they are all united in their common purpose: The priorities of Smart Columbus are to improve peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s quality of life, drive growth in

the economy, provide better access to jobs, become a world leader in logistics, and foster sustainability. With the innovation of Smart Columbus, Columbus is leading the way to the future of city life. All that Glitters... Despite all the potential, there is a counterintuitive reality to cities getting smarter: the smarter they get, the greater their security risk will be. There are estimated to be 2.3 billion devices connected in smart cities, a 42 percent increase from last year. This widespread interconnection of systems puts these cities at risk of cyberattacks. Many products being implemented in smart cities were released with extensive tests for functionality, but none for cybersecurity. Thus cyberterrorists can exploit and hack the most insecure parts of a network, and the cascade effect will compromise more critical targets that have significant implications for the economic and social well-being of a city. The cyber security company IOActive identified 200,000 traffic control sensors vulnerable to attack in smart cities around the world, and hackers successfully targeted the emergency siren system in Dallas, overwhelming the 911 operators for the day. Herein

lies the risk of having everything on the grid: if anyone hacks the grid, the entire city is within their grasp. Smart cities are perfectly primed for a massive boom in the near future. The need and market are growing with population pressure and shifts. They have already been implemented in leading US cities, and it will not be long before the rest of the large and midsized urban areas follow their example. However, this movement has succeeded not merely due to market need; the smart city movement is gaining traction because it combines economic growth with the empowerment and ease of movement of citizens. The mutually beneficial nature of smart city technology has allowed it to gain the support of not only information giants like IBM, Intel, and Siemens, but also academics and philanthropists, who value its efficient and cost reducing potential. The vast potential of smart cities, however, does not come without its risks. Without proper vetting of new systems in the network, entire cities will be left vulnerable to attack from their own web of interconnection. The future is filled with exciting possibilities, and smart cities are an alluring prospect, but itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s important to remain vigilant and keep smart cities smart.

Herein lies the risk of having everything on the grid: if anyone hacks the grid, the entire city is within their grasp.

Morgan White

ITCHING FOR PRIVACY How the NSA is Getting Under Everyone’s Skin

n June 2013, the world’s citizens began to re-evaluate the gigantic landscape that is the cloud in the wake of massive revelations concerning the National Security Agency (NSA) and its mass surveillance of people all over the globe.

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The cloud is the interconnecting network between remote servers over the internet that is capable of processing and holding almost infinite amounts of data. In the 21st century, most people live and place integral parts of their everyday lives in this abstract space, even if they don’t know it. Whether it be through

their internet provider, their cellular data carrier, or even their own online databank, not only Americans, but those from all over the globe depend on the cloud. This is why, in light of the NSA’s activities, the common conversation shifted from goals of growth and efficiency to the concerns of personal privacy and an omniscient government. Problematically though, the conversation wasn’t simply limited to the average dinner table. It had spread to boardroom meetings, to the desks of CEO’s, to people who were thinking about sending an email or making a phone call, around the world and back. The NSA has a tremendous effect on various parts of the economy, and considering that Bill Clinton’s campaign war room board once read: “It’s the economy, Stupid,” it’s pretty clear that people care about the economy. Therefore, it seems appropriate to prioritize the economic impacts of the situation. Here, there are 3 primary recipients of economic damage due to the NSA’s actions: American foreign policy, business sales, and the growth of the cloud itself.

American Foreign Policy Several countries have made their disapproval known of the US government’s spying on the world, such as Germany and Brazil. Other countries mistrusting the US as a whole presents two problems. First, it would be more difficult to strike trade deals. The reasoning is simple: why would someone want to imports products from a country that is run by the NSA? Other nations don’t want to run the risk of having their own citizens wiretapped or having their own security weakened by the US Trade deals are a vital part of the global economy, and when expedited or free trade isn’t authorized between countries, economies of both countries will take a major hit. Global trade was able to cut global poverty in half in the past 30 years, and losing this asset could be dangerous. Second, global security is threatened. Social capital between governments is necessary in order for alliances, coordinated efforts, and diplomacy to function. When countries are not able to trust each other, they will not be able to protect the world together, which is not only critical for the advent of trade, but also because

natural resources such as the oil of the Middle East are always in jeopardy. For example, there are several standing armies located around the Strait of Hormuz, the most popular path for trafficking oil in the world. The protection of oil is what keeps its price reasonably low, and many economists have argued that every American recession, which spills over onto the rest of the world, in the past 30 years has been preceded by spikes in the price of oil. Business Sales Like governments, individuals want to prioritize their own security and want to stay as far away from the NSA as possible, so when certain business fraternized with the NSA, people became nervous. American corporations such as AT&T had turned over large swaths of data to the NSA, sometimes through court orders, but sometimes completely willingly. Moreover, information had come out that advised corporations to alter their encryptions in order to make backdoors for the NSA. The backdoors in question would open the gate to what is known as the BULLRUN program. Such tremendous power over information was bound to have a negative impact, and it did.

First, domestic buyers may not want to buy products or services from companies that might give their personal information up to the government because the government has power over them. The government is only so limited, and in the case of sensitive information, people would prefer to not take their chances with the US government. Second, foreign consumers are now generally scared about about American Tech products and companies and can buy from foreign competitors. For example, Cisco Systems saw a 12 percent slump in sales from the developing world and 25 and 30 percent decreases in Brazil and Russia shortly after the leaks about the NSA’s practices. If people aren’t able to trust the companies they are to buy from, how can we expect them to consume? The Growth of the Cloud aNot only do the NSA’s activities harm businesses themselves, but they harm the cloud by extension. The growth of the cloud is threatened by the NSA in two ways: First, as previously mentioned, companies in this field were going to suffer losses in profits. This was going to be and seems to currently be a major problem for their investments.

It is estimated that we lost as much as $180 million dollars in our economy from 2013 through 2016 because of this, and this loss in revenue has prevented companies from being able to invest in their networks to make them larger, stronger, and more adaptable. Second, there is the possibility that foreign governments could set particular regulations on how data is handled in their country, and this may entail the slowing of the growth of the cloud. For a foreign government, the NSA seems to be worth protecting oneself against, and more stringent data protection laws, the forced localization of data, and the restructuring of the systems altogether would achieve this goal. However, in the process, it would prevent the efficient and explosive development of the cloud, which is problematic because the greater part of the world now runs on it and would be able to benefit from its enhanced performance Thus, it is clear that the NSA needs to minimize its intervention in the lives of the world’s citizens. Granted, some would argue that the NSA’s actions are necessary, but recent evidence confirms that the increase in national security the agency provides is negligible at best. Therefore, their case is a losing one. If it does not move out of the way of information, then the gridlock facing the cloud and the countless benefits it can accredit itself with are no more. Additionally, if the NSA does not simultaneously force itself to be more transparent, losses will continue to pile onto one another and prevent economic growth as we know it. .

The Rabbit Ransom

Alec Fujii

ATTACKS ON THE DIGITAL FRONTIER Cyber theats to Individuals’ Online Security

hroughout the world, people are becoming increasingly reliant on technology to make their lives efficient. As the rate of technological development increases, visions of a future where robots, automatons, and software accomplish mundane to complex tasks seem more realistic. However, with society’s exponentially growing dependency on technology, the existence of hackers has manifested into a growing concern for the world. Now, more than ever, cyberattacks have become a real threat to national security. According to the Department of Justice, more than 4,000 ransomware attacks occur every day - a 300 percent increase since 2015. Because the Internet acts as a medium for compiling and processing information, any network system is at risk. Whether it’s gaining access to consumer accounts or to nuclear launch codes, hackers have the potential to inflict considerable destruction to society.

Ransomware is a type of malicious software that restricts and blocks user access to a computer system until a ransom is paid. By obtaining credentials to enter targeted networks, ransomware attacks posed as legitimate files that the victim opens or downloads. In doing so, sophisticated hackers can cause chaos in organized systems until a payment is made — usually in digital currency, which is difficult to trace. However, both governments and experts recommend not to pay out the money, for there is no guarantee of access back to the original files. With the possibility of loss of information, it is not just costly, but also deleterious to businesses and institutions as it affects their endeavors. While small-scale cyberattacks have become almost ubiquitous, some are more far-reaching than others. Since 2012, the most advanced ransomware attacks have been capable of international harm. The latest of these attacks was the “Bad Rabbit”.

According to the Department of Justice, more than 4,000 ransomware attacks occur every day.

On October 24th, the United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team issued a notification that it had “received multiple reports of ransomware infections, known as Bad Rabbit, in many countries around the world.”

as pivot points and malware repositories when targeting their final intended victims.

Unlike previous cyberattacks that spread through computer networks through more passive methods, the Bad Rabbit posed as an Adobe Flash installer file that the victim was required to download. This widespread ransomware attack demanded 0.05 bitcoin (~$280 at the time) as ransom for returned access. The Bad Rabbit primarily affected organizations in Russia, Turkey, and Germany. Although no “cure” was found besides the fulfillment of payment, an early “vaccine” was synthesized, preventing systems from falling prey to the Bad Rabbit.

Bad Rabbit was not the first occurrence of an international attack this year. Back in June, malware originating from Ukraine that affected the country’s government, banks, state, power utility, spread globally, including to the US. Labeled “NotPetya”, a modified version of the 2016 ransomware “Petya”, the malware affected a myriad of industries. From the automatic radiation monitoring systems in Chernobyl to major companies such as DLA Piper, WPP, and Maersk, the malware caused heavy disruption.

Everyone’s a Target This event came only days after the US government issued a report regarding cyber threats to the nation’s infrastructure. The Department of Homeland Security and Federal Bureau of Investigation stated that many industries, including nuclear, energy, aviation, and manufacturing, have been chosen as targets since as early as May. According to the report, victims can be categorized into two main groups: The initial victims are peripheral organizations such as trusted third-party suppliers with less secure networks. The initial victims are referred to as “staging targets” throughout this alert. The threat actor uses the staging targets’ networks

Hacker Hordes Swing Digital Swords

Although no names of the suspected attackers have been mentioned, the alert did mention “a group active in benefiting Russia and another active in benefiting North Korea.” Recently, the New York Times reported that North Korea has now over 6,000 hackers orchestrating attacks. However, large cyber departments are not enough to pinpoint those responsible, as anyone committed to protecting against attacks is increasing their cyber defense budgets as well. The numerous outbreaks and the financial damage caused by these cyberattacks have left many countries, including those in Europe and North America, scrambling to pull resources together for future prevention. This includes governments working closely with various companies

within the targeted sectors to upgrade their cybersecurity systems and prevent future disasters from occurring. The Future of Cyber Security Perhaps 2017 will serve as a foreshadowing of the ominous tech trend to come. As today’s networks become more sophisticated and complex, traditional security measures to ensure user safety have become obsolete. Previously, the best method for increasing the protection of such systems was to add another device to the wiring. However, as the acceleration of technology outpaces the ability to expand, the need for a different solution has become apparent. In the future, cyberattacks on critical infrastructure may be the preferred mode of attacking organizations, from small businesses to major nations. As the world becomes more heavily reliant on interconnectivity, the ability to cripple nations from behind a computer presents a common threat of destruction against which we all must now defend.

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