E SU IS #2
CRIO´S WORLD
S P A N G L I S H
VOZ PASIVA
Passive voice
Alexa Casanova 24777866 Hello , this issue is about passive voice ’s uses and structure , with some examples, is a realy short magazine because i am not a content developer . Hope you enjoy .
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Que es ? a voz pasiva es una construcción o conjugación verbal en algunas lenguas por la cual se presenta al sujeto como pasivo (sujeto paciente), mien-
tras que la acción ejecutada por el verbo es desempeñada por un complemento (complemento agente) y no por el sujeto agente del verbo en voz activa. La voz pasiva convierte a un verbo transitivo en un
T
he passive voice is a grammatical construction (specifically, a "voice"). The noun or noun phrase that would be the object of an acti-
ve sentence (such as Our troops defeated the enemy) appears as the subject of a sentence or clause in the passive voice (The enemy was de-
verbo intransitivo con un sólo argumento principal
feated by our troops).
posible (el agente cuando se expresa mediante un ad-
The subject of a sentence or clause featuring the
junto marcado con caso oblicuo o preposicional).
passive voice typically denotes the recipient of the action (the patient) rather than the performer (the agent). The passive voice in English is formed periphrastically: the usual construction uses the auxiliary verb be (or get) together with the past participle of the main verb.
En español solo pueden construirse oraciones con verbos transitivos, aunque hay un número reducido de verbos transitivos que no admiten la construcción pasiva, como por ejemplo, haber o tener. Las oraciones, Hay un perro y Tengo un gato, ambas con un complemento directo, no pueden transformarse en pasivas; Un perro es habido y Un gato es tenido por mí son incorrectas. Las oraciones activas y pasivas están relacionadas según el siguiente esquema: Además de la pasiva analítica ser + participio, existe en español otra forma de expresar la voz pasiva: la pasiva con se o pasiva refleja. Esta construcción está mucho más generalizada que la anterior, que apenas se usa en el lenguaje oral. La pasiva refleja solo es posible en 3ª persona; se no tiene aquí función nominal: es una marca o morfema de pasividad. El sujeto gramatical normalmente aparece pospuesto, debe concordar en número y persona con el verbo: Se vende un perro Se venden perros
The passive voice is a specific grammatical construction. The essential components, in English, are a form of the auxiliary verb be (or sometimes get) and the past participle of the main verb denoting the action. The agent (the doer of the action) may be specified using a prepositional phrase with the preposition by, but this is optional.[7] It can be used in a number of different grammatical contexts; for instance, in declarative, interrogative, and imperative clauses, and in gerundial constructions. For example: "Being attacked by Geoffrey Howe was like being savaged by a dead sheep." "Have you ever been kicked by an elephant?"
USO The leaves receive the action of being blown. In the example, the agent is specified with the preposition by. However, the agent could have been left out of the sentence: The leaves were blown.
When is it proper to use passive voice? Consider these instances. Why do you suppose passive voice is appropriate? Check your answers below. My camera was stolen from my locker at school. A candle will be lit at the memorial service for the fallen soldier. Diets are made to be broken. The sodium hydroxide solution was heated to 200 degrees. Answers: Who stole the camera? The agent is unknown. If you do not know who committed an action, it is appropriate to use passive voice. Who do you want to receive the attention? If you prefer the attention to be on the action itself (the candle being lit) and not the person doing the lighting, you may omit the agent. You are expressing a general truth that is applicable to many. Using active voice to express this idea would be awkward: People who make diets make them to be broken. Researchers often use passive voice in scientific reports. It is assumed that the reader knows that the experimenters are performing the actions without stating this fact explicitly. But, according to the University of Toronto, this trend is on the decline. Recent papers tend to contain more examples of active voice.
Pasiva
Activa
A great deal of meaning is conveyed by a few wellchosen words.
A few well-chosen words convey a great deal of meaning.
Our planet is wrapped in a mass of gases.
A mass of gases wrap around our planet.
Waste materials are disposed of in a variety of ways.
The city disposes of waste materials in a variety of ways.
Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle En inglés, la voz pasiva está compuesta por dos elementos: la forma apropiada del verbo "to be" + "past participle" Afirmativa
Negativa
Interrogativa
Interrogativa negativa
The house was built in 1899.
The house wasn't built in 1899.
Was the house built in 1899?
Wasn't the house built in 1899?
These houses were built
These houses weren't built
Were these houses built in
Weren't these houses built
Personal and Impersonal Passive Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive. Example: They build houses. – Houses are built. Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction – therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive. Example: he says – it is said Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German, Latin). In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think, know). Example: They say that women live longer than men. – It is said that women live longer than men. Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common. Example: They say that women live longer than men. – Women are said to live longer than men. The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped).
Ex. 1. Change to passive voice: 1. He took the money last Monday evening. The money was taken by him last Monday evening 2. He will deliver the merchandise today. ___________________________________________________ 3. She ate the cake this morning. __________________________________________________? 4. Mr. Smith wrote the book last summer. ___________________________________________________ 5. She has just taken the newspaper. __________________________________________________? 6. Mr. Smith teaches that class on Friday. ___________________________________________________ 7. They will leave the tickets for you. __________________________________________________? LA VOZ PASIVA EN LOS TIEMPOS CONTINUOS. la voz pasiva de los tiempos PRESENTE Y PASADO CONTINUO se construye usando la forma continua del verbo modal BE (am, is, are, was, were) + BEING + el PASADO PARTICIPIO del verbo principal. (Active) The mechanic is fi xing the car now (Passive) The car is being fi xed (by the mechanic) now (Active) The men were building the road when I was there. (Passive) The road was being built (by the men) when I was there
LA VOZ PASIVA CON VERBOS MODALES CAN, MUST, MAY, SHOULD, HAVE TO Al cambiar oraciones activas que contienen un verbo modal como can, must, may, should, have to, etc. a la voz pasiva, se debe usar el VERBO MODAL + BE + el PASADO PARTICIPIO del verbo principal. (Active) They must fi nish this job today. (Passive) This job must be fi nished (by them) today. (Active) They boy can do this exercise easily. (Passive) This exercise can be done by the boy easily. (Active) They have to send this report today. (Passive) This report has to be sent (by them) today.
Ex. 2. Change to passive voice : 1. They are sending the material today. The material is being sent (by them) today. 2. They are considering that question now. ___________________________________________________ 3. She is typing that letter now. ___________________________________________________ 4. They were discussing the question when I went in. ___________________________________________________ 5. They are sending troops there today. ___________________________________________________ 6. He is fi nishing the work now. ___________________________________________________ 7. They were cleaning the offi ce this morning. ___________________________________________________ 8. They are examining him now. ___________________________________________________ 9. We are using this room. ___________________________________________________ 10. They are defending the city well. ___________________________________________________ 11. They are holding the meeting today. ___________________________________________________ 12. They are transferring him to another class. ___________________________________________________
Ex. 8. Change to passive voice: 1. John brings the mail every day. The mail is brought by John every day. 2. John brought the mail yesterday. ___________________________________________________ 3. John will bring the mail tomorrow. ___________________________________________________ 4. John has brought the mail every day. ___________________________________________________ 5. John is bringing the mail now. ___________________________________________________ 6. John may bring the mail tomorrow. ___________________________________________________ 7. John has to bring the mail every day. ___________________________________________________ 8. They have put the chairs in the room. ___________________________________________________ 9. They are sending the merchandise today. ___________________________________________________ 10. He sent the e-mail last week. ___________________________________________________ 11. They have to deliver the books today. ___________________________________________________ 12. We must fi nd him immediately. ___________________________________________________
Gracias