Collège Jean Renoir, Boulogne Billancourt, France OŠ”Svetislav Golubovid Mitraljeta”, Batajnica, Serbia
Before our eTwinning project
“Discovering Mechanics: Louis Renault” was one of the world’s greatest mind
ISAAC NEWTON and his mehanics laws.
Please, enjoy as we have enjoyed during the whole school year 2018/2019. Project participants
„Men build too many walls and not enough bridges.“
ď‚Ą ď‚Ą
Was born on December 25, 1642. He was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, theologian, and author who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time, and a key figure in the scientific revolution.
His father, also named Isaac Newton, had died three months before. Born prematurely, Newton was a small child; his mother Hannah Ayscough reportedly said that he could have fit inside a quart mug. When Newton was three, his mother remarried and went to live with her new husband, the Reverend Barnabas Smith, leaving her son in the care of his maternal grandmother, Margery Ayscough. Newton disliked his stepfather and maintained some enmity towards his mother for marrying him, as revealed by this entry in a list of sins committed up to the age of 19
From the age of about twelve until he was seventeen, Newton was educated at The King's School, Grantham, which taught Latin and Greek and probably imparted a significant foundation of mathematics.
He composed Principia Mathematica during 1685 and 1686, and it was published in a first edition on 5 July 1687. Widely regarded as one of the most important works in both the science of physics and in applied mathematics during the Scientific Revolution, the work underlies much of the technological and scientific advances from the Industrial Revolution which it helped to create.
In this work, Newton stated the three universal laws of motion. Together, these laws describe the relationship between any object, the forces acting upon it and the resulting motion, laying the foundation for classical mechanics. They contributed to many advances during the Industrial Revolution which soon followed and were not improved upon for more than 200 years. Many of these advancements continue to be the underpinnings of non-relativistic technologies in the modern world. He used the Latin word gravitas (weight) for the effect that would become known as gravity, and defined the law of universal gravitation.
Classical mechanics describes the motion of macroscopic objects, from projectiles to parts of machinery, and astronomical objects, such as spacecraft, planets, stars and galaxies.
And forces, vectors, gravity, momentum, impulse and moments
Newton published his three laws in 1687 in his Principia Mathematica. The laws are quite intuitive (although it seems a bit strange to attach the adjective “intuitive� to a set of statements that took millennia for humans to write down). They may be formulated as follows (although there are other possible variations).
Law of inertia
A body moves with constant velocity (which may be zero) unless acted on by a force. Objects at rest remain at rest Objects in motion remain in motion
UNTIL YOU APPLY A FORCE
The time rate of change of the momentum of a body equals the force acting on the body.
F = m¡a What forces are important in sports?
The forces two bodies apply to each other are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. But do they act on the same body?
1 N = force that accelerates 1kg mass by 1ms -2
the law of gravity? Sir Isaac Newton was asked how he discovered the law of gravity. He replied,
"By thinking about it all the time.“
Can add vectors in different directions:
The resultant forces is not a new force. It is a sum of the 2 components. Use either the resultant or component in any calculation, not both!
Newton died in his sleep in London on 20 March 1727 His body was buried in Westminster Abbey. Voltaire may have been present at his funeral. A bachelor, he had divested much of his estate to relatives during his last years, and died intestate. His papers went to John Conduitt and Catherine Barton. After his death, Newton's hair was examined and found to contain mercury, probably resulting from his alchemical pursuits. Mercury poisoning could explain Newton's eccentricity in late life.
Sir Isaac Newton's Tomb
The Latin inscription on Newton's tomb, despite its bombastic language, is thus fully justified in proclaiming, "Mortals! rejoice at so great an ornament to the human race!"
If I have seen further than others, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants. What we know is a drop, what we don't know is an ocean.
Introduction
Mechanics and Mooc
Hello everyone, we are going to talk about the mechanic in our Mooc. Massive online open cour, is a website for people to study about a special theme that changes each year. This year, we talk about Renault, all history and all mechanics.
Summary Renault's history...........................................Elea ● Operating of the motor electric....................Mahe ● The electric cars..........................................Rime ● The motor thermic.......................................Robin ● The race of cars...........................................Rime ● Museum of art and jobs..............................Mahe ● Fuctionning of engine......................................All ● Bio fuel and normal fuel......................Cassandra ● FINISH ●
Renault's history We talk about the history of Renault's cars. So this, is a picture of an old Renault's car ! In 1939, Renault's factory are one of the first war material provider in France during the Second world war.
Operating of motor electric We worked on th electric car, in order to make a video. Thanks to it now wee know more of vocabulary how does it works. After this activity we can argumate more on the green topic.
The electric cars During the year, we work on electric cars. First of all in a group, we studied the engines more precisely. Electric cars have engines that run on battery power.
The electric cars Then we assembled a car model with our Serb's penpals for the race on a bridge of Sevre. This car works with energy hydraulic (with water) and electric (with battery and solar panel.
The motor thermic In march 2019, the french worked about the fuel engine qierating. We have done 2 posters and some activities like the construction of cars for the race with serbian team the 8 april, 2019 in Boulogne-billancourt, in Jean Renoir school. So now we know more things about the cars and we can tell more to people about their cars.
Swipe for see pictures
The motor thermic
The race of car When we finished to make the little cars in group, we go on the bridge of Serve and do a race for know who created the best cars. For see a little video of this race go in this link : https://drive.google.com/open? id=1QZrAh0t0wPauCDLk1djyNn44P25w6uQn
Museum of art and jobs th
The thursday 5 of March, with the Serbian,we went on the art and works museum. There we discover a lot of vehiculs throughout the time thanks to a little quiz which make stronger.
Fuctionning of engine Our cars use distillied water and battery solar pannel. And this is a green energy, that why we used it.
Biofuel and normal fuel
We have done research about fuel and biofuel and that's why we chose this car with our penpals. Firstly, we have done research about engine story. Secondly, diesel and normal fuel and at the end advantages and disadvantages of biofuel .Â
Biofuel and normal fuel To finish, we have done a poster and an experience to create a biofuel with physical teacher :
If you are still there, Thanks for watch♼
Find out more
LOUIS RENAULT MANUFACTURER WHO BUILT THE LARGEST AUTOMOBILE COMPANY IN FRANCE
LOUIS RENAULT invented
the
direct-
drive transmission and became the Henry Ford of
France
charging,
—
hard-
obsessive,
and vastly rich.
Louis Renault, like Armand Peugeot and AndrĂŠ CitroĂŤn established a motor car manufacturing company that was influential not only in France but throughout Europe.
He was born in Paris and when young visited the workshops of the steam-powered car manufacturer Gardner-Serpolet, which had been established by Leon Serpollet (18581907).
His family had a leisure-time home at Billancourt, then on the edge of Paris, where he stripped down motor engines.
Renault built his first automobile in 1898. He and his brothers Fernand and Marcel
then built a series of small cars and formed the automobile firm Renault Frères (“Renault Brothersâ€?).
Renault Little Car
The Renault Voiturette Renault Little Car) was Renault's first ever produced automobile, and was manufactured between 1898 and 1903.
The first Voiturette was sold to a friend of Louis' father after going for a ride with Louis along Rue Lepic on December 24, 1898. Twelve more cars were sold that night. The main reason for the man to buy the car was the incredible ability of the car to climb streets without any difficulty and its fuel
economy. The car mounted a De Dion-Bouton 1 cylinder engine, which allowed it to reach a top speed of 32 km/h.
Renault vehicles attracted much attention by winning numerous road races until Marcel was killed during a Paris-Madrid run in 1903.
Renault Brothers (Marcel, Louis, Fernand)
Renault Brothers
Fernand Renault
Marcel Renault
Louis Renault
Renault cars were extremely popular on the racing circuit and brought the company a great deal of success. Unfortunately, the
personal lives of the founding brothers were often tragic. In 1903, Louis's brother Marcel was killed ina racing accident.
Co-founder of french car brand Renault, Marcel Renault and his mechanic a few kilometers before his fatal car crash during the Paris-Madrid race in 1903
He was going to fast and lost control, crashing into a tree. ThĂŠry stopped his Decauville to try and help Renault and his riding-mechanic Vauthier. There was no doctor nearby so ThĂŠry went and found one and sent him back on a bicycle. Sadly Marcel Renault died at the scene.
Renault
then
abandoned
racing
and
concentrated on manufacturing. In 1918 he produced the Renault tank, which was often used as a troop-escort vehicle in the last months of World War I.
He continued to increase the productive capacity of his Boulogne-Billancourt works and after the war extended his production to include farm equipment, marine and industrial machinery, and diesel motors.
WWI, 1918 - Renault FTs of a US tank company undergoing repairs while awaiting orders for the drive north of Verdun. Taken in Bois de Hesse, north of Ricicourt, Meuse France on Oct 12, 1918.
Renault continued his innovative work in the industry. During World War II, his company produced military equipment under German occupation. After France's liberation, he was jailed on charges of collaboration with the Nazis.
He died awaiting trial in 1944, and his company was subsequently nationalized by the French government. Louis Renault died Oct. 24, 1944, Paris
HISTORY OF RENAULT
1898 Marcel and Fernand Renault, brothers’ of
Louis, create the company Renault Frères. Louis remains an employee of the company, to devote himself to design. The Voiturette won its first car competitions, which earned Renault 71 orders in the year.
1902 • Renault develops its first 2-cylinder engine, the basic module of the 4 – cylinder engine powering, as a priority, the lightweight car that won the Paris-Vienna race driven by Marcel Renault.
1914 ď‚— When the war broke out, the Ministry of
War asked Renault to mobilize and entrusted
it
with
31
contracts
(ambulances, aircraft engines, shells, etc.)
• Renault taxis were used to transport 4,000 men to the front. They go down in history under the name of "Taxis de la Marne".
1929 ď‚— Renault opens the Seguin Island plant in
Boulogne-Billancourt. ď‚— The prestigious Reinastella, an 8-cylinder,
was produced there. At this time, the
brand is already present in 49 countries.
1946 ď‚— The 4CV, revealed at the Paris Motor
Show in October, was the first rearengined Renault and the first French
vehicle to be produced in over one million units.
ď‚— Developed in secret during the Second
World War, the 4CV weighed just 560kg, consumed very little fuel and could
comfortably transport four people.
It was manufactured in numerous versions,
from the highly economical Service model to the attractive Convertible and Sportive 1063 models. It was sold in the USA and manufactured in Japan.
1959 ď‚— Renault launched the Estafette, its
first front-wheel-drive vehicle, in 1959. Half of the vehicles produced were exported, primarily to the USA
1965 • Launched in January 1965, the R16 is the
first compact sedan with hatchback on the market, a complete break with its time. At first criticized for its too great originality, it ends up benefiting from an exceptional word of mouth.
ď‚— Halfway between the station wagon and
the sedan, it wants to "show the way to progress", as advertising says... So much so that its atypical silhouette is quickly imitated by its competitors.
1977 ď‚— Renault
revolutionized
the
world
of
Formula 1 in 1977 by integrating the queen category of motor sport with a car, the RS01, equipped with a turbocharged engine. Since
then,
Renault
has
been
the
manufacturer with the most prolific track record.
1984 ď‚— Since its presentation to the press in 1984,
Espace has aroused enthusiasm. And yet it was not won. Such a spacious and modular vehicle was unprecedented at the time.
With 5 fully flexible rear seats that can turn and create a "lounge" space, Espace seduces.
surprises...
and
1999 ď‚— Renault and Nissan seal an agreement,
the basis of a cooperation combining exchange of shareholdings (Renault takes 36.8% of Nissan's capital) and industrial collaboration. ď‚— The Renault-Nissan Alliance is born.
2008 ï‚— On February 29, Renault took a 25%
share in AVTOVAZ, the Russian market leader with the LADA brand.
2015 ď‚— Unveiled to the European public at the
Geneva
Motor
Show,
the
Renault
Alaskan is the brand's first pickup.
2017 ď‚— The SYMBIOZ concept car illustrates the
Renault Group's vision of the automobile and its place in society by 2030.
2018 RENAULT CELEBRATES ITS 120 YEARS BIRTHDAY ï‚— For more than 120 years, Renault has
developed automotive solutions that make mobility easy and accessible for customers around the world.
WORKED: A NJ A PA VL OVI Ć B I L J ANA MI L J EVI Ć NI K OL A Š UPUT NEMANJ A STANOJ EVI Ć
RENAULT
by: Iva Graovac Nevena Žižović Anja Dričić
Groupe Renault is a French multinational automobile established in 1898. The company produces a range of cars and vans, trucks, tractors, tanks, buses/coaches and autorail vehicles. In 2017 Renault became world's biggest seller.
Company headquarter is in Boulogne-Billancourt. Renault was founded by Luis, Marcel and Fernand Renault.
DESIGN
Renault 2
RENAULT 3
RENAULT 4 The Renault 4, also known as the 4L. It was the best selled car in the Europe from Renault’s cars. The first million cars were produced by 1 February 1966.
RENAULT 4
Addvertising about new model (SFRJ)
SOME OF NEWSPAPERS
Renault
Renault from inside
ďƒ˜ Design is a primordial factor in market success for a vehicle. ďƒ˜ Though the technical aspects of design work are much more complex to describe, design personnel obviously require imagination, creativity and an acute sense of aesthetics.
ďƒ˜ The Design Department is directly responsible for everything motorists see, feel and hear in their vehicles: for everything the customer perceives, for everything that generates an aesthetic response and practical satisfaction.
ďƒ˜ Design involvement starts with the initial drafting of specifications and continues right through to production release. ďƒ˜ The department has a network of five international design centres,
staffed by multicultural profiles (27 nationalities). ďƒ˜ Skills span everything from traditional craftsmanship (physical modelling, upholstery, paintwork) to advanced technologies (digital modelling and visualization, interactive design), and are driven by a real enthusiasm for the automobile
THANK YOU FOR WATCHING!
Iva, Nevna, Anja <3
RENAULT XXI c.
Renault Laguna 2 (2001-2007)
Renault Be Bop Sport Concept 2003
Small car, great driving pleasure!
ZoĂŠ concept car has been unveiled at the Geneva Motor Show in 2005.
Renault Laguna (2008)
Renault Twingo (2008)
Renault Safrane (2009)
Renault Symbol (2009)
Renault KOLEOS Initiale Paris (2009)
Renault Kangoo
Renault Megane RS (2010)
Renault CAPTUR Initiale Paris
Renault Scenic
Renault Clio 2013
Renault Zoe (2013)
Renault Megane Coupe 2014
Renault Kangoo Algeria August 2015
Renault Kwid (2015)
Renault New Logo 2015
Renault Duster Ediciรณn Limitada Tech Road (2015)
2016 marks the 25th anniversary of the Renault Clio â&#x20AC;&#x201C; here's how Renault is celebrating
Renault Talisman 2016
2016 Renault Trezor GT Concept
Renault DeZir Concept
Renault Alpine Concept
Renault Captur 2017
Renault Espace 2017
Renault MĂŠgane 4 RS
Renault Arkana Concept 2018
Renault Koleos 2018
Renault Kadjar 2019
ď&#x201A;¨
An electric car is a car powered by an electric motor, using electricity stored in a battery, or other energy storage devices.
They have emerged for concern about the rapid increase in oil prices and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The first electric cars were made in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The energy crises of the 1970s and '80s led to a short-term interest in electric cars, and in the middle of 2000 renewed interest in the production of electric cars.
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Electric cars from the end of the 19th century had direct current motors with permanent magnets and brushes that did not last long. These problems do not have three-phase alternating current motors, and thanks to inverters, they can be powered by batteries, with the frequency being switched, which determines the speed of the motor rotation. The most common are synchronous motors with permanent brushless magnets, while Tesla applies asynchronously.
ď&#x201A;¨
ď&#x201A;¨
As cars with internal combustion for start-up use a mixture of petroleum products (diesel or gasoline) and air, so electric cars to start using electricity. Electricity is stored in batteries inside the car, so the price of the electric and hybrid cars alone is higher than the internal combustion engine, but the prices of batteries start to fall slightly, and therefore more electric cars can be expected in the near future.
Graph: Engine power depending on the speed
Gasoline engine
Engine power
Torque
ď&#x201A;¨
It develops 204 hp and launches Opel Ampera in transmission and differential transmission
Electric motors have great power in relation to the mass.
Electric cars can use for each wheel of a single engine, which allows for a better distribution of power and activity in the event of slippery conditions on the road. The installation of electric motors that are directly attached to the wheels reduces the number of moving parts, which also increases the high utilization of electric motors (95%).
Electric car charging rates depend on the price of electricity - which varies from country to country. In Serbia, the transition distance of 100 km for a consumption of 21.25 kWh / 100km is 188.27 / 100km. For this type of charging, a distibutive electrical network is required. Vehicles are charged only when the peak of power consumption is low. Vehicles that are already full or have a lot of electricity can function as a network aid, and in this way less burden the system, or help it.
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Electric cars are generally more expensive than petrol cars due to expensive batteries. Most modern electric cars in Serbia cost an average of 25-30 thousand euros.
Electric cars contribute to clean air in cities, as they do not release harmful substances into the environment. Electric cars drive electric power which, if obtained, for example, Renewable energy sources cause minimal environmental pollution. Not using oil as a means of gaining mobility but electricity is greatly reduced dependence on oil of foreign countries.
Boško Milošević Matea Šijaković
Biofuels In the 21st century
What are biofuels and why are they important? Biofuel is a fuel made from living things, or the waste of a living thing.
Biofuels and biofuel blends arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t quite a new category of transportation fuels and are defined as liquid fuels and blending renewable
components biomass
produced
feedstocks
used
from as
alternative or supplemental fuels for internal combustion engines.
Biofuels can be in the form of solid and gas as well as liquid fuel. Biofuels are liquid or gaseous transport fuels such as biodiesel and
bioethanol which are made from biomass. They serve as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels in the EU's transport sector, helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve the EU's
security of supply. By 2020, the EU aims to have 10% of the
transport fuel of every EU country come from renewable sources such as biofuels. Fuel
suppliers are also required to reduce the greenhouse gas intensity of the EU fuel mix by 6% by 2020 in comparison to 2010.
Because biofuels differ from conventional fuels with respect to their physical, chemical, and biological properties, their introduction poses challenges with respect to understanding the
potential
impacts
of
releases
to
the
environment. Specifically, once released into the
environment,
different
these
environmental
fuels
will
exhibit
behaviors
compared to conventional fuels.
as
Main bioenergy feedstocks
Wood
Forest management residues
Fuel timber
Crops
Annual (cereals, oilseed rape, sugarbeet)
Perennial (miscanthus, reed canary grass, short rotation coppice)
Wastes
Straw
Animal manure
Source: Mortimer, 2007
Why people are interested in bioenergy? Climate Energy
change – CO2 reduction
security
Diversification Rural
of farm activities;
development
Biofuel
technology is land intensive
The EU perspective
Source: Commission, Fact Sheet on Biofuels, 2006
Source: Commission, Fact Sheet on Biofuels, 2006
Main questions
What is economic viability of biofuel production?
What polices are in place to promote production and use of biofuels?
What will be effect of biofuels on agricultural land use and markets?
Are current biofuels policies sensible? (In terms of economic efficiency, climate change, world hunger, trade and the environment)
What are challenges for the future?
Some definitions
Bioenergy is energy of biological origin, derived from biomass,
such as fuelwood, livestock manure, municipal waste, energy crops
Biofuels are fuels produced from biomass, usually of agricultural origin
Bioethanol
Biodiesel
Biogas
Energy crops are crops specifically cultivated to provide bioenergy, mainly biofuels but also (miscanthus, short rotation
coppice, eucalyptus) other forms of energy
Source: Karp, Rothamsted Research, 2007
Biofuel transformation processes First generation
Second generation
Biofuel uses
Bioethanol
Used as neat ethanol (E95, blend of 95% ethanol and 5% water)
Used as E85 (85% volume ethanol with petrol) in flex-fuel
vehicles
Used as blend smaller than 5% volume (E5) in ordinary petrol or as its derivative ETBE
Biodiesel
Current maximum 5% in diesel blends, otherwise can only be used in modified diesel engines
Current 5.75% EU target cannot be met with ordinary blends of petrol and diesel
Need for separate infrastructure (pumps, storage, delivery for
E85 and biodiesel or pure plant oil)
Production and trade trends Brazil
(sugar) and the US (maize) are the leading producers of ethanol EU (esp. Germany) is leading producer of biodiesel (rapeseed) although production in the US (soybean) is rising Malaysia and Indonesia are increasing production of biodiesel from palm oil Very limited trade in biofuels to date, mainly some Brazilian bioethanol to EU
I. Viability of biofuel production
Economics of biofuel production
The rise in oil prices is the most important factor boosting the
competitiveness of alternative fuels, including biofuels.
Feedstock costs are the most significant cost of biofuel production, 80% for EU biodiesel from rapeseed.
Energy is also a major cost component, up to 20% of biofuel operating costs in some countries.
The sale of byproducts, such as dried distillers’ grains, also
contributes to a biofuel plant’s profitability.
The ratio of crude oil prices to feedstock prices offers a simple
indicator of the competitiveness of biofuel made from various feedstocks.
Economics of biofuel production Higher
crude oil prices make competitive
production more likely Increased
biofuel production as well as
higher energy costs will push up feedstock costs As
of
production grows, the market contribution by-products
become satiated
may
diminish
as
outlets
II. Policies to support biofuels
Instruments for supporting biofuels biofuel
excise
blending obligations
duty exemptions
tariff
protection
crop
(feedstock) subsidies
research
support
development fuel
standards
and investment supports
Advantages
EU objectives for biofuels
1997
12% renewable energy target by 2010
2003 Biofuels use directive
2% target for biofuels in transport fuels by 2005 (1% achieved); 5.75% by 2010
2003 Energy taxation directive
Not mandatory, but annual reports required
Allowed MS to grant tax reductions and exemptions on biofuels
2007 “Energy Policy for Europe” package
Mandatory target of 10% of biofuels in transport fuels by 2020
BIOFUELS
2008. 5,75 %
EU supports for biofuels
EU has authorised MS to grant tax relief on biofuels
Energy crop payment of €45/ha introduced in 2003, but limited to 2 million hectares on non setaside land
Energy crops can also be grown on setaside land
High tariffs on ethanol (up to 63% AVE) but with preferential access for many developing countries
Tariffs on biodiesel are low (6.5%) and even lower (05%) on oilseeds and vegetable oils for industrial uses
Relatively limited EU interventions has encouraged MS to implement their own action plans and instruments
Impacts on land use and agricultural markets
EU land constraints
EU biofuel directive: 5.75% of EU fuel supply by end 2010
24 mio t biofuels to reply about 18.6 mio t of fossil fuels (due to lower energy content)
European Commission estimates
16-18 mio ha needed if all biofuels feedstocks grown in EU
Which is about 17% of total arable area: 103.6 mio ha
Area reserve:
About 2.8 mio ha obligatory set aside not yet grown with biofuel crops
3 mio ha arable land currently not used. Source: Banse, 2007; see also Bamière et al. 2007
Impact on agricultural markets ď&#x201A;&#x203A; How
large will be potential demand from
energy markets for agricultural products? Will it be large enough to reverse the secular decline in real food prices? ď&#x201A;&#x203A; While
large technical potential for biomass
exists, food prices cannot rise faster than energy prices in the longer term
Floor and ceiling price effects
Agricultural prices always affected by energy prices
But as fossil fuel energy prices reach or exceed the energy
equivalent of agricultural products, energy market creates demand for agricultural products
Higher energy prices now affecting output prices
OECD estimates show that the effect of oil prices on
production costs is comparatively much stronger than that on increased demand for biofuel, but results are sensitive to oil price.
Floor and ceiling price effects ď&#x201A;&#x203A; Given
large (elastic) demand from energy market
with competitive agricultural feedstocks, energy market creates a floor price for agricultural products ď&#x201A;&#x203A; Fossil
fuel
prices
also
create
a
ceiling
for
competitive feedstocks whose price cannot rise
faster
than
energy
prices
without
themselves out of the energy market
pricing
Differential price effects on agricultural markets
Food price increases will be neither open-ended nor uniform
Agricultural products will be affected differently depending on
Their break even or parity point
Balance of energy and protein content
Bioenergy demand is limited to the energy content of feedstocks, creating additional supply of protein-rich byproducts
Protein prices are likely to rise less rapidly than energy prices and could even fall in absolute terms
Differential price effects of different bioenergy scenarios
Source: Schmidhuber 2006
Agricultural market effects ď&#x201A;&#x203A; With
greater share of maize and other markets
characterised by inelastic demand (e.g. through biofuel mandates) which is also tied to crude oil prices, together with smaller stocks, increased agricultural crop price and market volatility can
be expected
Food price effects
First round impact approximated by (change in price of raw ingredient) x (share of food item price represented by that
ingredient) Example
Maize is 38% of cost of producing pigmeat, and pigmeat is 28%
of final retail price of pork
Suppose ethanol demand increases maize price by 50%
Price of pork would then increase by 5.3%
Overall, doubling of feed grain and oilseed prices would
increase food prices by less than 4%
Biofuels are an important element of the EUâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s renewable energy policy, which is helping Europe keep its leadership role in in the clean energy transition and in meeting the goals set by the Paris Agreement.
Solar-Electric Cars vs Biofuel Cars
Renault extends BioFuel model range
“REDII” or the “Directive”
The new Renewable Energy Directive 24 December 2018
This Directive promotes the development of renewable energy in
the next decade through an EU - wide renewable energy binding target of at least 32% by 2030, to be achieved collectively by Member States. In order to do so, the Directive includes a number of
sectoral measures promoting further deployment of renewables in the electricity, heating and cooling and transport sectors, with the overall aim of contributing to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions,
improving
energy
security,
reinforcing
Europe's
technological and industrial leadership in renewable energy and
creating jobs and growth.
Growing global demand for food and feed crops is requiring the
agricultural sector to constantly increase production. This is achieved by both increasing yields and by an expansion of the agricultural area. If the latter takes place into land with highcarbon stock or highly biodiverse habitats, this process can result in negative ILUC impacts. Against
this
background,
REDII
limits
the
contribution
of
conventional biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels consumed in transport towards the Union 2030 renewable energy target. In
addition, the contribution of high ILUC-risk biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels will be limited at 2019 levels starting from 2020, and then gradually reduced to zero between 2023 and 2030 at the
latest. https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/report.pdf