Policies on Energy Efficient and Environmentally Sound Technologies •
Development of a dominant ideology (at the cultural level) which is usually accompanied by competing, minority ideologies34.
Networks also exhibit certain features such as the following35: • • • • •
Constellation of interest - the interest of participants in a network vary by service/economic function, territory, client-group and common expertise. Membership - membership differs in terms of the balance between public and private sector; and between political-administrative elites, professions, and clients. Vertical interdependence - intra-network relationships vary in their degree of interdependence, especially the dependence of central government on subnational actors for the implementation of policies. Horizontal interdependence - relationships between the networks vary in their degree of horizontal articulation: that is, in the extent to which network is insulated from, or in conflict with, other networks. Distribution of resources - actors control different types and amounts of resources and such variations affect the patterns of vertical and horizontal interdependence.
Four types of networks can be identified, namely, (a) policy networks that are based on the major functional interests in and of government, (b) issue networks that have many participants and exhibit a limited degree of interdependence, (c) professional networks that cut across policy and issue networks, and (d) producer networks that focus on economic functions, and the relationship between the private and the public sectors36. Networks, however, are not limited to those four types just mentioned. As problems facing public, private and civil society organizations increase in complexity, these organizations are forced "into a range of temporary alliances, formal or informal, with other organizations.37" Carley and Christie describe the capacity of organizations to network with other organizations productively as 'connective' capacity, which often results in "collaborative problem-solving." This trend towards inter-organizational collaboration "fits theories of responses to turbulence" represented by the early organizational analysis of Emery and Trist. It was Trist who suggested that "management will increasingly be undertaken by such task-oriented networks.38" Such action or task-oriented networks are most likely to perform the following functions: •
Regulation of present relationships and activities, establishing ground rules and maintaining value;
34
Ibid. See Rhodes, RAW, Control and Power in Central-Local Government Relations(Gower, Farnborough, 1981). See also Carley and Christie, p. 169. Ibid., p. 170 Ibid., p. 171 Ibid.
35
36 37 38
Alan S. Cajes
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