AGROLINK by Agro Link

April - May 2011 Issue

How To Prepare Your Own Agribusiness Plan

AGRI BUSINESS PLAN

Plus more Market Research - Major Food Imports Across E.A Revealed Careers in Agriculture:- An Agronomist Dear Daktari:- Bacterial wilt in tomatoes

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Word Of The Season Managing Editor Mumassabba Michael Sales & Advertising Doris Kiende Annie Githendu

KENYA HIGHLAND SEED IS A WELL ESTABLISHED SEED COMPANY DISTRIBUTING HIGH QUALITY IMPORTED VEGETABLE SEEDS.

OXLY

MAXIBELL

An improved Riogrande-type with oval fruits suitable for all markets Very first germinating with vigorous plants Well cleaned agaist Leaf Roll Virus High yielding with high grade fruits Very good shelf life and transport quality Yield potential - 16T/acre Maturity - 75 days A refined open pollinated sweet pepper with heavy fruiting ability Standard glossy green fruits weighing about 150g Ideal for both greenhouse and open field Anthocyanin tolerant Yield potential - 8 T/Acre Maturity - 75 day

Contributors Isaiah Esipisu Dr. Victor Yamo Ntinyari Muriuki Maya Jackson Karimi Wamache Peter Ngure Peter Kioko Dr. Joseph Othieno Kananu William Research Consultants Elsey K. Mbogori

CABBAGE PRETORIA

SANDOKAN F1

Publisher Tropex Limited P.O. Box 16757, 00100 GPO Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254 (0)20 26 75 692 Mobile : +254 715 051 199 Email: info@tropexlimited.com Web : www.tropexlimited.com

The month of April is here and with it comes the blessing of rain. For farmers in Kenya and most of East Africa, it’s all systems go! In this issue we discuss the important subject of planning and reviewing your enterprise and highlight how a farmer can run his/her farming business profitably. In our cover story we highlight the basic components of developing of a business plan. In the business counsel column, we outline basic book keeping techniques that must be embraced by every farmer in order to have a profitable year. We also have some exciting improvements in this issue that are bound to keep you informed and turned to action. The cash crop column that focuses on developments on crops such as coffee, tea, sugarcane and cotton, is a new inclusion and highlights the benefits of the new coffee brand and how farmers can graft on the existing varieties. We have also added the commodity prices in our Agro-marketing column and the community empowerment column that reviews the efforts of NGOs and CBOs in eradicating poverty through improving food security and by applying improved farming techniques. Enjoy your reading.

...Editor’s desk

Your Feedback This is an ideal tool for farmers please give us information on maize and how to avoid

BRAVO F1

aflatoxins during storage. CHONTO F1

Write to us. The Editor The Agrolink Magazine

OTHER SEED VARIETIES Aristocrat F1 Pinoy F1 Red Imperator F1 Texas Early Grano

Black Magic F1 Red Creole Yolo Wonder Waltham P.O.BOX 63879 - 00619 NAIROBI, KENYA TEL: 652029/30, 3562700 +254 725 549997, +254 734 257635 FAX: 020 2403214 EMAIL: info@khs.co.ke WEB: www.khs.co.ke

P.O. Box 16757, 00100 GPO Nairobi, Kenya Email:agrolink@tropexlimited.com

Mutea, Meru. Dear Mutea, Thank you for the compliments. We will include information on aflatoxins in our August - September issue where we focus on storage. Editor.

Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in this magazine is correct, the publisher cannot be held responsible for any inadvertent inaccuracies or omissions. All prices mentioned are correct at the time of going to press. Views expressed in the magazine are not necessarily those of the publisher. This magazine is protected by copyright and nothing can be wholly or partially reproduced without permission from the publishers. The magazine cannot be re-sold, lent, hired-out or otherwise disposed of without the permission of the publishers. Manuscripts, photographs, illustrations, storage media and advertising artworks are submitted on the understanding that the publishers are not liable in case of loss or damage. The publisher does not expressly endorse the advertising content of the magazine and is not liable for any damage caused there from. Copyright © 2011

The Agrolink

Contents

25 8

36 28

2 | The Agrolink

The Agrolink

Agro News Roundup

Source: The Guardian 4 | The Agrolink

The Agrolink

Agro News Roundup

Events

Insurable crops include maize, wheat, beans and sorghum

6 | The Agrolink

The Agrolink

Horticulture: Vegetables

MARKETING

By Peter Kioko. Peter holds a BSC in Agriculture and is the Managing Director of Imsa consortium which specialises in Agricultural audit, training and consultancy. 8 | The Agrolink

The Agrolink

Advertiser’s Feature

KENYA HIGHLAND SEED LEADS IN PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AS

GLORY OF ENKHUIZEN (ROYAL SEED BRAND)

LAUNCHES NEW AND IMPROVED CABBAGE VARIETIES With the expanded portfolio that can perform well in a wide range of agro-ecological zones, Royal Seed brings livelihood to the marginalized communities……….

CABBAGE BLUE JAYS F1(ROYAL SEED BRAND)

A NON-HYBRID CABBAGE IN ITS OWN CLASS Solid globe cabbage

70-75 days maturity from transplanting Standard head weight of 4kg

Light green color Widely adapted with large spreading growth Excellent head wrapping ability Very early maturing cabbage with the easy to cook glossy looking heads of an average head weight of 3kg. The variety brings back the legendry Copenhagen taste and the lost slogan of Bachelors’ variety. Adapted to both hot and cold regions, it mature’s in only 55 days in hot areas and 60 days in cold regions. At a spacing of 45cm x 45cm, it gives a high profiting plant population of 50,000 plants/ Ha or 20,000 plants /Acre, with potential of 150T/ Ha or 60T/Acre. The conventional varieties give plant population of 28,000 plants/Ha or 11,000 plants /Acre at a spacing of 60cm x 60cm.

High market demand Vigorous and uniformly growing variety Resistances: Fussarium Yellows

COPENHAGEN MARKET (ROYAL SEED BRAND)

Phoma lingum Tolerances Ring spot

Excellent transport quality

Black rot

Sweet taste

Heat and cold

Easy to grow

PRETORIA F1 (ROYAL SEED BRAND)

The great legendary cabbage from time memorial – the age of sugar loaf & drum head Well adopted non-hybrid with an exceptional taste Early maturing with round small framed segment – 2.5 -3kg Bright hearted

THE BACHELOR’S VALIETY

The standard fresh market variety with excellent heat tolerance

Very fast growing

Vigorous white cabbage class

Very weighty compact heads

Head weight – 4-5kg

Yield potential – 45-56 T/Acre

10 | The Agrolink

Excellent head cover Very long field holding capacity High resistance to Fussarium Yellows

The Agrolink

| 11

Cash Crops

Batian Coffee

Comparative sensory evaluation of commercial coffee and Batian by CQI and Kenyan Cuppers Source: CRF, Kenya

Sensory variables

A New Profitable Coffee Variety Resistant To Coffee Berry Disease and Coffee Leaf Rust

Fragrance/Aroma Flavour Aftertaste Aciditiy Body Balance !

Overal

Panel

Batian

Varieties R11

varieties

SL28

KEN

7.86

7.29

7.43

CQI

7.67

7.58

KEN

7.71

7.64

7.50

CQI

8.00

7.42

7.50

KEN

7.64

7.43

CQI

7.08

7.50

7.58

KEN

7.93

7.50

7.64

CQI

7.92

7.50

7.67

KEN

7.79

7.57

7.50

CQI

7.83

7.75

7.50

KEN

7.93

7.57

7.79

CQI

7.83

7.58

7.83

KEN

7.86

7.57

7.71

CQI

8.17

7.42

7.58

when the suckers are at pencil thickness stage.

recommendations contained in Technical Circular no. 502 available from Coffee Research Foundation.

Nursery

Canopy management

Similar to other nursery management practices for traditional coffee varieties.

i. Batian should be raised on single head in the first cycle and then one or two heads in subsequent cycles.

Spacing Spacing of 2m x 2m giving a plant population of 2500 trees per ha. Nutrition Nutritional requirements are similar to those recommended for traditional varieties.

ii. Remove primary branches that touch the ground. iii. Due to the profuse vegetative growth, frequent handling is necessary. iv. Change of cycle can be done by stumping or side pruning system at five year intervals. Replacements Sequential replacement of the old varieties with Batian is ideal. This would enable attainment of the right population per hectare.

Management practices Weed control Weed management is as per 12 | The Agrolink

The Agrolink

| 13

Cash Crops

Livestock Corner

Disease control

vii. It is suited for all coffee agro-ecological zones.

Batian is resistant to CBD and Leaf Rust. Bacterial Blight of Coffee (BBC), Fusarium spp, Berry blotch, Crinkle leaf, etc should be controlled as recommended for the other varieties.

Comments by Traders • Good acidity • Complex flavour

Insect pests’ control

• Sweet

Proper insect pest survey and monitoring is essential before the appropriate control measures are taken. Where chemical control is considered best, the rates are similar to those for traditional varieties.

• Complex body

Merits of Batian i. Can produce up to 5 tons of clean coffee per ha under good management ii. Batian is a true breeding variety. Seed production is therefore easier. iii. Batian comes into production in the second year while traditional varieties do so in the third year, hence early flow of benefits.

• Useful body Other coffee varieties Coffee Research Foundation (CRF) currently produces four commercial cultivars (varieties) of Arabica coffee. Different varieties are recommended for various altitudes. i) K7 – low altitude coffee areas with serious Coffee Leaf Rust (CLR). ii) SL 28 – medium to high coffee areas without serious CLR. iii) SL 34 – high coffee zone with good rainfall.

iv. Cherry ripening comes earlier than SL28 and Ruiru 11.

iv) Ruiru 11 – all coffee growing areas, resistant to both Coffee Berry Disease (CBD) and CLR.

v. There are appreciable savings from the cost of fungicides and labour used to control CBD and Leaf Rust.

Although the varieties mentioned above are the most commonly grown, some coffee plantations have Blue Mountain and the original French Mission Coffee in the Arabica range as well as Robusta coffee especially in the low altitude and humid areas such as Western Kenya.

vi. It is a high yielding variety with good bean and cup quality.

Herd health management and prevention of infectious diseases Herd health management is a quality tool for the farming community, with which the health and fertility of a herd is analysed and the prevention of problems is planned together with a veterinarian. The control of various health problems can be built into a quality assurance system on a farm. Infectious diseases are often of main importance in herd health management. The aim is to prevent an infectious disease from entering a farm or eradicating and/or managing a disease that is on the farm. The frequency of herd health visits by the veterinarian can vary roughly from 4-12 per year, depending on the type of visits the farmer wants however it is recommended that there should be at least a quarterly visit per farm. Frequent visits are mostly for handling active fertility work, dehorning of calves and other practical routine health care issues while quarterly visits would be for analysing the health and productivity of the herd. The areas to be analysed and discussed with the veterinarian should include: Infectious diseases Udder health Prophylactic interventions to prevent disease outbreaks Welfare of animals e.g. housing and access to

14 | The Agrolink

enough food and water Fertility management Feeding related problems Legs and claws Calf rearing and young stock The main part of the efforts are to be put on improving those areas where there are most problems or where it is most easy to proceed in making improvements. A written plan is made about the improvements that should be implemented during the following year. Some planning is also made for improvements to be made later especially the more expensive inputs regarding renovation of the pens, housing or about building a new housing structure for cows or calves and young stock. For prevention of infectious diseases critical consideration include: 1. Purchase and/or Sale of animals – A “closed herd” is preferred, which means that no new animals are introduced to a herd from outside the herd. The replacements are raised on the farm. However, some producers want to buy new animals, some for breeding purposes, some to increase the number of animals fast and some because the culling has been The Agrolink

| 15

Main Feature

Livestock Corner too fast. Such animals should be purchased from establishments that are relatively ‘disease free’. For breeding purposes use of artificial insemination is encouraged as it introduces superior genetics while limiting the potential spread of infectious diseases. Farmers who sell animals have a responsibility of the health of the sold animals. Animals are never sold via markets to other farms or to slaughter houses. All sold animals should be transported straight to the new owner or to the slaughter house. The hygiene of the transport vehicles is critical so as to ensure that no disease organisms are spread while the animal is on transit. It is also important that the animal’s welfare are catered for while on transit and that the animal is not negatively impacted on. 2. Feed hygiene - Farmers are encouraged to buy animal feeds only from feed companies that have a controlled quality assurance system for the feed production, which means that feeds are free from infectious organisms like Salmonella which can be passed in the feed. 3. Visitors on the farm - Professionals (veterinarians, AI technicians, slaughter house personnel) visiting farms are a major risk in transfering infectious diseases from farm to farm. Professionals should always use the protective clothing made available on most farms or have washed and disinfected boots and coat with them. Nonprofessional visitors are discouraged. Farmers who have visited other animal farms should not go into their own farms for at least 48 hours as this is another potential mode of carrying diseases from other farms into yours. 4. Other animals in the cow shed - Chicken and pigs are forbidden in dairy cattle housings. Keeping of other animals in the same pen and/or housing is discouraged. Rodents, wild birds, poultry and flies should be kept at a minimum from the dairy environment as these are known disease vectors. 5. Lowering of the infection pressure and breaking the infection chain - It is important to lower the infection pressure and/or break the infection chain by keeping the housing and animals clean and maintaining high hygiene standards. Ventilation is also critical and should be working effectively in the units. Also keep the density of animals in units at a reasonable level as overcrowding not only stresses the animals hence compromising their immunity and pre-disposing them to diseases but also encourages the rapid multiplication and spread of such organisms. Separating calves and young stock from the grown-ups is often a good way to keep the infection pressure low for the calves.

sion of good, well ventilated, properly stocked, stress free environments with balanced diets (and for calves plenty of raw milk), all ensure an effective immune system of the herd. The “closed herd “ (no animals from outside the herd into the herd) concept is also valuable and farmers should strive to practise it. Vaccinations are also very critical in disease prevention and the attending veterinarian should be able to develop a vaccination regime based on the endemic and economically important disease conditions in the locality.

THE BUSINESS PLAN DEMYSTIFIED!

7. Record keeping and herd health management Farmers are encouraged to keep good records about the herd’s production performance – Daily milk produced per animal, Inseminations done and repeats if any, Calving records, feed intake, vaccinations, deworming, illness in their animals. Good records aid the veterinarian in determining the possible causes of poor productivity and recommend appropriate interventions. 8. Attitude, motivation and cooperation - Farmers are also encouraged to get the right attitude towards prevention, eradication or management of infectious diseases. The costs of infectious diseases to the farm, industry and/or country can be extremely high leading to an overall negative impact on the performance of the national herd. It is also critical to note that some infectious diseases have an impact on human health, which can have serious and costly effects on families and even the whole society. The government, farmers and industry must cooperate in order to keep the infectious diseases in animals under control. The Author is also the current Chairman of the Kenya Veterinary Board. Dr. Victor Yamo, Technical Manager - Sales, Marketing & Projects Agricultural Development Corporation

Source Getty Images

During my years working with farmers and small business enterprises, I have noticed that the major weakness with majority of them is writing a business plan and sticking to it during the implementation of that business. A business is often birthed from a vision, a passion a drive or even a childhood dream. One says for example, ‘One day, I will have a serious dairy milk production plant, another says , ‘I will keep kienyeji chicken’, another dreams that, ‘once I retire from government, I shall grow tomatoes under greenhouse and make a lot of money’.

All these are exciting business ideas and dreams. But guess what, a dream remains a dream unless you do something about it. Take for example, a young man who dreams of having a wife one day and every day for the next five years all he does is dream of how wonderful this wife will be once he gets her and what a great husband he shall be once he marries this wife that he dreams of getting. The bitter truth is, he will watch all the lovely girls in the village get married off to his friends and age mates while he still dreams.

once you get the dream, for as long you just sit on the couch and sip you hot porridge and hope that some day soon your dream will come to life, you will suddenly see people around you starting similar businesses. And then you will wonder, how come everyone is doing exactly what I wanted to do?

That is the same with business,

It all starts with a dream. We have

Well, I want to systematically take us through a simple business plan that anyone can actually write down and follow. Step One: Write Down The Dream /Vision

6. Improving the immunity of the animals – Provi16 | The Agrolink

The Agrolink

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Main Feature

Let’s take for example, a farmer in Kitale is thinking of opening up a dairy business. The question I would ask her, why do you want to start dairy farming. Probably the answer might be, oh! Because I have retired and I have a little bit of cash so I want to keep one or two cows for that. I will be blunt and tell her that is the wrong reason for starting the business. Having some extra cash does not answer any market question. Was there really a need for production of extra litres of milk in the village in Kitale? It is therefore very important for any potential business person (read farmer), to ask themselves, what question will my business be addressing? Is the solution I intend to provide going to be sustainable? Is someone else in my neighbourhood doing the same? Are you able to address the need in the market? In other words, identify the opportunity. Step Three: Set Simple Achievable Targets

all agreed that dreams are indeed good. So have your dream. Write it down on a nice little book that you keep close to you all the time. Do not leave out any detail about that dream. Other learned people will want to call this a vision but it all means the same thing. The dream is the most important thing in your business. It will drive your passion. It will motivate you to achieve it. The dream will drive you to put action, your time and heart into it. Never lose focus of the dream. The dream shows you where you are taking your business. In fact, the GOOD BOOK says concerning the dream (vision), in Habakkuk 2; 18 | The Agrolink

2- 3, ‘write down the revelation and make it plan in tablets, so that the herald may run with it. For the revelation awaits an appointed time; it speaks of the end and will not prove false. Though it will linger, wait for it, it will certainly come and will not delay.’ Step Two: What Is The Reason For The Existence Of Your Business Why do you want to put that dream into action? Now remember, the answers to these questions are going to be your driving force when the going gets tough. In other words, what problem are you addressing by opening that business of choice?

Since it is a start up, you really don’t want to frustrate yourself by setting far off goals or targets that are unrealistic. Using the same farmer in Kitale who wants to get into dairy farming. Let’s assume that she has finally decided to go into dairy farming. She also realised that there is a lot of milk available so she will address the problem of excess fresh milk and then pursue small scale processing. Our farmer now decides she will process the milk into yoghurt. Therefore, the targets the farmer will set will have to fall into the following categories:1. The target must be Specific. One can never have two targets to be achieved. Chances are you will never achieve them as expected. Unless of course you have the capacity to achieve sev-

eral of them at the same time. If the target is Yoghurt production, it shall be so. The target should also be as simple as possible. 2. The target must be Measurablewhat this means is there should be a way of quantifying the resulting efforts. For example, our lady farmer will state in her plan that she wants to achieve 24,000 bottles of ½ Litre yoghurt every month. 3. The target must be Attainable/ Achievable. As you set your targets for the business, you need to make sure that you can indeed deliver the set target. For example, our farmer can set a target of producing 24, 000 ½ litre bottles of yoghurt per month. What this means is that she will need more than 12,000 litres of fresh milk delivered to her business monthly. If she does not have the farmers to deliver the milk then this target is definitely unattainable and inappropriate. If she cannot collect the milk from the villagers or if the villagers cannot supply consistently to her business the required amount of milk then this becomes a great challenge. Having setting targets that are attainable is one of the crucial factors in target setting. It is always safer and wiser to start small and manage the growth as you progress. Always work with your strengths. 4. The Targets must be Realistic: A realistic target is one that is result oriented. One that is practical and one that is backed up with resources. For example, our dairy farmer may want to produce 24,000 ½ litre bottles of yoghurt per month and she does not even have any stock of bottles in place, no labour to do

the production or premise that is hygienic enough to produce yoghurt. Another unrealistic target is saying ‘ my target is to produce 10,000 crates of fresh tomato every season from my ¼ acre farm in Isinya and deliver to South Sudan. This is unrealistic considering the size of your farm, the distance you will have to transport the tomatoes and the fact that your tomatoes will most likely not be fresh by the time they get to South Sudan. So Realistic targets mean they are possible within the prevailing circumstances and still help you make some profit. 5. The Targets must be Time Bound. A time bound target means that there is a time frame. Unless you focus on where you are going and set a period by when you need to get there then, that target ceases to have meaning. You will always shift the goal posts as it were because there is no time limit to when you should start the business, when you should supply the produce to the market etc. Having time bound targets helps the business owner develop business discipline and also evaluate one’s performance.

‘‘Unless you focus on where you are going and set a period by when you need to get there then, that target ceases to have meaning’’. Step Four: Decide On The Form Of Business Ownership. Most businesses often start up as family owned or sole proprietorship. This is where the father, moth-

er and children are all involved in the running of the business. The family raises the initial capital for running the business and conduct most operations of the business. Another form can be partnershipsthis is where two or more parties come together and agree to start a business together. This risk of this is that once the two parties disagree either on sharing profits or capital input or even duties and responsibilities in the business, the business partnership is bound to disintegrate. If you have some extra cash and able to afford it, the best option is having a limited company. This separates the owners from the business and is run more professionally. It is easier to obtain financing for expansion from financial institutions for a company. Step Five: Identify Your Product Or Service Having addressed all the other stages, the farmer or business person is highly advised to decide on the product or service they will be offering to the market. This will include identifying the product name or identity ( in marketing this is called BRAND NAME). For example if your product will be Yoghurt. What name would you want your potential customers to identify it with. For example “YOGHURT ya MAMA”, is a form of brand name. It will portray certain characteristics about the product and send a message to potential customers on what to anticipate. For example if you named your Yoghurt “YOGHURT CHACHU”. Who is going to buy sour yoghurt?. So take time and coin a good name that means something in tandem with what you are offering. Whether it is a product or service, the principles are often the same. The Agrolink

| 19

Main Feature Step Six: Conduct A Simple Market Research. You do not have to complicate market research. We all perform research every other day. Research is about asking the right questions, getting the information and making decisions about the answers obtained. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS: a. What is the market am targeting? Is it school children, people in estates, supermarkets etc. b. Who will be my major customers. c. Do the customers prefer drinking yoghurt or will they change to something else after some time. What else do they prefer to drink d. Is there any competition in the area for the product/service I want to offer. e. How much do I want to sell per month/year and what price will I set my product/service at. STEP SEVEN: WRITE DOWN THE Marketing Plan Marketing is like war. It is a fight to have your product or service as the preferred choice by your customers. How you carry out your marketing determines how far you will go in sales. This will be your master plan. This is the document you will be looking at more often than any

Agromarketing : Market Research other. Key things that you must include in your marketing plan shall be as follows: a. The pricing of your product: either low pricing, high or intermediate. b. Sales tactics c. What will you do with spoilt products/returns d. How will you communicate to your customers about your products/service. Is it through word of mouth, women groups, religious forums, radio, newspapers etc. e. How will you deliver the product to the customers? Using bicycles, vans, tuk tuks, internet, sms etc. The answers to these questions will change as you start implementing the plan because the market is not static and things will change. As soon as you start the business, you will find certain key things that will require modification. Step Eight: Financial Plan This section of your marketing plan is fed by all the above sections we have covered. This is what will run your operations. It is about where the money will come from, how much you will need, what your expenditure will be and by when will you have returned the capital that you will have invested in the business. This section requires knowledge on accounting or basic book

keeping skills. It will demand a lot of discipline from you in the sense that when you make any sale, bank it, account for and do not divert it into other areas that are not related to the business growth. Finally, all the questions in this business plan can be answered by anyone who wants to start a business and has the passion to do so. I recommend that once you have written down the basics, kindly approach an expert who will then draw a proper business plan for you before you embark on starting the business. A solid business plan can help you attain extra financing from financial institutions or even partners who want to buy into your idea.

MAJOR FOOD IMPORTS ACROSS EAST AFRICA IN TONNES

600 I M P O R T S

500

M E T R I C T O N N E S

To succeed in business, regardless of the nature, it is highly recommended that you have a plan. A business plan is your road map for success. If you do not have one, then you might end up on any road that comes your way which will eventually lead you to no where. So let’s start and make some good agribusiness plans today and plan to succeed.

Tanzania T

300

Uganda 200

100

0 Palm oil

‘‘Marketing is like war’’

Kenya

400 I N

Wheat

Maize

Sugar Refined

Rice Milled

Rice Broken

The East African region largely imports Palm Oil and Wheat totalling to almost 1000 Metric tonnes in volume. Kenya is the major importer of refined sugar compared to Tanzania and Uganda.

TOP SIX CASSAVA PRODUCERS IN THE WORLD Indonesia 3% Costa Rica 2%

Belgium 1%

Netherlands 6%

Viet Nam 18%

Thailand 70%

Article by Karimi Wamache. The author has a Master’s degree in Strategic Management and Bachelor of Science in Horticulture among other marketing qualifications. She is a renown Business Development expert and is currently with one of the leading Seed Companies in the Region. 20 | The Agrolink

Thailand is the world’s major producer of Cassava, followed by Vietnam. Cassava is largely used for the industrial production of starch.

The Agrolink

| 21

Agromarketing

Agromarketing Agromarketing

AGRICULTURAL COMMODITY TRADE & INFORMATION

Wholesale buying prices (in Kshs.) for selected com modities in selected markets in Kenya as at 4 APRIL 2011

Commodity

Unit

Nairobi

Mombasa

Nakuru

Eldoret

Machakos

Chwele

labelling

Kitale

Type Cereals

Maize - Dry Maize - Green

90 Kg bag 115 Kg bag

2,400 4,400

2,500 4,000

2,000 1,500

2,150 -

Rice - Sindano Rice - Pishori

50 Kg bag 50 Kg bag

3,800 500 4,900

5,500

4,000 6,000

4,900

3,500 6,200

Sorghum - Red Sorghum - White

90 kg bag 90 kg bag

003,100 3,100

2,700 3,600

3,000 3,000

2,500 -

3,200 3,200

Millet - Wimbi Millet - Bulrush

90 kg bag 90 kg bag

3,400 4,000 4,500 4,000 -

4,500 4,500

4,500 -

6,800 0 5,930 4,3006,100 0 5,330 4,800 5,900 4,050 4,950 11,000 11,550 4,800 4,320 8,800 9,000

5,200 5,200 4,6004,500 9,500 5,000 9,000

4,300 4,300 4,300 8,500 7,700

1,650

1,400 1,400

1,600 1,500

2,300 -

2,400

3,500 -

Beans - Rosecoco Beans - Nyayo Beans - Mwitemania Soya beans Groundnuts - Red Pigeonpeas Green grams

90 Kg bag 90 Kg bag 90 Kg bag 100 Kg bag 100 Kg bag 90 Kg bag 90 Kg bag

Cabbages - Gloria Cabbages - Copenhagen

126 Kg bag 126 Kg bag

1,400 1,500

Onions - Red Carrots Tomatoes Kales chilies

13 Kg net 138 Kg bag 64 kg crate 50 kg bag 50 kg bag

850 3,200 3,200 1,200 4,000

900 3,250 2,720 1,200 2,000

750 2,800 2,200 1,000 3,000

800 1,600 2,400 1,000 -

Potatoes - Red

110 kg bag 110 kg bag 98 kg bag

4,500 5,200 3,500

4,000 4,100 3,500

4,800 4,800 2,200

3,000 3,000 1,900

22 Kg bunch

350

425

250

350

280

14 Kg bunch

560

450

320

380

per piece per piece

10 10

20 20

10 10

1,000

2,000

Tubers

Potatoes - White Potatoes - Sweet Fruits

Bananas - Cooking Bananas - Ripening [Kampala] Mangoes - Apple G2 Mangoes - Ngoe G2 Mangoes Local Passion- grade 2 Oranges

Milk

Livestock

Fish

per 126 kg bag

00-

3,600

4,200

93 Kg bag

2,500

2,600

1,850

per piece

Avocados - Local

90 kg bag

2,000

Per litre

300 - 350 Kg Avr. LWT 25 Kg Avr. LWT 30 Kg Avr. LWT Per Kg Per Kg (per tray of 30 eggs)

35,000 3,000 2,300 230 200 270

Per Kg

180

Milk - Unprocessed

Beef - Steer Meat Goat Sheep Chicken - Local Chicken - Broilers Eggs Tilapia - Ngege

SOURCE: K.A.C.E Ltd.

22 | The Agrolink

2,500

280

5,000 9,000

585 1,800 2,200

950 2,300 2,100 1,300

250

170 260

300 650 -

2,0 -

2,800 2,800

230

3,000

250

3,300 3,300

1,000

6,500 4,000 7,000

845 2,200 2,400 900

25,000 3,000 3,000 230 250 260

1,800 1,300

6,500 6,500

4,500

700 700

1,260

900

3,8 3,800

4,800 4,80

3,000

60 kg

Avocados - Fuerte G2

6,300 6,300 6,00

3,8

Pulses /

Legumes

Vegetables

2,200 1,800

1,800

2,800

20,000 2,000 1,500 -

200 200 210 200

Exchange rates :US$ = 83.40, Ugsh; 2381.10,Tzsh; 1505.40

Labels are used on products or surfaces to provide instructions and information. There are many types of labels that are used for various purposes too. There are cautionary labels, product information labels, directional labels and signs, product identification labels etc. But just how are good labels made and printed? Here I will major on product labels and guide you through the main design elements of a product label and also provide tips on how to use these elements to your advantage.

you must also take into account the packaging of your products in your label designs. You don’t want to print big labels on small containers or small labels on big container. You may also want to take into account the shape of the packaging of your product so that you know what shape your labels should be in as well.

Material- Before you even begin the design process you need to consider the label material. Your design needs to “fit” the material. Common material choices include white, clear, or a cream textured paper. Clear material allows for a “no label look” that can be very striking if you have a colored container or product.

small labels on big container’’.

Product Logo design. Product labels need a logo. Be it the company logo, or even a special logo for the products, these kinds of labels are important to establish the identity of the item. The label is where most people will recognize your product. It will represent the kind of quality, value and usefulness of your products. People must realize how good, affordable and useful your product is by reading the labels. You can use symbols, models or even memorable words to do this. Just make sure that you are conveying the truth about your products in your message lest you get sued for false advertising.

Take into account your packaging – Besides using expressive logos,

‘‘You don’t want to print big labels on small containers or

Colour, Fonts and graphics: To grab the attention of someone you need to use colour well. Choice of fonts is a critical decision and deserves just as much attention as choosing color and graphics. An eye catching graphic will also help draw attention to your product. A high resolution picture really can be worth 1,000 words on a product label as a compelling graphic draws the eye to your product. Always ensure original and genuine pictures are legally sourced and used on your graphics. Readability : Your label should be easy to read. They say you have only 2-3 seconds to attract the attention of a shopper browsing the aisles of a grocery store which is enough time to read just a handful of words. You should have your brand or company name as well as two or three words describing the product in large enough type that it can be read from six feet away.

Label Finish: Whether you choose a glossy or matte finish to your labels is a judgment call depending on the kind of image you want to convey. A matte laminate can provide a more classic look that is very easy to read, whereas gloss will add some impact to the colors on the label and provide a shiny, reflective look. Label Size: If you are using a round container then you most likely have a choice - do you want one large label or separate front and back labels? Front and back labels allow you to elegantly separate the front branding information from the ingredient and regulatory information but they can be more expensive than a large wrap around label. If you go with a wraparound label then it is important to keep a front “panel” with the vital branding information because that is what the consumers will see as they are browsing the aisles. Shapes: You can really draw attention to your label by using an unusual shape. This will require the initial investment of a one time cost of origination depending on the size and complexity of your design.It is advisable to begin with simple straight-cut shapes and sizes in order to keep costs down. However,where the shape of containers and surfaces to be labeled require making of a new die,it is a good idea to standardize all other subsequent designs so that they can share a common keyline and die. By Peter Ngure The author is a packaging consultant based in Kenya The Agrolink

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Careers in Agriculture

CAREERS IN AGRICULTURE

Practicing Veterinary in the Diaspora By Dr. Othieno Joseph

An Agronomist By: Karimi Wamache Let us discuss one of the most important careers in agriculture: An Agronomist. An Agronomist is a professional in the biological sciences thus qualifying to be called a scientist. They have a Bachelor of Science degree - majoring in either the straight sciences such as chemistry and physics or Horticulture, Agriculture, Botanical and Zoology sciences, Entomology etc. An Agronomist will have studied about plants and soils and has a good understanding of how a crop is managed from seed all the way to harvest and even to the stage where it is consumed in other words post harvest science. AN AGRONOMIST CAN BE SELF-EMPLOYED AS AN AGRO-CONSULTANT OR WORK IN ORGANISATIONS THAT OFFER ADVISORY SERVICES TO FARMERS. Essential skills to be an effective Agronomist include 1. Understanding of the basic analytical tools. 2. Report writing and presentation skills 3. Sharp reasoning and analytical skills with a keen eye for details and able to draw logical conclusions. 4. Communication skills: conveying a message and listening. 5. Adaptability. Some of the day-to-day tasks of an agronomist include:-

Conducting research and communicating the project results in form of reports, presentations etc. Recommending to farmers, the best practices for soil and water management, plant growth and care and post harvest technique. Advising on agribusiness portfolio mix based on expected returns and project viability. Handling customer inquiries and complaints on agronomic issues Conducting tests on soils, plant tissues, environment, interpreting data and recommending best practises. Developing newer and better methods of plant management, soil management and integrated crop management methods. Experimenting for high yielding seeds; it’s disease resistance, adaptation to soils and nutritional value. Recommending best environmental practises to be followed by farmers, industries etc. Recommending chemicals and fertilisers to be used on plants based on prevailing environmental and nutritional conditions.

Studying veterinary medicine is an intriguing experience; the course in its initial stages seems so hard to cope with especially for those who join the vet school unaware of what it involves. But slowly students adapt to the hard life and voluminous books and scientific terminologies become their cup of tea. In no time final year beckons and it is time to go back to the society and give back in the practice of the noble profession.

From all this, it seems that an Agronomist actually qualifies to be a PLANT DOCTOR. They will advise you on how to take care of your environment and your crop.

On graduating some join small or large animal clinical practice, nature drives others into research, while a few are sieved to suckle from different udders in the spirit of diversity.

So if you know of an Agronomist in your area, talk to them next time you have a problem on your farm.

When a somewhat weird dream turns into reality

Advertise here for jobs or career openings in the Agricultural Sector. Contact us on: The Agrolink Magazine | agrolink@tropexlimited.com

24 | The Agrolink

How he landed the job in the diaspora

But for Dr. Kamagy Henry a 2004 graduate it had never crossed his mind that he was destined for large animal practice, let alone being a dairy-cow veterinarian he is today. But he wasn’t alone in this; most

of his colleagues in college would never picture him in a dairy herd. Dr. Arithi Mutembei, a classmate, who has since joined the civil service, agrees that judging from his (Dr. Kamagy’s) dress code, this guy was probably headed for teaching but practice? No….. It was not until he reported for his post-graduate degree in animal genetics, that an iota of interest in cows sparkled, sprouted and gradually started growing by the day. His master’s degree thesis entitled “Lactation characteristics of dairy cows in relation to their stud-book registration statuses in Kenya” catapulted him even closer to his destiny – a diary specialist, but still it didn’t cross his mind that he would do it on such a gigantic scale. The turning point As if waiting for a divine intervention; a veterinary field week in Loitoktok town that was organized by an American Christian group was the spark that got him onto the

Doctor Kamagy at the dairy farm in the state of Indiana, USA

path to his destiny. “I had the honour of heading vaccination, clinical and surgical management of cows brought from the neighborhood for treatment and vaccination” Dr Kamagy told The Agrolink. It was after this fieldwork experience that it became clear that he was slowly curving a niche in livestock medicine. Little did he know that the Americans were secretly admiring his enthusiasm in execution of the duties? It was not until the beginning of the month of June of the same year (2007) that Dr. Kamagy received a phone call for a Dairy scientist position in a 1300-cow company in the state of Indiana, USA that he knew his destiny had been set. Arriving at Indiana Farm “I couldn’t have come to the US at a worse time of the year since this was just the beginning of the fall weather, this was way too cold

The Agrolink

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Careers in agriculture as compared to the weather back home” Dr Kamagy reminiscences. On arrival the anxiety in his new appointment left very little time for him, learning had to be done fast. Dr Kamagy encountered for the first time a housing system for the cows referred to as the free-stall ventilated barns that basically confined the cows indoors all the time. The housing unit was complete with mechanized feed, water, winter-proof curtains for cold weather and angled fans for air circulation in summer and special misters and water sprinklers to cool the cows in hot weather. The recording system for the cows was fully automated; with cows computer microchips fitted in their feet that to detect heat and deviations from normal body parameters of health and production. This would then be automatically connect to a computer system and one would basically programme the gates to hold the cows needed for examination or breeding, right behind a computer desk. The thought of handling this operation with all its complexities just perplexed Dr. Kamagy at the beginning. “I never for once imagined I would understand what was going on as soon. Pregnancy diagnosis (P.D) was just at a scale I had not trained for in vet school, at Upper Kabete Campus; where I was cautioned against doing a PD before 90 days post insemination while at this place I was required to do a PD at 30-32 days post insemination”. Dr. Kamagy told AgroLink Finding consolation in rigorous vet training Basically most things were pretty new, his only solace was the fact that he had gone through one of the toughest trainings in the world to be a veterinarian and therefore everything else was just a matter of time. That is the hope that kept Dr. Kamagy going amidst all the chal26 | The Agrolink

Business Counsel lenges. Dr Kamagy has conquered the complex technology in animal healthcare and he is now a master of the trade. In May of 2010 he relocated to his current job in New York to take up a more challenging appointment in a 6000-cow dairy company. Achievements Dr Kamagy has endured the test of time and is now a proud man when he looks back at what he has gone through. His successes are many and he is still scaling the success ladder. While at Indiana State, he successfully set up an internship/attachment programme in collaboration with the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi for 4th year veterinary students with a passion in dairy vet practice. He offered accommodation for six students at his home for the entire period and they were very delighted to learn a lot early in their career life. At Indiana farm, he managed to set-up Radio-frequency identification (RfiD) technology which later emerged as one of the most current and sophisticated identification techniques used in the world today. After learning the PD at 30-32 days and multiple Ovulation & Embryo Transfer (MOET) and sexed-semen technology programme management and evaluation and gathering a wealth of experience he has shared this with veterinarians from USA, Canada, Netherlands and Mexico. Challenges in the Diaspora As a result of a near-fatal road accident two years ago coupled with the rigor and vigor of dairy practice in the US have served to dwindle his physical fitness, but he is grateful to God, for what he can still do today. Veterinary practice in the US is de-

signed in such a way that a foreigntrained veterinarian is technically disadvantaged in terms of registration for practice. There are a lot of registration procedures and technicalities that are so expensive that most foreign-trained veterinarians give-up along the way. Dr. Kamagy’s advice to those interested in working in the west is to have them come in for residencies in specific fields; some of which offer Doctoral degrees upon completion. The other option is to have the BVM degree accredited as an equivalent of the US-DVM in course content and structure. The latter option will not grant licensure for practice, though it might exempt one from certain requirements in the licensure procedures.

THE IMPORTANCE OF BOOK KEEPING IN AGRICULTURE

Behind the excitement and anticipation of great business success comes a more mundane, yet vital, task. Bookkeeping isn’t glamorous, but is the backbone of a successful business. Without accurate books and business records, you’ll be unable to get a clear picture of how your farming business is doing. Why you need to keep good records

Two students who were ivited for intership by Dr. Kamagy

As a foreigner one must always work in proving his /her worth. That is the natural reality. It gets even worse when you are a foreigner with pigmented skin color. No to so much to do with racism but the fact that one claims he/she is a veterinarian is not a reason enough to make them one. Despite the rosy picture Dr. Kamagy misses home a lot, and has learnt through experience that east or west home is the best. This is normally made worse by the numerous questions by friends back at home, when they ask whether he is coming back? (Dr. Othieno is a science communications expert)

Good bookkeeping and record keeping are essential to operating a successful business. When you are running your farm as a business you need to know why these daily chores are important, so you’ll be motivated to keep up with them. (And if you’re like most farmers, you’ll need all the motivation you can get.) To monitor or track the performance of your business Monitoring will tell you whether you’re making money. It will allow you to gauge which items are selling and which ones aren’t. You’ll also get a firm understanding of which expenses are necessary and which ones may be higher than you’d like them to be. All business decisions should be based on where you stand financially. Before you hire new employees, buy more inventory, move to a larger office, or do

anything that requires a sound business decision, you’ll need to know how it will impact on your business financially. Good bookkeeping and record keeping will provide you with such information when you need it most. To pay Taxes It is much easier to calculate tax return figures and pay taxes when you’re working with a set of accurate financial records. The many rules that govern income tax and payroll tax will be easier to comply with if you know where to look for the correct numbers. To pay yourself and others Experts say pay yourself first. But how much? You can’t pay yourself or distribute profits to other partners or investors if you don’t know what those profits are. To sell the business Any one you may want to sell the business to will want to know how the business has been doing while you have been in charge. The best way for them to tell the success of the business is by reviewing the financial records. The same holds for merging with another farmer or farmers group; you need accurate financial statements.

Note: If you are looking for a partner or want to secure a loan from the bank, you will need to show accurate financial statements. Besides the bank and partners (investors), the Revenue Authority and other regulatory agencies will need financial statements from you as well. You can provide these based on solid bookkeeping. Establishing book keeping procedures If you are an individual farmer you may need to take a crash course in basic bookkeeping skills to gain an overview of these procedures. If you are running a small business with partners of a farmers group you may want to hire a bookkeeper to handle your books. ‘‘Basic bookkeeping starts on a dayby-day, sale-by-sale level.’’ What to keep track of Income from farming practice Expenses such as fertilizers, seeds, salaries Assets such as tools and equipment Liabilities such as loans, owners funds In the next issue, we will look at some simple bookkeeping techniques for your farming practice.

By. Michael Mno. The author in a management consultant and Business Lecturer. The Agrolink

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Pesticides in various water bodies. These birds and fish are then offered to humans as food through selling. In the last issue we mentioned that we would address issues that every pesticide user needs to know. We all use pesticides every day of our lives whether at the farm to eradicate pests or at home to kill mosquitoes, flies, coakroaches and so forth. According to the Pest Control Products (PCP) Act, CAP 346 under the LAWS of KENYA, certain things are highlighted which we MUST KNOW. First and foremost, letâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s refresh our memories on what a pesticide is. What are Pesticides? Pesticides are products that are used to control pests and diseases in crops, livestock and public health. It is in this regard that they are indispensable in public health and agricultural/livestock production. However, pesticides are toxic to humans and animals and have different degrees of toxicity. Depending on the degree of toxicity, pesticides are classified into 3 categories under the PCP ACT as follows:28 | The Agrolink

Category of Pesticides

Level of Toxicity

Domestic/household class

Slight toxicity

Commercial and Agricultural Class

Moderate toxicity

Restricted Class

High to extreme toxicity

N/B: The higher the toxicity the more lethal it is to human, animal and health safety. In addition to this classification, there are colour warnings to users on the toxicity.

COLOURS GREEN 347-C PMS BLUE 293- C PMS YELLOW â&#x20AC;&#x201C;C PMS RED 199- C

In addition to the colours, you will also find on the chemical containers, handling instructions in form of pictorials as well as written instructions in both English and Swahili languages. Take time to read and understand to avoid poisoning yourself, the environment of other animals that do not fall under the category of pests. Farmers and Users of Chemicals should also be warned that the law has indicated potential offences that you might be found guilty of during your use

TOXICITY/ REMARKS HANDLE WITH CARE SLIGHTLY TOXIC MODERATELY TOXIC HIGHLY TOXIC EXTREMELY TOXIC

of chemicals. In order to avoid ignorance, we have highlighted for your knowledge some of these key things. DO NOT USE pesticides to poison wild animals through baiting in order to manage human and wildlife conflict with respect to wild animals attacking their livestock or feeding on their crops. DO NOT USE pesticides to bait and facilitate easy catch of birds in rice irrigation schemes or fish

DO NOT USE pesticides to deliberately poison other people or commit suicide. In order to safeguard human health and the environment from adverse effects of pesticides, farmers are urged to: only buy right quantities of pesticide with intact packaging (not leaking or opened) and from licensed dealers.

to the label instructions accordingly. Wear appropriate protective gear as indicated on the label when mixing and applying pesticides.

ods for livestock products and re-entry periods in sprayed fields/Premises.

Keep away all non targets including children from areas where pesticides have been applied. Not to eat, drink or smoke while mixing or spraying pesticides.

always store pesticides under lock and key, out of the reach of children and other non targets and foods and feeds.

Never use pesticides empty containers for any other purpose but to triple rinse the containers and puncture them to render them unusable and dispose as per the Pest Control Products Board disposal guidelines.

Store flammable pesticides away from any heat/fire sources or even direct sunlight. You will see a sign showing FLAMMABLE on the container.

Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water after handling pesticides. Do the same for the protective clothing and equipment.

Always read the product labels carefully and entirely before use and stick

Always observe pre-harvest intervals (PHI) for crop and withdrawal peri-

Farmers and Users of Chemicals should also be warned that the law has indicated potential offences that you might be found guilty of during your use of chemicals.

For further clarification, write to us, contact any PCPB office in your region or visit the nearest Ministry of Agriculture office in your area. The Agrolink

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Farmers Profile

Farmer Profile

FARMING FOR A NICHE ‘Organic’ Market By Isaiah Esipisu After 20 years of toiling for different companies in his managerial capacity, Charles Kimani has finally retired into a new beginning, employing the same professional skills on his own farm. For five years now, the 50 year old trained manager – converted into a farmer – claims that his three acre piece of land pays him far better than all his past employments did. “I found this as a surprise. I never knew that small scale agriculture could pay me better than whitecolor jobs,” said Kimani.

“Usually, organic products have a niche market both locally and abroad. These products are usually more expensive than those produced conventionally because they are free of chemicals and other foreign substances,” said Kimani.

In Wangige village within Kikuyu constituency, Kimani has joined a group known as ‘Wangige Organic Farmers’ whose members are engaged in organic horticulture, specifically for a niche market in Kenya, and abroad.

To succeed in their venture, the farmers’ group then joined the Kenya Organic Agriculture Network (KOAN), where they learned how to maintain organic status of their farms so that their produce is accepted especially in the export market.

“I was introduced to this type of farming in 2002, while I worked as a human resource manager for a Nairobi based company,” he said. “And by the year 2006, I discovered that with organic farming, I was able to cater for my needs and those of my family without a problem. In fact, my employment became a bother,” he added. That was the time he quit his job, and joined the Wangige Organic Farmers group.

“I grow different types of horticultural crops on my farm, I have dairy cattle and a standard apiary,” said Kimani.

Organic farming refers to an agricultural system where the farmer relies on techniques such as crop rotation, use of green and compost manure, and use of biological pest control to maintain soil productivity and control pests on a farm. It strictly forbids the use of manufactured fertilizers, pesticides (which include herbicides, insecticides and fungicides), plant growth regulators such as hormones, livestock antibiotics, food additives, and genetically modified organisms. 30 | The Agrolink

The evergreen farm slanting towards a stream has 120 avocado trees, several tissue-cultured banana stems, 12 dairy cattle, and the apiary has 24 beehives. Within the same farm are small plots of high value horticultural crops like cucumbers, beans, broccoli, and carrots among others. The farmers grow small portions of high value horticultural crops because of many reasons. But the major one according to Kimani is because of security purposes. “It is important to note that particular diseases which occur in particular crops do not affect other types of crops,” said the organic farmer. “If a major disease attacked my carrots for example, then I should not worry because I have other different

crops which cannot be attacked by the same disease, hence a reason for growing different small portions of crops,” he added. However, when it comes to packaging especially for the export market, the group members contribute to fill packages as required. “If what I have from my farm alone cannot fill the crate, then it means that I partner with one or two other group member who have similar produce to fill the crate,” said Kimani. Other advantages of organic agriculture come from the by-products of the farming process. According to organic farming experts, it is important for all organic farmers to own some dairy animals. “We insist on dairy animals because dung from the animals is extremely important for making organic manure, one of the most important components of organic agriculture,” said Samuel Ndung’u, a technical organic advisor at KOAN. Apart from the dung, the farmers benefit from milk and other animal products depending on the type of livestock on the farm.

“I keep bees because all plants on my farm are grown organically. When the bees are searching for nectar, they get it from these particular plants. As a result, I end up with organic honey – free of any kind of chemical,” said Kimani. The group exports most of their farm produce to the UK market, and in the Middle East, and sometimes sells them locally. “Through the Green Dreams Limited’s Organic Farmer Support Program, we sell our produce through their Organic Shop at the Nakumatt Supermarket – Westgate branch in Nairobi, and at the Organic Shop at the Gigiri Shopping Centre,” said the farmer. However, despite the success, Kimani says that organic farming as well comes with numerous challenges. “Attaining organic standards goes far beyond just farming. Post harvest handling is very crucial, and at some point the way of transportation determines how organic the produce will be by the time they are put on shelves,” said Kimani. This means that all organic farmers must be certified for their produce to be accepted either internationally or even locally. “For a certification to be issued, the soil must be examined to ensure that it has no traces of manufactured fertilizers, and the produce must as well be examined to ensure that there are no traces of chemicals or other undesired substances. To some point, transportation of the produce means a lot to an organic farmer. Three years ago, it will be remembered that the Soil Association (a membership charity campaigning for planet-friendly food and farming) sought ban all organically grown horticultural produce entering the UK market from East Africa claiming that the air crafts that air-freighted the produce emitted too much carbon-dioxide. It meant that despite of the produce being organically sound, it contributed to the environmental pollution. However, following campaigns and protests from all corners worldwide, the Soil Association withdrew the position. “Attaining these standards can cost several years in a bid to rid the soil of all chemicals and other impurities. The other danger is that when it rains, such chemicals and impurities can easily be eroded to your farm, thus affecting the organic standards,” explained Kimani. “It is therefore a huge challenge to set, and maintain the organic standards. But once it is done, profits usually overshadows the past challenges,” he added.

Esipisu is a freelance science Journalist based in Nairobi The Agrolink

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STRESS Health Focus

According to the Oxford Dictionary, stress is defined as a state of mental, emotional, or other strain. It is the non-specific response of the body to any demand made upon it. The «demand» can be a threat, a challenge or any kind of change, which requires the body to adapt. It can also be defined as a state of great worry caused by a difficult situation, or something, which causes this condition. The personality traits of an individual may play either a protective or an enhancive role in a stressful situation.

Stress is the most common cause of illness in our society, underlying many of the visits to the doctor. We need a certain amount of stress to function well. This is called eustress (good stress). However, stress becomes harmful (distress) when there is too much, when it lasts too long or when it occurs too often. The causes of stress are multiple and varied but they can be classified in two general groups: external and internal. Most of the stress that many of us have is self-generated (internal). We create the majority of our upsets, indicating that because we cause most of our own stress, we can do something about it. This gives us a measure of choice and control that we do not always have when outside forces act on us. The causes of stress (also referred to as stressors or triggers) can be grouped into two groups, external and internal, a few of which are listed below:External stressors include:

Health Focus

EATING WELL TO AVOID STRESS By Maya Jackson By Ntinyari Muriuki

irritability anxiety

concentration problems insomnia (lack of sleep) depressive mood headache joint and muscle pains or stiffness stomach ulcers eating disorders increased alcohol and drug intake increased smoking

Change lifestyle habits

Adequate sleep. Identify how much sleep you require, that allows you to wake up feeling rested, and attain it.

Organizational: rules, regulations, deadlines

Proper nutrition. A well-balanced diet will enhance optimal recovery. Reduce or avoid caffeine(coffee or tea). Caffeine is a strong stimulant that generates a stress reaction in the body. Regular exercise (at least 30 minutes, three times a week). Change your thinking.

Lifestyle choices: caffeine, not enough sleep, overloaded schedule

Look at things more positively

Negative self-talk: pessimistic thinking, self-criticism, overanalyzing

Refuse negative thoughts

Mind traps: unrealistic expectations, taking things personally, all-or-nothing thinking, exaggerating, rigid thinking Stressful personality traits: A perfectionist, workaholic It is important to note that most of the stress that most of us have is actually self-generated. Health effects of stress comprise of a number of symptoms, for example fatigue

2. Essential fats – Oily fish – Sardines, mackerel, and salmon are good sources of these fats. Eating oily fish helps the brain and helps regulate moods. The fats in the fish

3. Zinc is something that most people lack in their diet, this makes them more stressed. Zinc can be found in shellfish among other foods. Some of these include: Prawns, oysters, and other shellfish. Zinc can also be found in brown rice, seaweed, turkey, mushrooms, and asparagus. If you do not have enough zinc in your diet you can include a zinc supplement to your daily diet.

social isolation

Social (interaction with people): rudeness, bussiness or aggressiveness on the part of someone else

Internal stress include:

1. Dark leafy green vegetables – broccoli, spinach, kale, salad, kunde, bok choy, sukuma wiki, cabbage. All of these vegetables are full of calcium and magnesium. These help relieve stress and assist with a good nights sleep.

help to cope with stress and keep stress levels down. Daily supplements of magnesium and omega 3 fish oil are very useful if you don’t like fish.

There are many ways to relieve stress. However, the beginning point is to identify the source or cause of stress, and try to eliminate, modify or reduce it. The following have been found to be helpful.

Relaxation/ Meditation. This could be reading a book, watching a movie or sitting quietly by a lake or fireplace. Relaxation needs to be by an intentional effort.

Daily hassles: commuting, unexpected traffic jam, misplacing keys, mechanical breakdowns

ders and decrease the levels of daily stress. There are many foods that fight and assist in controlling stress levels. Some of these include:

sexual dysfunctions

Physical environment: noise, bright lights, heat, confined spaces

Major life events: death of a relative, lost job, promotion, new baby

In today’s fast paced lifestyle, it is imperative to manage your stress levels through good eating habits. Today the main problem that many people face is how to manage stress levels with a hectic lifestyle. If you want to try to control your stress then you need to keep an eye on the way you eat. The foods you consume are very important regarding this issue. The majority of the foods that we eat actually tend to increase the stress levels we have and not reduce them. This creates a cycle that then makes us more stressed. However, small changes in your diet can do won-

See problems as opportunities

Keep a sense of humour Change stressful situations, for example through Time and money management Possibly consider a change of career Remember, a problem shared is a problem halved. Therefore, seek help from the appropriate places when necessary. Until next time, keep it stress-free Ntinyari is a registered Health Practitioner based in Nairobi

32 | The Agrolink

The Agrolink

| 33

Farm Tools & Equipments

Community/NGO Link

Tractors

SOCIAL INVESTMENT AND ITS ROLE IN PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE Agriculture is the cornerstone of Kenya’s economy and, 64% of the economically active population depend on agriculture as their primary source of income’. The sector in Kenya faces numerous challenges such as the fact that, ‘financial issues are a large part of the problems facing the agricultural sector. It has become increasingly difficult for Kenyan farmers to get access to friendly credit that can effectively support their farms and agri-businesses. It is important to note the,‘ lack of capital and access to affordable credit is the main factor which farmers, particularly small farmers, point out as causing low productivity in agriculture’.

A tractors is a must have for most commercial farmer in East Africa. Tractors are generally diesel powered, are 4 WD and multi- purpose farm machinery.

jects and to power other implements such as seed planters, driers and shelling equipment, combine harvesters among others.

The difference in tractors is based on the horse power, performance, the task at hand and the brand . Tractors are mainly used to power different plough types, to haul and lift heavy ob-

Tractors are available either as used or brand new. The choice of what to purchase depends on one’s financial ability and the task at hand.

34 | The Agrolink

It is important to service your tractor often to extend the longevity of your tractor and also to clean the ploughs well to avoid rust or even disease transfer from farm to farm. Within the region, popular brand names of tractors include John Deere, Massey Ferguson, New Holland, Claas, Ford, Caterpillar and Case

A possible solution to these problems linked to the lack of access to finance and capital is social investment. Social investment is an investment strategy that seeks to address this problem of a lack of access to credit in a manner that not only makes economic sense but social development sense as well. The power of linking social goals with economic goals is one that the Kenya Social Investment Exchange (KSIX) acknowledges and promotes.

KSIX is the only organisation in Kenya that promotes social investment in Kenya and provides funding options to organisations that seek to generate both social and financial returns for their investors. KSIX sees agriculture as a core sector in the promotion of social investment as there are very clear links between agriculture and the social as well as economic development of Kenya. KSIX therefore provides preferential funding options to organisations, including agri-focused SMEs that generate social and financial return. KSIX seeks to be one of the players that boost the growth and development of responsible agriculture so that the social and economic power of this sector can be effectively harnessed.

The Agrolink

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Dear Daktari

Agrolink Pictorials

Bacterial Wilt in Tomatoes

Farmers attending the Kamweti ATC field day

Mr A.Jandu & P.Randa of Kenya Highland Seed displaying the cabbage varieties during the KAGURU ATC filed day The Minister of Livestock, Hon. Dr. Mohammed Kuti presents the Vet of the Year 2010 Award to Dr. Peter Thuku Of Jupiter Vet Service at Silver Springs Hotel.

Syngenta staff Training farmers on crop protection at the Kaguru ATC field day

36 | The Agrolink

Farmers admiring Kenya Seed/ Simlaw Seeds varieties at the Kamweti ATC field day

This past season I planted tomatoes in my greenhouse and just before harvesting, they showed signs of drying. During the evenings the crop would look healthy but by day, the plants appeared wilted yet i was applying enough water. In a little while, everything in the greenhouse wilted. I tried spraying all types of expensive chemicals but nothing could save my crop. Please advise. .....Disappointed farmer.

Infected plant

is found in soils and the spread is rapid especially if your farm is within an irrigation scheme, or if it is downstream or below slopes where other infected farms could be above your farm therefore downflow of water spreads the bacterium into your farm.

Dear Disappointed Farmer, I am sorry about your crop. But from what you have described, you seem to have a disease in your shamba called BACTERIAL WILT.

Spread is also possible through pruning activities in the greenhouse or transfer of soil from one farm to another either through physical transfer such as in manure or through ploughing implements such as tractors and shared hoes. Spread can also come from infected shoes of your fellow farmers who come visting your greenhouse and do not sanitise their feet at the foot bath.

Control of the bacterial wilt is very difficult once you understand how the disease spreads. You can start by uprooting all the plants and destroy all of them. Try soil less production especially if you cannot obtain noninfested soil. Ensure hygiene during pruning, clean your farm implements thoroughly. Soil fumigation may provide partial control but it is costly. Grow varieties that have intermediate resistance or grafted seedlings with bacterial wilt tolerance/resistance. Obtain seedlings or transplants from renown plant raisers who follow hygienic practises of raising seedlings.

Bacterial wilt is caused by a bacterium known as Ralstonia (Pseudomonas solanacearum). Of course you donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t need to know the technical name of it but it is important to understand that the causal agent is a bacteria.

I would like you to know that the Bacterium can survive in soil for many years and it can live in plants we call HOST PLANTS especially weeds without causing any infection in those plants until a suitable crop is grown in the soil then only does it cause infection.

Generally, Bacterium organisms are almost impossible to control unlike the common fungi. The bacterium

NB: Bacterial Wilt is not seed borne but if you raise seedlings in infected soil, then the bacterium will gain entry into the plant through plant natural openings or wounds caused during cultivation and pruning.

Practise crop rotation with crops such as maize, rice, pasture grasses etc.

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Leisure Page Back To Our Roots

THE HYENA’S WOES M a n y y e a r s ago, in a remote village in the cold highlands of Kenya, lived a hyena that had made a name for itself due to its greedy habits. Whenever it accompanied its friends on a hunting mission, the greedy hyena would often head in the opposite direction of the rest of the pack. One windy afternoon, the hyena lay in wait in a bush along a popularmarket path not having eaten for days. Suddenly, its large snout

picked a strong delicious aroma of roasting meat and immediately it started to salivate.

The greedy hyena hurriedly decided to find the source of the aroma chukling to itself, it said, “Today, I shall feast on roast meat!”. After walking for about 300 metres, it knew from the strength of the aroma, it was almost there. Suddenly, however, it arrived at a point where the path split into two and was not sure which side of the path was leading to the source of the meat. “Should I go to the left? Oh no, it is definitely the right side”. It went on and on in thought. The hyena took some time deliberating on this matter until it became pretty dark and feared that its friends would catch up with it and would have to share

a w r u M o Ml

Leisure Page

WORD PUZZLE its spoils with them!! “Oh! No!” It thought dreadfully. It carefully then thought of one most sure way to solve its dilemma; to walk on the divided path at the same time! The hyena tried to walk with its legs wide open as much as it could. It strained very hard to move forward as the distance between the two paths grew wider. The excruciating pain and distress it felt was clearly visible on its face. The hyena exerted so much force as it attempted to push itself ahead until it split up into two parts in the middle and fell down dead.

Lesson: “FOCUS: indecisiveness & greed may lead to self destruction!” Adopted by: Kananu William

and cook under very low heat for about 15 minutes. Do not allow the mixture to simmer or boil.

How To Prepare Sour Finger 3. Make sure your hands are thoroughly clean before you move Millet Porridge. to the next step.

9. Once it is warm, scoop a little from the pot and place in a large gourd.

4. Remove a handful at a time of finger millet from the pot, squeeze out the water with both hands and start the process of grinding.

10. Leave the rest on the fire until it forms a thick paste.

‘Specially served during occasions.’ Steps 1. Wash clean the finger millet; dry it thoroughly under the sun and then grind using the traditional grinding stone and remove any chaff from the ground millet. 2. Take a pot place some water in and pour in all the ground finger millet making sure that the finger millet is covered in water. 38 | The Agrolink

5. Collect the ground finger millet at the end of the grinding stone using a calabash and after every grind, return the ground millet back into the pot. 6. Repeat this exercise until the mixture in the pot feels like a thick paste. 7. The process of grinding may take up to 30 minutes. 8. Pour the thick paste of ground finger millet in a pot or sufuria

11. Pour the rest of the now thick paste into a large gourd.

Find the key words when planning for your business S

SOLUTIONS nalp ssenisub tiforp hcraeser tekram ylppus latipac dnamed tcudorp remotsuc htworg

AGROFACTS

Did you know that plants eat meat? The White Collar Pitcher Plant is a slippery death trap. When insects are attracted by the plant, they slide down into the base of the plant into a sticky liquid where the plant then slowly digests the insects.

12. Place the gourd on mat/ gunny bag. 13. Leave to cool overnight and do not cover the gourd. 14. Scoop out the top water and shake the remaining mixture well. 15. The porridge is now ready to drink and tastes very sweet and cool. 16. After two hours, the porridge will become sour and can be drank for 3 – 4 days.

The Venus Flytrap also known as Dionaea muscipula is the KING of MEAT EATING PLANTS. It grows in a round/ ovalish cluster about 6 inches wide with each leaf reaching up to 3 inches long. At the end of each leaf is a deadly trap for insects! The leaf has trigger hairs that when an insect touches the hairs, the trap closes in a matter of seconds. The trap closes and the plant releases digestive juices which dissolve the insect into a delicious soup. Once the plant has had its fill, it opens up the trap and the skeleton is blown away by wind. The Agrolink

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REGISTERED VETERINARY SURGEONS IN KENYA Source: Gazette Notice Vol CXIII –No. 19 Dated February 25,2011 REG No. 161 162

NAME MUTTAI, Samson Kiplangat MASIGA, Walter Nyamora

433 438

ONGARE, Jacob Oluoch MALOO, Seifucin Hatmali

KEHARA, David Karago

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GAKUMBI, J.K.

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KIBET, Jospeh Mutai

NJIHIA, George K.M.

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KABIRA, John Wanjohi

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KITHINJI, Robert Kirima

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IMPWII, William Murira

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NYAGA, Alfred Njeru

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KARAU, Lucy Wambui Nyoike

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OROT, Stephen Otieno

KAMAU, Peter Crispus G.G.

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GIKUNGU, Grace

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RUFUATA, Charles Ndwiga GITHINJI, Jospeh Nduati

566 567 568

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FAZIL, Mohamed Ajmal

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NDENGERI, Simon Kings

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LUHAGA, Idris MUCHEMI, Kariuki

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MUNYUA, William Kimani COOPER, John Eric VARMA, Vijay S.

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SOIN, Supinder Singh NDUGIRE, John Harun

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SAYER, Paul David

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728

222

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NYAGA, Philip Njeru

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MBWIRIA, Stanley Kooro

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MASAKE, Rachael A.

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MUTHUI, Stephen Karanja

739

NJIRU, Petterson Mwangi Wamae MOENGA, Benard Omwoyo

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KOSKE, Joel Kipngeno AGUMBA, Gilbert Julian Okwaro

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GICHURU, Sinon Gathii Gichomo

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258

OKILA, Edwin Vincent Asionyi

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WANGWE, Wycliffe

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740

261

KARIUKI, Amos Bernard

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302

WAMBUGU, Dominic G. Gachina

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304

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305

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756

IRURA, Daniel Wachira

MBITHI, Peter Mulwa

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311 313

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WAMUKURU, Henry Kibunja

650

314

LALANI, Shemina Alnashir

506

KAARA, Henry Mwithaga

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KIBUNJA, Livingstone Maina

759

316

INJAIRU, Robert Musasia

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NGUMI, Priscilla Nyambura

760

RWAMBO, Paul Murumba

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MBUGUA, Susan Wanjiku

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MUCHEMI, Gerald Kidd Mwangi

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NGUYO, Charity Njoki

MURIITHI, Emily Kagendo

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KIMANI, Kenneth Kamau KARIMI, Stephen Kibiru

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MAITHO, Timonth Elias ARIMI, S. Mutwiri

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KURIA, Joseph K. Ngei

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331

SERCOMBE, Patricia Ann

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332

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KANUI, Titus Ikusya

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GATHURA, Kimani Gichia

KIBOR, Alfred Chingi

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MWANGI, Mwaniki Gitonga

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MWIRIGI, Jecinta Wairimu

KINIIYA, Harry Stephen Ndungu

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MBUGUA, Humphrey Cleophas W. WRIGHT, Joesphine Mwikali

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361

KURIA, Ephantus Muchemi

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BABOON, Alexander Kipketer

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362

KIRIGIA, Harun Kithinji

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NJUKI, Peterson W. Kibuthi

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CHIVATSI, Daniel Chai

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GIKUNJU, Caesar Machira

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ONYANGO, Wamanyi Daniel

MUGAMBI, John Mutua

803

KEBURI, Stanslaus Kabete MUTHUI, Kucy Wanjiku

374 377

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NDERINGO, Ronald

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381

TADO, Aywer Zaddock

553

WANJIGI, Charles Macharia

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KIHURANI, David O.

809

389

ITHONDEKA, Peter Maina

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KARANJA, Joseph Wagura

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WAMAE, Joshua Wamugo

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NGENY, Samuel Kibet

OMBWAYO, Nelson Lubanga

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WANASAMBA, Edward M.

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GATERU, Lawrence Kariuki

ANDERSON, Charlotte

820

NGEIYWA, J.Z.J. Kisa

OYAS, Harry Okuom

821

MWANGI, James N.

394 395 432

40 | The Agrolink

MWARI, Jacob Amedi NJAU, Patrick Mutura MBUTHIA, Paul Gichohi

558 564 565

YEGON, Moses Kiplangat MUHIRI, Gideon Muruithia

706 708

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822

GATHUMBI, Jason Kimotho

919

KITAA, Jafred M.A.

1108

WANG'ANG'A, Dennis John W.

1192

CHEGE, Francis Mwaura

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957

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855

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NDUNGU, Muhia Mwaura

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MATEMO, Wilson Ngatia

915

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1191

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1281

NYAKITI, Arthur A.

1373

KAINGU, Catherine Kaluwa

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KIHUYU, David Irungu

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ROTICH, David Kipkurui

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GICHOHI, Charles Mathenge

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MWANGI, David Kiai

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MBUTHIA, Elly Wainaina

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MWANGI, Samuel Irungu

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MALENGA, Cornel Kitolome

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WAMEYO, Kenneth Wkungwi

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MBURU, Simon Njunge

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NDIRANGU, Peter Karanja

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1392

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1622

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1315

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1501

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1623

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1394

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1502

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1317

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1396

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1507

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1626

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1318

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1398

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1517

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1627

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1319

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1402

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1520

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1320

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1404

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1633

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1324

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1405

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1522

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1634

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1327

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1409

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1524

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1635

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1328

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1412

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1526

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1639

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1330

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1413

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1527

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1640

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1331

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1414

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1528

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1642

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1332

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1418

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1532

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1645

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1335

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1419

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1533

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1646

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1337

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1534

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1423

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1650

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1341

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1424

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1652

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1342

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1425

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1653

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1346

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1426

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1547

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1654

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1656

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1352

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1658

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1354

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1436

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1355

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1445

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1565

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1583

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1680

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1465

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1682

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1820

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1898

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1960

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1683

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1902

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1967

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1829

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1904

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1968

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1969

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1908

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1972

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1837

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1909

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1973

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1700

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1838

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1911

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1977

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1702

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1841

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1913

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1978

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1703

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1915

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1979

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1705

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1844

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1916

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1980

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1707

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1845

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1917

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1982

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1709

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1846

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1919

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1983

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1710

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1850

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1920

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1986

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1720

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1851

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1921

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1987

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1723

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1852

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1922

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1988

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1724

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1855

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1923

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1990

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1728

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1856

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1925

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1991

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1729

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1858

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1926

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1992

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1732

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1859

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1927

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1993

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1733

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1860

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1928

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1994

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1735

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1861

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1930

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1997

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1752

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1863

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1931

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1998

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1757

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1864

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1932

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1999

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1774

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1865

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1933

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2000

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1786

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1866

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1934

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2002

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1788

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1867

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1935

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2003

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1792

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1869

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1939

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2004

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1795

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1870

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1940

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2005

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1797

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1872

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1941

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2006

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1799

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1877

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1942

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2007

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1800

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1878

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1944

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2008

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1802

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1879

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1945

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2009

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1803

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1880

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1946

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2011

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1804

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1881

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1947

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2012

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1805

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1882

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1948

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2014

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1806

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1883

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1949

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2016

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1807

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1886

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1950

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2017

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1810

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1887

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1951

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2018

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1811

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1889

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1954

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2019

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1812

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1890

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1955

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2020

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1813

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1893

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1956

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2021

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1814

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1894

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1957

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2022

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1816

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1895

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1958

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2023

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1817

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MISSI, Meshack Mutungi

2024

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1824

1834

1897

WAITIKI, Priscilla Wairimu

1959

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2025

MUNGAI, Eunice Gathoni

2096

OKELLO, Donald M. Otieno

2157

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2215

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2027

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2097

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2158

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2216

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2028

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2099

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2159

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2217

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2030

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2100

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2160

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2218

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2031

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2101

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2161

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2219

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2033

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2102

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2162

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2220

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2035

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2103

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2163

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2221

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2036

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2104

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2164

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2222

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2105

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2223

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2169

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2224

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2040

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2107

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2170

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2225

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2042

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2108

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2171

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2226

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2043

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2109

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2174

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2227

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2110

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2175

2228

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2111

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2177

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2229

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2047

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2112

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2178

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2230

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2113

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2179

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2231

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2116

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2232

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2184

2233

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2185

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2234

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2053

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2119

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2235

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2187

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2121

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2188

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2237

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2057

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2126

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2189

2238

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2058

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2127

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2190

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2239

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2059

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2128

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2191

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2240

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2129

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2192

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2241

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2131

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2193

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2242

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2064

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2132

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2194

2243

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2069

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2135

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2195

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2244

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2070

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2071

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2137

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2246

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2072

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2139

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2198

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2247

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2140

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2199

2248

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2078

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2200

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2249

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2142

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2201

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2202

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2251

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2203

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2252

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2204

2253

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2205

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2254

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2148

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2206

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2255

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2149

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2207

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2256

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2150

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2257

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2151

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2209

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2259

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2154

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2261

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2155

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2213

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2262

DIBA, Dida Wako

WAIHUMBU, Allan

2214

IMBENZI, Mwimali Mary Anne

2263

MUKUA, Peter Ngatia

2095

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2156

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2264

NDUNG'U, Loise Mugure

2310

MUKAMI, Salome Nyambura

2356

MARITIM, Kipkoech Noah

2401

NJIRU, Maran Arther Mugendi

2265

ASETO, Barnard Bella Okinyi

2311

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2357

HAMBE, Haret Adbullahi

2402

OMWENGA, Isaac Mokaya

2266

MUCHAI, Joan Njoki

2312

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2358

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2403

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2267

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2313

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2359

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2404

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2268

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2405

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2269

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2361

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2406

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2270

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2316

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2362

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2407

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2271

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2317

APIYO, Samuel Omondi

2363

MULONZI, Catherine Nthoki

2408

ONSARE, Mardsen Haron Moenga

2272

LAMUWALLA, Juzer

2318

UMLAI, Mohamed Ahmed

2364

KIPLANGAT, Hezekia Yegon

2409

CHEGE, Henry Muturi

2273

OLENYO, Jonathan Omondi

2319

KITHURE, James Kimathi

2365

MUSYIMI, Victoria Mwikali

2410

KUNG'U, Matthew Muturi

2274

NYAGA, Zaberius Sebastian

2320

UMURO, Adano Gollo

2366

MWOLOLO, Shadrach Mwenda

2411

WAGURA, David Warui

2275

ORENGO, Kenneth Otieno

2321

KILONZO, Christopher

2367

MWANGI, Simon Ndungu

2412

KUNDEMBULE, Polycap

2276

BAKARI, Renson Charo

2322

IRERI, Ricky Gatumu

2368

NDAMBUKI, Nicholas Maingi

2413

MULEMBANI, Robert Miheso

2277

CHELIMO, Samuel Murkumun

2323

MWOBOBIA, Royford Murangiri

2369

DZOMBO, Simon Mwagongo

2414

ASENA, Caroline Kellen

2278

ODERA, Chomas Owino Otieno

2324

ONZAGO, Ronald Okindo

2370

ROTICH, Benjamin Kiplono

2415

NDEGWA, Jackson Ndirangu

2279

GITAU, George Kamau

2325

ALWALA, Irene Atieno

2371

KARIUKI, Jeniffer Waiyego

2416

OMARI, Stephen Oyagi

2280

OKAALO, Gerald Munai

2326

OSIYA, Collins Papa

2372

NYINGI, Dennis Wachira

2417

MATHAI, Lilyan Wanjiku

2281

OTHIENO, Sylvia Achieng'

2327

OGALI, Irene Nafula

2373

KAMAU, Gerald Manyeki

2418

OMBOGO, Edinah Kemunto

2282

MATHENGE, Stellamaris

2328

MUGO, Bernard Chege

2374

NGUGI, Anthony

2419

WAMBURA, Charlotte Wangui

2283

KARANJA, Salome Wakonyo

2329

MUSEMBI, Thomas Kania

2375

WANJOHI, James Muriuki

2420

KONEY, Boye Mensah Kwao

2284

NG'ANG'A, Julius Maina

2330

MULIRA, Gershon Luvira

2376

NGUI, Stella Muthike

2421

KITHAMA, Munene

2285

OUMA, Erick Athero

2331

NDUNG'U, Shadrack Ng'ang'a

2377

MAINA, Pharis Ndirangu

2422

OUMA, Gabriel Omolo

2286

OLERO, Chrispine Shikuku

2332

MURAYA, Joan

2378

KIBORE, Benson

2423

ODHIAMBO, Roulex George Owino

2287

RAMADHAN, Faiza Aoko

2333

MUCHERU, Gerald Mburu

2379

NGENO, Geoffrey Kipngetich

2424

MWANGI, Isaac Kimani

2288

OWARE, Fredrick Ooko

2334

MAGIRI, Royford Bundi

2380

MANENO, Alfred Ndiema

2425

WENDO, Edith Itebete

2289

DINDY, Stephen Ochieng'

2335

SIRMA, Anima Jematia Kigen

2381

GITONGA, Gerald Eric

2426

OGASO, Dennis Ogembo

2290

CHACHA, Isaiah Nchagwa

2336

LOSIKE, Simon Logilae

2382

LIPA, Daniel Esimbasele

2427

MURIUKI, Charles Joseph Mundia

2291

OBONYO, Timothy Babu

2337

GACHOKA, Richard Nyagia

2383

LANG'AT, Peter Kipkoech

2428

WAIRIMU, Dickson Kinyua

2292

RUKENYA, Zachary Muthii

2338

MBOGA, Thomas Michieka

2384

ONDARA, Joshua Ondabu

2429

KEMBOI, David Chebutia

2293

MUTHONI, Grace Wanjiku

2339

WERU, Peter Maina

2385

NDUNG'U, John Njuguna

2430

MULUPI, Newton Lidoya

2294

MANG'ANG'I, Jackline Mwikali

2340

NGOYA, Ditaco Masinde

2386

JUMA, Pascal Odhiambo

2431

OMBASA, Jared Kenyatta

2295

OWOKO, Victor Otieno

2341

KAHARIRI, Samuel Maina

2387

KOGEI, Patricia Jepkurui

2432

CHEGE, Hannah Wambui

2296

MWANGI, Tabitha Wanja

2342

OWUORI, Kennedy Okemba

2388

KIMANI, Stephen

2433

MUYAGA, James Biketti

2297

ETELEJ, Ezekiel Ekuwam

2343

KISIA, Seth M.

2389

CHERUIYOT, Shadrack Rotich

2434

IRUNGU, Henry Maina

2298

KORIR, James Kiprotich

2344

KAROBIA, Josphat Muturi

2390

MUGO, Jackson Ngure

2435

WAIGURU, Titus Muritu

2299

GICHURE, Mary Nyambura

2345

MUCHIRI, Kenneth Kirenge

2391

AMOTH, Kevin Ogombe

2436

MUTUKU, Ambrose Mutua

2300

MUKORA, Geoffrey Gitau

2346

MAINGI, Irene Ndunge

2392

MOKAYA, Alphanus Osoro

2437

KURIA, James Menni

2301

GILA, Jaquinvidah Achieng'

2347

OMONDI, Paul George

2393

KAROKI, Bodwin Ruheni

2438

CHELULE, Edwin Kiprop

2302

KAMAU, Harrison

2348

KIMANI, John Muturi

2394

NDAMBUKI, Keith Seth

2439

RUTTO, Joel K.

2303

MOCHAMA, Job Moturi

2349

NGUGI, Nellius Wangui

2395

WERE, Christine Adhiambo

2440

M'MAYI, Consolata

2304

KIUNGA, Purity Nkirote

2350

MUTISYA, John Mbithi

2396

GITONGA, Simon Wanjohi

2441

BARASA, Richard Nyongesa

2305

ALI, Noor Muhamed

2351

MUHIA, James Mburu

2397

YEGON, Albert Kipngenoh

2442

AMALA, David Ochieng'

2306

KOKI, Ignatius Maundi

2352

MARWA, Justin Oliel

2398

KIRUI, Weldon Kipkemoi

2443

THIGU, Stephen Gatitu

2307

KIBEGWA, Felix Matura

2353

SING'OEI, George Kiprono

2399

GITONGA, Martin Kamau

2444

KIBOREK, Ezra Kiprotich

2308

NDETI, Virginia Mutindi

2354

MWITA, Johnes Mbuge

2400

MAINA, James Wanjohi

2445

OLUDO, Kevin Ochieng'

2309

PAPAH, Michael Barak

2355

INYAGWA, Charles Muleke

For more information contact: The Chairman, Kenya Veterinary Board, P.O. Box 513, Uthiru 00513 Nairobi, Telephone: 020 300 9999 Mobile: 0722 305 253, Email: info@kenyavetboard.org, Website: www.kenyavetboard.org 50 | The Agrolink

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• Fastest plant reaction • Longer lasting effect • More healthy plants 52 | The Agrolink

The Scotts Company Kenya Ltd P.O Box 17038 - 00510, Nairobi Alpha Centre Unit 8, Mombasa Road Tel: 020 807 0710/13