260
allergies to, 95, 96 cow’s milk-based infant formula, 93 formula, 93–94 safety with, 108, 129, 135 Crawling, 183 Cross-contamination, 198 Cryptosporidium, 201 Cups, 142
Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) fat-soluble vitamins, 10 macronutrients, 6 minerals, 17 overview of, 3–4 water-soluble vitamins, 14 Disaccharides (double sugars), 7 Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 9, 97
Dehydration, 102, 131, 164 Dental health. See Oral health. Desserts, 136 Development breastfeeding and, 49–50 complementary foods and, 116–117 feeding skills developmental delays and, 43, 116–117 fine motor skills, 35–37 grasping reflexes, 37 gross motor skills, 35–37 hunger cues, 38–40 oral skills, 33, 35 rate of development, 38 reflexive responses, 37 satiety cues, 38–39 milestones, 182 oral health breastfeeding and, 49 caries, 152–155 decay recognition, 154 dentists, 155–156 oral care, 155 teething, 153, 153 tooth decay, 152–153 tooth development, 151–152 physical activity and, 180–182 reflexes gag reflex, 35 grasping reflexes, 37 milk let-down reflex, 50 Moro reflex, 37 rooting reflex, 34 stepping reflex, 37 tongue thrust reflex, 35 tonic neck reflex, 37–38 skills guidelines, 221 Diabetes, breastfeeding and, 49, 51 Diapers, tracking, 64 Diarrhea definition of, 162 dehydration and, 103 causes of, 162, 164 formula feeding and, 103 viruses and, 164
Ear infections, 103 Early childhood caries, 154 E-cigarettes, breastfeeding and, 78 E. coli, 201 Eggs, 127, 196 Electronics, 166, 184–186 Energy, 4–5, 156, 165 Essential amino acids, 8 Estimated average requirement (EAR) calcium, 17 carbohydrate, 6 copper, 17 definition, 3 iodine, 17 iron, 17 magnesium, 17 phosphorus, 17 protein, 6 selenium, 17 vitamin A, 10 vitamin B1, 14 vitamin B2, 14 vitamin B3, 14 vitamin B6, 14 vitamin B9, 14 vitamin B12, 14 vitamin C, 14 vitamin D, 10 vitamin E, 10 zinc, 17 Estimated energy requirement (EER), 4
INFANT NUTRITION AND FEEDING
Fats alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), 6, 9 cholesterol, 9 deficiency, 10, 24 functions, 9, 23 linoleic acid (LA), 9 sources, 10, 23 Fat-soluble vitamins vitamin A deficiency, 11, 23 dietary reference intake, 10 functions, 11, 23 sources, 11, 16, 23
toxicity, 23 vegetarian diets, 157 vitamin D deficiency, 12, 23 dietary reference intake, 10 functions, 11, 23 sources, 11–12, 16, 23 toxicity, 23 vegetarian diets, 157 vitamin E deficiency, 12, 24 dietary reference intake, 10 functions, 12, 24 sources, 12, 16, 24 toxicity, 24 Feeding relationship, 39, 41–42 Feeding skills developmental delays and, 43, 116 fine motor skills, 35–37 grasping reflexes, 37 gross motor skills, 35–37 hunger cues, 38–39, 40 oral skills gag reflex, 35 rooting reflex, 34 sucking/swallowing reflex, 34, 36 tongue thrust reflex, 35 rate of development, 38 reflexive responses, 37 satiety cues, 38–39 “Fencing posture.” See Tonic neck reflex. Fine motor skills, 35–37 Finger foods, 135 Fish benefits of, 127 introducing, 126–127 mercury contamination, 204 preparation, 126, 194–195 risks of, 127 Fluoride deficiency, 21, 26 dietary reference intake, 17 formula and, 105–106 function, 26 sources, 22, 26 toxicity, 21–22, 26 Folate (vitamin B9) deficiency, 15, 24 dietary reference intake, 14 functions, 15, 24 sources, 15, 16, 24 toxicity, 24 Food allergies complementary foods, 116,