Symbiosis by Julia Fernandez by Julia Fernandez

This book is dedicated to Mothra Man, Thank you for your invaluable wisdom and guidance, and for always answering my call.

BY JULIA YSABELA FERNANDEZ

Symbiosis sym·bi·o·sis, noun (BIOLOGY) The interaction bet ween t wo dif ferent orga nisms liv ing in close physica l association. Ty pes sof sy mbiosis include commensa lism, mutua lism, a nd pa rasitism. 1-6

Introduction

6-9

Identity

10-11

Letter Forms

12-13

Type Composition

14-17

Bitmap Montage

18-19

Pattern

20-23

Environmental Graphic

24-25

Paper Composition

26-29

Photography

30-31

Infographics

32-33

Grid

34-37

UX Design

DEFINITION

Process Sketches Exploring identity is one of the most challenging and intriguing aspects of graphic design. Identity is more than just a brand; identity is an interpretation of an artist’s vision and collaboration of an overall mission.

Commensalism

Identity

A n association bet ween t wo orga nisms in which one benef its a nd the other derives neither benef it nor ha rm.

Mutualism A n interaction that is benef icial to both organisms involved.

Parasitism A n interaction that is reliant on the exploitation of one of the t wo par ties involved in the relationship.

IDENTITY

Word Mark

Symbiosis is a natural phenomenon that defines specific instinctual interactions between two or more living beings. Combining easily identifiable figures that one may associate with the subject , while taking advantage of letter form creates a memorable mark.

The mark demonstrates the impor tance of equality between contrasting elements in both design and concept.

IDENTITY

Silhouettes

Letter Forms

Familiar letter forms are found in every living being. Through embracing the organic features of animals with their counterparts, a unique letter forms are created.

Logo System

Logo systems are a flexible and interactive way to engage the audience by enabling the search of a pattern that represents a subject. Symbiosis explores 3 main interactions: commensalism, mutualism, and finally, parasitism.

LETTER FORMS

This essay by Margaret McFall–Ngai entitled ‘Divining the Essence of Symbiosis: Insights from her Squid–Vibrio Model’ explores the artificially created model system to fur ther scientific understanding of symbiotic associations. Her work covers the complexity of these relationships to the micro -bacterial level, and inspired the manifestation of this typographic composition. This work ’s overlapping layers represents the rapid reproduction of micro – bacteria in her experiment.

Bacteria & Fungi Fungal-bacterial endosymbiosis encompasses the mutualistic relationship between a fungus and intracellular bacteria species residing within the fungus. Many examples of endosymbiotic relationships between bacteria and plants, algae and insects exist and have been well characterized, however fungal-bacteria endosymbiosis has been less well described.

Mutualistic Birds

One of the most common associations of symbiosis is the interaction between an animal and a small bird. Whether it be a plover bird cleaning an alligator’s teeth, or an oxpecker getting rid of ticks on a Zebra, they are as important to the animal world as their counterparts. 16

Type Composition

Typographic Texture

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Her ninth book,the Ac-orthodox history of quiring Genomes: A New Theory of sms inheritthored acquired acteristics, wasartiright. by showing propo ition, faressays. from opposing Darwin’s theory of evolution in a the intellectual public, explains the elusive sourcehundreds ofchar evolutionary innovation orhas authored or coauof scientific cleshow andThis dozens ofspopular In addi- Darwin, puts tion, Margulis is a dedicated teacher lis fur- croorganther explains that Darwin himself wasthe explicitly professor a staunchin Lamar ckian, not least marck who originally proposed a be inherited generations. Acquiring Genomes argues against orthodox history of isms.byA future geneticist by training -and now distinguished university the Department of because it was Lastics” Massachusetts, was Lamar ck’spropo forfarthe source of spontaneously change some inherit acquired characteristics, was right. This from opposing Darwin, puts innovation in evolution; that is, an organism Darwin’smight theory of evolution in a she describes herself asproposal a sition, change championing the wouldMargulis be Even Darwin had proposal fortothe of innovation or “sports, ther explains that Darwin himself was explicitlyinherited. a staunch Lamar ckian, not no least becausecant it was Lawho”originally proposedasahe microbes, has made several significontributions oursource understanding of (marck e mar-esis,” which states velousthat profusion ofchondria innova tions inthat the lifethe could ariseininalgae the first aftertaneously the in- changeare novations was Lamarck’s proposal for the source of innovation in evolution; is,variety an organism some the mito in every animalmight cell of and plastids andplace. plantsOnlyspon actually different kinds of function -ascollege the editor, the source, of evolution. would be inherited. Even Darwin had no proposal for thenot source of innovation ( or “sports, as heof her career is now included in every biology textbook. She has” spent a good portion finding evidence for this says animals were once Margulis, ‘’have proven wrong in the genetics ” Instead, shenovations describes how organisms can velous profusion of innovations in the variety ofbeen life could arise in the firstsymplace. Only after the in-lab. free-living bacteria that joined biotically with other free-liv ing bacteria early in the evolution of nome to actually change their of DNA.the “Bac teria makepublic, friends easily and function -as the editor, not the source, evo lution. book will present to intellectual explains the elusive source of evolutionary innovation by an- incorporate ismsother and form part nerships, ” she explains. “Real innovation toward the complex Margulis, ‘’have been proven wrong in the genetics lab. ” Instead, describes how organismswhich can then may be inherited by future genorganisms for newshe charac teristics, erations. ” of sci- DNA. “Bacteria make friends easily and changemergers. their orthodox history ence today: Margulis contends that Lamarck, who claimed that organisms inherit partpropo nerships,” explains. “Real innovation toward the opcomplex sition,she far from posing Darwin, puts Darwin’s theory of evolution in a continuum with the there. mud, the air, the cells further of plants and animals, termite guts, or the tails was of sperm-Lynn ready Margulis explains that Darwin himself explicitly a or primary microbial activity sus- a taining life attheory all levels. Nineteen-yearold Lynn Sagan saw amoebae for the itmergers was Lamarck who ongoing originally proposed systematic of evolution. The aand laboratory oftails Wisconsin, Madison, where she was a graduate student in genetics. “I really liked termite of sperm-Lynn lants acteristics” animals,at the University was Lamarguts, ck’s or the proposal for the source of innovation in evolution; “Itaneously still do.”susrobial activity taining at all levels. Nineteen-yearSagan saw amoebae for the change somelife physical characteristic in responseold to Lynn a threat or an opportuandited. helped focus ofMadison, herwas subsequent research. How does one take care of Wisconsin, where she a graduate stuscientific dent in “sports, genetics. really liked Evendefine theDarwin had no proposal for the source of innovation ( or ” as“Ihe of an open bowl, if they are healthy. They are fed ciliates [ unicellular microbes covered with short, whiplike recognized the need to explain how the marvelous profusion of innova tions in the variety of life and added every dayafter to their When a drop of food is added, they are activated; changing shape her subsequent scientific research. Howbowl. does one take care of the innovations appear does Dar win’s contribution of natural selection begin to function engulf. A struggle evo ensues; the actively swimming ciliate is subdued by digestive enzymes leaked healthy. They are fed ciliates [ unicellular microbes covered with short, whiplike lution. monitored in the lab every is the source ofbowl. aftera drop of food is noon and they are activated; changing shape mutation innova tion,” When says Margulis, ‘’haveadded, been proven lion hunt. “Well-fed amoe-she describes bae,” she says, “round up and swimming ciliate subdued by whole digestive enzymes leaked Instead, howactively organisms canisincorporate bacteria into themselves, using ty-five minutes, and theychange their reproduce age once a day. Many “Bacteria make afternoon andon averactually DNA. friends easily and develop enethem, they die,” Margulis remembers. ”enter she says, “round up and They don’t clean bae, the lives of larger organisms and form part nerships,” she explains. “Real the natural top on averlayer of reproduce age dirty once water a day. and Many results whento remove selection leads to unhealthy the by Margulis about she would add a balanced salt remembers. half. Then recalls this dirty work with great fondness: “I owe my pasf dirty water and unhealthy Margulis necessity of amoeba feeding bowl cleaning every day,” she insists. still focusing on and promoting mien a balanced salt roperzio. Wher- she would add ever she looks-in the mud, the air, the and originated“I from naked-eye observations, she helped to bring a five-kingdom classification based on microscopic lis withofgreat oweMargulis my pas- sees als, termite guts,recalls this dirtyorwork the tails sperm- fondness: Lynn of life.every Sheactivity has shown that the symbiotic inter- mibowltype cleaning day,further ” she insists. still focusing on and promoting crobial mergersnecessity of amoeba orfeeding primaryand ongoing each microbial from theLynn microscopic level to the planNow, Margulis’ helped to bring a saw five-kingdom classification based on microscopic latest theor y offers the provocative claim that els. Nineteen- originated from naked-eye observations, year- wayshe old Sagan amoebae for theetary first level. time mutation, is the of evo lution. The cosm’s Madison, spokesperson awake before the birds are singing, each type of life. She has further shown thatscope the symbiotic interh-quality micro inwellspring a laboratory at the Uni versity ofmicroWisconsin, where she was a gradarethe onmicroscopic the road, and peering etary down aamoebae,” microscope at the open guts of termites before the doors to the building at her laboratory at the University of way from level to the planNow, Lynn Margulis’ latest theor y offers the provocative claim enetics. “I really likedlevel. Margulis reminisces fondly. “I stillthat do.” are unlocked, hasofthe energ y ofchanged the swimming she deso adores. cosm’s ninth research. book, Acquiring of Evolution, was published in mutation, is theMargulis wellspring evolution. The microspokesperson awake before the birds aresubsequent singing, Her with the amoebae her lifebacteria and helped fine the focus of her scientific How Genomes: A New Theory orpeering coauthored of scientific articles and dozens‘’They of popular Margulis is the building a dedicated teacher a keen scientific investiga tor downhundreds a microscope at the open guts of termites before the doors at her laboratory the University of one take care of amoebae? tend essays. to stickIn toaddition, the bottom of an to open bowl, if they are healthy. Theyand are at geneticist -and now distinprofessor in the Department of Geosciences at sions], the Universi trately y of Massachusetts, she describes herenerg yby of training the swimming bacteria she so adores. guished university Genomes: A New Theare ory Evolution, in liates [ unicellular microbes covered with short, whiplike ex-Her ninth book, Acquiring tenwhich grown sepaof and was published In addition, is a dedicated teacher and a keen scientific torshape all the time, they d every day toarticles and dozens of popular their essays. bowl. When a drop of food is added,Margulis they are activated;investiga changing flow toward the food, microcosm. ” Inuniversity championing the microbes, has made several significant contributions to understanding of tion.into Herthe “endosymbiotic hypothesis,” which guished professor in ensues; the Department of Margulisactively Geosisciences at by the Universityour of Massachusetts, she describes her-evolu h they engulf. A struggle the swimming ciliate sub dued digestive enzymes leaked food vacuole.” This drama, mitochondria in every animal cell and plastids inafternoon algae andand plants actuallyhad, different of remnant bacteria that live symbiotically, is now included in every college h Sagan monitored in the lab every earlyare evening, the kinds precision and excitement of a lion hunt. “Well-fed hasshe spent a goodportion of several her career finding evidence for this idea-that components plants mals“endosymbiotic were once free-living Margulis has made contributions to our in understanding of evolution. Her hypothesis,” ebae,” says, “round upsignificant and proceed to repro duce by division half anofhour or and aniforty-five minutes,which and they reproduce on average with free-liv bacteria early in the evolution Her latest research, which her book toremembers. theevery college public, explains the elusive source of plastids in other algae more and plants are actually of remnant bacteria live symbiotically, is will nowpresent included in ce asymbiotically day. Many areing produced thandifferent can pos-kinds sibly survive.of“Iflife. you don’t clean them,that they die,”new Margulis “Aspiintellectual ration is crucial. ” She showing actually other for and newunhealthy charac teristics, which then may be inherited generations. evidence for this idea-that components plants ani-organisms mals were once free-living ould use anhow as- organisms pirator toincorporate remove the topoflayer of and dirty water or dead amoebae, reducing the vol- by future ume of the bowl by about half.Acquiring Then she Genomes argues against the today:add Margulis that Lamarck, who claimed organisms inherit acquired char acteristics, was This explains proposition, fargreatsource opposing puts Darwin’s theory of early incontends the evolution of salt life.solution Her latest research, her that new book will present tothis the intellectual public, the elusive of “Ifrom would a balanced made with which double-distilled water. Mar gulis recalls dirty right. work with fondness: owe my passionDarwin, for Lamarck believes wascharac already there. further explains Darwin explicitly astill staunch Lamar otherMargulis organisms for nights new which then may Margulis be inherited futurehimself generations. Acquiring Genomes argues against the ckian, not least because it was Lamarck who origion Sat- that urday to theteristics, utter necessity of amoeba feeding and that bowlby cleaning every was day,” she insists. theory of claimed evolution. The “inheritance of acquiredwas char acteristics” Lamar k’s proposal of innovation in evolution; that is, an classification organism might spontaneously change some that organisms inherit acquired characteristics, right. Thiscpropo snaked-eye ition, for far the from opposing puts Darwin’s theory of promoting microbes. To a science, taxonomy, thatwas originated from ob-source servations, sheDarwin, helped to bring a five-kingdom to a threatthere. or anMargulis opportunity, andexplains that change inherited. Darwin had no shown proposal forthe the source of because innovation ( orLamarck “sports, as way he termed variant organisms), and he recogfurther thatbasic Darwin was beeach explicitly staunch Lamar ckian, not least it was origidistinctions within the cell himself of would type ofEven life. She hasafurther that symbiotic intertwining of life”who extends all the from the ous profusion of char innova tions in level. the of life could arise in the first place. Only after the innovations appear does Dar w in’s contribution quired aplanetary cteristics” wasvariety Lamar c k’s proposal for the source of innovation in evolution; that is, an organism might spon t aneously change some Now, Margulis’ latest theor y offers the provocative claim that symbiosis, and not random mutation, is the wellspring of evolution. function -as the be editor, not the source, of the evo ution. would inherited. Even Darwin hadbirds no proposal for lthe source of innovation or on “sports, as he termed variant and he recogperson awake before are singing, cycling to work before cars (are the ” road, and peering downorganisms), a microscope at the open guts of termites source oflife innova ” says Margulis, ‘’have been proven wrong in genetics lab.” she how locked, Margulis organisms couldtion, arise in the first Only after appear does Dar wInstead, in’s contribution building at herplace. laboratory at thethe innovations University of the Mas sachusetts at Amherst aredescribes unhascan theincorporate energ y of the swimming bacteria she so terial genome to actually change their DNA. make friendswas easily and develop enemies and They enter the liveshundreds of scientific articles and evolution. Acquiring Genomes: A New Theory “Bacteriaof Evolution, published in July, and she hasother inti authoredmacies. or coauthored “Real innovation toward results whenscientific natural selection to the perpetuation of isms. A geneticist mergers.by ” been proven wrong in the genetics lab.” Instead, describes how organisms cantleads incorporate di- explains. tion, Margulis isthe a dedicated teachershecomplex and a keen investiga or of microorgan“Bacteria make friends professor easily andindevelop enemies and otherment intiof Geosciences macies. They enter tthe ed university the Departat the Universi y oflives Massachusetts, she describes the mud, the air, the when cells ofnatural plantsselection and termite tails of”sperm-Lynn Margulis sees evidence of ancient micomplex results leads to theanimals, perpetuation of guts, or themergers. taining life at all championing levels. Nineteen-yearsawmade amoebae forsignificant the first time through a high-quality microscope the microbes, Mar- old Lynn Sagan gulis has several contributions to our understanding of in a osm.” In where shetermite was awhich graduate stu dtails entthe in mito genetics.sees “I really liked amoebae, ” the Lynn remiand nisces fondly. “I plants are actually still do.” animals, guts,states or the of sperm-Lynn evidence ofMargulis ancient mipothesis,” that chondriaMargulis in every animal cell and plastids in algae focus ofamoebae her subsequent research. Howbiology does one takescope care ofhas stick to the Lynnthe Sagan saw for the first time through a high-quality micro in aamoebae? hat live olddefine symbiotically, is now included in scientific every college textbook. She spent a ‘’They good- tend to portion of her career unicellular microbes covered withnisces short, whiplike extensions], are grown sepawith rately and added other free-living genetics. “I really amoebae,” Lynnwere Margulis fondly. “I bacteria still do.” components ofliked plants and animals once remi free-living that which joined symbiotically activated; chang shape all the‘’They time, they toward food, they engulf. A struggle scientific research. Howing does one which take care amoebae? tend topresent stickwhich to thepublic, of life. Her latest research, herof new book willflow to the intellectual explains the elusive source into the food vacuole. 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Then she add a balanced salt solution made duce on average once a day. Many than can possibly ly a staunch Lamarmore ckian,are notproduced least because was Lamarck who by originally proposed a would recalls dirtythe work with great fondness: owe passion working on Saturday nights to the utter necessity of amoeba feeding and members. would use an gulis aspirator to this remove topck’s The “inheri tance “Aspiration is crucial.”ofShe acquired char acteristics” was Lamar proposal“Ifor themy source of for still focusing on spon and promoting microbes. Tophysical a science, taxonomy, originated from naked-eye observations, she helped to bring a amoebae, reducing the volume of the orbowl by aboutinsists. half. Then she would add a change balanced salt solution made that n; that is, an ganism might taneously some charon microscopic distinctions within the basic cell of each type of life. She has further shown that the symbioticnecessity of amoeba feeding and intertwining of life extends gulis recalls this dirty work with great fondness: “I owe my passion for working on Saturday nights to the utter o a threat or an opportunity, and that change would be inherited. Even Darwin etary level. Now, Margulis’ latest theor(yor offers the”that provocative claim thatorganisms), symbiosis, notand obsermutation, is the wellspring of evolution. The microinsists. stilloffocusing on and promoting microbes. 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Her ninth book, tion, was published incars July,are andon the road, and peering she has authored or coauthored hundreds of scientific articles andofdozens of before the ‘’have been proven popularwrong essays. In addition, Margulis cycling to work before down a microscope at” the open guts termites Darwinist claims that mutation is the source of innova tion, says Margulis, in the genetics lab.” Instead, she describes investiga microorganisms. A ener geneticist by bacteria training -andthemselves, now distinguished university professor in Her the ninth book, genome to actually Department sachusetts Amherst areincorporate unlocked, Margulis has the g ywhole of the swimming bacteria so adores. ganisms can toratof into using the whole she bacterial changeof Geosciences at the their DNA. “Bacteria a she hasasauthored or coauthored hundreds of scientific articles and dozens ofacies. They enter the livespopular essays. In addition, Margulis and form part nerships,” she ds easilyherself and develop enemies and other intim of larger organisms championing microbes, Margulis has madewhen several significant contributions to our understanding of evolu Her ” A geneticist the by training -and now distinguished university professor in the Department of of Geosciences at thetion.mergers. al innovation toward the complex results natural selection leads to the perpetuation states that the mitochondria in every animal cell and the plastids in algae and plants are actually different kinds of remnant bacteria that live symbiotically, is ography textbook. She has spent a significant good Wherever portion oflooks-in her career finding evidence thisofidea-that components andtermite guts, oranimals gulis has made several contributions to our understanding ofthe evolu tion. ames di Properzio. she mud, the air,Her thefor cells plants and animals, of plants the tailswere of once free-living other in in algae evolution of Her latest which her new booklive will present to the intellectual public, explains the elusive source of eryfree-liv animaling cellbacteria and theearly plastids and plants arethe actually different kinds of research, remnant bacteria that symbiotically, is sees evidence of ancient microbial mergers or life. primary ongoing microbial activity sustaining life at all levels. Nineteen-yearhowportion organisms actually incorporate other organisms for new charac teristics, which then be inherited by future generations. Acquiring Genomes argues against of her career finding evidence components of plants and animals were free-living amoebae for the first time for this idea-that through a high-quality micro scope in a laboratory atmay theonce Uni versity today: thatwas claimed“Ithat organisms inheritto”acquired characteristics, sition, far from opposing Darwin, puts theMargulis evolutioncontends of life. Her latest research, which her newLamarck, book present the intellectual public, explains the elusive source of propo where she a graduate studwill entwho in genetics. really liked amoebae, Lynn Margulis remi nisces fondly. “Iwas still right. do.” This uumrate withother Lamarck that for believes already there. Margulis Darwin himself was explicitly a staunch Lamarckian, organisms charac teristics, which thenMargulis may bethe inherited byfurther future explains generations. Acquiring Genomes against changed hernew life and helped define focus was of her subsequent scientific research. How that does one take care ofargues amoebae? ‘’They tend to proposed a systematic of evolution. “inheritance of acquired char acteristics” was Lamar ck’s Lamarck, who claimed organisms inherit acquired theory char was right. This propo sition, farwhiplike from opposing Darwin, puts which are grown bowl, if theythat are healthy. Theyacteristics, are fed ciliatesThe [ unicellular microbes covered with short, extensions], is, anMargulis organismto might sponof taneously changethey someare physical characteristic in response to a threat believes was already that Darwin was explicitly a staunch their bowl. When athere. Margulis further explains drop food is added, activated; chang ing himself shape all the time, they Lamarckian, flow toward the food, which Eventheory Darwin had no proposal for the source of enzymes innovation (was or “sports, as he termedfood vacuole.” ofthe evolution. The “inheritance of acquired characiliate cteristics” Lamar actively swimming is subdued by digestive leaked into thec”k’s This drama, which Sagan to explain how the marvelous of innova tions inofthe variety of life could arise in “Well-fed spontaneously change some physical characteristic in evening, response to theprofusion a threat afternoon and early had, precision and excitement a lion hunt. amoebae,” she says, “round up win’s connaturaltermed selection to function -as the editor, no proposal the source of innovation ( or “sports,”forty-five astion he of minutes, vision in half for an hour or tribuand theybegin reproduce on average once a day. the marvelous profusion of innovations in the variety“Ifofyou life don’t clean couldthem, arise they in die,” Margulis rememn can possibly survive. bers. innovation,” Margulis, proven in the genet- or dead ics lab.” tion aspirator of naturaltoselection beginsays to function -as the editor, du-use an remove the top‘’have layer been of dirty waterwrong and unhealthy rate whole bacteria the whole bacterial ge- made with nome to f the bowl by about half. Theninto she themselves, would add ausing balanced salt solution easily and in the genet- with great develop enemies intimacies. They enter the tion,” saysthis Margulis, ‘’havefriends been proven wrong ics lab. ” “I and is recalls dirtymake work fondness: oweother my passion for part nerships, ” she “Real innovation toward the complex results when bacteria into themselves, using theexplains. whole nome to day,” she oolethe utter necessity of bacterial geamoeba feeding and bowl cleaning every perpetuation mergers. ”Tomacies. Mapping the Geography ends easily and develop enemies of and other inti They enter thefrom romoting microbes. a science, taxonomy, that originated Wherever she looks-in the mud, thebring air,comthe cellsclassification of plants andbased hips, ”she she explains. “Real innovation toward the plex results when ions, helped to a five-kingdom on mitailsofof sperm- ” Lynn Margulis sees evidence microbial ion mergers. Mapping thethe Geography tions within basic cell ofof each type ancient of life. She has further shown that life at all the levels. Nineteen-year-old inintertwining thesustaining mud, the air, cells of life plants and all Lynn ctivity of extends the way from the microscopic level to the ugh asees high-quality microscope inlatest a laboratory at thethe gulis evidence of ancient microbial w, Margulis’ theor y offers provocative claim that symbiosis, and here she was student in genetics. “I evo really likedThe amoebae,” Lynn Mars.mutation, Nineteen-year-old Lynn is a graduate the wellspring of lution. microcosm’s spokese in athe laboratory at the efore birds are singing, cycling to work before cars are on er life and helped the focus ofopen her subsequent scien-before amoebae,” Lynn Martific research. How does one take care of amoebae? genetics. reallydefine liked down a “I microscope at the guts of termites owl, They are fed ciliates [ of unicellular microbes covered with short, whiplike extensions], which ng at if they are healthy. her laboratory at the University Massachusetts heir bowl. Whenlocked, a drop food is added, theygare changing they subsequent scien-of tific research. How does one take care of amoebae? -of her Margulis has the ener y ofactivated; the swimming bacteria sheshape so all the time, truggle ensues; the actively swimmingNew ciliate isory sub by microbes covered digestive enzymes leaked fed ciliates [ unicellular with short, whiplike extensions], which Acquiring Genomes: A The ofdued Evolution, was published in into the July, in the they lab every afternoon and early evening, the precision and excitement a lion hunt. “Well-fed added, are activated; changing shape all the time, they coauthored hundreds of scientifichad, articles and dozens of of popular essays. In addition, Margulis is ce division indscientific half or tor of digestive forty-fivemicroorganisms. minutes, and they ingbyciliate iskeen sub uedan by hour enzymes reproduce leaked intoon theaverage investiga A geneticist by training -and now distinguished “If you don’t clean them, theysciencession die,” Margulis rememration is crucial.” evening, had, the preciand excitement of a lionbers. hunt.“Aspi “Well-fed Department of Geo at the Universi ty of Massachusetts, she describes herself as d unhealthy dead amoebae, re- reproduce on average ducing the volume of the bowl by about half. Then -five minutes,orand they Mar gulis recalls this dirty bers. the workmicrobes, with greatMargulis has fondness: made “I oweseveral my passion for ,”ater. Margulis remem“Aspiration is crucial.” microcosm. ” In championing significant contribuding bowl cleaning every day, shesis,” insists. on and promoting ucingand the volume of “endosymbiotic the” bowl by about half. Then evolu tion. Her hypothewhich states that still focusing the mito chondria ed-eye observations, she are helped to different based on microscopic distinctions within the workinwith fondness: “I owe my passion for algaegreat and plants actually kinds of remnant bring a five-kingdom bacteria thatclassification live at the intertwining of life extends all the way fromcareer the microscopic level to the planetary level. Now, Margulis’ latest theor y offers the she insists.college focusing and promoting spent a good insymbiotic every biology still textbook. Sheon has portion of her ation, is the wellspring of evo lution. before the birds are singing, cycling to work before cars are on the road, bring a five-kingdom based on microscopic distinctions within the components of plants and animals were once classification free-living The microcosm’s bacteria spokesperson that joined awake ermites theearly doors the buildlaboratory at the of scopic level to the planetary level. Now, MarMassachusetts at Amherst are unlocked, Margulis has the energ y of the extends all the gulis’ latest theor y offers the livingbefore bacteria into the evolution ofway life. from the micro- Her latest ing at herresearch, which herUniversity new quiring Genomes: A explains NewThe The oryelusive of Evolution, was publishedinnovation in July, and she before the birds are singing, has authored or coauthored of scientific microcosm’s spokesperson awake cycling toby work beforehundreds cars are on the road, articles and intellectual public, the source of evolutionary showing how organisms actually isganisms is a dedicated and keen sci- then at entific investiga tor ofby microorganisms. A Massachusetts at Amherst geneticist train- erations. ing -and now distinguished university in ata her laboratory the University of arebyunlocked, Margulis has the energ y of the for newteacher characing teristics, which may be inherited future genAcquiring Genomes argues againstprofessor the orthodox itoday: ty of Massachusetts, sheEvolution, describes her-published a she was in self July,asand has authored or coauthored hundreds of scientific articles and Margulis contends that Lamarck, who claimed that organisms inherit acquired characteristics, was right. This proposition, far from microbes,theory Margulis hasentific madeinvestiga significant A contributions to our of tor of microorganisms. geneticist by train- believes ing -and now distinguished universitywas professor Darwin’s of evolution inseveral a continuum with Lamarck thatunderstanding Margulis alreadyinthere. Margulis further explains that Darwin hat chondria in every animal cell and the plastidsitinwas algae and plants actually selfthe as amito explicitly a staunch Lamar ckian, not least because Lamarck who are originally proposed a systematic theory of evolution. The cally, is now included in every college biology textbook. She good portion in of nificant contributions to our understanding of acquired char acteristics” was Lamar ck’s proposal for has the spent sourcea of innovation evolution; that is, an organism might spontaneously ents and animals were that joined symbiotically with otherEven free-living bacteria and of theplants plastids in once algae plants are actually oppor- bacteria physical characteristic in response to aand threat or free-living an tunity, and that change would be inherited. hal her new book will present to the intel- of termed lectualvariant public, organisms), explains theand elusive source of evolutionary innovaogy book. She spent a good fortextthe source of innovation (has or “sports,” as heportion he er forthe new characteristics, which mayfree-liv inherited by future generations. Acquiring Genomes argues against the orthodox history of e-living bacteria that joined of symbiotically with other icould ng bacteria to organisms explain how marvelous profusion innova tions in thethen variety ofbelife arise in med inherit char acteristics, was right. This proposition, far from opposing Darwin, puts Darwin’s theory of ntellectual public, explains the elusive bution source of evolutionary innovaafterthat the organisms innovations appearacquired does Dar win’s contriof natural selection begin to elieves there. Margulis further Darwin history of himself was explicitly a staunch Lamarckian, not least because it which then may be inherited by future generations. Acquiring Genomes arguesexplains againstthat the orthodox editor, was not already the source, of evo lution. heory of evolution. The is “inheri ance of innovation,” of acquired acteristics” was of Lamarck’s proposal for the source of innovation in evolution; charsource atcteristics, was right. This propo from opposing Darwin, puts Darwin’s theory claims that mutation the says Margulis, ‘’have beensition, far proven wrong in thechar ome physical characteristic in response to a threat or an opportunity, and that change further explains that Darwin himself was explicitly a staunch Lamar c kian, not describes how organisms can incorporate whole bacteria into themselves, using the whole bacterial genome to actually changewould be inherited. Evenleast because it on make ( or “sports, he termed and he ognized the to explain of and acquired characteristics” wasrecLamar k’s proposal for need the of innovation in evolution; friends” as easily and develop enemies variant otherorganisms), intimcacies. They enter thesource lives of larger organisms and form part he variety of life couldtoward arise inthe complex results the first sponse place. Only or after innovations appear and doesselection Dar win’s to a threat an the opportunity, thatnatural change would becontribuinherited. Even “Real innovation when leads to the perpetuation of mergers.” Mapping the he evolution.and he recnt editor, not the source, of organisms), ognized the need to explain the source of innova tion,” she looks-in says ‘’have appear been wrong in the genetics lab.” Instead, place. Only after the innovations does proven Darwin’s contribuProperzio. Wherever the Margulis, mud, the air, the cells of she deplants and animals, termite guts, or teria into themselves, using the whole bacterial genome to actually change their DNA. . gulis sees evidence of ancient microbial mergers or primary ongoing microbial ies other inti macies. They enter ofamoebae largerlab.” organisms form part through nerships,” she beenLynn proven wrongthe in lives thesaw genetics Instead, de-time lis,and ‘’have levels. Nineteen-year-old Sagan forand theshe first a high-quality mplex results when natural selection leads the perpetuation mergers.”student in hole bacterial to actually change theirtoDNA. at the University of genome Wisconsin, Madison, where she wasofa graduate genetics. “I really e lives of larger organisms and form part nerships,” she Margulis reminisces fondly. “I still do.” on leads to the perpetuation ” amoebae changed her life and of mergers. helped define the focus of her subsequent scientific research. mud,tothe thean cells of plants animals, termite zio. Whereveramoebae? ‘’They tendshe to looks-in thestick theair, bottom of open bowl, ifand they are healthy. Margulis microbes covered with sees evidence of ancient mi- extencrobial or primary ongoing short, whiplike sions],mergers which are grown sep arately miteen-year-old Sagan saw the first time through a high-quality microscope in cells of plants and animals, termite e mud, the air, bowl. When athe drop ofLynn food is added, they areamoebae activated;for chang ing shape all ison, whereorshe wasthey a ongoing graduate dent inthe genetics. ly liked amoebae,” Lynn Margulis of ancient microbial mergers primary toward the food, which engulf.miA strugglestu ensues; actively“I realLynn Sagan thedigestive first timeenzymes through high-quality subdued saw amoebae for by leaked into theafood vacuole.”micro This scope in define focus of her subsequent scientific research. How does one take care of he studthe entevery in genetics. “I really liked ” Lynn Margulis edwas in a the lab graduate afternoon and early evening, had,amoebae, the precision bowl, fed if amoebae,” she areup healthy. They to aredfed [ unicellular microbes t. “Wellsays, they “round and proceed repro uceciliates by division are agrown sep arately and added bowl. of her subsequent scientific on research. How does one take care of ocus and inutes, they reproduce average once day. Many more are produced than every day to their activated; chang ingisshape all” She the time, they flow toward the food, which they engulf. A struggle ensues; the actively f don’t they are healthy. They they fed ciliates [ unicellular microbes ou clean them, die,are ” Margulis remembers. “Aspi ration crucial. vacuole. ” This reducing drama, which Sagan moniare grown sep arately addedfood every day to their bowl. ve the top lay- enzymes leaked er of dirty into the water andand unhealthy or dead amoebae, excitement of flow toa lion hunt. amoebae,”which she says, chang ing shape the time, they ward the“Well-fed food, they engulf. A struggle ensues; the actively bout half. Then evening, had, the she precision and would add aallbalanced salt solution made with half an hour or forty-five minutes, and they reproduce average day. Many more are“I owe intointhe food vacuole.” This which Sagan moni- dirtyon r. Margulis re-sion callsdrama, this work with once greatafondness: them, theyand die,” Margulis day remembers. is crucial.” She would precision excitement of “Aspiration a lion hunt. “Well-fed amoebae, ” she says, nights to the utter necessity of rking on Saturamoeba feeding and bowl cleaning every day,” healthy dead amoebae,moting mithe volume of the abowl by about half. minutes, and reducing they reproduce on average once day. To Many are using on forty-five and pro-or crobes. a more science, taxonomy, that originated tilled Marrgation ulis recalls this dirty great fondness: “I owe remembers. She work wouldwith bservations, shewater.“Aspi helped to bring is crucial.” a five-kingdom clas-my passion sification based on microscopic feeding andvolume bowl cleaning every ” she insists. focusing on and promoting reducing the of each type of life. the bowl byday, about half. n the basic cell of She hasstill further shown that the symbiotic intertwining of life observations, to bring five-kingdom classification thisnaked-eye dirtylevel work with great toshe “I owe my passion microscopic the planetary fondness: lev- helped el.a Now, Margulis’ latest theor ybased offerson type of”life. has still further shown that theissymbiotic intertwining of life The extends all day, she She insists. focusing on and promoting osis,every and not random mutation, the wellspring of evolution. 18 level. latest theor y offers the provocative claim are thaton symbiosis, helped toNow, bringMargulis’ a five-kingdom classification based on efore the birds are singing, cycling to work before cars the road, and and not lution. microcosm’s awake the birds singing, cycling shown that the symbiotic intertwining of life extends allbefore the open gutsThe of termites before the spokesperson doors to the building at herare laboratory at the a microscope at g y of the the swimming open guts ofbacteria termites theor yroad, offers thepeering provocative claim thatdown symbiosis, andthe notener Amherst areand unlocked, Margulis has she the building hersinging, laboratory at the was pubUniversity of Mas sachusetts at Amherst are unlocked, spokesperson awakeatbefore the obirds cycling uiring Genomes: A New The ry are of Evolution, lished in July, and she the ener y ofand thedozens of popular swim- In addition, down a microscope at of scientific articles the open guts of gtermites d hundreds essays.

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Symbiotic Collage Creating a bitmap lockup is to compose or arrange a set of graphics, in bitmap tif f format . This creates interesting imager y that is versatile in collage. Communicating concept is crucial, even when done in an abstract manner.

The Sea Turtle & Yellow Tang The tang gets a meal out of the arrangement . Yellow tangs need to eat algae, and lots of it , to sur vive. The green sea tur tles provide a rich meal in one convenient spot. This saves the tang energy since it doesn’t have to go out foraging for food. It also means that the tangs do not have to run the risk of stumbling across predators while grazing on the reef. Meanwhile, the sea turtle also receives benefits from this arrangement . First , these cleanings make the shell more smooth. This reduces friction with the water and makes it easier for the tur tle to swim. Second, fish at the cleaning stations will make a meal out of external parasites on the turtle. This improves the turtle’s health, and all it had to do was swim up to the cleaning station.

B I T M A P M O N TA G E

The Zebra & The Oxpecker The oxpecker and zebra love af fair is a per fect example of a functional symbiotic relationship. The oxpecker, a small bird, catches a ride on top of the zebra’s back all the while feeding off ticks and parasites that live on the skin of the stripy mammal. If any predators approach the birds fly up into the air screeching, warning the zebras of imminent danger.

B I T M A P M O N TA G E

Repetition Patterns, are beautiful, subtle and extremely useful for giving projects texture, depth and variation. In repeating a singular asset with an interesting composition, patterns can easily fill an empty space with life through innovative yet simple design.

Pattern

The Alligator & the Plover Bird

Believe it or not , crocodiles have their own personal dentists in the animal world. Plover birds are small birds that help clean scraps of food left in between the alligator’s teeth which in turn becomes its source of food.

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Environmental Graphic

E N V I R O N M E N TA L D E S I G N

Transition to Reality

Engaging Design

Utilizing photographs of blank billboards helps to visualize design in realistic situations. Creating assets that help advertise an exhibition must be unique and eye-catching.

One of the key tactics of memorable design is employing humor to a subject. Something out of the ordinary is more successful than conventional assets for advertisement.

SYMBIOSIS

Paper Composition Paper is one of the fundamental materials in design. Through experimentation, including trial and error, you can assist with making design come to live by creating a structure that embodies the concept of any project.

Product Designs Another way to visualize design is through product mock-ups. Embracing ever y asset means to take on the challenge of finding unique ways to display each creation.

SYMBIOSIS

Paper Composition

Shooting in a shallow depth- of-field, a.k .a selective-focus, helps emphasize specific aspects of any photo to the advantage of any type of designer.

Photography

Depth of Field

PHOTOGRAPHY

Motion

Animal Patterns

Combining textures and patterns from the animal world utilizes the unique features that provides an abstract por trayal of the definition of what symbiosis. Mutualistic symbiotic relationship of design principles creates a symbiotic design.

Shooting other photos displaying motion (greater blur = slower shutter speed), is an easy but also artistic way to abstract an image.

Infographics

PHOTOGRAPHY

Multiple Exposure

Multiple exposure manually overlays 2 different shots taken with the same camera.

DNA

The interesting thing about symbiotic relationships is that all interactions are instinctual and taught by an animal. In other words, it is in every animal’s DNA.

Start by selecting an animal (s) that y ou want to conduct this quiz on.

Yes

Restart

Yes

Grid infographics opener page set-up.

Grid

Grids are essential tools for graphic design in organization and presentation of information. They can make or break your layouts.

Aerial Counterparts

Birds are an extremely important part of the wildlife ecosystem, not just as a member in the food chain, but as helpers from animals such as peaceful cattle to chomping crocodiles.

INFOGRAPHICS

User Experience

GRID

Web Design Design a flexible grid for your book. Grids are essential tools for graphic design in organization and presentation of information.

SYMBIOSIS

Typefaces Lyon & Neutraface Paper Red River Polar Matte 60lb, Red River Polar Matte 32lb, Cricut Kraft Paper, Clearprint Design Vellum Printer Epson Artisan 14 30 Etc. Cricut Maker

Design Julia Ysabela Fernandez Photography Julia Ysabela Fernandez Printing Julia Ysabela Fernandez Binding Julia Ysabela Fernandez

SYMBIOSIS

FER N A N D EZ

SYM BIOSIS

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Academy of Art University

Binding Julia Ysabela Fernandez

Printing Julia Ysabela Fernandez

Photography Julia Ysabela Fernandez

Design Julia Ysabela Fernandez

Etc. Cricut Maker

Printer Epson Artisan 14 30

Paper Red River Polar Matte 60lb, Red River Polar Matte 32lb, Cricut Kraft Paper, Clearprint Design Vellum

Typefaces Lyon & Neutraface