The Role of the Federal Government

Chapter 6 Test

The Role of the Federal Government Page 6 of 6

Chapter 7 Answer Key

Multiple Choice/True-False

1. a. Police power

2. a. Illinois

3. d. standard and enhanced

4. b. Enacting a setback regulation that restricts development a specified distance from the sandy beach.

5. d. a and b

6. d. 15 billion

16.

19.

21. Answers will vary, but should describe two regulatory policies discussed in this chapter, such as setbacks, building codes, freeboard requirements, regulation of areas of environmental concern, or others. These policies are allowable under the police powers that give states the right to enact legislation to protect the health, safety, and general welfare of the public.

Chapter 7 Answer Key

22. Answers will vary, but should address ways in which states seek funding from federal agencies, in particular FEMA, to engage in hazard mitigation and preparedness activities. States also set policies that often must be enforced at the local level, such as regulation of environmentally sensitive areas, coastal setbacks, and building codes. Many organizations operate outside of government that are essential for effective risk reduction. States often develop partnerships with non-profit conservation organizations, such as the Sierra Club, to protect environmentally sensitive areas and reduce vulnerable development. Charitable groups such as the American Red Cross, Salvation Army, and Habitat for Humanity also become crucial partners with state agencies in efforts to prepare for and recover from disasters.

Chapter 7 Test

Name:

Date:

Multiple-Choice, True/False

Below are 15 Multiple-Choice, True/False questions. Choose the best answer. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 60 points: a. Police power b. Search and seizure c. Habeas corpus d. Commerce clause a. Illinois b. Maryland c. Louisiana d. Florida

1. The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution grants all state governments this authority to enact reasonable legislation to protect the health, safety, and general welfare of the public.

2. States like do not have to place as much emphasis on coastal erosion due to their geography.

3. The two levels of state plans under the Disaster Mitigation Act (DMA) of 2000 are a. stand-alone and supported b. funded and non-funded c. standard and non-standard d. standard and enhanced

4. Which of the following state policies could be referred to as ―strategic retreat?

Mitigating Hazards at the State Level Page 1 of 6

Chapter 7 Test

a. Erecting seawalls along the shoreline to ensure that waves must retreat to the ocean b. Enacting a setback regulation that restricts development a specified distance from the sandy beach. c. Building canals to funnel water away from urban development d. Developing robust evacuation planning to protect public health and safety

5. Many statewide codes are based on nationally recognized model codes, including: a. the International Building Code (IBC) b. the International Residential Code (IRC) c. the International Emergency Code (IEC) d. a and b e. all of the above a. 1 million b. 15 million c. 1 billion d. 15 billion a. coastal protections b. safety nets c. catastrophic insurance d. insurance pools

6. The massive amount of property damage caused by Hurricane Andrew in 1992 precipitated a major insurance crisis in South Florida, when more than in insurance claims was paid.

7. Because many private insurers are reluctant to provide coverage in high-risk areas, some stateshave created , which offer subsized coverage to high-risk properties and impose additional fees on all insurance contracts in the state to cover the losses of a major disaster.

8. States have very similar processes in their approach to hazards management and regulation of the built environment in hazard areas. True or False?

Chapter 7 Test

9. Each of the 50 states, territories, and the District of Columbia maintain an office of emergency management. True or False?

10. South Florida has long had a reputation of having a strong coastal building code. True or False?

11. Wetlands are well known for their water-quality protection function, and have been called nature’s ―liver‖ because of their ability to filter impurities from surface water as it makes its way through the hydrologic system. True or False?

12. An Area of Environmental Concern (AEC) typically would not include the band of narrow barrier islands that form a State’s coastal border. True or False?

13. Because their impacts can be spread over a wide area, tornados are often more difficult to insurance than hurricanes. True of False ?

14. State insurance laws require that premiums not be excessive, inadequate, or unfairly discriminatory. True or False?

15. While states often play a vital role in preparing for and mitigating against natural hazards, all actions directed toward terrorism and other human-made hazards should be left to the federal government. True or False?

Chapter 7 Test

Short Answer

Below are 5 Short Answer questions. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 20 points:

16. One of the primary federal agencies that the states deal with to secure hazard mitigation funding is the Agency.

17. The term ― ‖ is frequently used to refer to a set of codebooks that are coordinated with each other to describe construction techniques and requirements.

18. Although the specifics vary among the coastal states, in general, work by prohibiting or limiting the erection of structures within a specified distance from the ocean or other environmental characteristics.

19. is a term used to describe a policy to elevate all buildings’ lowest floor above predicted flood elevations, generally by additional heights of 1-3 feet above the minimum height required by the National Flood Insurance Program.

20. Some states require off-site preservation of another wetland when a development activity impairs or destroys a wetland in one location. This is commonly called .

Chapter 7 Test

Essay

Below are 2 Essay questions. Answer each question using complete sentences. Each question is worth 10 points for a total of 20 points:

21. Give two examples of state regulations designed to reduce the loss of property due to natural hazards, and explain why they are authorized by the U.S. Constitution.

22. States are often describes as a linchpin between federal government policies and programs, and actions at the local level. Describe how states interact with both federal and local governments, as well as non-profits and other organizations in their efforts to reduce vulnerability to natural hazards.

Chapter 7 Test

Chapter 8 Answer Key

Multiple Choice/True-False

1. a. meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

2. d. Zoning ordinances, subdivision regulations, building codes, and flood damage prevention ordinances

3. b. designated hazard areas

4. c. inaccurate flood maps

5. d. Transfer of Development Rights

6. a. tax burden

7. d. all of the above

8. b. Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000

21. Transferring Development Away From Coastal Barrier Islands - Collier County, Florida began a TDR program in the 1980s to protect 40,000 acres of coastal barrier islands, mangroves, salt

Chapter 8 Answer Key

marshes and beaches. These areas were designated as sending zones. The receiving zones were already set for multi-family housing, but could be built to a higher density using the development rights. Parcels for which the development rights have been sold must be restricted from development or donated to the county or a conservation organization. The TDR program was halted when the transfer resulted in density concentrating in only one receiving site and overwhelming it.

22. Among the powers held by local governments is the authority, and even the duty, to educate the community. An informed and educated citizenry is an integral part of managing hazards at the local level. Many residents assume that current building codes, zoning regulations, subdivision review processes, and permitting will adequately protect them and their property from the impacts of hazards, but this is not always the case. Making the public aware of the hazards it faces is the first step towards making the community safer, and overcoming a lack of awareness should be an integral part of any local mitigation program.

Many local governments have carried out programs to alert residents to natural hazards both the dangers as well as the opportunities to lessen hazard risks. Other communities have focused on educating visitors about fragile ecosystems, sensitive natural areas, endangered wildlife and plant species, or other natural wonders that need to be protected and conserved. In addition to residents and tourists, local ―target audiences‖ for education and awareness include a wide range of community members, including lenders and insurance agents; builders, architects and realtors; as well as local elected and appointed officials and public staff, including the governing board, building inspectors and zoning officials, and emergency first responders, among others.

It is not uncommon that the prevailing perception of risk in a community is skewed, even in areas where natural hazards have occurred in the past. Information regarding hazard frequency is often misunderstood. For example, the common understanding of the ―100-year floodplain‖ is that this area will only be flooded once in a century. Residents also often fail to grasp the extent of past hazard events, such as flood heights. Such misperceptions highlight the need for publicizing accurate information.

Chapter 8 Answer Key

There are several different methods that local communities can use to promote community awareness, including: real estate disclosure, community awareness campaigns, hazard maps and disaster warnings.

Chapter 8 Test

Name:

Date: Multiple-Choice, True/False

Below are 15 Multiple-Choice, True/False questions. Choose the best answer. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 60 points:

1. Sustainable development is development that is best defined as: a. meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs b. meeting the needs of the present by providing aid and comfort to the community as soon as disasters strike c. meeting the needs of the future by providing financial and sound structural support to citizens through government programs d. all of the above

2. Regulatory powers granted by the State to local governments used to control growth and development include: a. Zoning ordinances, national defense, police services, and flood damage prevention ordinances b. Subdivision regulation, zoning ordinances, public nuisance ordinances, and religious freedom c. Subdivision regulation, national parks designation, building codes, and flood damage prevention ordinances d. Zoning ordinances, subdivision regulations, building codes, and flood damage prevention ordinances

3. For hazard mitigation purposes, local zoning maps may be accompanied by regulations that restrict inappropriate uses in:

Chapter 8 Test

a. designated retail areas b. designated hazard areas c. designated public school areas d. designated places of worship a. politicians b. developers c. inaccurate flood maps d. all of the above a. Joint Development Rights b. Retail Developments Rights c. Tax Increment Financing d. Transfer of Development Rights a. tax burden b. development restrictions c. coastal erosion d. over development

4. A significant problem in many communities involves that do not reflect actual flood risks in the jurisdiction, often because new development has changed stormwater flows, which can increase flood levels dramatically.

5. programs treat development as a commodity separate from the land itself.

6. Differential Assessment is a technique for reducing the on land facing development pressure by recognizing that undeveloped properties require fewer public services.

7. There are several different methods that local communities can use to promote community awareness, including: a. real estate disclosure b. community awareness campaigns

Chapter 8 Test

c. hazard maps and disaster warnings d. all of the above a. Federal Emergency Management Code b. Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 c. Congressional Emergency Response Act of 2001 d. All of the above

8. Under the local and state governments are required to prepare hazard mitigation plans in order to receive federal mitigation funds in the future.

9. The number of Americans at risk from earthquakes, landslides, and inland flooding has increased dramatically but the trend for future risks have leveled off considerably. True or False?

10. Regulatory powers granted by the State to local governments are the most basic way that a local government can control growth and development within its jurisdiction. True or False?

11. Purchase of Development Rights (PDR) as a strategy to mitigate hazards is best used by promoting high-rise development along ocean beaches because of the increased value for tourism. True or False?

12. Amortization is the process that requires nonconforming structures to come into compliance with local zoning regulations or be removed from the property within a certain time period. True or False?

13. Councils of Government (COGs) are legally mandated organizations of county and municipal governments that provide services that are handled on a regional basis rather than by individual local governments. True or False?

Chapter 8 Test

14. Typical services provided by Councils of Government COGs include programs for senior citizens, land use planning, economic development, environmental protection, and other types of collaborative efforts. True or False?

15. Legislation in some states allows municipalities and counties to enter into inter-local agreements known as Mutual Aid Agreements to cooperatively perform any function that can be carried out as an individual local government. True or False?

Chapter 8 Test

Short Answer

Below are 5 Short Answer questions. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 20 points:

16. When discussing land use management tools, is referred to as the intensity of development in terms of distance between structures, lot size, building height and number of people and structures per acre.

17. regulates how property within the jurisdiction may be used by dividing the community into different districts or zones and specifying the use, density, bulk, or other factors associated with future development.

18. taxes have traditionally been the largest single source of revenue for most local governments, sometimes providing more than half of all receipts.

19. are typically one-time, up-front charges (although some jurisdictions allow payments over time) against new development to pay for off-site improvements, including schools, sewer and water treatment plants, fire stations, community centers and other local facilities.

20. is used to keep inappropriate development out of hazard-prone areas, and can be accomplished by increasing minimum lot size or reducing the number of dwelling units permitted per acre.

Chapter 8 Test

Essay

Below are 2 Essay questions. Answer each question using complete sentences. Each question is worth 10 points for a total of 20 points:

21. Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) is a complex system, which often makes it difficult for local governments to implement and for landowners to understand and accept. Describe failures that occurred in Collier, Florida in the early 80’s, and what actions would have made the TDR successful.

22. Among the powers held by local governments is the authority, and even the duty, to educate the community. Discuss the importance of using the power of education to mitigate the impacts of hazards and include several different methods that local communities can use to promote community awareness.

Chapter 9 Answer Key

Multiple Choice/True-False

1. a. location, location, location

2. c. private

3. d. 5,000 and 50,000

4. b. national fast-food franchises and retail chain outlets

5. c. Contingency planning

6. c. Dry floodproofing

7. b. off-site location

8. b. Land use planning and site selection, building standards, temporary business relocation 9. False 10. True 11.

16. Indirect

18. hazard-prone (vulnerable, risky, etc.)

19. Wet floodproofing

20. Hazard identification Essay

21. The excerpt from the text it below, but the ideal answer should explain that the town embraced renewable energy and energy efficient buildings as a way to become more sustainable and improve the local economy.

Chapter 9 Answer Key

When an EF 5 tornado swept through the small town of Greensburg, Kansas on May 4, 2007, the damage was so extensive that many residents wondered if the community would ever rebuild. 95% of the structures in the town of 1,600 residents were destroyed, and the few remaining structures were considerably damaged. In the weeks and months that followed, residents held meetings beneath FEMA tents to discuss the recovery effort. Though various and sometimes conflicting visions were debated, the community gradually resolved to rebuild a sustainable town, constructing energy efficient buildings and utilizing 100% renewable energy.

The business community played a vital role in embracing sustainability, and even found opportunities to capitalize on sustainable redevelopment as a way to strengthen the local economy. The Bucklin Tractor and Implement (BTI), the local John Deere supplier, not only constructed a new LEED-platinum dealership powered by a wind turbine, but eventually opened a new company – BTI Wind Energy – which supplies small turbines for farms and small businesses.

22. Answers may vary, but should reflect an understanding that incentives, either from public or private sector organizations, can drive behavior in a way that makes citizens and communities less vulnerable to hazards. The table below has some examples.

Incentive Provisions Tax

Reduction in local government taxes for property protection measures undertaken by homeowners and business owners

Waiver of sales taxes on building materials to retrofit structures

Insurance

Chapter 9 Answer Key

Differentiated premiums in hazard areas based on mitigation measures

Waiver of deductible on natural hazard losses for strengthened buildings

Reduced premiums/waived deductibles for strengthened public facilities

Building Code enforcement grading system to allow property owner premium discounts on new construction built at or above code

Manufacturer’s rebates on products used for mitigation

Retailer, manufacturer, or wholesaler pricing

Discounts or rebates at point-of-sale (e.g., The Home Depot)

Project-specific discounts or rebates

Financial

Building fee waivers/reductions for structures built with mitigation features

Discounted construction loans/lower rates for retrofitted structures

Chapter 9 Test

Name:

Date:

Multiple-Choice, True/False

Below are 15 Multiple-Choice, True/False questions. Choose the best answer. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 60 points:

1. It is often quipped that the three most important factors in determining the value of real estate are a. location, location, location b. price, price, price c. value, value, value d. size, size, size a. public b. government c. private d. corporate a. floor damage due to a leak in the roof b. loss of records after floodwaters inundate the office computers c. inability for employees to get to work because gas stations do not have fuel d. $3000 in losses due to damaged inventory

2. In addition to the raw and developed land in private ownership, nearly 85% of the nation’s infrastructure is also controlled by the sector.

3. Which of the following would be considered an indirect impact on a business due to a natural disaster?

Chapter 9 Test

4. The first businesses to reopen in southern Florida following Hurricane Andrew in 1993 were almost exclusively a. Mom and Pop establishments b. national fast-food franchises and retail chain outlets c. nursing homes and pharmacies d. factories and farms

5. is the process of developing arrangements and procedures in advance of a disruption to enable an organization to respond to a disaster so that critical business functions resume within a defined time frame, the amount of loss is minimized, and the stricken facilities are repaired or replaced as soon as possible a. Public-Private Partnership b. Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasures c. Contingency planning d. Emergency Business Planning a. Wet floodproofing b. Commercial floodproofing c. Dry floodproofing d. All of the above

6. involves strengthening walls to withstand hydrostatic and dynamic forces, including debris impacts.

7. To protect against any number of hazards, vital business information should be stored securely onsite and in a secure a. basement b. off-site location c. waterproof container d. safe

Chapter 9 Test

8. The three main elements of a business relocation plan include: a. Temporary business relocation, public safety plan, building standards b. Land use planning and site selection, building standards, temporary business relocation c. Building standards, profitability scale, secondary business location d. Site selection, building standards, medical assistance plan

9. If a permit for development is issued, the area is free of hazards. True or False?

10. In some cases a major disaster can actually boost a local economy. True or False?

11. Most employers in the United States are small businesses. True or False?

12. Many companies discover that they are not properly insured only after they have suffered a loss. True or False?

13. If a business is located in the flood zone of a community that participates in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), the company is not able to purchase a federally-backed flood insurance policy. True or False?

14. Allowing employees time off to take home-protection measures is an example of an effective employee assistance plan. True or False?

15. A business impact analysis involves calculating the types of damages and losses that can be expected during any one of the identified hazard events, and relating them to the characteristics of the business itself. True or False?

Chapter 9 Test

Below are 5 Short Answer questions. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 20 points:

16. impacts on a business result from the closure of roads and disassembly of transportation networks; loss of utilities, such as water, sewerage, electric power; and disruptions to telecommunications.

17. losses are those the business will suffer when one or more of its suppliers are affected by the disaster and cannot deliver the goods or services the business needs

18. In the long-term, the most direct and cost-effective strategy to minimize or prevent damages and losses from natural hazards is to guide development away from areas when other development locations are available.

19. are structural mitigation measures that intentionally allow floodwater to enter certain enclosed areas of a building – often used for storage or parking – to reduce the damaging pressures that can collapse walls and foundations.

20. is a step of the business risk assessment that defines the magnitudes (intensities) and associated probabilities (likelihood) of hazards that may pose threats to the business and community.

Chapter 9 Test

Essay

Below are 2 Essay questions. Answer each question using complete sentences. Each question is worth 10 points for a total of 20 points:

21. A disaster can provide an opportunity for a community to make positive changes. Explain and give examples of how citizens of Greensburg, Kansas used the recovery effort to rebuild differently.

22. Discuss the importance of using incentives to promote community resiliency and provide 4 different types of incentives and the provisions provided by each.