40 minute read
Disorders
from TEST BANK for Introduction to Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology 3rd Edition by Robert Weis
by ACADEMIAMILL
and Schizophrenia Test Bank
Multiple Choice
1. Mania is ______.
a. required for a diagnosis of any bipolar disorder b. required for a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder c. not sufficient for a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder d. the first set of symptoms to develop in any individual’s bipolar disorder
Ans: B
Learning Objective: LO 14.1 Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: What Are Bipolar Disorders?
Difficulty Level: Hard a. bipolar I disorder b. bipolar II disorder c. cyclothymia d. schizophrenia
2. Which is the longest lasting bipolar disorder in children?
Ans: C
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: What Are Bipolar Disorders?
Difficulty Level: Easy a. is the most effective therapy for individuals with schizophrenia b. is the most effective therapy for individuals with schizophrenia living with their families c. is the most effective therapy for individuals with schizophrenia living independently d. is not an effective therapy for individuals with schizophrenia
3. Complete the following statement: Skills training ______.
Ans: B
Learning Objective: LO 14.2 Describe the key features of schizophrenia, and show how children might display the signs and symptoms of this disorder differently than adults. Outline the neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia in children and adolescents Describe effective medications and psychosocial treatments to prevent or manage schizophrenia in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Efficacy
Difficulty Level: Medium a. euphoria and an increase in energy b. euphoria and risk-taking behaviors c. excessive talking and flight of ideas d. grandiosity and altered perceptions
4. Which of the following symptoms are most specific to bipolar disorder?
Ans: A
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Bipolar I Disorder
Difficulty Level: Medium a. irritability b. changes in mood and energy c. pressured speech and decreased need for sleep d. excessive involvement in activities with a high potential for painful consequences and distractibility
5. Alyssa is suspected of having bipolar disorder She’s experiencing grandiosity, flight of ideas, and psychomotor agitation. She could be diagnosed with bipolar I disorder only if she also experienced which of the following?
Ans: B
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Bipolar I Disorder
Difficulty Level: Medium a. grandiosity b. flight of ideas c. elevated or expansive mood d. excessive involvement in activities with high potential of painful consequences
6. Marco tells his football coach he has ideas for different and better plays. He also believes he cannot be tackled, and can kick a field goal from 80 yards away (which is impossible even for professional players). This relates to which symptom of mania?
Ans: A
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Bipolar I Disorder
Difficulty Level: Easy a. grandiosity b. increased activity c. elevated or expansive mood d. excessive involvement in activities with high potential of painful consequences
7. Milo decides that he will read every book in his house. He makes a tower of 50 books and starts flipping through the pages of each of them, even though many have words that he can’t understand This is most related to which symptom of mania?
Ans: B
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Bipolar I Disorder
Difficulty Level: Medium a. The distractibility seen in mania typically has an earlier onset. b. The distractibility seen in mania reflects a marked change in typical behavior. c. The distractibility seen in mania is typically more long lasting. d. The distractibility seen in mania is a relatively rare symptom of mania whereas distractibility is a common symptom in ADHD.
8 How is the distractibility seen in mania different than the distractibility seen in ADHD?
Ans: B
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Bipolar I Disorder
Difficulty Level: Medium a. pressured speech b. grandiosity c. decreased need for sleep d. involvement in high-risk sexual activity
9. Which of the following manic symptoms is LEAST useful in identifying bipolar disorder in children?
Ans: A
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Bipolar I Disorder
Difficulty Level: Medium a. CBT b. conventional antipsychotics c. atypical antipsychotics d. supportive psychotherapy
10 Negative symptoms in schizophrenia have been most effectively treated by which of the following?
Ans: C
Learning Objective: LO 14.2. Describe the key features of schizophrenia, and show how children might display the signs and symptoms of this disorder differently than adults. Outline the neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia in children and adolescents. Describe effective medications and psychosocial treatments to prevent or manage schizophrenia in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Is Medication Effective for Youths With Schizophrenia?: Atypical Antipsychotics
Difficulty Level: Medium a. psychoeducation b. motivational interviewing to encourage medication adherence c. cognitive–behavioral interventions d. adjusting to long-term hospitalization
11. Which of the following is NOT typically part of psychosocial treatment for individuals with schizophrenia?
Ans: D
Learning Objective: LO 14.2. Describe the key features of schizophrenia, and show how children might display the signs and symptoms of this disorder differently than adults. Outline the neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia in children and adolescents. Describe effective medications and psychosocial treatments to prevent or manage schizophrenia in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Is Psychotherapy Effective for Youths With Schizophrenia?
Difficulty Level: Easy a. major depressive disorder b. cyclothymia c. bipolar I disorder d. bipolar II disorder
12. Sarah had a manic episode at age 6, but since then has not had another one. About a year ago, she experienced a depressive episode and more recently seems to be experiencing hypomania. Which of the following would be considered for a diagnosis for Sarah?
Ans: C
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Bipolar II Disorder
Difficulty Level: Medium a. he or she has experienced a manic episode b. he or she has experienced a major depressive episode c. he or she has experienced a hypomanic episode d. he or she experiences hypomanic and depressive symptoms without meeting full criteria for either a hypomanic or depressive episode
13. A person can be diagnosed with cyclothymia even if ______.
Ans: D
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Cyclothymic Disorder
Difficulty Level: Easy a. akathisia b. tardive dyskinesia c. alogia d. sedation
14. Which of the following is NOT a side effect of antipsychotics?
Ans: C
Learning Objective: LO 14.2. Describe the key features of schizophrenia, and show how children might display the signs and symptoms of this disorder differently than adults. Outline the neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia in children and adolescents. Describe effective medications and psychosocial treatments to prevent or manage schizophrenia in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Atypical Antipsychotics
Difficulty Level: Medium a. hallucination, with mixed features b. delusion, with mixed features c. hallucination, with psychotic features d. delusion, with psychotic features
15. Mindy has been diagnosed with bipolar I disorder. Lately, she’s begun believing that she is actually a lost princess. This is an example of a ______ and means that her diagnosis might instead have which specifier?
Ans: D
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Psychotic Features
Difficulty Level: Medium a. They are relatively common in adults with bipolar disorder. b. They involve having elements of both mania and hypomania simultaneously. c. They can involve fluctuations from mania to depression within a single 24 hour period. d. They are relatively rare in children with bipolar disorder.
16. Which of the following is true about mixed moods?
Ans: C
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Mixed Features
Difficulty Level: Medium a. oppositional defiant disorder b. conduct disorder c. ADHD d. bipolar disorder
17. Billy keeps running around the classroom. Though the teacher tells him to sit down, Billy says he can’t because he has to chase the magical butterflies if he catches one, he’ll become king. This symptom is most consistent with which of the following?
Ans: D
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Externalizing Behavior Problems
Difficulty Level: Easy a. overall prevalence of bipolar I disorder b. more frequent manic episodes in women than in men c. more psychotic features in women than in men d. later symptom onset in men than in women
18. Which of the following is a difference in bipolar disorders between men and women?
Ans: C
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Gender, Age, and Ethnicity
Difficulty Level: Medium a. Fourteen months before his diagnosis, he was in the prodromal phase, and he had insidious symptom onset. b. He cannot be diagnosed with bipolar I disorder because his symptom onset was gradual. c. The prodromal symptoms Carl displayed were unusual for those with bipolar disorders. d. Carl should have been diagnosed 14 months ago when the first symptom appeared.
19. Carl began showing irritability and difficulty thinking, symptoms of his later diagnosed bipolar disorder, about 14 months before he was first diagnosed. Then, gradually, the number and intensity of symptoms increased. Which of the following best describes Carl?
Ans: A
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Course and Outcomes
Difficulty Level: Hard a. Most youths had persistent mood problems for the 4 years of the study, never experiencing full recovery. b. Most youths had recurrent mood problems, experiencing another mood episode after the initial one within the four years of the study. c. Most youths experienced repeated manic episodes but no depressive episodes during the course of the study. d. The average time to initial recovery was approximately one year.
20. The Course and Outcome of Bipolar Youth (COBY) study indicated which of the following?
Ans: B
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Course and Outcomes
Difficulty Level: Hard a. greater frequency of depressive symptoms b. more relapse over time c. fewer substance use problems but more educational problems d. greater remission of symptoms
21. Compared to those whose symptoms emerge in adulthood, those whose bipolar symptoms emerge in childhood and adolescence experience ______.
Ans: B
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Course and Outcomes
Difficulty Level: Medium a. because only conventional antipsychotics bind to dopamine receptors b. because only atypical antipsychotics target positive symptoms c. because only conventional antipsychotics have an affinity for both dopamine and serotonin receptors d. because atypical antipsychotics bind more weakly to dopamine receptors
22. Why are atypical antipsychotics less likely to cause extrapyramidal side effects than conventional antipsychotics?
Ans: D
Learning Objective: LO 14.2. Describe the key features of schizophrenia, and show how children might display the signs and symptoms of this disorder differently than adults. Outline the neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia in children and adolescents. Describe effective medications and psychosocial treatments to prevent or manage schizophrenia in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Is Medication Effective for Youths With Schizophrenia?: Atypical Antipsychotics
Difficulty Level: Medium
23. Children of adults with bipolar disorder are more likely to experience all of the following conditions a. bipolar disorders b. depressive disorders c. anxiety disorders d. posttraumatic stress disorder
EXCEPT ______.
Ans: D
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: What Causes Bipolar Disorders in Youths?: Genetics
Difficulty Level: Medium a. larger brain overall b. hypoactivation of the amygdala c. hypoactivation of the prefrontal cortex d. enlarged ventricles
24. Which of the following brain differences is most commonly seen in individuals with bipolar disorders?
Ans: C
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Brain Structure and Functioning
Difficulty Level: Medium a. difficulty distinguishing happy from surprised and scared faces b. no preference for faces, even happy faces, over objects c. interpreting neutral faces as sad, angry, or hostile but only when in a depressive state d. interpreting neutral faces as sad, angry, or hostile even when not experiencing mood episodes
25. Individuals with bipolar disorders often have difficulty with emotional processing. Which of the following best describes the nature of this difficulty?
Ans: D
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Brain Structure and Functioning
Difficulty Level: Medium a. They showed blunted affect (no emotional response) and had suppressed activity in the insula. b. They displayed more negative emotion and showed greater activation in the amygdala. c. They demonstrated more abusive behavior toward the machine and the experimenters and increased cortisol release, but only if they were currently in a depressive state. d. They reported more sadness and negative emotion and showed greater activity in the right superior frontal gyrus and lower activity in the insula.
26. When playing a frustrating computer game that was rigged against them, youths with bipolar disorder reacted in which of the following ways?
Ans: D
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Emotion Regulation
Difficulty Level: Hard a. Parents fear the onset of another mood episode b. Parents attribute youths’ disruptive behavior to the illness c. Parents have low expressed emotion d. Parents attribute youths’ disruptive behavior to deliberate, willful acts of malice.
27. Hostility from parents toward children with bipolar disorders is most likely to arise in which of the following situations?
Ans: D
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Family Functioning
Difficulty Level: Medium a. increasing motivation b. restoring appropriate emotional expression c. reducing hallucinations d. eliminating all symptoms of schizophrenia
28. Because conventional antipsychotics bind to D2 receptors in the mesolimbic pathway, they are most effective at ______.
Ans: C
Learning Objective: LO 14.2. Describe the key features of schizophrenia, and show how children might display the signs and symptoms of this disorder differently than adults. Outline the neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia in children and adolescents. Describe effective medications and psychosocial treatments to prevent or manage schizophrenia in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Conventional Antipsychotics
Difficulty Level: Hard a. I care about you and I want to do what I can to support you. b. I am constantly worried that you won’t take your medication and what will happen to you if that happens; I can’t fall asleep until I know you’ve taken your medication. c. When you act that way, I have to leave. I know you can do better and you’re choosing this behavior. d. I don’t understand why you can’t just do your chores like your brother and sister. You’re using your diagnosis as an excuse.
29. Which of the following comments would NOT be assessed by clinicians as a statement contributing toward “expressed emotion “?
Ans: A
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Family Functioning
Difficulty Level: Easy a. existence of bipolar disorders b. age of onset of bipolar disorders c. psychotic features in bipolar disorders d. relapse in bipolar disorders
30. Expressed emotion predicts which of the following?
Ans: D
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Family Functioning
Difficulty Level: Medium a. Only schizophrenia involves hallucinations and delusions. b. Attenuated psychosis syndrome can only be diagnosed in those under the age of 18. c. The number of symptoms required for diagnosis is fewer for APS than for schizophrenia d. Only schizophrenia must cause clinically significant distress or impairment.
31. Which of the following is one of the main differences between attenuated psychosis syndrome (APS) and schizophrenia?
Ans: C
Learning Objective: LO 14.2. Describe the key features of schizophrenia, and show how children might display the signs and symptoms of this disorder differently than adults. Outline the neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia in children and adolescents. Describe effective medications and psychosocial treatments to prevent or manage schizophrenia in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Predicting Schizophrenia: Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome
Difficulty Level: Medium a. It was found to be no more effective than placebo in a randomized study on bipolar youths. b. Its effectiveness has never been tested against the effectiveness of a placebo. c. Almost a third of youths could not tolerate the side effects of lithium. d. The method of action of lithium is unknown.
32. What is the primary reason that lithium is no longer considered a first-line treatment for youths with bipolar disorders?
Ans: C
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Mood Stabilizers and Anticonvulsants
Difficulty Level: Medium a. have been extensively studied for use in children with bipolar disorders b. have few side effects c. are vastly more effective than placebo in treating bipolar disorders d. increase GABA and decrease glutamate
33. Complete the following statement: Anticonvulsants ______.
Ans: D
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Mod Stabilizers and Anticonvulsants
Difficulty Level: Medium a. antidepressants b. mood stabilizers c. anticonvulsants d. atypical antipsychotics
34. Which of the following are the most commonly prescribed medications for youths with bipolar disorders?
Ans: D
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Is Medication Effective for Youths With Bipolar Disorders?: Atypical Antipsychotics
Difficulty Level: Easy a. They are about equally effective as lithium, but with fewer side effects. b. They are most useful in dealing with the depressive aspects of bipolar disorders. c. They have high response rates, but low recovery rates. d. Their side effects make them intolerable by the majority of people who try to use them.
35. Which of the following is true of the use of atypical antipsychotics to treat bipolar disorders in youths?
Ans: C
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Is Medication Effective for Youths With Bipolar Disorders?: Atypical Antipsychotics
Difficulty Level: Medium a. psychoeducation b. family involvement c. cognitive restructuring d. skill building
36. Which of the following is NOT a component common to all psychotherapy for bipolar disorders?
Ans: C
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Is Psychotherapy Effective for Youths With Bipolar Disorders?
Difficulty Level: Medium a. teaching children to recognize and regulate strong emotions b. teaching parents to manage stress c. teaching parents to set firm limits d. providing parents and children social skills training
37. Which of the following is NOT a component of child- and family-focused CBT?
Ans: C
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Child- and Family-Focused Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy
Difficulty Level: Medium a. child-focused CBT b. family-focused CBT c. psychoeducational psychotherapy d. family focused treatment
38. Which type of psychotherapy for youths with bipolar disorders can be administered to multiple families simultaneously?
Ans: C
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Psychoeducational Psychotherapy
Difficulty Level: Medium a. All those who use cannabis are at increased risk for schizophrenia b. There is no relationship between the use of cannabis and the risk of schizophrenia c. Cannabis use is not related to increased risk of schizophrenia in those with a particular allele of the COMT gene, but is related to increased risk of schizophrenia in those with a different allele. d. Cannabis use is related to increased risk of schizophrenia only in males with a particular allele of the COMT gene, but not in females with the same allele.
39. Which of the following best explains the relationship between cannabis use and schizophrenia?
Ans: C
Learning Objective: LO 14.2. Describe the key features of schizophrenia, and show how children might display the signs and symptoms of this disorder differently than adults. Outline the neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia in children and adolescents. Describe effective medications and psychosocial treatments to prevent or manage schizophrenia in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Environmental Risks
Difficulty Level: Medium a. creative b. active c. rest and relaxation d. environment
40. Coping skills associated with psychoeducational psychotherapy include all EXCEPT which of the following?
Ans: D
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Psychoeducational Psychotherapy
Difficulty Level: Medium a. higher levels of effectiveness for children with bipolar disorders than for those with depressive disorders. b. lower levels of mood symptoms in children who had participated in MF-PEP than those who participated in pharmacotherapy c. lower levels of mood symptoms in children who had participated in MF-PEP than wait list controls and reduction in mood symptoms among wait list controls when they received the treatment d. the 90% completion rate for the program, which is extremely high
41. The best evidence that multifamily psychoeducational psychotherapy (MF-PEP) is effective in treating those with bipolar disorder comes from the fact that a large, randomized controlled trial (Fristad et al., 2009) found which of the following?
Ans: C
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Psychoeducational Psychotherapy
Difficulty Level: Hard a. increasing expressed emotion b. enhancing sharing of positive feelings and making positive requests c. not voicing negative or potentially offensive emotions or requests d. making sure emotion is part of every interaction
42. Communication enhancement training in family-focused therapy typically entails which of the following?
Ans: B
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Family-Focused Treatment for Adolescents
Difficulty Level: Easy a. auditory b. visual c. tactile d. olfactory
43. Which of the following is the most common modality for hallucinations?
Ans: A
Learning Objective: LO 14.2. Describe the key features of schizophrenia, and show how children might display the signs and symptoms of this disorder differently than adults. Outline the neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia in children and adolescents. Describe effective medications and psychosocial treatments to prevent or manage schizophrenia in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Core Features
Difficulty Level: Easy a. Yes. b. No, because it is not a fully formed shape. c. No, because it doesn’t happen all the time. d. No, because light and shadow are specifically excluded from the diagnostic criteria for the disorder.
44. Marcus sometimes sees shadows that are not really there. Would this be considered a visual hallucination?
Ans: A
Learning Objective: LO 14.2. Describe the key features of schizophrenia, and show how children might display the signs and symptoms of this disorder differently than adults. Outline the neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia in children and adolescents. Describe effective medications and psychosocial treatments to prevent or manage schizophrenia in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Core Features
Difficulty Level: Medium a. Zena believes that she is pregnant. After having multiple pregnancy tests and an ultrasound that all show no evidence of pregnancy, she still believes she will be giving birth in just a few months. b. Elliot wants to be a professional football player when he grows up, despite the fact that he is small for his age and not particularly good at football. Any criticism about his playing just motivates him to practice more. c. Violet sometimes hears girls in her class whispering about her. When she turns around and asks them why they were whispering, they give her a confused look and said they weren’t she must have been hearing things. d. Tom thinks he is a very fast runner. He tries out for the track team, and only when five other kids pass him, does he realize that he’s not so fast.
45. Which of the following is the best example of a delusion?
Ans: A
Learning Objective: LO 14.2. Describe the key features of schizophrenia, and show how children might display the signs and symptoms of this disorder differently than adults. Outline the neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia in children and adolescents. Describe effective medications and psychosocial treatments to prevent or manage schizophrenia in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Core Features
Difficulty Level: Medium a. a hallucination. b. a delusion of control c. a delusion of reference d. a delusion of grandiosity
46. Mary believes that the rapper Jay-Z is her real father, despite the fact that she’s met her real father many times and he even has a DNA test that shows he’s her father. Mary’s belief is which of the following?
Ans: D
Learning Objective: LO 14.2. Describe the key features of schizophrenia, and show how children might display the signs and symptoms of this disorder differently than adults. Outline the neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia in children and adolescents. Describe effective medications and psychosocial treatments to prevent or manage schizophrenia in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Core Features
Difficulty Level: Medium a. complete absence of speech/selective mutism b. knight’s move thinking c. thought blockage d. neologism
47. Which of the following is NOT a language difference that may be seen in individuals with schizophrenia?
Ans: A
Learning Objective: LO 14.2. Describe the key features of schizophrenia, and show how children might display the signs and symptoms of this disorder differently than adults. Outline the neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia in children and adolescents. Describe effective medications and psychosocial treatments to prevent or manage schizophrenia in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Core Features
Difficulty Level: Medium a. are very rare among youths b. typically involve very extreme, particularly positive, emotional displays, such as hysterical laughter c. are typically only seen in those with comorbid mood problems d. may include avolition
48. Disturbances in affect in schizophrenia ______.
Ans: D
Learning Objective: LO 14.2. Describe the key features of schizophrenia, and show how children might display the signs and symptoms of this disorder differently than adults. Outline the neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia in children and adolescents. Describe effective medications and psychosocial treatments to prevent or manage schizophrenia in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Core Features
Difficulty Level: Hard a. No. b. Yes, but only if he or she is above the age of 12. c. Yes, but only if the diagnosis of schizophrenia consists of positive symptoms. d. Yes, but only if the individual experiences negative symptoms.
49. Can an individual with ASD be additionally diagnosed with schizophrenia?
Ans: C
Learning Objective: LO 14.2. Describe the key features of schizophrenia, and show how children might display the signs and symptoms of this disorder differently than adults. Outline the neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia in children and adolescents. Describe effective medications and psychosocial treatments to prevent or manage schizophrenia in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Core Features
Difficulty Level: Hard a. Excessive dopaminergic activation along the mesocortical pathway is responsible for the negative symptoms in schizophrenia b. Dampened dopaminergic activation along the mesolimbic pathway is responsible for the negative symptoms in schizophrenia c. Dampened dopaminergic activation along the mesolimbic pathway is responsible for the positive symptoms in schizophrenia d. Excessive dopaminergic activation along the mesolimbic pathway is responsible for the positive symptoms in schizophrenia.
50. The dopamine hypothesis holds which of the following?
Ans: D
Learning Objective: LO 14.2. Describe the key features of schizophrenia, and show how children might display the signs and symptoms of this disorder differently than adults. Outline the neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia in children and adolescents. Describe effective medications and psychosocial treatments to prevent or manage schizophrenia in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Neural Pathways
Difficulty Level: Medium a. Individuals with schizophrenia have much greater amounts of gray matter than typically developing individuals. b. Individuals with schizophrenia showed a dramatic increase in the amount of gray matter immediately before the onset of their psychosis. c. Individuals with schizophrenia showed a dramatic decrease in the amount of gray matter but only after experiencing multiple psychotic episodes d. Individuals with schizophrenia tend to show rapid, excessive neural pruning, particularly immediately before their first psychotic episode.
51. What is the relationship between gray matter and schizophrenia?
Ans: D
Learning Objective: LO 14.2. Describe the key features of schizophrenia, and show how children might display the signs and symptoms of this disorder differently than adults. Outline the neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia in children and adolescents. Describe effective medications and psychosocial treatments to prevent or manage schizophrenia in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Brain Development
Difficulty Level: Medium a. in males than in females in childhood but in females than males in adulthood b. in males than in females in childhood but equally common between males and females in adulthood c. in females than males in childhood, but in males in adulthood d. in females than males in childhood, but equally common between males and females in adulthood
52. In which of the following is schizophrenia more common?
Ans: B
Learning Objective: LO 14.2. Describe the key features of schizophrenia, and show how children might display the signs and symptoms of this disorder differently than adults. Outline the neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia in children and adolescents. Describe effective medications and psychosocial treatments to prevent or manage schizophrenia in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: How Common Is Schizophrenia Among Children and Adolescents?: Prevalence
Difficulty Level: Medium a. the premorbid stage b. the prodromal stage c. the acute stage d. the residual stage
53. Kelsey was age 4 when her mom noticed that she was having difficulty cutting with scissors and learning to tie her shoes. She also was just becoming potty trained, while her younger sister, age 2, was already starting to potty train successfully. Kelsey also had some difficulty forming sentences and didn’t seem to take as much pleasure in being around other children or smile and laugh the way other children typically did. By the time she was 15, Kelsey was diagnosed with schizophrenia Her clinician told Kelsey’s mom that Kelsey’s behavior at age 4 was evidence of which of the following?
Ans: A
Learning Objective: LO 14.2. Describe the key features of schizophrenia, and show how children might display the signs and symptoms of this disorder differently than adults. Outline the neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia in children and adolescents. Describe effective medications and psychosocial treatments to prevent or manage schizophrenia in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Premorbid Stage: Problems in Early Life
Difficulty Level: Easy
54. Evidence for the premorbid stage of schizophrenia comes from all of the following sources a. parental retrospective report b. blind coding of home movies c. longitudinal studies d. randomized, controlled trials
EXCEPT ______.
Ans: D
Learning Objective: LO 14.2. Describe the key features of schizophrenia, and show how children might display the signs and symptoms of this disorder differently than adults. Outline the neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia in children and adolescents. Describe effective medications and psychosocial treatments to prevent or manage schizophrenia in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: The Premorbid Stage: Problems in Early Life
Difficulty Level: Medium a. in the premorbid stage of schizophrenia b. in the prodromal stage of schizophrenia c. in the acute stage of schizophrenia d. in the residual stage of schizophrenia
55. Brandon had been about a C student for most of his middle school career, but once he started ninth grade, his functioning really declined. He started failing classes and not going to school. He stopped showering on a regular basis and became much more touchy and less involved with his family. He even stopped going to the skateboard park, which he used to love. His mom had a history of depression and thought that maybe he was depressed. But 2 years later, when he started hearing whistles and songs that others did not, she realized he had been ______.
Ans: B
Learning Objective: LO 14.2. Describe the key features of schizophrenia, and show how children might display the signs and symptoms of this disorder differently than adults. Outline the neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia in children and adolescents. Describe effective medications and psychosocial treatments to prevent or manage schizophrenia in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Prodromal Stage: Noticeable Changes
Difficulty Level: Medium a. enlarged lateral ventricles b. reductions in cortical volume c. reductions in the size of the hippocampus and thalamus d. enlarged white matter tracts
56. Which of the following is NOT a brain abnormality often seen in those with schizophrenia?
Ans: D
Learning Objective: LO 14.2. Describe the key features of schizophrenia, and show how children might display the signs and symptoms of this disorder differently than adults. Outline the neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia in children and adolescents. Describe effective medications and psychosocial treatments to prevent or manage schizophrenia in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Brain Development
Difficulty Level: Medium a. is influential in the development of bipolar disorders b. produces an enzyme which regulates norepinephrine c. influences the pattern of dopamine overactivity and underactivity in those with schizophrenia d. is related to mania
57. Complete the following statement: The COMT gene ______.
Ans: C
Learning Objective: LO 14.2 Describe the key features of schizophrenia, and show how children might display the signs and symptoms of this disorder differently than adults. Outline the neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia in children and adolescents. Describe effective medications and psychosocial treatments to prevent or manage schizophrenia in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: What Causes Schizophrenia in Children and Adolescents?: Genetics
Difficulty Level: Medium
True/False
1. The combination of hypersexual behavior and elation is only associated with bipolar disorder
Ans: T
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Bipolar I Disorder
Difficulty Level: Medium
2 Bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder cannot be comorbid.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Bipolar II Disorder
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. Children and adolescents with bipolar disorder with mixed features tend to have worse outcomes than those with bipolar disorder without the specifier
Ans: F
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Mixed Features
Difficulty Level: Hard
4. Bipolar disorder cannot be comorbid with ADHD.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Externalizing Behavior Problems
Difficulty Level: Medium
5. Most adults with bipolar disorders report that their symptoms began in childhood or adolescence. Ans: T
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: How Common Are Bipolar Disorders in Children and Adolescents?: Prevalence
Difficulty Level: Medium
6. Adults with bipolar disorders can be triggered into relapse by positive life events such as marriage or changing to a better job.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Stressful Life Events
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. Lithium is usually regarded as a first-line treatment for youths with bipolar disorders.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Mood Stabilizers and Anticonvulsants
Difficulty Level: Medium
8. No atypical antipsychotics are officially approved for use in those under the age of 18.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Is Medication Effective for Youths With Bipolar Disorders?
Difficulty Level: Medium
9. Treatment via multifamily psychoeducational psychotherapy during the prodromal phase may prevent or delay the onset of bipolar disorders.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Psychoeducational Psychotherapy
Difficulty Level: Medium
10. A person can be diagnosed with schizophrenia even if he or she has no delusions or hallucinations. Ans: T
Learning Objective: LO 14.2. Describe the key features of schizophrenia, and show how children might display the signs and symptoms of this disorder differently than adults. Outline the neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia in children and adolescents. Describe effective medications and psychosocial treatments to prevent or manage schizophrenia in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Core Features
Difficulty Level: Medium
11. The dopamine hypothesis holds that excessive stimulation of D2 dopamine receptors along the mesocortical pathway results in the negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Ans: F
Learning Objective: LO 14.2. Describe the key features of schizophrenia, and show how children might display the signs and symptoms of this disorder differently than adults. Outline the neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia in children and adolescents. Describe effective medications and psychosocial treatments to prevent or manage schizophrenia in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Neural Pathways
Difficulty Level: Medium
12. Almost no children and adolescents treated with atypical antipsychotics experience side effects.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: LO 14.2. Describe the key features of schizophrenia, and show how children might display the signs and symptoms of this disorder differently than adults. Outline the neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia in children and adolescents. Describe effective medications and psychosocial treatments to prevent or manage schizophrenia in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Is Medication Effective for Youths With Schizophrenia?: Atypical Antipsychotics
Difficulty Level: Medium
13. Providing low doses of antipsychotic medication to youths at risk for schizophrenia who had not yet shown psychotic symptoms made it significantly less likely for them to develop psychotic symptoms however, many patients were unable or unwilling to adhere to the prescribed medication for a full 12 months.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: LO 14.2. Describe the key features of schizophrenia, and show how children might display the signs and symptoms of this disorder differently than adults. Outline the neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia in children and adolescents. Describe effective medications and psychosocial treatments to prevent or manage schizophrenia in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Predicting Schizophrenia: Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome
Difficulty Level: Medium
14. Prodromal and early psychotic symptoms can be identified in adolescents.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: LO 14.2. Describe the key features of schizophrenia, and show how children might display the signs and symptoms of this disorder differently than adults. Outline the neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia in children and adolescents. Describe effective medications and psychosocial treatments to prevent or manage schizophrenia in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Early Intervention Programs
Difficulty Level: Medium
Essay
1. How do children with bipolar disorders differ from children with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?
Ans: Kids with DMDD have chronic irritability or anger, violent temper outbursts, and tend to go on to develop depression and anxiety disorders in adolescence, not bipolar disorder. This lends credence to the belief that this set of signs and symptoms in young people is not pediatric bipolar disorder. Irritability and angry or aggressive outbursts can be common to both bipolar disorder in youths and DMDD, but are more persistent in DMDD, whereas they are more episodic in kids with BD.
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Difficulty Level: Medium
2. How might youths with bipolar disorders actually increase the number of stressful life events and scarcity of positive life evens they experience?
Ans: Youths with bipolar disorders reported in the COBY study that they experience a very high number of stressful life events in fact, this number was the same as that reported by adults with depression. When youths with bipolar disorder are in manic states, they may do things that have the high potential for negative consequences, such as acting out in school (causing suspension or expulsion), breaking up with significant others, and more indiscriminate sexual activity that can result in stressful life events. This might in part explain the chronicity of their problems. The relationship challenges bipolar disorders can engender may create a vacuum of positive life events and limits social support, including from family.
Learning Objective: LO 14.1. Differentiate among bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, and show how children might manifest these disorders differently than adults. Describe some of the most common genetic, biological, and social–familial causes of bipolar disorders in children and adolescents. Evaluate the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for preventing and treating bipolar disorders in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Stressful Life Events
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. Can an individual be diagnosed with schizophrenia if he or she never experienced delusions or hallucinations? Why or why not?
Ans: Yes. To be diagnosed a person must show a least two of the five possible features and at least one of the symptoms must be hallucinations, delusions, or disorganized speech. Thus, a person with disorganized speech and abnormal behavior could be diagnosed, even without hallucinations and delusions.
Learning Objective: LO 14.2. Describe the key features of schizophrenia, and show how children might display the signs and symptoms of this disorder differently than adults. Outline the neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia in children and adolescents. Describe effective medications and psychosocial treatments to prevent or manage schizophrenia in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Core Features
Difficulty Level: Medium
4. Ricardo says, “I hate my schizophrenia. I’ve heard people talk about positive and negative symptoms, but to me they’re all negative.” How might you address Ricardo’s misconception?
Ans: The way the terms positive and negative are used here do not reflect “good” or “bad ” Instead, positive means overexpressions something excessive or added to typical functioning. Negative means underexpressions, or something that’s missing or somewhat lacking compared to normal functioning. By this terminology, hallucinations, delusions, disorganized behavior, excitement, grandiosity, suspiciousness, and hostility could all be considered positive symptoms. On the other hand, blunted or flat affect, avolition, social withdrawal, passivity or apathy could be considered negative symptoms.
Learning Objective: LO 14.2. Describe the key features of schizophrenia, and show how children might display the signs and symptoms of this disorder differently than adults. Outline the neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia in children and adolescents. Describe effective medications and psychosocial treatments to prevent or manage schizophrenia in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Positive and Negative Symptoms
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. What might explain the premorbid stage of schizophrenia? What does its existence tell us about the causes of the disorder?
Ans: The existence of motoric, language, and social difficulties from a very young age indicates that there are abnormalities in brain structure and functioning that likely underlie schizophrenia. The similarity among these signs and symptoms between people from many different family situations indicates that similar brain problems may be at the root of these problems.
Learning Objective: LO 14.2. Describe the key features of schizophrenia, and show how children might display the signs and symptoms of this disorder differently than adults. Outline the neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia in children and adolescents. Describe effective medications and psychosocial treatments to prevent or manage schizophrenia in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Premorbid Stage: Problems in Early Life
Difficulty Level: Medium
6. What is the evidence that genetics does not entirely account for schizophrenia?
Ans: Even monozygotic twins are not perfectly concordant for schizophrenia. Also, some people have the candidate gene abnormalities and do not develop schizophrenia. Environmental influences, in combination with genetics, must be appealed to in order to fully explain schizophrenia
Learning Objective: LO 14.2. Describe the key features of schizophrenia, and show how children might display the signs and symptoms of this disorder differently than adults. Outline the neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia in children and adolescents. Describe effective medications and psychosocial treatments to prevent or manage schizophrenia in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: What Causes Schizophrenia in Children and Adolescents?: Genetics
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. Explain the neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia
Ans: It typically begins with a genetic diathesis (from heritability). Combined with early environmental stressors such as maternal stress and illness, obstetric complications, malnutrition, poverty, and the like, there are abnormalities in the organization and development of the central nervous system. Symptoms of these abnormalities are present early on, in the premorbid stage. Later, signs and symptoms such as social withdrawal and changes in mood and cognitive functioning emerge in the prodromal stage. Around this time, there is a pattern of excessive gray matter pruning corresponding with the onset of psychosis.
Learning Objective: LO 14.2. Describe the key features of schizophrenia, and show how children might display the signs and symptoms of this disorder differently than adults. Outline the neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia in children and adolescents. Describe effective medications and psychosocial treatments to prevent or manage schizophrenia in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Neurodevelopmental Model
Difficulty Level: Medium
8. Research has indicated that providing low doses of antipsychotics and other measures to youths at greater risk of schizophrenia can reduce the emergence of the disorder. Are there any downsides to this approach?
Ans: Yes. It provides treatment by potentially harmful antipsychotics to many individuals who would never have gone on to develop the disorder. Given that the side effects of these medications are so severe, including extrapyramidal side effects for conventional (and to a lesser degree, atypical) antipsychotics, significant weight gain and sedation, there are drawbacks to this approach that should be considered as well.
Learning Objective: LO 14.2. Describe the key features of schizophrenia, and show how children might display the signs and symptoms of this disorder differently than adults. Outline the neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia in children and adolescents. Describe effective medications and psychosocial treatments to prevent or manage schizophrenia in youths.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Early Intervention Programs
Difficulty Level: Medium
