Chapter 10: Substance Use Disorders in Adolescents

from TEST BANK for Introduction to Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology 3rd Edition by Robert Weis

Chapter 9: Conduct Problems in Children and Adolescents

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1 Which of the following is most strongly associated with high lifetime consumption of substances and risky patterns of substance use?

a. use of heroin b. parental substance use c. development of moderate to severe substance use disorder by age 18 d. use of alcohol by age 18

Ans: C

Learning Objective: LO 10.1. Describe the key features of substance use disorders in adolescents and explain how adolescent and adult substance use problems differ. Determine the prevalence of adolescent substance use, substance use problems, and substance use disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Substance Use and Substance Use Disorders

Difficulty Level: Medium a. caffeine b. tobacco c. alcohol d. cannabis

2. Which of the following is NOT a class of substances that can be abused, according to DSM-5 classification?

Ans: A

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Overview

Difficulty Level: Easy a. exposure to substance-using peers b. encouragement to engage in substance use c. desire to enhance mood d. not regarding substance use as problematic

3. Which of the following is NOT a cognitive factor related to likelihood of relapse among adolescents?

Ans: D

Learning Objective: LO 10.3. Evaluate the effectiveness of interventions designed to prevent substance use problems in adolescents. Differentiate among the major approaches to treating adolescent substance use disorders, such as 12-step treatment, cognitive–behavior relapse prevention, motivational interviewing, and family therapy.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: What Is Relapse Prevention?

Difficulty Level: Hard a. hallucinogens b. opioids c. stimulants d. sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics

4. Most medications prescribed to reduce pain fall into which class of substances?

Ans: B

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Overview

Difficulty Level: Easy a. a hallucinogen b. an inhalant c. an opioid d. a sedative, hypnotics, or anxiolytic

5. Daniel has just taken a substance at a party. Daniel is starting to feel disoriented and to see things that aren’t really there, like hundreds of spiders crawling on the walls, and his friends’ faces melting off their skulls. Which of the following do you suspect Daniel has just taken?

Ans: A

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Overview

Difficulty Level: Easy a. Yes, but not simultaneously. b. No, the diagnosis is made for the most severe substance use disorder. c. Yes, people are diagnosed with a substance use disorder for each drug they abuse. d. Yes, except if people abuse Alcohol and one or more other substances, they do not get an alcohol use disorder diagnosis.

6. Can someone be diagnosed with more than one substance use disorder?

Ans: C

Comprehension

Answer Location: Overview

Difficulty Level: Medium a. risky relapse b. motivational deficit c. situational cuing d. abstinence violation effect

7. Greta has had an alcohol substance use problem for several years. Recently, she has been going to a therapist for cognitive behavioral therapy. Greta has now been sober for 6 months. However, last weekend was her high school reunion. While there, she was with friends she used to drink with, and she had one shot of vodka. After that, she was full of guilt and thought to herself, "I’m so stupid. I’m just an addict and I’ll never be cured.” She had four more shots. This is an example of ______.

Ans: D

Cognitive Domain:Application

Answer Location: What Is Relapse Prevention?

Difficulty Level: Easy a. recurrent failure to fulfill major role obligations b. continued use depsite physical or psychological problems c. tolerance d. time spent obtaining the substance or recovering from its effects

8. According to the text, which of the following is an impaired control symptom of substance use disorder?

Ans: D

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Impaired Control

Difficulty Level: Medium a. be exhibiting tolerance and/or withdrawal b. have at least two symptoms from each of the four symptom categories c. use large amounts of the substance d. experience clinically significant impairment or distress

9. In order to be diagnosed with a Substance Use Disorder, a person must ______.

Ans: D

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Substance Use Disorders

Difficulty Level: Medium a. relatively rare when youths have engaged in motivational enhancement therapy b. relatively rare when youths have engaged in family therapy c. relatively rare when youths have engaged in cognitive behavioral therapy d. common, irrespective of the type of treatment

10. Relapse is ______.

Ans: D

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is Relapse Prevention?

Difficulty Level: Easy a. greater reduction in substance use than CBT b. more rapid reductions in alcohol use c. greater emphasis on decreasing family conflict than CBT d. more lasting abstinence than CBT

11. Family therapy for adolescents was associated with all of the following EXCEPT for ______.

Ans: A

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Treatment Comparison

Difficulty Level: Medium a. Gil is not in remission because he still craves cannabis. b. Gil is in early remission. c. Gil is in sustained remission. d. Gil is not in remission because he has had symptoms within the past 3 months.

12. Gil has been diagnosed with cannabis use disorder, however Gil has been in treatment, and hasn’t used cannabis for 2 months, despite his cravings for cannabis. Which of the following is true of Gil?

Ans: D

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Substance Use Disorders

Difficulty Level: Hard a. It never occurs by itself, only in combination with a substance use disorder diagnosis. b. It can be used to describe anyone who has ingested a substance. c. It can be used to describe anyone who has ingested a substance to the point that he or she develops a change in behavior, experience, or functioning. d. It can be used when intoxication results in distress or impairment.

13. Which of the following is true of a substance intoxication diagnosis?

Ans: D

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Substance-Induced Disorders

Difficulty Level: Medium a. only occurs during withdrawal from depressants and stimulants b. can occur during substance use or during withdrawal c. usually refers to the development of schizophrenia d. is most common in those who use inhalants

14. Substance-induced mental disorder ______.

Ans: B

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Substance-Induced Disorders

Difficulty Level: Medium a. withdrawal b. tolerance c. time spent obtaining substances d. substance use in hazardous situations

15. Which of the following is NOT a symptom that is more common in adolescents versus adults with substance use disorder?

Ans: A

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Key Differences

Difficulty Level: Medium a. more likely to crave the substance b. more likely to binge on the substance c. more likely to heavily use a single substance rather than to misuse a number of substances simultaneously d. less likely to show comorbid behavior problems

16. Compared to adults with substance use disorder, adolescents with substance use disorder are ______.

Ans: B

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Key Differences

Difficulty Level: Medium a. the only effective treatment studied for cannabis use disorder in adolescents was 12 sessions of motivational enhancement therapy and CBT b. unless treatment involved parent–family sessions, it was not reliably effective c. 12 sessions of MET/CBT produced twice the effect of six sessions of MET/CBT d. five sessions of MET/CBT was as effective as 12; thus, five sessions is the most efficient, effective treatment.

17. The Cannabis Treatment Study found ______.

Ans: D

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Treatment Comparison

Difficulty Level: Medium a. teaches adolescents with substance use disorders ways to manage their emotions that don’t involve substances b. reminds clinicians of the common comorbidities of substance use disorders c. is a way to remember the four main classes of substances that individuals can abuse d. is a simple screening measure for alcohol use problems

18. The CAGE acronym ______.

Ans: D

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Assessing Substance Use Disorders in Adolescents

Difficulty Level: Medium a. parent report b. blood and urine tests c. CAGE d. ASSIST

19. Which of the following is the most appropriate assessment for adolescent substance use disorder?

Ans: D

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Assessing Substance Use Disorders in Adolescents

Difficulty Level: Easy a. Have you ever CONVINCED yourself that you need alcohol or drugs to get through the day? b. Do you ever use alcohol or drugs while you are ALONE? c. Do you ever FORGET things you did while using alcohol or drugs? d. Have you ever gotten into TROUBLE while you were using alcohol or drugs?

20. Which of the following is NOT a component of the CRAFFT assessment for substance use disorder in adolescents?

Ans: A

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Assessing Substance Use Disorders in Adolescents

Difficulty Level: Hard a. it involves biological measures of tolerance. b. it collects reports from both the youth and the parent. c. it has norms based on gender, ethnicity, and SES, which other measures do not. d. it can be repeated without harming test-retest reliability, which other measures cannot.

21. One benefit of the ASSIST questionnaire for assessing child and adolescent substance use disorders is ______.

Ans: B

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Assessing Substance Use Disorders in Adolescents

Difficulty Level: Medium a. It is only effective for those with mild substance use problems. b. It results in greater reductions in substance use than do other types of therapy. c. The cognitive component is effective, but the behavioral component is not. d. The behavioral component is effective, but the cognitive component is not.

22. Results on the efficacy of CBT have indicated which of the following?

Ans: B

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy

Difficulty Level: Medium a. Most adolescents with ADHD eventually develop a substance use disorder. b. Most adolescents with substance use disorder have ADHD. c. Adolescents with ADHD and substance use disorder use a wider range of substances than adolescents with substance use disorder alone. d. Adolescents with substance use disorder typically develop ADHD after beginning their substance use.

23. Which is true about the relationship between ADHD and substance use disorder?

Ans: B

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Behavior Problems

Difficulty Level: Hard a. ADHD and substance use disorder share a common genetic or biological cause b. ADHD and substance use disorder are both correlated with disruptive behavior problems. c. Symptoms of ADHD increase the probability of substance use disorder d. Substance use disorder increases the probability of ADHD.

24. Which of the following has NOT been posited as a hypothesis for the high comorbidity between ADHD and substance use disorder?

Ans: D

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Behavior Problems

Difficulty Level: Medium a. CD and substance use disorder share a common genetic or biological cause. b. Disruptive behavior problems lead to substance use disorder c. Substance use disorder leads to disruptive behavior problems. d. There is a strong relationship between conduct problems and substance use disorder, but this relationship does not tell us about the cause or direction of the link.

25. The fact that nearly 90% of youths with substance use disorders show at least some problems with oppositional, defiant, or disruptive behavior demonstrates which of the following?

Ans: D

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Behavior Problems

Difficulty Level: Medium a. usually precedes the onset of a substance use disorder; the substance is used in an attempt to cope with the depression b. is very uncommon in those with substance use disorder c. when it develops, usually develops after the onset of substance use problems d. is typically a substance-induced mental disorder

26. In adolescents, depression ______.

Ans: C

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Depression and Anxiety

Difficulty Level: Medium a. Anxiety typically precedes substance use. b. Anxiety typically develops after substance use. c. Anxiety is very rare in those with substance use problems, so there is practically no relationship. d. It is complex; sometimes anxiety precedes substance use, sometimes it develops afterward.

27. Which of the following describes the relationship between anxiety and substance use?

Ans: D

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Depression and Anxiety

Difficulty Level: Medium a. alcohol b. cannabis c. inhalants d. anxiolytics

28. Psychotic symptoms have been associated with the use of which substance in adolescence?

Ans: B

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Psychotic Disorders

Difficulty Level: Easy a. females b. those of non-English speaking backgrounds c. those who have dropped out of high school d. those with siblings

29. Based on its data collection methods, which of the following groups is not well-represented in the Monitoring the Future project?

Ans: C

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Prevalence of Adolescent Substance Use

Difficulty Level: Medium a. has been used by nearly 75% of high school seniors b. use disorder is reported in nearly 50% of high school seniors c. use is more common than marijuana use among eighth graders, but less common than marijuana use among high school seniors d. is second only to cigarettes among substances used by high school seniors

30. According to Monitoring the Future, alcohol ______.

Ans: A

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prevalence of Adolescent Substance Use

Difficulty Level: Medium a. is more common than marijuana use b. is less common than prescription medication misuse c. is more common for inhalants than for other types of illicit drugs d. has increased since 1995

31. According to Monitoring the Future, illicit drug use among adolescents ______.

Ans: B

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prevalence of Adolescent Substance Use

Difficulty Level: Medium a. Alcohol use has increased while cigarette use has dramatically decreased b. Alcohol use has increased while illicit drug use has decreased. c. Alcohol use has decreased while other drug use has remained relatively stable. d. Alcohol use has decreased while other drug use has increased dramatically, particularly after the legalization of marijuana.

32. Which of the following best captures the changes in adolescent substance use over the last two decades, as recorded by Monitoring the Future?

Ans: C

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prevalence of Adolescent Substance Use

Difficulty Level: Hard a. It reduces the reinforcing effects of alcohol. b. It prevents the classical conditioning underlying the use of alcohol. c. It provides new social learning skills. d. It changes the beliefs associated with using alochol.

33. Which of the following is the benefit of providing interpersonal training to an adolescent who drinks to fit in with peers?

Ans: A

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy

Difficulty Level: Hard a. Girls typically begin using substances at an earlier age than boys b. Girls are typically more likely to get in trouble at school because of alcohol and drugs. c. Boys’ substance use problems tend to be comorbid with disruptive behavior, whereas girls’ substance use problems tend to be comorbid with emotional disturbance. d. Boys with substance use problems are more likely to have abusive histories.

34. Which of the following best describes the differences between boys and girls, with respect to substance use?

Ans: C

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender

Difficulty Level: Medium a. It is associated with reduction in substance use while traditional group therapy is not. b. It is associated with reduction in substance use, but it takes much longer to get these results than to get comparable results with family therapy. c. It is associated with greater reduction in substance use than traditional group therapy and produces more rapid results. d. It has been shown to be more efficacious than family-based education, but less efficacious than individual or group supportive therapy.

35. Which of the following best describes the efficacy of multidimensional family therapy?

Ans: C

Cognitive Domain:Comprehension

Answer Location: Family Therapy

Difficulty Level: Medium a. Almost all youths who use illicit substances have used marijuana. b. Most who use illicit substances begin using marijuana after their illict substance use has already begun. c. Most adolescents who use cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana do not use other illicit substances. d. There is no relationship between use of marijuana and use of illicit substances.

36. What is the evidence against the assertion that marijuana is a “gateway drug”?

Ans: C

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Course

Difficulty Level: Medium a. histories of impulsive and disruptive behavior b. parent modeling of excessive substance use c. friends’ use of alcohol and other drugs d. personal values related to abstinence and sobriety

37. Which of the following factors does NOT seem to predict an escalation in substance use among adolescents?

Ans: D

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Course

Difficulty Level: Easy a. serotonin b. norepinephrine c. dopamine d. GABA

38. Which neurotransmitter is NOT known to be affected by alcohol?

Ans: A

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Are the Effects of Alcohol? Physiological Effects

Difficulty Level: Medium a. stimulation of the norepinephrine system b. inhibition of glutamate c. increased activity in the amygdala d. decrease in the release of endogenous opioids

39. The anxiety-reducing properties of low doses of alcohol can best be explained by which of the following?

Ans: B

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: What Are the Effects of Alcohol? Physiological Effects

Difficulty Level: Medium a. The most acute effect of alcohol occurs after the first few drinks in a day; because the liver can only process so much alcohol, these effects become less pronounced as more drinks are consumed. b. Over sustained periods of using alcohol, the number or sensitivity of the neuroreceptors that respond to alcohol gradually decreases. c. Sustained use of alcohol over months or years increases the sensitivity of GABA and dopamine receptors. d. The amount of substance that can be used in a given period of time fluctuates based on circadian cycles and, in women, menstrual cycles.

40. How does pharmacodynamic tolerance develop?

Ans: B

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Are the Effects of Alcohol? Physiological Effects

Difficulty Level: Medium a. It is associated with pharmacodynamic tolerance, but not with acute tolerance. b. It may be associated with cognitive impairments persisting for weeks or months after discontinuing use of the substance. c. It is not associated with withdrawal. d. It is associated with changes in hormonal processes but not with changes in neurotransmitter patterns of activity.

41. Which of the following is associated with marijuana use?

Ans: B

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Are the Effects of Alcohol? Physiological Effects

Difficulty: Medium a. almost completely deterministic b. more pronounced for alcohol use disorder than for other substance use disorders c. most pronounced for cannabis use disorder d. predictive of the chronicity of substance use disorder

42. The genetic component of substance use disorder is ______.

Ans: B

Learning Objective: LO 10.2. Outline three major pathways for the development of substance use disorders in adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Genetic Risk

Difficulty Level: Medium a. increasing the adolescent’s social skills b. helping the adolescent recognize and manage negative emotion c. helping parents understand the importance of parental monitoring d. improving communication and problem-solving skills between parent and child

43. Which of the following is a part of family sessions in multidimensional family therapy?

Ans: D

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Family Therapy

Difficulty Level: Medium a. those with histories of having been abused b. those from low-socioeconomic backgrounds c. those from affluent backgrounds d. those with anxiety disorder and/or depression

44. Research has indicated that which of the following groups is least likely to develop substance use disorders via the negative affect pathway?

Ans: B

Learning Objective: LO 10.2. Outline three major pathways for the development of substance use disorders in adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Negative Affect Pathway

Difficulty Level: Hard a. low parental monitoring b. early problems with neurobehavioral disinhibition c. disruptive behavior and academic problems d. peer rejection and affiliation with deviant peers

45. Which of the following is NOT a cause of substance use disorder in the deviance-prone model?

Ans: A

Learning Objective: LO 10.2. Outline three major pathways for the development of substance use disorders in adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Deviance-Prone Pathway

Difficulty Level: Hard a. daredevils b. overly creative c. nosy d. lazy

46. Those with behavioral undercontrol might be described as which of the following?

Ans: A

Learning Objective: LO 10.2. Outline three major pathways for the development of substance use disorders in adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Neurobehavioral Disinhibition

Difficulty Level: Easy a. Substance use is most common among controversial children. b. Those who are using substances usually become neglected. c. Girls who have late sexual maturation are more likely to experience substance use problems. d. Early developing girls are more likely to develop substance use problems than typically developing girls.

47. Which is true of the relationship between deviant peers and substance use?

Ans: D

Learning Objective: LO 10.2. Outline three major pathways for the development of substance use disorders in adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Peer Rejection and Deviancy Training

Difficulty Level: Medium a. Children who participated in D.A.R.E. had lower rates of substance use by early adolescence. b. Because D.A.R.E. was shown to be ineffective in lowering rates of substance use, most public schools no longer offer the program. c. D.A.R.E. produced increases in knowledge about substance use problems, but no changes in rates of children’s substance use. d. D.A.R.E. seeemd to influence attitudes about substances, but not behaviors.

48. Which of the following best describes the results of studies on the effectiveness of D.A.R.E.?

Ans: C

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Primary Prevention: D.A.R.E.

Difficulty Level: Medium a. Primary prevention programs are offered exclusively to those in primary school (elementary school). b. Primary prevention programs are targeted toward all students, while secondary prevention programs are targeted to students more at risk. c. Only those who have already gone through primary prevention programs would be eligible for secondary prevention programs. d. Primary prevention programs are typically targeted toward alcohol and cigarettes while secondary prevention programs are typically targeted toward “harder” drugs.

49. The main difference between primary and secondary prevention programs for substance use disorders is which of the following?

Ans: B

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Can We Prevent Adolescent Substance Use Disorders?

Difficulty Level: Medium a. relationships with parents b. home environment c. school d. peer relationships

50. Which of the following is NOT one of the three interdependent ecological factors targeted in family therapy?

Ans: D

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Family Therapy

Difficulty Level: Hard a. They are not effective. b. They are very effective. c. They are only effective when provided to those below the age of 12. d. They are only effective when they target multiple risk factors and teach skills to avoid substances and develop positive relationships with peers.

51. The results of studies of the effectiveness of secondary prevention programs indicate which of the following?

Ans: D

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Secondary Prevention Programs

Difficulty Level: Medium a. as substitution therapy that allows an individual to wean off of cigarettes b. as detoxification during nicotine withdrawal c. to block the effects of orally administered nictoine, since nicotine is already in the blood d. to prevent orally administered nicotine from being metabolized

52. The utility of a nicotine patch is ______.

Ans: A

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Is Medication Effective?

Difficulty Level: Medium a. as substitution therapy b. for detoxicfication during withdrawal c. to block the effects of the substance, making it less pleasurable to use d. to treat comorbid disorders

53. The most common use of medication to address substance use disorders is ______.

Ans: D

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Is Medication Effective?

Difficulty Level: Hard a. complete abstinence from substance use b. a change in attitude toward substances, even if it doesn’t result in a change in behavior c. a reduction in problematic substance use that decreases risk or harm d. an increase in prosocial relationships

54. What is considered a success for motivational enhancement therapy?

Ans: C

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Motivational Enhancement Therapy

Difficulty Level: Easy a. to separate the individual from antisocial peers who perpetuate substance use b. to attend to immediate medical needs and detoxify the body c. To help the adolescent understand the harmful effects of the substance use on health and functioning d. to improve the quality of interpersonal relationships

55. Which of the following is NOT among the three main goals of 28-day inpatient treatment programs for substance use disorders?

Ans: A

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Inpatient 12-Step Programs

Difficulty Level: Medium a. approaching the client with acceptance and nonjudgment b. persuading the client to change beliefs about sbustance use c. rolling with resistance and avoiding argumentation d. promoting the client’s self-efficacy

56. Which of the following is NOT one of the five principles of motivational interviewing?

Ans: B

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Motivational Enhancement Therapy

Difficulty Level: Easy a. substance use acquired through operant conditioning, typically via positive or negative reinforcement b. operant conditioning resulting in association between particular stimulus cues for substance use c. social learning being a perpetuating cause for substance use disorders, particularly when it involves modeling of substance use by family or friends d. distorted beliefs about events eliciting drinking or other drug use

57. Clinicians who practice cognitive–behavioral therapy view problematic substance use as being acquired and maintained in all of the following ways EXCEPT for ______.

Ans: B

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy

Difficulty Level: Medium a. precontemplation b. contemplation c. action d. maintenance

58. Brandy has been attending motivation enhancement therapy for a few weeks. When she first started, she didn’t think her drinking was problematic and only attended because her mom made her. But, she now is starting to wonder whether she drinks too much. Which stage of change is Brandy currently in?

Ans: B

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Motivational Enhancement Therapy

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Both alcohol and sedatives affect GABA.

Ans: T

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Overview

Difficulty Level: Medium

2 With serious, dangerous drugs, such as methamphetamine or heroin, a single use is sufficient for a diagnosis of a substance use disorder

Ans: F

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Substance Use Disorders

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Adolescents with substance use disorders are more likely to show comorbid mood and anxiety disorders than adults are.

Ans: F

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Key Differences

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. There is a higher rate of suicide attempts among adolescents with substance use Ddisorder than among adolescents without substance use disorder

Ans: T

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Depression and Anxiety

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. The highest rate of problematic substance use occurs between 18 and 22 years of age.

Ans: T

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Course

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. GABAA receptors play a large role in transmission of substance use problems from parents to children.

Ans: F

Learning Objective: LO 10.2. Outline three major pathways for the development of substance use disorders in adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Genetic Risk

Difficulty Level: Hard

7. Abstinence is the primary goal of motivational enhancement therapy.

Ans: F

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Motivational Enhancement Therapy

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Relpase is uncommon in those who have undergone cognitive behavioral therapy.

Ans: F

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Is Relapse Prevention?

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Some researchers believe that the DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorder are developmentally insensitive. What does this mean, and do you agree?

Ans: This means that the same criteria are used irrespective of the age of the individual. For instance, low grades and truancy are common signs of alcohol use problems among adolescents, but these are not present in the diagnostic criteria for the condition. For their opinion, they can choose an affirmative or negative stance as long as it’s defended. One example might be that the current symptom categories are sufficiently broad to allow for these manifestations to count, minimally toward clinically significant impairment and distress. Another might be that yes, they are developmentally insensitive because these possibilities are not explicated.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Key Differences

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. What are some ways in which the manifestation of substance use disorder differs between adolescents and adults, and why do these differences exist?

Ans: Adults are less likely to experience tolerance because they are typically new to substance use. Adolescents are also more likely to spend a great deal of time in procuring the substance because some substances are illegal for youths to obtain (such as cigarettes and alcohol) that are legal for adults to obtain; for youths to obtain these substances, therefore, requires significantly more effort, planning, ingenuity, and some measure of additional risk. Youths are more likely to report use of substances in hazardous situations, probably because they have a higher base rate of impulsive, dangerous behaviors in general.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Key Differences

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Several studies have found a relationship between adolescent cannabis use and psychotic symptoms. What evidence is there that adolescents beginning to develop psychosis weren’t self-medicating with cannabis that is, that the psychosis didn’t cause cannabis use?

Ans: The association between marijuana use and psychotic symptoms could not be explained by adolescents’ levels of psychological distress. Therefore, it is unlikely that adolescents who eventually showed psychotic symptoms used marijuana to treat early symptoms of psychosis. Instead, the data suggest that repeated marijuana use may increase the likelihood of psychotic symptoms, especially among those adolescents who have a genetic predisposition toward schizophrenia

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Psychotic Disorders

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. What is the relationship between binge drinking and perceived risk associated with bingeing? Why do you think such a relationship exists?

Ans: There is a moderate, inverse relationship, such that those who binge more are less likely to perceive it as risky behavior. This might be due to cognitive dissonance (holding a belief and producing actions inconsistent with that belief creates cognitive stress that is resolved by changing or moderating the belief). Alternatively, it’s possible that those with a preconceived notion that bingeing is not harmful are most likely to engage in it if that’s true, persuading more individuals that bingeing is harmful would reduce binge drinking. (Other explanations also possible )

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Prevalence of Adolescent Substance Use Disorders

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. What is the role of expectations in the enhanced reinforcement pathway?

Ans: Adolescents at risk for substance use disorders may have unrealistic and largely positive expectations for substance use; they may disproportionately weigh or have as more salient the benefits of substance use. Further, they may downplay the drawbacks. These distorted beliefs are associated with increased frequency or amount of drinking.

Learning Objective: LO 10.2. Outline three major pathways for the development of substance use disorders in adolescents.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Positive Expectations and Pleasurable Effects

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Why do schools in the United States continue to offer the D.A.R.E. program when it does not effectively minimize substance use in youths?

Ans: A research study in in 2005 by Birkeland and colleagues indicated that many school officials are aware of the research on the effectiveness of D.A.R.E. Some claimed that they never expected the program would be successful in minimizing substance use, so they didn’t find the research surprising (this might be called the hindsight bias). Others said the value of the program was in strengthening connections with police officers. Others who were aware of the research discounted it saying that their personal experiences showed it was effective this may be an example of cognitive dissonance.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Primary Prevention: D.A.R.E.

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Discuss the ethical issues surrounding motivational enhancement therapy: Is it ethically permissible for therapists to support an adolescent’s decision to engage in an illegal behavior?

Ans: Parental consent is required prior to treatment because parents have the ultimate responsibility for the children’s welfare. On the one hand, abstinence is indeed the real goal, and is it ethicl for a therapist to support an adolescent in engaging in an illegal behavior? On the other hand, though many therapists support the ideal of abstince, given that it is low probability, reduction in use is the next best thing. If harm reduction works and they don’t use it, is that an unethical choice?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Motivation Enhancement Therapy

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. One study of the efficacy of motivational enhancement therapy found that reductions in alcohol and marijuana use were greatest among adolescents who showed the most frequent use before treatment. What could some possible explanations for this finding be?

Ans: It could be that there was a relative floor effect for the other groups (their substance use was so comparatively low, they had less room to limit their substance use). It could, therefore, be an artifact of the amount of reduction that was possible. Alternatively, it could be that those with more serious substance use issues were more affected by the therapy.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Motivation Enhancement Therapy

Difficulty Level: Medium

Chapter 10: Substance Use Disorders in Adolescents

Next Article

Chapter 9: Conduct Problems in Children and Adolescents

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

True/False

Essay

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TEST BANK for Introduction to Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology 3rd Edition by Robert Weis