TESTBANK

Multiple Choice

1. According to the chapter, the process of science is: a. using the scientific method to understand behavior. b. based upon tenacity, authority, reason, and common sense. c. more than using the scientific method to understand behavior. d. less important than the results of science.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Introduction a. scale of measurement b. role of experimenter c. research setting d. extent of control

2. The approaches used to study behavior can be placed on three continua. Of the following, which is not one of these continua?

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Dimensions of Research a. field research and laboratory b. true experiment and naturalistic observation c. laboratory and true experiment d. correlation and naturalistic observation

3. Which of the following represents the extremes in the dimension described as the extent to which the experimenter intervenes in the study?

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Dimensions of Research

4. According to the dimensions of research described in the chapter, true experiment and naturalistic observation differ in regard to: a. the number of participants needed. b. how data are analyzed. c. the extent to which the scientist intervenes in the study. d. the type of ethical problems encountered.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Dimensions of Research

5. In true experiments: a. we have to know what we are looking for. b. the experimenter is active. c. we can infer important relationships between events. d. all of these

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Dimensions of Research

6. In comparison to naturalistic observation, the downside to using the experiment method is that: a. unknown information is excluded from being measured. b. it is unable to test cause and effect relationships. c. it is unable to control independent variables. d. it is unable to produce changes in participants' behavior.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Dimensions of Research

MSC: WWW

7. In naturalistic observation: a. the experimenter is active. b. important relationships cannot be tested. c. we have to know what we are looking for. d. all of these

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Dimensions of Research a. within; between b. static; dynamic c. active; passive d. independent; dependent

8. True experiment is to naturalistic observation as ____ is to ____.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Dimensions of Research

9. With regard to true experiments and naturalistic observation, the chapter advises: a. using both methods simultaneously. b. using the experiment first followed by naturalistic observation. c. not using either since neither allows for control of confounding variables. d. using both, but only in highly controllable situations.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Dimensions of Research

10. By moving our research into the laboratory, we obtain: a. the chance to observe natural behaviors. b. generalizability. c. ecological validity. d. greater control over environmental variables.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Dimensions of Research

11. The research setting includes: a. within and between. b. intrapersonal and interpersonal. c. inductive and deductive. d. field research and laboratory.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Dimensions of Research a. generalizability; control b. control; ecological validity c. control; correlation d. ecological validity; control

12. Laboratory research gives us ____. Field research allows for more ____.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Dimensions of Research a. the field setting b. the lab setting c. the group survey setting d. all of these are highly susceptible to demand characteristics

13. According to the text, which research setting is the least influenced by demand characteristics?

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Dimensions of Research

14. The extremes of the scientist's participation in the experiment are: a. objective and subjective. b. experimenter and observer. c. as observer and as participant. d. as judge and as jury.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Dimensions of Research

15. The research method you choose depends on: a. your philosophy of science. b. experiments that have been done previously. c. the particular research questions you wish to ask. d. all of these

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Dimensions of Research

16. The best approach to the study of human behavior: a. is the true experimental design. b. is naturalistic observation. c. depends on the questions being asked. d. is whatever approach is approved by the IRB.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Dimensions of Research

17. The ideal level of a scientist's participation in a study is dependent upon: a. level of measurement. b. the questions being asked by the study. c. ethical considerations. d. the methodology used to select participants.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Dimensions of Research

MSC: WWW

18. A research program is: a. a series of directed research studies. b. a computer program that organizes research. c. a computer program that presents materials and analyzes data for research purposes. d. a shared view of the world.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Beginning With a Question a. with a belief that finding answers is a noble endeavor b. with a perspective that nature exists to be understood c. with a childlike impatience to get answers to questions d. with a childlike perspective, wonder, and excitement

19. What advice does the chapter give regarding how scientists should discover the world?

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Beginning With a Question

20. Lakatos proposes that science advances through: a. sudden revolution. b. replacement of degenerating programs with progressive ones. c. testing of trial-and-error hypotheses. d. re-interpretation of known facts in light of theory.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Box 16.1

21. According to Lakatos, a progressive program leads to: a. the discovery of new facts. b. the discovery of new theories. c. the reinterpretation of known facts. d. financial support from the government.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Box 16.1

22. The questions that you choose to ask depend on: a. your personal perception. b. on the shared view of the world. c. the available tools. d. all of these

MSC: WWW

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Limitations to Finding Answers

23. According to the chapter, a possible outcome of a scientist exclusively using a particular research method is the: a. scientist becomes an expert in the use of that method. b. scientist forces behavior to conform to measurement by that method. c. reputation of the scientist is tarnished. d. scientist's interest in other methods decreases.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Limitations to Finding Answers

24. In regard to a scientist's assumptions, problems arise when: a. assumptions are unconscious beliefs. b. assumptions are untested and metaphysical. c. other scientists don't share the same assumptions. d. the assumptions are perceived as observed facts.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Limitations to Finding Answers

MSC: WWW a. memory b. perception c. genetics d. development

25. Psychology is currently gaining a new appreciation of ____, a field largely ignored during a time when learning was thought to account for all behavior.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Limitations to Finding Answers

26. Shared view of the world refers to: a. tacit assumptions that direct our behavior. b. explicit knowledge we have of the world. c. the body of empirical facts that make up a discipline. d. facts about the world.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Limitations to Finding Answers

27. Our approach to science and the conclusions we draw from our research are influenced by: a. our personal views. b. our shared view of the world. c. our culture. d. all of these

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Limitations to Finding Answers

28. With regard to the assumptions of the scientists, Bohm argued that problems can occur when: a. statistics are used to reflect the ethereal world. b. unconscious beliefs become real. c. those assumptions are confused with directly observed facts. d. those assumptions become conscious.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Limitations to Finding Answers

29. One area that has yet to be systematically explored in psychology is: a. genetics. b. human potential. c. physiology. d. ethology.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Limitations to Finding Answers

30. Topics likely to be explored by positive psychologists include: a. empathy. b. altruism. c. love. d. all of these

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Limitations to Finding Answers a. unordered and disorganized b. evolutionary c. stagnate d. flawed by assumptions held by scientists

31. Campbell sees that the search for truth in science is ____.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Box 16.2

32. Science is beginning to consider that instability and fluctuations are: a. chaotic and unpredictable. b. confounding variables that make the results of experiments difficult to interpret. c. a part of nature. d. to be avoided when studying behavior.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Limitations to Finding Answers

33. Maslow saw science as: a. being only concerned about advancing the scientist's own personal agenda . b. a double-edged sword as a defense and as a way of improving psychological health. c. an attempt to avoid working and living in the real world. d. outdated and out of step with the needs of people.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Limitations to Finding Answers

MSC: WWW

34. Mitroff and Fitzgerald have concluded that science can: a. increase psychological health. b. decrease psychological health. c. help scientists avoid life. d. help scientists avoid life or increase psychological health.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Limitations to Finding Answers

35. Science concerns itself with: a. truth. b. value. c. relevance. d. all of these

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Science as a Complex Human Process

36. Chamberlin suggested that scientists should learn about the world through: a. imitation of previous scientists. b. the "Great Experiments" of scientists . c. independent thinking and imitation of previous scientists. d. multiple working hypotheses.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Science as a Complex Human Process

37. According to Chamberlin, one of the approaches to understanding reality is called creative study and refers to: a. thinking for one's self. b. focusing on just one hypothesis as research progresses. c. memorizing what others have discovered about reality. d. imitating the great thinkers of the discipline.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Science as a Complex Human Process

MSC: WWW

38. In the method of multiple working hypotheses: a. one considers only hypotheses that have been shown to work. b. one sees the world from a particular perspective. c. one considers at least two competing hypotheses. d. inductive logic is most important.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Science as a Complex Human Process a. creativity b. tenacity c. skepticism d. statistical analysis

39. The thought experiments conducted by Einstein help us to appreciate Chamberlin's idea that ____ is important in science.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Science as a Complex Human Process

MSC: WWW

40. In considering values and science, values: a. are scientifically untestable. b. influence interpretation of results. c. enter into the choice of research questions. d. all of these

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Value in Science

41. The need to distinguish between scientifically significant results and statistically significant results addresses the broad question of: a. transcendence. b. limitation. c. relevance. d. all of these

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Relevance MSC: WWW

42. It is possible, that even though results of a study are statistically significant, they: a. may be scientifically insignificant. b. still have practical meaning. c. have value. d. are relevant.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Relevance MSC: WWW

43. According to the chapter, just because a study might have found that blood pressure statistically changed following treatment, it does not necessarily mean: a. participants will continue to receive treatment. b. that blood pressure was accurately measured. c. the change is meaningful. d. the change is permanent.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Relevance

44. A researcher has conducted an experiment to test the effectiveness of a drug that she thinks will elevate the mood of depressed individuals. The results of a statistical analysis is that the experimental and control groups differ, but not by very much. This experiment may lack: a. the proper motivation b. scientific significance. c. the proper methodology. d. practical value.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Relevance

45. Scientific knowledge is a superior knowledge because it: a. is theoretical. b. is constantly open to question and revision. c. can be analyzed statistically. d. is precise.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Science as a Means of Transcendence

46. The transcendence of science refers to its ability to: a. go beyond our personal and collective limitations. b. bring people together. c. identify truth that stands the test of time. d. bridge scientific theory and practical applications.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Science as a Means of Transcendence

MSC: WWW

47. Most of the energy in psychological research has focused on the study of: a. one's own experience. b. one's own behavior. c. the experience of others. d. the behavior of others.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Science as a Means of Transcendence a. testable b. inadequate c. correct d. systematic

48. Karl Popper, G. Spencer-Brown, Thomas Kuhn, and others have shown us that we must consider that every theory is ____.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Science as a Means of Transcendence

49. Thomas claims that because of the nature of science: a. assumptions made by scientists are unknowable. b. real truth is never attainable. c. we can predict new knowledge before actually discovering it. d. we do not know what new things will be discovered.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Box 16.3

Short Answer

1. What are the three dimensions of research and the characteristics of each?

ANS: Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 REF: Dimensions of Research

2. What are some of the things that determine the kinds of research questions that people ask?

ANS: Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 REF: Beginning With a Question

3. What are the obstacles that scientists encounter that limit the search for knowledge?

ANS: Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 REF: Limitations to Finding Answers

4. What are some of the potentially negative things that can result for those engaged in scientific careers?

ANS: Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 REF: Limitations to Finding Answers

5. Describe the two approaches of learning about the world according to Chamberlin.

ANS: Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 REF: Science as a Complex Human Process

6. Discuss the method of multiple working hypotheses and how it can influence seeing the world from multiple perspectives.

ANS: Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 REF: Science as a Complex Human Process

7. Do scientists' value systems play a role in their research? If so, how?

ANS: Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 REF: Value in Science

8. Discuss the difference between scientifically significant and statistically significant results. Which is more important?

ANS: Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 REF: Relevance

9. Defend the proposition that scientific knowledge is superior knowledge.

ANS: Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 REF: Science as a Means of Transcendence

10. Describe the advantages of studying behavior and experience.

ANS: Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 REF: Science as a Means of Transcendence

11. Even though it has been suggested that every theory is inadequate, why should we still retain our confidence in science?

ANS: Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 REF: Science as a Means of Transcendence