SHAPING THE SECURITY ENVIRONMENT
the Page: Small Arms and Light Weapons in Albania (London: December 2005), p. 7, available at www.saferworld.org.uk/. 20. “Maritime Security Policy,” in National Security Presidential Directive NSPD-41/Homeland Security Presidential Directive HSPD-13 (Washington, D.C.: White House, 21 December 2004), p. 4. 21. Raymond Gilpin, “Enhancing Maritime Security in the Gulf of Guinea,” Strategic Insights 6, no. 1 (January 2007), available at www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/si/2007/Jan/ gilpinJan07.asp. 22. Marine Resources Assessment Group, Ltd., Review of Impacts of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing on Developing Countries (London: Department for International Development, 2005), p. 45. 23. International Chamber of Commerce, Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships (Barking, Essex, U.K.: International Maritime Bureau, January 2007), p. 18 24. International Crisis Group, “Fuelling the Niger Delta Crisis,” p. 8. 25. Margie Gibson, “New Model of Security Emphasizes Partnership, Cooperation,” Defenselink News, available at www.defenselink .mil/news/. 26. Worldwide seaborne trade increased 272 percent between 1970 and 2005. United Nations, Review of Maritime Transport 2006 (Geneva: Conference on Trade and Development, 2006), p. 18. 27. Individual country scores are available at web.worldbank.org/. 28. During the Maritime Safety and Security in the Gulf of Guinea Workshop in Accra, Ghanaian participants identified the critical necessity of building political will in support of effective action. U.S. European Command, U.S. Naval Forces Europe, and Africa Center for Strategic Studies, Program Highlights, Maritime Safety and Security in the Gulf of Guinea Workshop, Accra, Ghana, 19–22 March 2006, p. 3. 29. Green Paper: Towards a Future Maritime Policy for the Union—a European Vision for the Oceans and Seas (Brussels: Commission of European Communities, 7 June 2006), available at ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/pdf/ com_2006_0275_en_part2.pdf; The National
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Strategy for Maritime Security (Washington, D.C.: White House, 2005). 30. Gilpin, “Enhancing Maritime Security in the Gulf of Guinea”; and U.S. European Command, U.S. Naval Forces Europe, U.S. Department of State and Africa Center for Strategic Studies, Program Highlights, Maritime Safety and Security in the Gulf of Guinea Ministerial Conference, Cotonou, Benin, 13–15 November 2006, p. 23. 31. “Maritime Security Policy,” in National Security Presidential Directive NSPD-41/Homeland Security Presidential Directive HSPD-13 Washington, D.C.: White House, 2004, p. 2. 32. The National Defense Strategy of the United States (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Defense Dept., 2005), p. i; and Jendayi Frazer, keynote address, Maritime Safety and Security—Gulf of Guinea Ministerial Conference, Cotonou, Benin, available at www.state.gov/p/af/rls/rm/2006/77336.htm. 33. National Defense Strategy of the United States, p. i; National Strategy for Maritime Security, p. 9; and National Military Strategy of the United States (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Defense Dept., 2004), p. 2. 34. General James L. Jones Commander, USMC, United States European Command, Statement before the Committee on Senate Armed Services, p. 5, 7 March 2006, available at armed-services.senate.gov/statemnt/2006/ March/, p. 5. 35. U.S. European Command, “EUCOM Maritime Security Strategy for Africa,” 19 January 2006, p. 2. 36. U.S. European Command et al., Program Highlights, 19–22 March 2006; Admiral Henry “Harry” G. Ulrich III, Commander, Allied Joint Force Command Naples, and Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Europe, keynote address, p. 15. 37. The Partnership for Peace (PfP) is a program of practical bilateral cooperation between individual partner countries and NATO. It allows partner countries to build up individual relationships with NATO, choosing their own priorities for cooperation. PfP was launched in 1994; currently twenty countries participate. “Partnership for Peace,” NATO Topics, www.nato.int/issues/pfp/. Mediterranean Dialogue partners include Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia.