Beyond Time and Style A Life in Architecture...
-Louis I. Kahn
Madhurima Baanpur P.Nishit
Beyond Time and Style A Life in Architecture...
-Louis I. Kahn
Madhurima Baanpur P.Nishit
Certificate This is to certify that this project is a bonafide work done by
Madhurima Baanpur, Roll-12AR10028 P.Nishit, Roll-12AR10032 Under my supervision and guidance in the Introduction to Architecture class.
Dr.Jaydip Barman Professor Dept. of Architecture and Regional Planning Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to acknowledge and extend our heartfelt Gratitude to the following persons who have made the Completion of this project possible: Our Professor DR.
Jaydip Barman for his
Encouragement and support, all department faculty members and staff members. Also heartfelt thanks to our friends And to God who is always there for us‌
Introduction Louis Isadore Kahn (born Itze-Leib Schmuilowsky) (February 20, 1901 – March 17, 1974) was an American architect, based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. After working in various capacities for several firms in Philadelphia, he founded his own atelier in 1935. While continuing his private practice, he served as a design critic and professor of architecture at Yale School of Architecture from 1947 to 1957. From 1957 until his death, he was a professor of architecture at the School of Design at the University of Pennsylvania. Influenced by ancient ruins, Kahn's style tends to the monumental and monolithic; his heavy buildings do not hide their weight, their materials, or the way they are assembled. Louis Kahn's works are considered as monumental beyond modernism. Famous for his meticulously built works, his provocative unbuilt proposals, and his teaching, Kahn was one of the most influential architects of the 20th century.
Louis Isadore Khan
Biography Early life: Louis Kahn, whose original name was Itze-Leib (Leiser-Itze) Schmuilowsky (Schmalowski), was born into a poor Jewish family in P채rnu and spent the rest of his early childhood in Kuressaare on the Estonian island of Saaremaa, then part of the Russian Empire. At age 3, he saw coals in the stove and was captivated by the light of the coal. He put the coal in his apron which caught on fire and seared his face. He carried these scars for the rest of his life. In 1906, his family immigrated to the United States, fearing that his father would be recalled into the military during the Russo-Japanese War. His actual birth year may have been inaccurately recorded in the process of immigration. According to his son's documentary film in 2003 the family could not afford pencils but made their own charcoal sticks from burnt twigs so that Louis could earn a little money from drawings and later by playing piano to accompany silent movies. He became a naturalized citizen on May 15, 1914. His father changed their name in 1915.
Career: He trained in a rigorous Beaux-Arts tradition, with its emphasis on drawing, at the University of Pennsylvania. After completing his Bachelor of Architecture in 1924, Kahn worked as senior draftsman in the office of City Architect John Molitor. In this capacity, he worked on the design for the 1926 Sesquicentennial Exposition. In 1928, Kahn made a European tour and took a particular interest in the medieval walled city of Carcassonne, France and the castles of Scotland rather than any of the strongholds of classicism or modernism. After returning to the States in 1929, Kahn worked in the offices of Paul Philippe Cret, his former studio critic at the University of Pennsylvania, and in the offices of Zantzinger, Borie and Medary in Philadelphia. In 1932, Kahn and Dominique Berninger founded the Architectural Research Group, whose members were interested in the populist social agenda and new aesthetics of the European avant-gardes. Among the projects Kahn worked on during this collaboration are unbuilt schemes for public housing that had originally been presented to the Public Works Administration. Among the more important of Kahn's early collaborations was with George Howe. Kahn worked with Howe in late 1930s on projects for the Philadelphia Housing Authority and again in 1940, along with Germanborn architect Oscar Stonorov for the design of housing developments in other parts of Pennsylvania. Kahn did not find his distinctive architectural style until he was in his fifties. Initially working in a fairly orthodox version of the International Style, a stay at the American Academy in Rome in the early 1950s marked a turning point in Kahn's career. The back-to-the-basics approach he adopted after visiting the ruins of ancient buildings in Italy, Greece, and Egypt helped him to develop his own style of architecture influenced by earlier modern movements but not limited by their sometimes dogmatic ideologies. In 1961 he received a grant from the Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts to study traffic movement in Philadelphia and create a proposal for a viaduct system. He describes this proposal at a lecture given in 1962 at the International Design Conference in Aspen, Colorado:
In the center of town the streets should become buildings. This should be interplayed with a sense of movement which does not tax local streets for non-local traffic. There should be a system of viaducts which encase an area which can reclaim the local streets for their own use, and it should be made so this viaduct has a ground floor of shops and usable area. A model which I did for the Graham Foundation recently, and which I presented to Mr. Entenza, showed the scheme. Kahn's teaching career began at Yale University in 1947, and he was eventually named Albert F. Bemis Professor of Architecture and Planning at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1962 and Paul Philippe Cret Professor of Architecture at the University of Pennsylvania in 1966 and was also a Visiting Lecturer at Princeton University from 1961 to 1967. Kahn was elected a Fellow in the American Institute of Architects (AIA) in 1953. He was made a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters in 1964. He was awarded the Frank P. Brown Medal in 1964. He was made a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1968 and awarded the AIA Gold Medal, the highest award given by the AIA, in 1971 and the Royal Gold Medal by the RIBA in 1972.
Personal life: Kahn had three families with three women: his wife, Esther, whom he married in 1930; Anne Tyng, who began her working collaboration and personal relationship with Kahn in 1945; and Harriet Pattison. When Tyng became pregnant in 1953, to mitigate the scandal she was sent away to Rome, Italy where their daughter was born. Kahn's obituary in the New York Times, written by Paul Goldberger, mentions only Esther and his daughter by her as survivors. But in 2003, Kahn's son with Pattison, Nathaniel Kahn, released an Oscar-nominated biographical documentary about his father, titled My Architect: A Son's Journey, which gives glimpses of the architecture while focusing on talking to the people who knew him: family, friends, and colleagues. It includes interviews with renowned architect contemporaries such as Muzharul Islam, B. V. Doshi, Frank Gehry, Ed Bacon, Philip Johnson, I. M. Pei, and Robert A. M. Stern, but also an insider's view of Kahn's unusual family arrangements. The unusual manner of his death is used as a point of departure and a metaphor for Kahn's "nomadic" life in the film.
Death: In 1974, Kahn died of a heart attack in a men's restroom in Pennsylvania Station in New York. He went unidentified for three days because he had crossed out the home address on his passport. He had just returned from a work trip to India, and despite his long career, he was deeply in debt when he died.
" Architecture begins where engineering ends. -Walter Gropius "
Designs
Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut (1951–1953), the first significant commission of Louis Kahn and his first masterpiece, replete with technical innovations. For example, he designed a hollow concrete tetrahedral space-frame that did away with the need for ductwork and reduced the floor-to-floor height by channeling air through the structure itself. Like many of Kahn's buildings, the Art Gallery makes subtle references to its context while overtly rejecting any historical style.
Richards Medical Research Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1957–1965), a breakthrough in Kahn's career that helped set new directions for modern architecture with its clear expression of served and servant spaces and its evocation of the architecture of the past.
The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California (1959–1965) was to be a campus composed of three main clusters: meeting and conference areas, living quarters, and laboratories. Only the laboratory cluster, consisting of two parallel blocks enclosing a water garden, was actually built. The two laboratory blocks frame an exquisite view of the Pacific Ocean, accentuated by a thin linear fountain that seems to reach for the horizon.
First Unitarian Church, Rochester, New York (1959–1969), named as one of the greatest religious structures of the 20th century by Paul Goldberger, Pulitzer Prize-winning architectural critic.Tall, narrow window recesses create an irregular rhythm of shadows on the exterior while four light towers flood the sanctuary walls with indirect natural light.
Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban (National Assembly Building) in Dhaka, Bangladesh (1962–1974)
Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, in Ahmedabad, India (1962).
National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD), Dhaka, Bangladesh (1963).
Phillips Exeter Academy Library, Exeter, New Hampshire (1965–1972), awarded the Twenty-five Year Award by the American Institute of Architects in 1997. It is famous for its dramatic atrium with enormous circular openings into the book stacks.
Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas (1967–1972), features repeated bays of cycloid-shaped barrel vaults with light slits along the apex, which bathe the artwork on display in an ever-changing diffuse light.
Yale Center for British Art, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (1969–1974).
Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park, Roosevelt Island, New York (1972–1974). Construction completed 2012.
" Architecture is the art of how to waste space.-Philip Johnson "
Time line of works All dates refer to the year project commenced 1935
Jersey Homesteads Cooperative Development, Hightstown, New Jersey
1940
– Jesse Oser House, 628 Stetson Road, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania
1947
– Phillip Q. Roche House, 2101 Harts Lane, Conshohocken, Pennsylvania
1951-
1953 – Yale University Art Gallery, 1111 Chapel Street, New Haven, Connecticut
1952
– City Tower Project, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (unbuilt)
1954 –
Jewish Community Center (aka Trenton Bath House), 999 Lower Ferry Road, Ewing, New Jersey Wharton Esherick Studio, 1520 Horseshoe Trail, Malvern, Pennsylvania (designed with Wharton Esherick)
1956 –
1957 – Richards Medical Research Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, 3700 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1957
– Fred E. and Elaine Cox Clever House, 417 Sherry Way, Cherry Hill, New Jersey 1961 – Margaret Esherick House, 204 Sunrise Lane, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania[17]
1959-
1958 – Tribune Review Publishing Company Building, 622 Cabin Hill Drive, Greensburg, Pennsylvania
19591965 – Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California
1969 – First Unitarian Church, 220 South Winton Road, Rochester, New York
19591960-
1965 – Erdman Hall Dormitories, Bryn Mawr College, Morris Avenue, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania Norman Fisher House, 197 East Mill Road, Hatboro, Pennsylvania
1960 – 1961 –
Point Counterpoint II, barge used by the American Wind Symphony Orchestra
1962-
1974 – Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, India National Assembly Building, Dhaka, Bangladesh President's Estate, Islamabad, Pakistan (unbuilt)
1962 – 1963 – 1965 –
Phillips Exeter Academy Library, Front Street, Exeter, New Hampshire
1966-
1972 – Kimbell Art Museum, 3333 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, Texas – Olivetti-Underwood Factory, Valley Road, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Hurva Synagogue, Jerusalem, Israel (unbuilt).
1966 1968 –
1969 – Yale Center for British Art, Yale University, 1080 Chapel Street, New Haven, Connecticut.
1971 – Steven Korman House, Sheaff Lane, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania
1973 – The Arts United Center (Formerly known as the Fine Arts Foundation Civic Center), Fort Wayne, Indiana.
1974 – Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park, Roosevelt Island, New York City, New York. Completed 2012.
1979 – Flora Lamson Hewlett Library of the Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, California.
" Architecture is a stop in time, a philosophy written in the earth to mark the landscape. -Sverre Fehn "
Jatiyo Sangsad Bhaban, the National Parliament of Bangladesh
History of use by Parliament: Seven Parliaments have used the Jatiyo Sangsad Bhaban as the assembly building: 1. Second Parliament: 2 years 11 months (2 April 1979 - 24 March 1982) 2. Third Parliament: 1 year 5 months (10 July 1986 - 6 December 1987) 3. Fourth Parliament: 2 years 7 months (15 April 1988 - 6 December 1990) 4. Fifth Parliament: 4 years 8 months (5 April 1991 - 24 November 1995) 5. Sixth Parliament: 12 days (19 March 1996 - 30 March 1996) 6. Seventh Parliament: 5 years (14 July 1996 - 13 July 2001) 7. Eighth Parliament: 5 years (28 October 2001 - 27 October 2006)
" I call architecture frozen music. -Johann Wolfgang von Goethe "
Yale University Art Gallery
Collection:
The Gallery’s encyclopedic collections number more than 185,000 objects ranging in date from [5] ancient times to the present day. The permanent collection includes:
African Art: over 1000 objects in wood, metal, ivory and ceramic
American Decorative Arts: about 18,000 objects in silver, glass, wood, porcelain, and textile with an emphasis on the colonial and early federal periods.
American Paintings and Sculpture: over 2,500 paintings, 500 sculptures, and 300 miniatures from before the mid-twentieth century including paintings by Benjamin West, John Singleton Copley, Albert Bierstadt, Frederic Church, Frederic Remington, Thomas Eakins, Winslow Homer, George Bellows, John Singer Sargent, Edwin Austin Abbey, Arthur Dove, Elizabeth Goodridge, and Edward Hopper, and sculptures by Hezekiah Augur, Hiram Powers, Horatio Greenough, William Henry Rinehart, Chauncey Ives, Alexander Archipenko, and Alexander Calder.
Ancient Art: over 13,000 objects from the Near East, Egypt, Greece, Etruria, and Rome dating from the Neolithic to the early Byzantine.
Art of the Ancient Americas: Mayan and Olmec figurines, vessels and sculptures.
Asian Art
Coins and Medals
Early European Art
Modern and Contemporary Art
Prints, Drawings, and Photographs
Antiquities at the Yale University Art Gallery.
Salk Institute for Biological Studies
Scientific Activities: The institute is organized into several research units, each of which is further composed of several scientific groups, each led by a member of the faculty. Some of these units are:
Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory
Regulatory Biology Laboratory
Structural Biology Laboratory
Gene Expression Laboratory
Laboratory of Genetics
Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory
Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory
Systems Neurobiology Laboratories
Computational Neurobiology Laboratory
Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology
Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory
Chemical Biology and Proteomics Laboratory
Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis Laboratory
The Renato Dulbecco Laboratories for Cancer Research
The institute is currently led by Dr William Brody, who assumed charge from interim President Roger Guillemin on 1 March 2009. There are 59 faculty members (assistant, associate and full professor level). Eight of these are members of the HHMI while more than a quarterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salk_Institute - cite_note-9 are members of the NAS. In terms of research output measured by number of publications and citations, the institute is recognized as one of the world's leading institutions in several areas of biology, but especially so in neurosciences and plant biology. In December 2009, the Time magazine ranked Joe Ecker's mapping of the human epigenome as the #2 biggest scientific achievement of 2009. In May 2008, California announced that it would provide 270 million US dollars for funding CIRM, a joint effort between Salk Institute, UCSD, Burnham Institute and TSRI.
360° panorama in the courtyard of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California.
" Architecture is not about space but about time. -Vito Acconci "
Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad
Introduction: The Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, also known as IIM Ahmedabad or simply IIMA, is a public business school located inAhmedabad, Gujarat, India. It was the second Indian Institute of Management (IIM) to be established, after IIM Calcutta and is consistently ranked as one of the best business schools in India and in the Asia-Pacific region. Established as an autonomous body in 1961, the institute offers Post Graduate Diploma Programme in Management and Agri-Business Management, a Doctoral (Fellowship) Programme and a number of Executive Training Programmes. Research and Consultancy Services to industry form an integral part of the academic structure at IIM Ahmedabad, with several projects commissioned and funded by national and international organizations such as the Ford Foundation, UNO, World Bank, NCERT, Planning Commission, Central and State ministries etc.
History: The Indian Institutes of Management were established in response to the growing need that was felt for nurturing professional managers who could efficiently manage India’s growing industries. They were established with the objectives of providing high quality management education and assisting the industry through research and consulting services. IIM Ahmedabad was the second IIM to be set up in the country. It was established on December 16, 1961 as an autonomous body with the active collaboration of the Government of India, the Government of Gujarat and the industry. Eminent physicist Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, a native of Ahmedabad, played a pivotal role in setting up the Institute. Later on he went on to serve as the Institute’s Honorary Director for the first 3 years of its existence. Prominent management educator Ravi J. Matthai and several other Ahmedabadbased industrialists also played a major role in its creation. The Institute was established in collaboration with Harvard Business School. This collaboration greatly influenced IIMA’s approach to education, as the Institute took up the case method of pedagogy which was pioneered by Harvard Business School.
Rankings: Institute rankings
Business – International
Financial Times
11
The Economist
56
QS (MBA-Asian)
2
Business – India
Business Today
1
Hindustan Times
1
CNBC-TV18
1
IIM-A is the only Indian institute listed by The Economist in its 2012 Full-time B-school ranking, at #56 , rising 22 ranks from 2011 when the institute was ranked at #78. The Financial Times Global B-School Rankings ranked IIM Ahmedabad's PGPX programme at #11, whereas its Global MBA rankings also ranked the institute at #11. In the QS Global 200 Business Schools Report it was ranked #2 in the AsiaPacific region for 2012 In India, it was ranked first by the Hindustan Times India's top 50 business schools of 2011, by the 2012 edition of CNBC-TV18's Top B-Schools in India and by the Business Today 50 best business schools of 2012. The Post Graduate Program in Agribusiness Management was ranked first (globally) by Eduniversal, in the field of "Agribusiness / Food Industry Management".
Academics: It offers the following full-time academic programmes:
Post Graduate Program in Management
Post-Graduate Programme in Agribusiness Management
Post-Graduate Programme in Management for Executives
Fellow Programme in Management
Post-Graduate Programme in Public Management and Policy
Faculty Development Programme
Armed-forces Programme
Louis Kahn Plaza, IIM, Ahmedabad
" There are no rules of architecture for a castle in the clouds. -Gilbert K. Chesterton "
Phillips Exeter Academy Library
Introduction: The Phillips Exeter Academy Library in Exeter, New Hampshire, U.S., with 160,000 volumes on nine levels and a shelf capacity of 250,000 volumes, is the largest secondary school library in the world. It is part of the Phillips Exeter Academy, an independent boarding school. When it became clear in the 1950s that the library had outgrown its existing building, the school initially hired an architect who proposed a traditional design for the new building. Deciding instead to construct a library with a contemporary design, the school gave the commission to Louis Kahn in 1965. In 1997 the library received the Twenty-five Year Award from the American Institute of Architects, an award that recognizes architecture of enduring significance that is given to no more than one building per year. Kahn structured the library in three concentric square rings. The outer ring, which is built of loadbearing brick, includes all four exterior walls and the library carrel spaces immediately inside them. The middle ring, which is built of reinforced concrete, holds the heavy book stacks. The inner ring is a dramatic atrium with enormous circular openings in its walls that reveal several floors of book stacks.
Architecture: The library has an almost cubical shape: each of its four sides is 111 feet (33 m) wide and 80 feet (24 m) tall. It is constructed in three concentric areas (Kahn called them "doughnuts").In the words of Robert McCarter, author of Louis I. Kahn, "From the very beginning of the design process, Kahn conceived of the three types of spaces as if they were three buildings constructed of different materials and of different scales – buildings-within-buildings". The outer area, which houses the reading carrels, is made of brick. The middle area, which contains the heavy book stacks, is made of reinforced concrete. The inner area is an atrium. The library's heating and cooling needs are supplied by the nearby dining hall, which Kahn built at the same time as the library, but which is considered to be of less architectural significance.
Recognition:
In 1997 the American Institute of Architects gave the library their Twenty-five Year Award for architecture of enduring significance, which is given to no more than one building per year.
In 2005 the United States Postal Service issued a stamp that recognized the library as one of [18] twelve Masterworks of Modern American Architecture.
In 2007, the library was ranked #80 on the List of America's Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects.
Kimbell Art Museum
Introduction: The Kimbell Art Museum in Fort Worth, Texas, hosts a small but excellent art collection as well as traveling art exhibitions, educational programs and an extensive research library. Its initial artwork came from the private collection of Kay and Velma Kimbell, who also provided funds for a new building to house it. The building was designed by renowned architect Louis I. Kahn and is widely recognized as one of the most significant works of architecture of recent times. It is especially noted for the wash of silvery natural light across its vaulted gallery ceilings.
One of the porticos at the front of the museum. This shell, like all the others, is supported only at its four corners, minimizing obstruction at floor level.
The Collection: In 1966, before the museum even had a building, founding director Brown included this directive in his Policy Statement: "The goal shall be definitive excellence, not size of collection." Accordingly, the museum's collection today consists of only about 350 works of art, but they are of notably high quality. The European collection is the most extensive in the museum and includes Michelangelo's first known painting, The Torment of Saint Anthony, the only painting by Michelangelo on exhibit in the Americas. It also includes works by Duccio, Fra Angelico, Mantegna, El Greco, Carracci, Caravaggio,Rubens, Guercino, La Tour, Poussin, Velázquez, Rembrandt, Boucher, Gainsborough, Vigée-Lebrun, Friedrich (the first painting by the artist acquired by a public collection outside of Europe), Cézanne, Monet, Caillebotte, Matisse, Mondrian and Picasso. Works from the classical period include antiquities from Egypt, Assyria, Greece and Rome. The Asian collection comprises sculptures, paintings, bronzes, ceramics, and works of decorative art from China, Korea, Japan, India, Nepal, Tibet, Cambodia, and Thailand. Precolumbian art is represented by Maya works in ceramic, stone, shell, andjade, Olmec, Zapotec, and Aztec sculpture, as well as pieces from the Conte and Huari cultures. The
African collection consists primarily of bronze, wood, and terracotta sculpture from West and Central Africa, including examples from Nigeria, Angola, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, andOceanic art is represented by a Maori figure. The museum owns few pieces created after the mid-20th century (believing that era to be the province of its neighbor, the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth) or any American art (believing that to be the province of its other neighbor, the Amon Carter Museum). The museum also houses a substantial library with over 59,000 books, periodicals and auction catalogs that are available as a resource to art historians and to faculty and graduate students from surrounding universities.
" Architecture is really about well-being. I think that people want to feel good in a space‌ On the one hand it’s about shelter, but it’s also about pleasure. -Zaha Hadid "
Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park
Introduction: The Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park is a four-acre memorial to Franklin D. Roosevelt that celebrates the Four Freedoms he articulated in his 1941.State of the Union address. It is located in New York City at the southernmost point of Roosevelt Island, in the East River between Manhattan Island and Queens. It was designed by the architect Louis Kahn
Design: In a 1973 lecture at Pratt Institute, Kahn said: I had this thought that a memorial should be a room and a garden. That's all I had. Why did I want a room and a garden? I just chose it to be the point of departure. The garden is somehow a personal nature, a personal kind of control of nature. And the room was the beginning of architecture. I had this sense, you see, and the room wasn't just architecture, but was an extension of self. The four-acre park stands at the southernmost point of Roosevelt Island. Looking south, the visitor has a clear view of the United Nations building; to the north of the park is the Queensboro Bridge, which spans the East River. Approaching from the north, the visitor passes between a double row of trees that narrow as they approach the point, framing views of the New York skyline and the harbor. The memorial is a procession of elegant open-air spaces, culminating in a 3,600-square-foot plaza surrounded by 28 blocks of North Carolina granite, each weighing 36 tons. The courtyard contains a bust of Roosevelt, sculpted in 1933 by Jo Davidson. At the point, the monument itself is a simplified, roofless version of a Greek temple in granite. Excerpts from Roosevelt's Four Freedoms speech are carved on the walls of this room-like space, which is open to the sky above. The memorial is constructed entirely in Mount Airy Granite sourced from the North Carolina Granite Corporation. Over 140,000 cubic feet of Mount Airy Granite was used in the memorial's construction. In contrast with the hard granite forms, Kahn placed five copper-beech trees at the memorial's entrance and 120 little-leaf lindens in allĂŠes leading up to the monument.
Awards: AIA Gold Medal The AIA Gold Medal is awarded by the American Institute of Architects conferred "by the national AIA Board of Directors in recognition of a significant body of work of lasting influence on the theory and practice of architecture." It is the Institute's highest award. Since 1947, the medal has been awarded more-or-less annually.
RIBA Gold Medal Royal Gold Medal for architecture is awarded annually by the Royal Institute of British Architects on behalf of the British monarch, in recognition of an individual's or group's substantial contribution to international architecture. It is given for a distinguished body of work rather than for one building, and is therefore not awarded for merely being currently fashionable
Bibliography Architectural Review.com Louis I. Kahn - Great Buildings Online Louis Kahn- Design/Designer Information Google Images Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Archdaily.com Louis I. Kahn's Four Freedoms Park Famous architects quotes Architecture quotations
" Architecture theory is very interesting. -David Byrne "